crime against women's in india essay in hindi

अब कोई बहाना नहीं! भारत में लैंगिक हिंसा की रोकथाम मुहिम

फेसबुक Twitter छापा ईमेल

भारत में, हर 3 में से एक महिला को अपने जीवनकाल में एक बार, अन्तरंग साथी के हाथों, हिंसा का सामना करना पड़ता है. मतलब अनगिनत महिलाएँ ,  अनेक बार इस पीड़ा से गुज़रती हैं. महिलाओं के ख़िलाफ़ हिंसा की रोकथाम के लिए जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए, यूएनवीमेन के  # 16 DaysOfActivism  अभियान के अवसर पर एकजुट होने का आहवान - बहानेबाज़ी ख़त्म करें और लिंग-आधारित हिंसा के विरुद्ध कार्रवाई करने की प्रतिबद्धता जताएँ. एक वीडियो फ़ीचर...

• लिंग-आधारित हिंसा
• अंतरंग साथी हिंसा

• अर्थव्यवस्था
• म्युचुअल फंड
• रियल एस्टेट
• उत्तर प्रदेश
• मध्य प्रदेश व छत्तीसगढ़
• बिहार व झारखण्ड
• ट्रैवल-टूरिज्म
• Asian Games
• अंतरराष्ट्रीय
• आज का अखबार
• मल्टीमीडिया

भारत > बढ़ीं महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराधों की शिकायत

बढ़ीं महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराधों की शिकायत

आधे से अधिक शिकायतें उत्तर प्रदेश की है।.

एक और विधायिका में महिलाओं की भागीदारी बढ़ाने की बात की जा रही है तो वहीं दूसरी ओर राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग में हिंसा, दहेज और अन्य मामलों की शिकायतें बढ़ती जा रही हैं। पिछले दो वर्षों में सालाना 30 हजार से अधिक शिकायतें मिली हैं। इस साल 19 सितंबर की शाम 5 बजे तक राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग में महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराध की कुल 20,693 शिकायतें मिली हैं।

सोमवार को सरकार ने देश के विकास में महिलाओं की भागीदारी बढ़ाने के लिए लोकसभा और राज्यों की विधान सभाओं में महिलाओं के लिए एक तिहाई सीटें आरक्षित करने का विधेयक पेश किया। इस वर्ष मिली शिकायतें साल 2022 की कुल शिकायतों के 67.7 फीसदी के बराबर है। जबकि अभी साल खत्म होने में तीन महीने बाकी हैं।

राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग के आंकड़े दर्शाते हैं कि साल 2022 में 30,957 शिकायतें मिली थीं, जो साल 2014 के बाद से सर्वाधिक हैं। उस साल 30,906 शिकायतें दर्ज की गई थीं। साल 2021 में 30 हजार से अधिक शिकायतें मिली थीं।

आयोग ने एसिड एटैक (तेजाब हमले), महिलाओं के खिलाफ साइबर अपराध, दहेज हत्या, यौन शोषण और दुष्कर्म जैसे 24 श्रेणियों में शिकायत दर्ज की है। सर्वाधिक शिकायतें गरिमा के साथ जीने का अधिकार को लेकर दर्ज की गई हैं। इसके बाद घरेलू हिंसा, दहेज उत्पीड़न, महिलाओं के दुर्व्यवहार, छेड़खानी, दुष्कर्म का प्रयास और दुष्कर्म का स्थान है।

आधे से अधिक शिकायतें उत्तर प्रदेश की है। दिल्ली में कुल 1,765 मामले दर्ज किए गए। इसके बाद बिहार (979), महाराष्ट्र (906) और मध्य प्रदेश (856) का स्थान है। कुल मामलों में इन पांच राज्यों की 77.9 फीसदी हिस्सेदारी है।

पिछले साल भी 54.5 फीसदी मामले उत्तर प्रदेश के थे। आर्थिक सहयोग और विकास संगठन (ओईसीडी) के आंकड़ों के अनुसार, महिलाओं के प्रति हिंसा के मामले में भारत जी20 देशों में तीसरे पायदान पर है।

भारत में साथी द्वारा यौन शोषण का शिकार होने वाली महिलाओं की हिस्सेदारी 35 फीसदी थी। यह कनाडा में सबसे अधिक 44.1 फीसदी है। सऊदी अरब 43 फीसदी के साथ दूसरे स्थान पर था। यह इटली में सबसे कम 16 फीसदी था।

राष्ट्रीय अपराध रिकॉर्ड ब्यूरो (एनसीआरबी) के आंकड़ों से पता चलता है कि भारतीय दंड संहिता (आईपीसी) के तहत महिलाओं के खिलाफ कुल अपराध 2019 के 3,43,177 से 4.2 फीसदी बढ़कर साल 2021 में 3,57,671 हो गए। सर्वाधिक मामले पति या उसके रिश्तेदारों द्वारा क्रूरता (136,234) और महिलाओं के अपमान (89,200) के तहत दर्ज किए गए।

संबंधित पोस्ट

दंगों में झुलसी मणिपुर की अर्थव्यवस्था, fy24 में gst कलेक्शन 24 फीसदी गिरकर 1,095 करोड़ रुपये रहा, सुधार कार्यक्रम जारी रखेगी नई सरकार, विपक्ष की एकजुटता का भाजपा के चुनाव नतीजों पर नहीं पड़ेगा असर: सिटी ग्रुप, invesco ने लगातार तीसरी बार बढ़ाया swiggy का मूल्यांकन, us electronics trade: चीन की जगह लेने से अभी दूर भारत, वियतनाम सबसे बड़ा लाभार्थी, चीन ‘एक इंच’ जमीन पर भी कब्जा नहीं कर सकता: अमित शाह, ireland prime minister: साइमन हैरिस आयरलैंड के नए प्रधानमंत्री बने, ipef स्वच्छ अर्थव्यवस्था निवेशक मंच का जून में होगा आयोजन, टॉप 100 कंपनियों का भी किया जाएगा ऐलान, india-chile fta: लोक सभा चुनाव के बाद भारत-चिली में भी होगी मुफ्त व्यापार समझौते पर बात, unicorn index: अमेरिका और चीन यूनिकॉर्न बनाने में आगे, भारत पिछड़ रहा, psu के शेयरों में बीते एक साल में भारी तेजी, बेचकर सरकार जुटा सकती है 11 लाख करोड़ रुपये.

• Hindi Law Blog

• Indian Penal Code 1860
• Protection of Women against Crime

महिलाओं के खिलाफ होने वाले अपराधो से सुरक्षा के लिए भारतीय कानून

यह लेख गवर्नमेंट न्यू लॉ कॉलेज, इंदौर के Aadarsh Kumar Shrivastava ने लिखा है। इस लेख में महिलाओ के खिलाफ होने वाले अपराध और उनकी सुरक्षा के लिए भारतीय कानूनो पर चर्चा की गई है। इस लेख का अनुवाद Sakshi Gupta द्वारा किया गया है।

Table of Contents

परिचय (इंट्रोडक्शन)

मानव समाज के निर्माण (क्रिएशन) के बाद से ही महिलाओं की एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही है और उन्हें हमेशा एक देवी के रूप में सम्मान दिया गया है। लेकिन वर्तमान परिदृश्य (सिनेरियो) में, दुनिया भर में महिलाओं के खिलाफ हिंसा और कई तरह के अपराध बढ़ते जा रहे है। यह गंभीर चिंता का विषय है और महिलाओं के खिलाफ बढ़ते अत्याचार (टॉर्चर) और अपराध पूरी मानव जाति के लिए शर्म की बात है। भारत में हर किसी को अपनी मर्जी से जीने और बढ़ने का समान अधिकार है, लेकिन ये अधिकार केवल संविधान और कानून तक सीमित हैं, जिसे व्यावहारिक (प्रैक्टिकल) दुनिया में लागू नहीं किया जाता है, जिसके कारण महिलाओं पर अत्याचार होता है, भारत में महिलाओ ने सदियों से जघन्य (हिनियस) अपराधों का सामना किया है।

महिलाओं की सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता

प्राचीन भारत के सांस्कृतिक (कल्चरल) इतिहास और विभिन्न धार्मिक ग्रंथों से प्राचीन काल की महिलाओं की स्थिति का पता चलता है यानी सैद्धांतिक (थियोरिटिकली) रूप से महिलाओं को देवी का दर्जा दिया जाता था और उन्हें हमेशा देवी की तरह सम्मान दिया जाता था, लेकिन पिछली कुछ शताब्दियों में महिलाओं की स्थिति बदल गई और धीरे-धीरे बिगड़ती गई है। ग्लोबल पर्सपेक्टिव में, महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराध हर मिनट में 3 में से 1 महिला के साथ होता हैं। वर्ल्ड हेल्थ ऑर्गेनाइजेशन के अनुसार महिलाओं के खिलाफ हिंसा जैसे असॉल्ट, उत्पीड़न (हैरेसमेंट), इंटिमेट पार्टनर हिंसा, बलात्कार, इमोशनल अब्यूज आदि हर देश में एक महत्वपूर्ण सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य समस्या बन जाती है। रिपोर्टों में कहा गया है कि भारत में हर घंटे में महिलाओं के खिलाफ एक अपराध होता है। महिलाएं सुरक्षित नहीं हैं, चाहे वे अपने घरों में हों या सार्वजनिक स्थानों पर या कार्यस्थल पर।

भारत में महिलाओं के खिलाफ बढ़ते अत्याचारों और अपराधों को देखते हुए देश में महिलाओं के लिए मजबूत कानूनों की आवश्यकता है। यह धारणा (नोशन) कि महिलाएं कमजोर हैं और पुरुषों पर निर्भर हैं, हमारे समाज में गहराई से समाई हुई हैं। एक तरफ हम समाज के साथ आगे बढ़ रहे हैं और अपने विकासशील (डेवलपिंग) देश को आसमान पर ले जा रहे हैं लेकिन महिलाओं के बारे में हमारी सोच और समाज में उनकी जगह अभी भी नहीं बदली है और हम आज भी उन्हें कमाने वाले के रूप में स्वीकार करने के लिए तैयार नहीं हैं। न केवल भारत में बल्कि पूरे विश्व में पर्सपेक्टिव में बदलाव और उन्हें सम्मान और गौरव (डिग्निटी) के साथ समान रूप से बढ़ावा देने की सख्त जरूरत है।

भारत के संबंध में महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराध 

भारत में अपराध बर्दाश्त करने योग्य नहीं है और गलत काम करने वाले और अपराधी सजा के पात्र हैं। भारतीय संदर्भ (कॉन्टेक्स्ट) में, बढ़ते अपराधों से महिलाओं की सुरक्षा के लिए विभिन्न कानून है। महिलाओं के खिलाफ विभिन्न प्रकार के अपराध होते हैं और इनकी लिस्ट बढ़ती रहती है। ये महिलाओं के खिलाफ होने वाले कुछ अपराध है-

• अलग होने के दौरान पति द्वारा अपनी पत्नी से यौन संबंध (सेक्सुअल इंटरकोर्स) बनाना।
• अथॉरिटी में किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा यौन संभोग।
• सामूहिक (गैंग) बलात्कार।
• बलात्कार करने की कोशिश
• विभिन्न उद्देश्यों के लिए किडनैपिंग और एबडक्शन:
• महिलाओं को शादी के लिए मजबूर करने के लिए प्रेरित (इंड्यूस), किडनैप या एब्डक्ट करना।
• नाबालिग लड़कियों का प्रोक्युरेशन करना।
• विदेशों से लड़कियों को इंपोर्ट करना।
• गुलामों की हैबिचुअल डील करना।
• प्रॉस्टिट्यूशन आदि के लिए नाबालिग को बेचना।
• प्रॉस्टिट्यूशन, आदि के लिए नाबालिग ख़रीदना।
• हत्या, आत्महत्या के लिए उकसाना आदि।
• पति या उसके रिश्तेदारों द्वारा क्रूरता।
• दहेज हत्या।
• महिलाओं की मोडेस्टी भंग करना।
• यौन उत्पीड़न (सेक्शुअल हैरेसमेंट)।
• महिला को निर्वस्त्र करने के इरादे से महिलाओं पर असॉल्ट।
• ताक-झांक (वॉयरिज्म)।
• पीछा करना (स्टॉकिंग)।
• लड़कियों का इंपोर्टेशन।
• किसी महिला की मोडेस्टी का अपमान करने के इरादे से शब्द, हावभाव (जेस्चर) या कार्य

महिलाओ के खिलाफ होने वाले अपराधों से सुरक्षा के लिए भारतीय कानून

हर एक नागरिक की रक्षा, सुरक्षा और समग्र (ओवरऑल) विकास सरकार की सर्वोच्च (अटमोस्ट) प्राथमिकता (प्रायोरिटी) है। बच्चों और महिलाओं की सुरक्षा करना और उनके खिलाफ बढ़ते अपराधों को रोकना स्टेट की एक महत्वपूर्ण नीति (पॉलिसी) है। मिनिस्ट्री ऑफ़ वूमेन एंड चाइल्ड डेवलपमेंट भारत के समान (यूनिफॉर्म) आपराधिक कानूनों यानी इंडियन पीनल कोड और क्रिमिनल प्रोसिजर कोड के साथ-साथ महिलाओं से संबंधित विभिन्न विशेष कानूनों का संचालन (एडमिनिस्टर) कर रही है।

इंडियन पीनल कोड, 1860 अपराधियों को अपराध करने पर दंड का प्रावधान (प्रोविजन) करती है। जबकि, मुकदमे की प्रक्रिया क्रिमिनल प्रोसिजर कोड, 1973 द्वारा शासित (गवर्नड) होती है।

महिलाओ के खिलाफ होने वाले अपराधों से सुरक्षा के लिए विभिन्न क़ानून इस प्रकार हैं-

इंडियन पीनल कोड, 1860

इम्मोरल ट्रैफिक (प्रिवेंशन) एक्ट, 1956, डॉउरी प्रोहिबिशन एक्ट, 1961, इंडिसेंट रिप्रजेंटेशन ऑफ़ वूमेन (प्रोहिबिशन) एक्ट, 1986, कमिशन ऑफ सती (प्रिवेंशन) एक्ट, 1987, प्रोटेक्शन ऑफ़ वूमेन फ्रॉम डोमेस्टिक वॉयलेंस एक्ट, 2005, सेक्सुअल हैरेसमेंट ऑफ़ वूमेन एट वर्कप्लेस (प्रिवेंशन, प्रोहिबिशन एंड रिड्रेसल) एक्ट, 2013, प्रोहिबिशन ऑफ चाइल्ड मैरिज एक्ट, 2006.

• मैटरनिटी बेनिफिट एक्ट, 1861
• इंडियन डायवोर्स एक्ट, 1969
• इक्वल रिन्यूमेरेशन एक्ट, 1976

मेडिकल टर्मिनेशन ऑफ प्रेग्नेंसी एक्ट, 1971

• नेशनल कमिशन फॉर वूमन एक्ट, 1990

एक्ट को शुरू में सप्रेशन ऑफ इम्मोरल ट्रैफिक इन वूमेन एंड गर्ल्स एक्ट, 1956 के रूप में जाना जाता था, इस एक्ट को 1986 में अमेंड किया गया था जिसका उद्देश्य महिलाओं और लड़कियों के व्यावसायिक (कॉमर्शियल) यौन शोषण के लिए तस्करी (ट्रैफिकिंग) को रोकना है और यह महिलाओं और लड़कियों के लिए प्रॉस्टिट्यूशन और यौन कार्यों को प्रतिबंधित (प्रोहिबिट) करने के लिए प्रमुख कानून है। मिनिस्ट्री ऑफ़ वूमेन एंड चाइल्ड द्वारा 2006 में इम्मोरल ट्रैफिक (प्रिवेंशन) अमेंडमेंट बिल प्रस्तावित (प्रपोज्ड) किया गया था, जो अभी तक पास नहीं हुआ है। 

दहेज पापपूर्ण (सिनफुल) गतिविधियों (एक्टिविटीज) और अभिशापों में से एक है जिसे लोग प्रथा कहते हैं। शादी के लिए दूल्हे और उसके परिवार द्वारा दहेज मांगा जाता है और इस प्रथा ने समाज में लंबी जड़ें जमा ली हैं। यह माना जाता है कि लड़की ससुराल जा रही है जहां उसे अपने परिवार के लिए एक नया घर बनाना है, जिसके लिए उसे सभी आवश्यक सामान और चीजें दहेज के रूप में दी जाती हैं। दहेज पिछले कुछ वर्षों से एक मजबूरी बन गया है और अगर दहेज की मांग लड़की के माता-पिता द्वारा पूरी नहीं की जाती है, तो उसे ससुराल वालों द्वारा गाली-गलौज, गंभीर अपराध, जलन, मानसिक प्रताड़ना (टॉर्चर) आदि का सामना करना पड़ता है और हर प्रकार के उत्पीड़न का सामना करना पड़ता है। ससुराल वालों की मांग पूरी करने के बाद भी ससुराल में महिलाओं को इस तरह के अपराधों का सामना करना पड़ता है। इसलिए महिलाओं को ऐसे अपराधों से बचाने के लिए इस एक्ट को इनेक्ट और लागू किया गया था।

यह एक्ट विज्ञापन (एडवरटाइजमेंट) या प्रकाशन (पब्लिकेशन) या लेखन, पेंटिंग, आंकड़े (फिगर्स) आदि सहित महिलाओं के किसी भी प्रकार के इंडीसेंट रिप्रजेंटेशन को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए बनाया गया था।

सती प्रथा प्राचीन काल में एक प्रथा थी जहां पत्नी को उसके मृत पति के साथ चिता में जिंदा जला दिया जाता था और यह एक स्वैच्छिक (वॉलंटरी) प्रथा थी। यह एक्ट 1987 में विधवाओं को जिंदा जलाने से रोकने के लिए लागू किया गया था और यह एक्ट इस तरह की प्रथाओं के लिए किसी भी जुलूस, या वित्तीय ट्रस्ट या मंदिर के निर्माण में भाग लेने पर रोक लगाता है और विधवा की स्मृति (मेमोरी) जो सती हुई है के प्रचार (प्रमोशन) और सम्मान को भी प्रतिबंधित करता है।

घरेलू (डोमेस्टिक) हिंसा एक ऐसा कार्य या चूक (ऑमिशन) है जो महिलाओं को किसी भी रूप में शारीरिक और मानसिक रूप से घायल करने के लिए किया जाता है। यह एक ऐसा कार्य है जो घरेलू हिंसा को मानवाधिकारों (ह्यूमन राइट्स) के उल्लंघन के रूप में मान्यता देता है और प्रत्येक महिला को उनकी इच्छा के अनुसार हिंसा मुक्त घर में रहने का अधिकार प्रदान करता है।

यौन उत्पीड़न, दुर्व्यवहार या असॉल्ट का एक कार्य है जो यौन एहसानों (फेवर्स) के बदले में पुरस्कार के अवांछित (अनवांटेड) या अनुचित (अनरीजनेबल) वादे सहित स्पष्ट (एक्सप्लिसिट) या निहित (इंप्लिसिट) यौन ओवरटोन का उपयोग करता है। कार्यस्थल पर यौन उत्पीड़न महिलाओं के समानता, जीवन और स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार का उल्लंघन है। यह एक असुरक्षित और शत्रुतापूर्ण (हॉस्टाइल) कार्य वातावरण बनाता है, जो काम में महिलाओं की भागीदारी को हतोत्साहित (डिस्करेज) करता है, और उनके सामाजिक और आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण (एंपावरमेंट) को प्रभावित करता है। यह मानसिक और मनोवैज्ञानिक (साइकोलॉजिकल) स्वास्थ्य के मुद्दों जैसे डिप्रेशन, बाईपोलर डिसऑर्डर आदि पैदा करता है।

विशाखा बनाम राजस्थान स्टेट के मामले में सुप्रीम कोर्ट के फैसले के बाद, लेजिस्लेचर ने सेक्सुअल हैरेसमेंट ऑफ़ वूमेन एट वर्कप्लेस एक्ट, 2013 के तहत एक कानून बनाया और इनेक्ट किया ताकि कामकाजी महिलाओं को यौन उत्पीड़न की बुराई से बचाने के उपाय किए जा सकें।  सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने आर्टिकल 14 , 15, 19(1)(g) और 21 के तहत भारत के संविधान में निहित (इंश्राइन) मानवाधिकारों के बुनियादी सिद्धांतों (बेसिक प्रिंशिपल्स) और कंवेंशन ऑन एलिमिनेशन ऑफ़ ऑल फॉर्म्स ऑफ़ डिस्क्रिमिनेशन अगेंस्ट वूमेन (सीडॉ) के प्रावधानों को शामिल किया है और 1993 में भारत सरकार द्वारा इसे रैक्टिफाई किया गया था।

ज्यादातर परिवारों में बाल-विवाह की प्रथा होती है जिसमें छोटी लड़कियों का विवाह किसी भी आयु के लड़कों से उनकी इच्छा के विरुद्ध किया जाता है, और इन कम उम्र की लड़कियों को वैवाहिक घर में क्रूरता, बलपूर्वक यौन संबंध आदि के अधीन किया जाता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप लड़कियों के मानसिक और शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य पर हानि होती है। इस एक्ट का उद्देश्य माता-पिता को बाल विवाह करने से रोकना है और इसे दंड के साथ एक अवैध कार्य बनाना है। ऐसा करने का प्रयास करना भी एक अवैध कार्य है।

मैटरनिटी बेनिफिट एक्ट, 1861 

मैटरनिटी बेनिफिट एक्ट गर्भावस्था (प्रेगनेंसी) के दौरान और बाद में नौकरियों और मजदूरी के मामले में महिलाओं की सुरक्षा के लिए बनाया गया है। यह एक्ट डिलीवरी की तारीख से पहले और बाद में 26 सप्ताह की पेड मेटरनिटी अवकाश की सुविधा प्रदान करता है। यह एक्ट सेरोगेट माताओं या कमीशनिंग माताओं के लिए डिलीवरी की तारीख से पहले और बाद में 12 सप्ताह की मैटरनिटी अवकाश प्रदान करता है। यह एक्ट कॉर्पोरेशन या इंस्टीट्यूशन को महिला श्रमिकों (वर्कर्स) को उनकी गर्भावस्था के कारण नौकरी से हटाने से रोकता है और उन्हें किसी भी रिम्यूनरेशन या वेतन में कटौती करने से रोकता है। यह एक्ट उन महिलाओं के लिए घर से काम करने की सुविधा प्रदान करता है जो शारीरिक रूप से कार्यालयों में आने में सहज (कंफर्टेबल) नहीं हैं। नियोक्ता (एंप्लॉयर) इस बारे में महिला कर्मचारियों को शिक्षित और जागरूक करने और सभी गर्भवती महिलाओं को मैटरनिटी बेनिफिट प्रदान करने के लिए बाध्य हैं।

इंडियन डायवोर्स एक्ट, 1969 

इंडियन डायवोर्स एक्ट, तलाक प्रक्रियाओं के लिए इनेक्ट किया गया है जिसमें आपसी सहमति से विवाह का डिजोल्यूशन, विवाह की अमान्यता, ज्यूडिशियल सेपरेशन और कंजूगल राइट्स का रेस्टिट्यूशन शामिल है। तलाक या ज्यूडिशियल सेपरेशन या कंजूगल राइट्स का रेस्टिट्यूशन से संबंधित मामला एडीजे द्वारा फैमिली कोर्ट में निपटाया जाता है जो ऐसे मामलों को दर्ज करने, सुनने और निपटाने के लिए स्थापित (एस्टेब्लिश) होते हैं।

इक्वल रिन्यूमेरेशन एक्ट, 1976 

यहां लिंग के बीच भेदभाव है क्योंकि यह सामान्य अनुमान है कि महिलाएं पुरुषों की तुलना में कम काम करती हैं और वे पुरुषों की तुलना में कम उत्पादक (प्रोडक्टिव) होती हैं। यह अनुमान वेजेस और रिम्यूनरेशन के लिए भेदभाव की ओर ले जाता है इसलिए यह एक्ट रिम्यूनरेशन के मामले में भेदभाव को रोकता है और पुरुष और महिला श्रमिकों को समान रिकंपेंस प्रदान करता है।

एक्ट 1972 में लागू किया गया था, जिसे क्रमशः 1975 और 2002 में विभिन्न अमेंडमेंट्स के साथ अपडेट किया गया था। इस एक्ट का उद्देश्य अवैध गर्भपात (इल्लीगल अबॉर्शन) को रोकना और गर्भावस्था की अवैध समाप्ति के कारण मृत्यु दर (मॉर्टलिटी रेट) को रोकना है। यह एक्ट उन शर्तों को भी प्रदान करता है कि कब कोई भी गर्भावस्था की चिकित्सा समाप्ति का विकल्प चुन सकता है जो एक चिकित्सक के प्रमाणीकरण (सर्टिफिकेशन) के बाद ही संभव है और जब मां के स्वास्थ्य के लिए ऐसा करना महत्वपूर्ण है।

नेशनल कमिशन फॉर वूमेन एक्ट, 1990

नेशनल कमिशन फॉर वूमेन (एनसीडब्ल्यू) जनवरी 1992 में स्थापित की गई थी, यह भारत सरकार की एक स्टेच्यूटरी बॉडी है जो भारत में महिलाओं के अधिकारों का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है और उनके मुद्दों और चिंताओं के लिए एक आवाज प्रदान करती है। नेशनल कमिशन फॉर वूमेन एक्ट का उद्देश्य महिलाओं की स्थिति में सुधार करना और उनके आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण के लिए कार्य करना है।

निष्कर्ष (कंक्लूज़न)

भारतीय सभ्यता (सिविलाइजेशन) में महिलाएं हमेशा से एक महत्वपूर्ण और पवित्र स्थान रही हैं। यहां उन्हें मां के रूप में ग्लोरिफाई किया जाता है और देवी के रूप में पूजा की जाती है। उन्हें भारत में सबसे कमजोर समूह माना जाता है, लेकिन पिछली शताब्दियों में उन्हें कई व्यापक श्रेणियों (कैटेगरीज) में हिंसा सहना पड़ी है, उनमें से कुछ बलात्कार, घरेलू हिंसा, यौन उत्पीड़न, कन्या भ्रूण हत्या (फेटिसाइड) आदि हैं और उनकी सुरक्षा दांव पर है। पड़ोस, सार्वजनिक परिवहन (ट्रांसपोर्ट), सार्वजनिक स्थानों, कार्यस्थल आदि में हर दिन हर एक महिला को ऐसे जघन्य अपराधों का सामना करना पड़ता है। लेकिन अब चुप्पी तोड़ने और सम्मान प्रदान करने और उन्हें भेदभाव मुक्त वातावरण प्रदान करने का समय आ गया है।

संदर्भ (रेफरेंसेस)

• https://theconversation.com/why-do-women-need-special-laws-to-protect-them-from-violence-50944  
• https://www.civilsdaily.com/women-protection-in-india/  
• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women  
• https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_reports/Chapter%205-15.11.16_2015.pdf  
• Indian Penal Code 1860 sixth edition KD Gaur Universal Law Publications.
• Gender Justice: women rights- A legal Panorama by Yatindra Singh, University of Allahabad Publications.
• Vishakha & ors. v/s State of Rajasthan judgment-  https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794 /  

संबंधित लेख लेखक से और अधिक

साकिरी वासु बनाम उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य (2007): मामला विश्लेषण, सेल्वी बनाम कर्नाटक राज्य (2010): मामला विश्लेषण, कानूनी संबंध बनाने का इरादा: बाल्फोर बनाम बाल्फोर और इसी तरह के मामलों का विश्लेषण, कोई जवाब दें जवाब कैंसिल करें.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

EDITOR PICKS

Popular posts, popular category.

• Law Notes 1726
• Indian Penal Code 1860 258
• constitution of India 1950 247
• General 220
• Code of Criminal Procedure 136
• Indian Contract Act 1872 129
• Code of Civil Procedure1908 102

iPleaders consists of a team of lawyers hell-bent on figuring out ways to make law more accessible. While the lack of access to affordable and timely legal support cuts across all sectors, classes and people in India, where it is missed most, surprisingly, are business situations.

Contact us: [email protected]

© Copyright 2021, All Rights Reserved.

Crime Against Women: महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराध के चौंकाने वाले आंकड़े, पिछले पांच साल में दर्ज हुए 1 करोड़ मामले

Women crime cases: राष्ट्रवादी कांग्रेस पार्टी की नेता फौजिया खान ने महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराधों पर विवरण मांगा था और सरकार से ऐसी घटनाओं पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए उठाए जा रहे कदमों को लेकर सवाल किया था..

Women Crime Cases: केंद्र सरकार ने संसद में बताया कि पिछले पांच सालों में राष्ट्रीय अपराध रिकॉर्ड ब्यूरो (एनसीआरबी) के तहत महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराध के लगभग 1 करोड़ मामले दर्ज किए गए हैं. दरअसल, राष्ट्रवादी कांग्रेस पार्टी (NCP) की नेता फौजिया खान ने महिलाओं के खिलाफ अपराधों पर विवरण मांगा था और सरकार से ऐसी घटनाओं पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए उठाए जा रहे कदमों को लेकर सवाल किया था. इसके जवाब में केंद्रीय गृह राज्य मंत्री अजय कुमार मिश्रा ने कहा कि आपराधिक कानून (संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2018 में बलात्कार के मामलों में 2 महीने में जांच पूरी करने और चार्जशीट दायर करने का आदेश दिया गया है और सीआरपीसी की धारा 173 के तहत 2 महीने में परीक्षण भी पूरा किया जाना है.

यौन अपराधों के लिए जांच ट्रैकिंग प्रणाली की लॉन्च अजय कुमार मिश्रा ने कहा कि गृह मंत्रालय (MHA) ने देशभर में यौन अपराधियों की जांच और ट्रैकिंग की सुविधा के लिए 20 सितंबर, 2018 को 'यौन अपराधियों पर राष्ट्रीय डाटाबेस' (NDSO) लॉन्च किया है. इसके साथ ही, गृह मंत्रालय ने आपराधिक कानून (संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2018 के अनुसार यौन उत्पीड़न के मामलों में समयबद्ध जांच की निगरानी और ट्रैक करने के लिए एक ऑनलाइन विश्लेषणात्मक उपकरण 'यौन अपराधों के लिए जांच ट्रैकिंग प्रणाली' लॉन्च की है. उन्होंने कहा कि गृह मंत्रालय ने केंद्रीय और राज्य फोरेंसिक विज्ञान प्रयोगशालाओं (FSL) में डीएनए विश्लेषण इकाइयों को मजबूत करने के लिए कदम उठाए हैं, जिसमें केंद्रीय फोरेंसिक विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला में अत्याधुनिक डीएनए एनालिसिस यूनिट की स्थापना शामिल है.

डीएनए एनालिसिस यूनिट की स्थापना को मंजूरी अजय कुमार मिश्रा ने आगे कहा कि गृह मंत्रालय ने अंतराल विश्लेषण और मांग मूल्यांकन के बाद राज्य फोरेंसिक विज्ञान प्रयोगशालाओं में डीएनए एनालिसिस यूनिट की स्थापना और बढ़ाने की भी मंजूरी दी है. गृह मंत्रालय ने यौन उत्पीड़न के मामलों में फोरेंसिक साक्ष्य के संग्रह और यौन हमले के साक्ष्य संग्रह किट में मानक संरचना के लिए दिशानिर्देश अधिसूचित किए हैं. जनशक्ति में पर्याप्त क्षमता की सुविधा के लिए, जांच अधिकारियों, अभियोजन अधिकारियों और चिकित्सा अधिकारियों के लिए प्रशिक्षण और कौशल निर्माण कार्यक्रम शुरू किए गए हैं. पीड़ितों को त्वरित न्याय की योजना अजय कुमार मिश्रा ने बताया कि 389 विशेष यौन अपराधों से बच्चों का संरक्षण (पोक्सो) अदालतों सहित 1023 फास्ट ट्रैक विशेष अदालतों की स्थापना के लिए वर्ष 2019-20 में केंद्र सरकार की तरफ से पीड़ितों को त्वरित न्याय प्रदान करने के लिए रेप और पोक्सो एक्ट नाम की एक केंद्र प्रायोजित योजना शुरू की गई थी. 31 जनवरी, 2023 तक 411 अन्य पोक्सो अदालतों सहित 764 फास्ट ट्रैक विशेष अदालतें 28 राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में कार्य कर रही हैं.

ये भी पढ़ें- MP Crime: सनकी डॉक्टर ने हत्या के बाद शव के 70 टुकड़े कर तेजाब के ड्रम में डाले, बदबू से हुआ था खुलासा- अब हुई उम्रकैद

ट्रेडिंग न्यूज

टॉप हेडलाइंस

ट्रेडिंग ओपीनियन

पर्सनल कार्नर

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• HHS Author Manuscripts

Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies

Ameeta kalokhe.

a Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

b Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA

Carlos del Rio

Kristin dunkle.

c Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA

Rob Stephenson

d Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan School of Public Health and School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Nicholas Metheny

Anuradha paranjape.

e General Internal Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Seema Sahay

f Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India

Associated Data

Domestic violence (DV) is prevalent among women in India and has been associated with poor mental and physical health. We performed a systematic review of 137 quantitative studies published in the prior decade that directly evaluated the DV experiences of Indian women to summarise the breadth of recent work and identify gaps in the literature. Among studies surveying at least two forms of abuse, a median 41% of women reported experiencing DV during their lifetime and 30% in the past year. We noted substantial inter-study variance in DV prevalence estimates, attributable in part to different study populations and settings, but also to a lack of standardisation, validation, and cultural adaptation of DV survey instruments. There was paucity of studies evaluating the DV experiences of women over age 50, residing in live-in relationships, same-sex relationships, tribal villages, and of women from the northern regions of India. Additionally, our review highlighted a gap in research evaluating the impact of DV on physical health. We conclude with a research agenda calling for additional qualitative and longitudinal quantitative studies to explore the DV correlates proposed by this quantitative literature to inform the development of a culturally tailored DV scale and prevention strategies.

Introduction

Domestic violence (DV), defined by the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 as physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and economic abuse against women by a partner or family member residing in a joint family, plagues the lives of many women in India. National statistics that utilise a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) to measure the prevalence of lifetime physical, sexual, and/or emotional DV estimate that 40% of women experience abuse at the hands of a partner ( Yoshikawa, Agrawal, Poudel, & Jimba, 2012 ). Data from a recent systematic review by the World Health Organization (WHO) provides similar regional estimates and suggests that women in South-East Asia (defined as India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Timor-Leste) are at a higher likelihood for experiencing partner abuse during their lifetime than women from Europe, the Western Pacific, and potentially the Americas ( WHO, 2013 ).

Among the different proposed causes for the high DV frequency in India are deep-rooted male patriarchal roles ( Visaria, 2000 ) and long-standing cultural norms that propagate the view of women as subordinates throughout their lifespan ( Fernandez, 1997 ; Gundappa & Rathod, 2012 ). Even before a child is born, many families have a clear preference for male children, which may result in their preferential care, and worse, sex-selective abortions, female infanticide and abandonment of the girl-child ( Gundappa & Rathod, 2012 ). During childhood, less importance is given to the education of female children; further, early marriage as occurs in 45% of young, married women, according to 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) data ( Raj, Saggurti, Balaiah, & Silverman, 2009 ), may also heighten susceptibility to DV ( Ackerson, Kawachi, Barbeau, & Subramanian, 2008 ; Raj, Saggurti, Lawrence, Balaiah, & Silverman, 2010 ; Santhya et al., 2010 ; Speizer & Pearson, 2011 ). In reproductive years, mothers pregnant with and/or those who give birth to only female children may be more susceptible to abuse ( Mahapatro, Gupta, Gupta, & Kundu, 2011 ) and financial, medical, and nutritional neglect. Later in life, culturally bred views of dishonour associated with widowhood may also influence susceptibility to DV by other family members ( Saravanan, 2000 ).

In addition to being prevalent in India, DV has also been linked to numerous deleterious health behaviours and poor mental and physical health. These includes tobacco use ( Ackerson, Kawachi, Barbeau, & Subramanian, 2007 ), lack of contraceptive and condom use ( Stephenson, Koenig, Acharya, & Roy, 2008 ), diminished utilisation of health care ( Sudha & Morrison, 2011 ; Sudha, Morrison, & Zhu, 2007 ), higher frequencies of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attempted suicide ( Chandra, Satyanarayana, & Carey, 2009 ; Chowdhury, Brahma, Banerjee, & Biswas, 2009 ; Maselko & Patel, 2008 ; Shahmanesh, Wayal, Cowan, et al., 2009 ; Shidhaye & Patel, 2010 ; Verma et al., 2006 ), sexually transmitted infections (STI) ( Chowdhary & Patel, 2008 ; Sudha & Morrison, 2011 ; Weiss et al., 2008 ), HIV( Gupta et al., 2008 ; Silverman, Decker, Saggurti, Balaiah, & Raj, 2008 ), asthma ( Subramanian, Ackerson, Subramanyam, & Wright, 2007 ), anaemia ( Ackerson & Subramanian, 2008 ), and chronic fatigue ( Patel et al., 2005 ). Furthermore, maternal intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences have been associated with more terminated, unintended pregnancies ( Begum, Dwivedi, Pandey, & Mittal, 2010 ; Yoshikawa et al., 2012 ), less breastfeeding ( Shroff et al., 2011 ), perinatal care ( Koski, Stephenson, & Koenig, 2011 ), and poor child outcomes ( Ackerson & Subramanian, 2009 ). These negative health repercussions and high DV frequency speak to the need for the development of effective DV prevention and management strategies. And, the development of effective DV interventions first requires valid measures of occurrence and an in-depth understanding of its epidemiology.

While many aspects of DV are similar across cultures, recent qualitative studies describe how some aspects of the DV experienced by women in India may be unique. These studies highlight the role of non-partner DV perpetrators for those living in both nuclear and joint-families ( Fernandez, 1997 ; Kaur & Garg, 2010 ; Raj et al., 2011 ). (These families are patrilineal where male descendants live with their wives, offspring, parents, and unmarried sisters.) They discuss the high frequency and near normalisation of control, psychological abuse, neglect, and isolation, the occurrence of DV to women at both extremes of age (young and old), dowry harassments, control over reproductive choices and family planning, and demonstrate the use of different tools to inflict abuse (i.e. kerosene burning, stones, and broomsticks as opposed to gun and knife violence more commonly seen in industrialised nations) ( Bunting, 2005 ; Go et al., 2003 ; Hampton, 2010 ; Jutla & Heimbach, 2004 ; Kaur & Garg, 2010 ; Kermode et al., 2007 ; Kumar & Kanth, 2004 ; Peck, 2012 ; Rastogi & Therly, 2006 ; Sharma, Harish, Gupta, & Singh, 2005 ; Stephenson et al., 2008 ; Wilson-Williams, Stephenson, Juvekar, & Andes, 2008 ).

This paper presents a systematic review of the quantitative studies conducted over the past decade that estimate and assess DV experienced by women in India, and evaluates their scope and capacity to measure the DV themes highlighted by recent qualitative studies. It aims to examine the distribution of the prevalence estimates provided by the recent literature of DV occurrence in India, improve understanding of the factors that may affect these prevalence estimates, and identify gaps in current studies. This enhanced knowledge will help inform future research including new interventions for the prevention and management of DV in India.

We utilised PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Reviews, PsycINFO, and CINAHL as search engines to identify articles published between 1 April 2004 and 1 January 2015 that focused on the DV experiences of women in India ( Figure 1 ). Our specific search terms included ‘domestic violence’, ‘intimate partner violence’, ‘spouse abuse’, ‘partner violence’, ‘gender-based violence’, ‘sexual violence’, ‘physical violence’, ‘wife battering’, ‘wife beating’, ‘domestic abuse’, ‘violence’, and ‘India’. We first removed duplicate articles and then filtered the articles based on our inclusion criteria: quantitative studies evaluating original data that had been published in English and directly surveyed the DV experiences of women. While we recognise that in cultures where DV is commonplace the reporting of DV perpetration by men may be as high as the frequency of experiencing DV reported by women ( Koenig, Stephenson, Ahmed, Jejeebhoy, & Campbell, 2006 ), we restricted our eligibility criteria to studies directly surveying women about their DV experiences to reduce further inter-study variation and allow for more accurate cross-study comparisons. We excluded reviews, case reports, meta-analyses, and qualitative studies. A single author (ASK or NM) reviewed each individual article to determine whether it met inclusion criteria. If questions arose regarding its inclusion into the review, they were discussed with a second author (SS) until concordance was reached regarding whether or not the paper was to be included.

Adapted PRISMA Flow Diagram demonstrating study selection methodologies and filter results.

Note: An initial PubMed search of articles published between 1 April 2004 and 1 January 2015 focusing on the DV experiences of women in India is depicted. This figure illustrates the search terms, search engines, applied inclusion and exclusion filters, the process by which articles were chosen to be included in the study, and the results of the selection process.

We collected data from each study regarding study population; study setting; use of a validated scale; forms of, perpetrators of, and time frame during which DV was measured; whether an attempt was made to measure severity of DV; whether potential DV correlates were evaluated; and whether DV prevalence was estimated. We subcategorised the forms of violence into physical, sexual, psychological, control, and neglect based on descriptions of questions provided in the studies. Emotional and verbal forms of abuse were classified as psychological abuse and deprivation was classified as neglect. If the study asked participants about agency or autonomy, this was noted in the summary tables. In publications where information about the DV assessment tool and its validation was not provided, we contacted the authors for more information. If authors reported having conducted formative fieldwork to generate questions, pre-tested the items, and/or conducted some assessment of the measurement tool’s expert or face validity, we reported the validation as ‘limited’. If we did not hear back from the authors, we stated the data were ‘not reported’.

Article yield of systematic search

Our initial search of DV articles published in PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Reviews, PsycINFO, and CINAHL between 1 April 2004 and 1 January 2015 yielded 3843 articles ( Figure 1 ). We identified 628 articles using search terms ‘domestic violence’ and ‘India’, 283 articles using ‘intimate partner violence’ and ‘India’, 98 articles using ‘spouse abuse’ and ‘India’, 221 articles using ‘partner violence and India’, 54 articles using ‘gender-based violence’ and ‘India’, 199 articles using ‘sexual violence’ and ‘India’, 120 articles using ‘physical violence’ and ‘India’, 1 article using ‘wife battering’ and ‘India’, 51 articles using ‘wife beating’ and ‘India’, 10 articles using ‘domestic abuse’ and ‘India’, and 2022 articles using ‘violence’ and ‘India’. Of the 3843 articles, 3705 articles were removed because they (1) were duplicated in the search, (2) focused on extraneous topics, (3) lacked Indian context, (4) were not based on original quantitative data, or (5) were based on study data that were not directly obtained through surveying women about their personal DV experiences. Thus, the selection criteria yielded a total of 137 studies examining the DV experiences of women in India: 14 international studies (see Table 1 in supplementary material ), 50 multi-state India studies (see Table 2 in supplementary material ), and 73 single-state India studies (see Table 3 in supplementary material ).

The scope and breadth of recent studies: study populations

Collectively, the reviewed studies provide information on the DV experienced by young and middle-aged women in traditional heterosexual marriages from both urban and rural environments, joint and nuclear families, across Indian states ( Figure 2 ). Among the studies specifying age limits, the vast majority (88% or 92/104) evaluated DV experienced by women age 15–50, with only 11% (11/104) of studies surveying DV suffered by women above age 50 and 1% (1/104) evaluating DV experienced by young adolescents (wed before age 15). Only one study assessed DV experienced by women in HIV discordant. No studies surveyed DV in non-traditional relationships, such as same-sex relationships or live-in relationships. Less than one-third (29% or 40/137) collected data differentiating DV experienced by women in joint versus nuclear families. Thirty-seven per cent (51/137) evaluated domestic abuse suffered by women living in urban settings, 18% (24/137) in rural, and the remainder (44% or 60/137) in both rural and urban environments. Only one examined DV experienced by women residing in tribes. Twenty-three per cent (32/137) and 3% (4/137) utilised a nationally representative and sub-nationally representative study population, respectively. Southern Indian states were by far the most surveyed in the literature (Maharashtra 66 studies, Tamil Nadu 59 studies, and Karnataka 51 studies) and Northern Indian states the least (Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Punjab, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, and Assam each with 33 studies).

A summary of the distribution of recent Indian DV literature by region, state, surveyed perpetrator, and family type.

Note: (a) demonstrates the distribution of studies by rural versus urban region, (b) by state, (c) by the perpetrator surveyed, and (d) whether the survey collected data differentiating DV in joint versus nuclear family households.

Prevalence of DV in India

Collectively, the reviewed studies demonstrate that DV occurs among Indian women with high frequency but there is substantial variation in the reported prevalence estimates across all forms of DV ( Figure 3 ). For example, the median and range of lifetime estimates of psychological abuse was 22% (range 2–99%), physical abuse was 29% (2–99%), sexual abuse was 12% (0–75%), and multiple forms of DV was 41% (18–75%). The outliers at the upper extremes were contributed by a study of in low-income slum communities with high prevalence of substance abuse( Solomon et al., 2009 ) and a second study conducted in a tertiary care centre where surveys were self-administered and thus participants may have felt increased comfort in reporting DV( Sharma & Vatsa, 2011 ). The median and range of past-year estimates of psychological abuse was 22% (11–48%), physical abuse was 22% (9–90%), sexual abuse was 7% (0–50%), and multiple forms of DV was 30% (4–56%). The outlier of 90% for physical abuse was contributed by a study of women whose husbands were alcoholics in treatment ( Stanley, 2012 ). As expected, higher DV prevalence was noted when multiple forms of DV were assessed. Of all forms of DV, physical abuse was measured most frequently, with psychological abuse, sexual abuse, and control or neglect receiving substantially less attention. Further statistical analysis beyond these descriptive statistics was not conducted due to the large inter-study heterogeneity of designs and populations limiting comparability across studies.

A summary of the lifetime and past 12-month prevalence estimates of the various forms of DV as documented by each individual study.

Note: Circles, squares, upright triangles, and inverted triangles represent prevalence estimates of psychological, physical, sexual, and multiple forms of DV, respectively, as provided by each individual study. While medians and ranges are provided, further analysis was not carried out due to the limited homogeneity between studies impeding accurate comparison.

The scope and breadth of recent studies: study design

The past decade of quantitative India DV research has included a breadth of large regional and international studies as well as smaller scale, single-state studies. However, the capacity to draw causal inferences from this literature has been limited by the nearly exclusive use of cross-sectional design. The country and regional-level studies utilised larger, often nationally or sub-nationally representative samples (average sample size: 25,857 women, range: 111–124,385), to provide inter-country or regional epidemiologic comparisons. The single-state studies tended to use smaller sample sizes (average: 1109 women, range: 30–9639) to provide a more in-depth evaluation of DV experienced in a particular population of women.

The vast majority of all reviewed studies utilised cross-sectional design, with only 12% (17/137) using a prospective design to draw causal inferences. Six of these 13 utilised the NFHS-2 and four-year follow-up data from the rural regions of four states to evaluate the effect of DV on mental health disorders ( Shidhaye & Patel, 2010 ), a woman’s adoption of contraception, occurrence of unwanted pregnancy ( Stephenson et al., 2008 ), uptake of prenatal care ( Koski et al., 2011 ), early childhood mortality ( Koenig et al., 2010 ), functional autonomy and reproduction ( Bourey, Stephenson, & Hindin, 2013 ), and contraceptive adoption ( Stephenson, Jadhav, & Hindin, 2013 ), while one used the data to evaluate the effect of autonomy on experience of physical violence ( Nongrum, Thomas, Lionel, & Jacob, 2014 ; Sabarwal, Santhya, & Jejeebhoy, 2014 ). Only one study employed a case-control study to evaluate the link between DV and child mortality ( Varghese, Prasad, & Jacob, 2013 ) and another utilised a randomised control design to evaluate the effect of a mixed individual and group women’s behavioural intervention in reducing DV and marital conflict over time ( Saggurti et al., 2014 ). The remainder of prospective studies evaluated the causal association between DV and incident STIs and/or attempted suicide ( Chowdhary & Patel, 2008 ; Maselko & Patel, 2008 ; Weiss et al., 2008 ), DV and maternal and neonatal health outcomes ( Nongrum et al., 2014 ), the effect of the type of interviewing (face-to-face versus audio computer-assisted self-interviews) on DV reporting ( Rathod, Minnis, Subbiah, & Krishnan, 2011 ), trends in DV occurrence over time ( Simister & Mehta, 2010 ), and the effect of change in a woman or her spouse’s employment status on her experience of DV ( Krishnan et al., 2010 ).

The scope and breadth of recent studies: DV measures

Only 61% (84/137) of studies reported use of a validated scale or made attempts to validate the instrument they ultimately used. When use of a validated instrument was reported, most (82% or 69/84) had been developed for the cultural context of North America and Europe (i.e. modified CTS, Abuse Assessment Screen, Index of Spouse Abuse, Woman Abuse Screening Tool, Partner Violence Screen, Composite Abuse Scale, and Sexual Experience Scale). In fact, only 15 of the studies reporting use of a validated questionnaire adapted or developed their instrument to the Indian context by surveying themes raised by the prior qualitative literature (i.e. use of belts, sticks, and burning to inflict physical abuse, restricting return to natal family home, not allowing natal family to visit marital home). As expected, these studies reported higher frequencies of DV. In personal communication, some authors who chose not to use validated, widely used DV scales (i.e. CTS) stated they did so because of space limitations and inadequacy of existing tools for measuring DV in the Indian cultural context.

Two-thirds of studies (64% or 87/137) assessed two or fewer forms of DV. Of all forms of DV, physical abuse was evaluated most frequently (96% or 131/137), followed by sexual abuse (58% or 79/137), psychological abuse (44% or 60/137), neglect and control (4% or 7/137). Only 11% (15/137) of studies evaluated DV perpetrated by non-partner family members. For these studies evaluating DV perpetrated by partners and non-partner family members, available estimates of lifetime sexual and psychological abuse were always higher than the median prevalence estimates of reviewed studies; available estimates of lifetime physical abuse were often, but not universally, higher. Only 20% (109/137) attempted to evaluate different levels of DV severity. While many (43% or 59/137) studies evaluated lifetime violence, a considerable number assessed recent DV (42% or 58/137 past-12 month DV, 5% or 7/137 past-6 month DV, 4% or 5/137 past-3 month DV, and 4% or 6/137 the time period of current or research partnerships). Additionally, 10% (14/137) evaluated DV occurrence during pregnancy or the peri-partum period.

The scope and breadth of recent studies: measured outcomes

Figure 4 provides a framework for synthesising the potential DV correlates measured to date. It demonstrates that the focus of the quantitative literature has largely been on the mental health and gynecologic consequences of DV but has only begun to evaluate repercussions on physical health and health behaviour. Twelve per cent (16/137) of the studies evaluated one or multiple mental health disorder as outcomes of DV, including PTSD, depression, and suicide, but not anxiety. The literature provided a comprehensive evaluation of the association between DV and gynaecologic health including sexual (15% or 21/137) and maternal health (8% or 11/137). However, only six studies were dedicated to evaluating physical health outcomes (oral health, nutrition, chronic fatigue, asthma, direct injury, and blindness during pregnancy). And while 17 studies were dedicated to evaluating the association between DV and uptake of health behaviours, 11 of the 15 were focused on behaviours related to sexual and maternal health. Thus, the association between health behaviours like the woman’s substance abuse and adherence to medical and clinical care remains largely understudied, as does the link between DV and physical health outcomes such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease, chronic pain syndromes (including migraines), and urinary tract infections.

A framework for conceptualising the reviewed studies.

Note: The proposed framework provides structure for interpreting and synthesising the prior decade’s quantitative research evaluating the domestic violence experienced by women in India.

The past 10 years have been an incredible period of growth in DV research in India and South Asia. Our systematic review contributes to the growing body of evidence by providing an important summary of the epidemiologic studies during this critical period and draws attention to the magnitude and severity of the ongoing epidemic in India. Comprehensively, the reviewed literature estimates that 4 in 10 Indian women (when surveyed about multiple forms of abuse) report experiencing DV in their lifetime and 3 in 10 report experiencing DV in the past year. This is concordant with the WHO lifetime estimate of 37.7% (95% CI: 30.9%43.1%) in South-East Asia (defined as India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Timor-Leste) and is higher than the regional estimates provided by the WHO for the Europe, the Western Pacific, and potentially the Americas. In addition to highlighting the high frequency of occurrence, the studies in this review emphasise the toll DV takes on the lives of many Indian women through its impact on mental, physical, sexual, and reproductive health.

Perhaps the most striking finding of our review was the large inter-study variance in DV prevalence estimates ( Figure 3 ). While this variability speaks to the capacity of the India literature to capture the breadth of DV experiences in different populations and settings, it also underscores the need for standardising aspects of study design in the investigator’s control to make effective inter-study and cross-population comparisons. Standardisation of the instruments used to measure DV should be a priority. To optimise the yield of such an instrument in capturing the DV experiences of Indian women, it should build upon currently available, well-validated instruments, but also be culturally tailored. Thus, it should account for the culturally prominent forms of DV identified by the Indian qualitative literature and social media, survey abuse inflicted by non-partner perpetrators, survey multiple forms abuse (i.e. physical, sexual, psychological, and control), and ideally, include a measure of DV severity (i.e. based on frequency of affirmative responses, frequency of abuse, or resultant injury). Our review demonstrates that current studies fall short, with only 61% reporting use of validated questions (rarely developed or adapted to Indian culture), 11% surveying DV perpetrated by non-partner family members, 64% assessing more than two different forms of abuse, and 20% evaluating level of DV severity. Our review also suggests that when questions assessing DV are culturally adapted and validated, evaluate multiple forms of abuse, and survey abusive behaviours by non-partner family members in addition to partners, reporting of DV increases.

While our search yielded many well-designed cross-sectional studies providing insight into the epidemiology of DV in India (i.e. patterns of occurrence, socio-demographic, and health correlates), it also revealed many gaps and thus, a potential research agenda. Future qualitative studies are needed to examine the link between DV and correlates identified by the cross-sectional literature, to inform the development of future prevention strategies, and to enhance delivery of DV supportive services by examining survivor preferences and needs. Additional longitudinal quantitative studies are also needed to better understand predictors of DV and to explore the direction of causality between DV and the physical health associations identified in the reviewed studies. They are also needed to assess the link between DV and other physical health outcomes like injury, cardiovascular disease, irritable bowel syndrome, immune effects, and psychosomatic syndromes as well as non-sexual health behaviours such as substance abuse and medication adherence. This is particularly paramount in India, where physical injury and cardiovascular disease together account for over a quarter of disability-adjusted life years lost ( National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2005 ).

Additionally, our review also exposed gaps in the current understanding of DV in some populations and regions of India. For example, most studies focused on women of age 15–50. Only 11 reported on the DV experiences of women over 50, a stage where frailty, financial and physical dependence, and culturally engendered shame and disgrace associated with widowhood may heighten their risk of experiencing DV, neglect, and control by various family members ( Solotaroff & Pande, 2014 ). And, while 43% of Indian women aged 20–24 marry before the age of 18, we encountered few studies evaluating DV experienced by pre-adolescents or young adolescents married as children ( UNICEF, 2014 ). An additional gap is in evaluating the DV experiences of women engaging in live-in relationships as opposed to marital relationships, divorced or widowed women, women involved in same-sex relationships, and in HIV serodiscordant and concordant relationships, settings in which social and family support systems are already weakened ( Kohli et al., 2012 ). Next, beyond the national and multi-state data sets, there is little representation of the northern states of India (i.e. Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Punjab, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, and Assam) and of women residing in tribal villages ( Sethuraman, Lansdown, & Sullivan, 2006 ). The vast cultural, religious, and socio-economic inter-regional differences in India highlight the need for more in-depth study of the DV experiences of women in these areas.

The high prevalence of DV and its association with deleterious behaviours and poor health outcomes further speak to the need for multi-faceted, culturally tailored preventive strategies that target potential victims and perpetrators of violence. The recent Five Year Strategic Plan (2011–2016) released by the Ministry of Women and Child Development discusses a plan to pilot ‘one-stop crisis centres for women’ survivors of violence, which would include medical, legal, law enforcement, counselling, and shelter support for themselves and their children. The significant differences in women’s empowerment and DV experience by region and population within India ( Kishor & Gupta, 2004 ) underscore the need to culturally- and regionally tailor the screening and support services provided at such centres. For example, in resource-limited states where sexual forms of DV predominate, priority should be given to the allocation of health-care providers to evaluate, document, and treat associated injuries and/or transmitted diseases. In settings where financial control and neglect are common, legal, financial, and educational empowerment may need to be given precedence.

Our review is not without limitations. First, our analysis relied solely on data directly provided in the publications. We did not further contact the authors if information was not provided. Second, a single author (ASK or NM) reviewed the individual papers for inclusion into the review, which may have introduced a selection bias. We tried to limit this bias through discussion of the papers in which eligibility was not clear-cut with a second author (SS) until agreement about the inclusion status was reached. Next, we included studies whose main intent was to evaluate the DV experiences of Indian women as well as studies whose main aim may not have been related to DV at all, but included DV as a covariate in the analysis. Thus, many of the studies that solely included DV as a covariate may not have had the intent or resources to fully examine the DV experience. While this may be viewed as a limitation, our goal was not to critically evaluate each individual study, but to comprehensively review the information currently provided in the Indian DV literature. Lastly, inclusion of multiple studies that utilise the same data set (e.g. NFHS) may have skewed the overall median estimate of DV prevalence and the remainder of our analysis. We felt, however, that the substantial differences in DV assessment (e.g. measurement time frames, forms of DV assessed, whether DV severity was assessed, and measured health correlates) between these studies legitimised their need to be included as separate entities in the review.

In conclusion, our literature review underscores the need for further studies within India evaluating the DV experiences of older women, women in same-sex relationships, and live-in relationships, extending the assessment of DV perpetrated by individuals besides intimate partners and spouses, and assessing the multiple forms and levels of abuse. It further stresses the necessity for the development and validation (in multiple regions and study populations within India) of a culturally tailored DV scale and interventions geared towards the prevention and management of DV.

Supplementary Material

Tables and table references, acknowledgments.

This work was supported by the US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center [grant number 1 R25 TW009337-01 K01 TW009664].

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1119293

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Ameeta Kalokhe , http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-1786

Seema Sahay , http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-827X

• Ackerson LK, Kawachi I, Barbeau EM, Subramanian SV. Exposure to domestic violence associated with adult smoking in India: A population based study. Tobacco Control. 2007; 16 (6):378–383. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ackerson LK, Kawachi I, Barbeau EM, Subramanian SV. Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: A population-based study of women in India. American Journal of Public Health. 2008; 98 (3):507–514. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ackerson LK, Subramanian SV. Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008; 167 (10):1188–1196. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ackerson LK, Subramanian SV. Intimate partner violence and death among infants and children in India. Pediatrics. 2009; 124 (5):e878–889. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0524. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Begum S, Dwivedi SN, Pandey A, Mittal S. Association between domestic violence and unintended pregnancies in India: Findings from the National Family Health Survey-2 data. National Medical Journal of India. 2010; 23 (4):198–200. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bourey C, Stephenson R, Hindin MJ. Reproduction, functional autonomy and changing experiences of intimate partner violence within marriage in rural India. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2013; 39 (4):215–226. doi: 10.1363/39215133921513. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bunting A. Stages of development: Marriage of girls and teens as an international human rights issue. Social & Legal Studies. 2005; 14 (1):17–38. [ Google Scholar ]
• Chandra PS, Satyanarayana VA, Carey MP. Women reporting intimate partner violence in India: Associations with PTSD and depressive symptoms. Archives of Women’s Mental Health. 2009; 12 (4):203–209. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chowdhary N, Patel V. The effect of spousal violence on women’s health: Findings from the Stree Arogya Shodh in Goa, India. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2008; 54 (4):306–312. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chowdhury AN, Brahma A, Banerjee S, Biswas MK. Pattern of domestic violence amongst non-fatal deliberate self-harm attempters: A study from primary care of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 51 (2):96–100. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fernandez M. Domestic violence by extended family members in India: Interplay of gender and generation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1997; 12 (3):433–455. [ Google Scholar ]
• Go VF, Sethulakshmi CJ, Bentley ME, Sivaram S, Srikrishnan AK, Solomon S, Celentano DD. When HIV-prevention messages and gender norms clash: The impact of domestic violence on women’s HIV risk in slums of Chennai, India. AIDS and Behavior. 2003; 7 (3):263–272. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gundappa A, Rathod PB. Violence against Women in India: Preventive measures. Indian Streams Research Journal. 2012; 2 (4):1–4. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gupta RN, Wyatt GE, Swaminathan S, Rewari BB, Locke TF, Ranganath V, … Liu H. Correlates of relationship, psychological, and sexual behavioral factors for HIV risk among Indian women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2008; 14 (3):256–265. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hampton T. Child marriage threatens girls’ health. JAMA. 2010; 304 (5):509–510. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jutla RK, Heimbach D. Love burns: An essay about bride burning in India. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2004; 25 (2):165–170. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kaur R, Garg S. Domestic violence against women: A qualitative study in a rural community. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2010; 22 (2):242–251. doi: 10.1177/1010539509343949. 1010539509343949 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kermode M, Herrman H, Arole R, White J, Premkumar R, Patel V. Empowerment of women and mental health promotion: A qualitative study in rural Maharashtra, India. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7 :225. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kishor S, Gupta K. Women’s empowerment in India and its States. Economic and Political Weekly. 2004; 39 (7):694–712. [ Google Scholar ]
• Koenig MA, Stephenson R, Acharya R, Barrick L, Ahmed S, Hindin M. Domestic violence and early childhood mortality in rural India: Evidence from prospective data. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 39 (3):825–833. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Koenig MA, Stephenson R, Ahmed S, Jejeebhoy SJ, Campbell J. Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India. American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96 (1):132–138. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050872. AJPH.2004.050872 [pii] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kohli R, Purohit V, Karve L, Bhalerao V, Karvande S, Rangan S, Sahay S. Caring for caregivers of people living with HIV in the family: A response to the HIV pandemic from two urban slum communities in Pune, India. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (9):e44989. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Koski AD, Stephenson R, Koenig MR. Physical violence by partner during pregnancy and use of prenatal care in rural India. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2011; 29 (3):245–254. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Krishnan S, Rocca CH, Hubbard AE, Subbiah K, Edmeades J, Padian NS. Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India. Social Science & Medicine. 2010; 70 (1):136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.026. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kumar V, Kanth S. Bride burning. Lancet. 2004; 364 (Suppl 1):s18–s19. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17625-3. S0140-6736(04) 17625-3 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mahapatro M, Gupta RN, Gupta V, Kundu AS. Domestic violence during pregnancy in India. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2011; 26 (15):2973–2990. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Maselko J, Patel V. Why women attempt suicide: The role of mental illness and social disadvantage in a community cohort study in India. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2008; 62 (9):817–822. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. NCMH background papers: Burden of disease in India. 2005 Retrieved from http://www.who.int/macrohealth/en/
• Nongrum R, Thomas E, Lionel J, Jacob KS. Domestic violence as a risk factor for maternal depression and neonatal outcomes: A hospital-based cohort study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2014; 36 (2):179–181. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Patel V, Kirkwood BR, Weiss H, Pednekar S, Fernandes J, Pereira B, … Mabey D. Chronic fatigue in developing countries: Population based survey of women in India. British Medical Journal. 2005; 330 (7501):1190. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Peck MD. Epidemiology of burns throughout the World. Part II: Intentional burns in adults. Burns. 2012; 38 (5):630–637. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.12.028. S0305-4179(12)00022-8 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Raj A, Sabarwal S, Decker MR, Nair S, Jethva M, Krishnan S, … Silverman JG. Abuse from in-laws during pregnancy and post-partum: Qualitative and quantitative findings from low-income mothers of infants in Mumbai, India. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2011; 15 (6):700–712. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Raj A, Saggurti N, Balaiah D, Silverman JG. Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: A cross-sectional, observational study. Lancet. 2009; 373 (9678):1883–1889. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60246-4. S0140-6736(09)60246-4 [pii] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Raj A, Saggurti N, Lawrence D, Balaiah D, Silverman JG. Association between adolescent marriage and marital violence among young adult women in India. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2010; 110 (1):35–39. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.01.022. S0020-7292(10)00093-7 [pii] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rastogi M, Therly P. Dowry and its link to violence against women in India: Feminist psychological perspectives. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2006; 7 (1):66–77. doi: 10.1177/1524838005283927. 7/1/66 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rathod SD, Minnis AM, Subbiah K, Krishnan S. ACASI and face-to-face interviews yield inconsistent estimates of domestic violence among women in India: The Samata health study 2005–2009. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2011; 26 (12):2437–2456. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sabarwal S, Santhya KG, Jejeebhoy SJ. Women’s autonomy and experience of physical violence within marriage in rural India: Evidence from a prospective study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2014; 29 (2):332–347. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Saggurti N, Nair S, Silverman JG, Naik DD, Battala M, Dasgupta A, … Raj A. Impact of the RHANI Wives intervention on marital conflict and sexual coercion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2014 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Santhya KG, Ram U, Acharya R, Jejeebhoy SJ, Ram F, Singh A. Associations between early marriage and young women’s marital and reproductive health outcomes: Evidence from India. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2010; 36 (3):132–139. doi: 10.1363/ipsrh.36.132.10. 3613210 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Saravanan S. Violence against women in India. 2000. [ Google Scholar ]
• Sethuraman K, Lansdown R, Sullivan K. Women’s empowerment and domestic violence: The role of sociocultural determinants in maternal and child undernutrition in tribal and rural communities in South India. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2006 [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shahmanesh M, Wayal S, Cowan F, Mabey D, Copas A, Patel V. Suicidal behavior among female sex workers in Goa, India: The silent epidemic. American Journal of Public Health. 2009; 99 (7):1239–1246. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sharma BR, Harish D, Gupta M, Singh VP. Dowry – a deep-rooted cause of violence against women in India. Medicine, Science and the Law. 2005; 45 (2):161–168. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sharma KK, Vatsa M. Domestic violence against nurses by their marital partners: A facility-based study at a tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2011; 36 (3):222–227. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shidhaye R, Patel V. Association of socio-economic, gender and health factors with common mental disorders in women: A population-based study of 5703 married rural women in India. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 39 (6):1510–1521. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq179. dyq179 [pii] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shroff MR, Griffiths PL, Suchindran C, Nagalla B, Vazir S, Bentley ME. Does maternal autonomy influence feeding practices and infant growth in rural India? Social Science & Medicine. 2011; 73 (3):447–455. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.040. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Silverman JG, Decker MR, Saggurti N, Balaiah D, Raj A. Intimate partner violence and HIV infection among married Indian women. JAMA. 2008; 300 (6):703–710. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.6.703. 300/6/703 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Simister J, Mehta PS. Gender-based violence in India: Long-term trends. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2010; 25 (9):1594–1611. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Solomon S, Subbaraman R, Solomon SS, Srikrishnan AK, Johnson SC, Vasudevan CK, … Celentano DD. Domestic violence and forced sex among the urban poor in South India: Implications for HIV prevention. Violence Against Women. 2009; 15 (7):753–773. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Solotaroff JL, Pande RP. Violence against women and girls: Lessons from South Asia. Washington DC: World Bank., World Bank Group; 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
• Speizer IS, Pearson E. Association between early marriage and intimate partner violence in India: A focus on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2011; 26 (10):1963–1981. doi: 10.1177/08862605103729470886260510372947. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Stanley S. Intimate partner violence and domestic violence myths: A comparison of women with and without alcoholic husbands (a study from India) Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2012; 43 (5):647–672. [ Google Scholar ]
• Stephenson R, Jadhav A, Hindin M. Physical domestic violence and subsequent contraceptive adoption among women in rural India. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2013; 28 (5):1020–1039. doi: 10.1177/08862605124593790886260512459379. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Stephenson R, Koenig MA, Acharya R, Roy TK. Domestic violence, contraceptive use, and unwanted pregnancy in rural India. Studies in Family Planning. 2008; 39 (3):177–186. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Subramanian SV, Ackerson LK, Subramanyam MA, Wright RJ. Domestic violence is associated with adult and childhood asthma prevalence in India. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007; 36 (3):569–579. doi: 10.1093/ije/dym007. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sudha S, Morrison S. Marital violence and women’s reproductive health care in Uttar Pradesh, India. Womens Health Issues. 2011; 21 (3):214–221. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sudha S, Morrison S, Zhu L. Violence against women, symptom reporting, and treatment for reproductive tract infections in Kerala state, Southern India. Health Care for Women International. 2007; 28 (3):268–284. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• UNICEF. Improving children’s lives, transforming the future: 25 years of child rights in South Asia. 2014 Author. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_75712.html .
• Varghese S, Prasad JH, Jacob KS. Domestic violence as a risk factor for infant and child mortality: A community-based case-control study from southern India. National Medical Journal of India. 2013; 26 (3):142–146. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Verma RK, Pulerwitz J, Mahendra V, Khandekar S, Barker G, Fulpagare P, Singh SK. Challenging and changing gender attitudes among young men in Mumbai, India. Reproductive Health Matters. 2006; 14 (28):135–143. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(06)28261-2. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Visaria L. Violence against women: A field study. Economic & Political Weekly. 2000; 35 (20):1742–1751. [ Google Scholar ]
• Weiss HA, Patel V, West B, Peeling RW, Kirkwood BR, Mabey D. Spousal sexual violence and poverty are risk factors for sexually transmitted infections in women: A longitudinal study of women in Goa, India. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008; 84 (2):133–139. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• WHO. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Author; 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
• Wilson-Williams L, Stephenson R, Juvekar S, Andes K. Domestic violence and contraceptive use in a rural Indian village. Violence Against Women. 2008; 14 (10):1181–1198. doi: 10.1177/1077801208323793. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yoshikawa K, Agrawal NR, Poudel KC, Jimba M. A lifetime experience of violence and adverse reproductive outcomes: Findings from population surveys in India. BioScience Trends. 2012; 6 (3):115–121. 553 [pii] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]

• Ground Reports
• 50-Word Edit
• National Interest
• Campus Voice
• Security Code
• Off The Cuff
• Democracy Wall
• Around Town
• PastForward
• In Pictures
• Last Laughs
• ThePrint Essential

New Delhi : Most “women’s safety” discussions in India centre on the dangers of sexual assault, harassment, and other crimes in public spaces. Much is also said about the perils of being unmarried and having a boyfriend, especially in the wake of the high-profile Shraddha Walkar and Nikki Yadav cases. Crime data, however, also tells another chilling but often-overlooked story.

According to an analysis of National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, conducted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), nearly one in every three reported crimes against a woman from 2016 to 2021 pertained to the “cruelty” of her husband and/or his relatives.

The findings, published in MoSPI’s ‘Women and Men in India 2022’ report , released earlier this month, show that cruelty by husbands and their relatives is the most commonly reported form of violence against women in India.

In the six-year span from 2016 to 2021, nearly 22.8 lakh crimes against women were recorded in India. Of these, about 7 lakh, or 30 per cent, were reported under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the report says.

Section 498A pertains to cruelty by a husband or his relatives against a woman. It defines  “cruelty” as any wilful conduct that “is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical)”.

Also counted as cruelty is “harassment of the woman… with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand”.

Upon conviction, the accused can be jailed for up to three years and also become liable for a fine.

The data in the MoSPI report shows that in each of the six years studied, cases registered under 498A topped all other crimes against women, outnumbering the cases reported for rape and sexual harassment.

To provide further context, during the same time period of 2016-2021, India reported 5.2 lakh cases under Section 354 of the IPC, which refers to ‘assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty’ and accounted for an average of approximately 23 per cent of all crimes against women.

The next most common crime against women was kidnapping and abduction, which accounted for an average of 18 per cent of cases, with 4.14 lakh reported incidents. In the same six-year period, India reported about 1.96 lakh rape cases, accounting for approximately 8.6 per cent of the total crimes against women in 2016-2021.

Also read: ‘Riding the wave of hysteria’: Post-Shraddha case, here are 12 ‘gruesome’ murders that made news

Assam, Telangana, Delhi ‘worst’ for wives, Goa ‘best’

The MoSPI report shed light on the incidence of different crimes against women across India for the year 2021.

The crime rate for each state and UT that year was calculated by dividing the number of crimes committed by the mid-year projected population of women.

In several states, the crime rate — or cruelty cases per 1 lakh women — was more than 40.

In the crime rate calculated for 498A cases, Assam topped the chart. The state reported around 13,000 cases under 498A in 2021, which translates to 75 reported cases per 1 lakh female population in the state.

Assam was followed by Telangana (50.4), Delhi (48.9), Rajasthan (43.8), West Bengal (41.5), and Haryana (41.3)

Goa was the ‘best’ in this regard, with barely one case under 498A reported for every 10 lakh women. The crime rate here was just 0.1 per cent.

‘Tip of the iceberg’

Statistics reveal only the “tip of the iceberg” since many crimes are never reported, cautioned Professor K. Jaishankar, principal director, International Institute of Crime and Security Sciences (IICSS), Bengaluru, speaking to ThePrint.

“There are many hidden crimes that won’t get reported for various reasons, including caste, culture, patriarchy, fear of police and society etc. A holistic crime victimisation survey by an independent think tank or an academic body is the need of the hour,” he said.

On the apparent prevalence of domestic violence against women, he added: “It’s the duty of families and societies to teach their male children to respect women and vice versa. Societies need to rethink how they view marriage so as to prevent crimes against women within families.”

As reported earlier by ThePrint, 21,570 women died by suicide for marriage-related reasons between 2016 and 2020, while the number for men was 16,021. In the same period, dowry was a cause of suicide for 9,385 women, which works out to 1,877 per year or five women each day.

(Edited by Asavari Singh)

Also read: Can husband file domestic violence case against wife?

Subscribe to our channels on YouTube , Telegram & WhatsApp

Support Our Journalism

India needs fair, non-hyphenated and questioning journalism, packed with on-ground reporting. ThePrint – with exceptional reporters, columnists and editors – is doing just that.

Sustaining this needs support from wonderful readers like you.

Whether you live in India or overseas, you can take a paid subscription by clicking here .

• Crimes against women
• Domestic abuse
• Section 498A

LEAVE A REPLY Cancel

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Most Popular

Rameswaram’s fisherfolk furious with katchatheevu politics. ‘don’t want island, just fishing rights’, shah’s stern message as rebellion brews in karnataka bjp — ‘rally behind modi or face consequences’ , mirv tech entry in nuclear arsenal must not lead india away from ‘no first use’ policy.

Required fields are marked *

Copyright © 2024 Printline Media Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy

• CBSE Class 10th
• CBSE Class 12th
• UP Board 10th
• UP Board 12th
• Bihar Board 10th
• Bihar Board 12th
• Top Schools in India
• Top Schools in Delhi
• Top Schools in Mumbai
• Top Schools in Chennai
• Top Schools in Hyderabad
• Top Schools in Kolkata
• Top Schools in Pune
• Top Schools in Bangalore

Products & Resources

• JEE Main Knockout April
• Free Sample Papers
• Free Ebooks
• NCERT Notes
• NCERT Syllabus
• NCERT Books
• RD Sharma Solutions
• Navodaya Vidyalaya Admission 2024-25
• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Solutions for Class 12
• NCERT Solutions for Class 11
• NCERT solutions for Class 10
• NCERT solutions for Class 9
• NCERT solutions for Class 8
• NCERT Solutions for Class 7
• JEE Main 2024
• JEE Advanced 2024
• BITSAT 2024
• View All Engineering Exams
• Colleges Accepting B.Tech Applications
• Top Engineering Colleges in India
• Engineering Colleges in India
• Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu
• Engineering Colleges Accepting JEE Main
• Top IITs in India
• Top NITs in India
• Top IIITs in India
• JEE Main College Predictor
• JEE Main Rank Predictor
• MHT CET College Predictor
• AP EAMCET College Predictor
• GATE College Predictor
• KCET College Predictor
• JEE Advanced College Predictor
• View All College Predictors
• JEE Main Question Paper
• JEE Main Mock Test
• JEE Main Registration
• JEE Main Syllabus
• Download E-Books and Sample Papers
• Compare Colleges
• B.Tech College Applications
• GATE 2024 Result
• MAH MBA CET Exam
• View All Management Exams

Colleges & Courses

• MBA College Admissions
• MBA Colleges in India
• Top IIMs Colleges in India
• Top Online MBA Colleges in India
• MBA Colleges Accepting XAT Score
• BBA Colleges in India
• XAT College Predictor 2024
• SNAP College Predictor
• NMAT College Predictor
• MAT College Predictor 2024
• CMAT College Predictor 2024
• CAT Percentile Predictor 2023
• CAT 2023 College Predictor
• CMAT 2024 Registration
• TS ICET 2024 Registration
• CMAT Exam Date 2024
• MAH MBA CET Cutoff 2024
• Download Helpful Ebooks
• List of Popular Branches
• QnA - Get answers to your doubts
• IIM Fees Structure
• AIIMS Nursing
• Top Medical Colleges in India
• Top Medical Colleges in India accepting NEET Score
• Medical Colleges accepting NEET
• List of Medical Colleges in India
• List of AIIMS Colleges In India
• Medical Colleges in Maharashtra
• Medical Colleges in India Accepting NEET PG
• NEET College Predictor
• NEET PG College Predictor
• NEET MDS College Predictor
• DNB CET College Predictor
• DNB PDCET College Predictor
• NEET Application Form 2024
• NEET PG Application Form 2024
• NEET Cut off
• NEET Online Preparation
• Download Helpful E-books
• LSAT India 2024
• Colleges Accepting Admissions
• Top Law Colleges in India
• Law College Accepting CLAT Score
• List of Law Colleges in India
• Top Law Colleges in Delhi
• Top Law Collages in Indore
• Top Law Colleges in Chandigarh
• Top Law Collages in Lucknow

Predictors & E-Books

• CLAT College Predictor
• MHCET Law ( 5 Year L.L.B) College Predictor
• AILET College Predictor
• Sample Papers
• Compare Law Collages
• Careers360 Youtube Channel
• CLAT Syllabus 2025
• CLAT Previous Year Question Paper
• AIBE 18 Result 2023
• NID DAT Exam
• Pearl Academy Exam

Animation Courses

• Animation Courses in India
• Animation Courses in Bangalore
• Animation Courses in Mumbai
• Animation Courses in Pune
• Animation Courses in Chennai
• Animation Courses in Hyderabad
• Design Colleges in India
• Fashion Design Colleges in Bangalore
• Fashion Design Colleges in Mumbai
• Fashion Design Colleges in Pune
• Fashion Design Colleges in Delhi
• Fashion Design Colleges in Hyderabad
• Fashion Design Colleges in India
• Top Design Colleges in India
• Free Design E-books
• List of Branches
• Careers360 Youtube channel
• NIFT College Predictor
• UCEED College Predictor
• NID DAT College Predictor
• IPU CET BJMC
• JMI Mass Communication Entrance Exam
• IIMC Entrance Exam
• Media & Journalism colleges in Delhi
• Media & Journalism colleges in Bangalore
• Media & Journalism colleges in Mumbai
• List of Media & Journalism Colleges in India
• CA Intermediate
• CA Foundation
• CS Executive
• CS Professional
• Difference between CA and CS
• Difference between CA and CMA
• CA Full form
• CMA Full form
• CS Full form
• CA Salary In India

Top Courses & Careers

• Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com)
• Master of Commerce (M.Com)
• Company Secretary
• Cost Accountant
• Charted Accountant
• Credit Manager
• Financial Advisor
• Top Commerce Colleges in India
• Top Government Commerce Colleges in India
• Top Private Commerce Colleges in India
• Top M.Com Colleges in Mumbai
• Top B.Com Colleges in India
• IT Colleges in Tamil Nadu
• IT Colleges in Uttar Pradesh
• MCA Colleges in India
• BCA Colleges in India

Quick Links

• Information Technology Courses
• Programming Courses
• Web Development Courses
• Data Analytics Courses
• Big Data Analytics Courses
• RUHS Pharmacy Admission Test
• Top Pharmacy Colleges in India
• Pharmacy Colleges in Pune
• Pharmacy Colleges in Mumbai
• Colleges Accepting GPAT Score
• Pharmacy Colleges in Lucknow
• List of Pharmacy Colleges in Nagpur
• GPAT Result
• GPAT 2024 Admit Card
• GPAT Question Papers
• NCHMCT JEE 2024
• Mah BHMCT CET
• Top Hotel Management Colleges in Delhi
• Top Hotel Management Colleges in Hyderabad
• Top Hotel Management Colleges in Mumbai
• Top Hotel Management Colleges in Tamil Nadu
• Top Hotel Management Colleges in Maharashtra
• B.Sc Hotel Management
• Hotel Management
• Diploma in Hotel Management and Catering Technology

Diploma Colleges

• Top Diploma Colleges in Maharashtra
• UPSC IAS 2024
• SSC CGL 2024
• IBPS RRB 2024
• Previous Year Sample Papers
• Free Competition E-books
• Sarkari Result
• QnA- Get your doubts answered
• UPSC Previous Year Sample Papers
• CTET Previous Year Sample Papers
• SBI Clerk Previous Year Sample Papers
• NDA Previous Year Sample Papers

Upcoming Events

• NDA Application Form 2024
• UPSC IAS Application Form 2024
• CDS Application Form 2024
• CTET Admit card 2024
• HP TET Result 2023
• SSC GD Constable Admit Card 2024
• UPTET Notification 2024
• SBI Clerk Result 2024

Other Exams

• SSC CHSL 2024
• UP PCS 2024
• UGC NET 2024
• RRB NTPC 2024
• IBPS PO 2024
• IBPS Clerk 2024
• IBPS SO 2024
• Top University in USA
• Top University in Canada
• Top University in Ireland
• Top Universities in UK
• Top Universities in Australia
• Best MBA Colleges in Abroad
• Business Management Studies Colleges

Top Countries

• Study in USA
• Study in UK
• Study in Canada
• Study in Australia
• Study in Ireland
• Study in Germany
• Study in China
• Study in Europe

Student Visas

• Student Visa Canada
• Student Visa UK
• Student Visa USA
• Student Visa Australia
• Student Visa Germany
• Student Visa New Zealand
• Student Visa Ireland
• CUET PG 2024
• IGNOU B.Ed Admission 2024
• DU Admission
• UP B.Ed JEE 2024
• DDU Entrance Exam
• IIT JAM 2024
• IGNOU Online Admission 2024
• Universities in India
• Top Universities in India 2024
• Top Colleges in India
• Top Universities in Uttar Pradesh 2024
• Top Universities in Bihar
• Top Universities in Madhya Pradesh 2024
• Top Universities in Tamil Nadu 2024
• Central Universities in India
• CUET PG Admit Card 2024
• IGNOU Date Sheet
• CUET Mock Test 2024
• CUET Application Form 2024
• CUET PG Syllabus 2024
• CUET Participating Universities 2024
• CUET Previous Year Question Paper
• CUET Syllabus 2024 for Science Students
• E-Books and Sample Papers
• CUET Exam Pattern 2024
• CUET Exam Date 2024
• CUET Syllabus 2024
• IGNOU Exam Form 2024
• IGNOU Result
• CUET PG Courses 2024

Engineering Preparation

• Knockout JEE Main 2024
• Test Series JEE Main 2024
• JEE Main 2024 Rank Booster

Medical Preparation

• Knockout NEET 2024
• Test Series NEET 2024
• Rank Booster NEET 2024

Online Courses

• JEE Main One Month Course
• NEET One Month Course
• IBSAT Free Mock Tests
• IIT JEE Foundation Course
• Knockout BITSAT 2024
• Career Guidance Tool

Top Streams

• IT & Software Certification Courses
• Engineering and Architecture Certification Courses
• Programming And Development Certification Courses
• Business and Management Certification Courses
• Marketing Certification Courses
• Health and Fitness Certification Courses
• Design Certification Courses

Specializations

• Digital Marketing Certification Courses
• Cyber Security Certification Courses
• Artificial Intelligence Certification Courses
• Business Analytics Certification Courses
• Data Science Certification Courses
• Cloud Computing Certification Courses
• Machine Learning Certification Courses
• View All Certification Courses
• UG Degree Courses
• PG Degree Courses
• Short Term Courses
• Free Courses
• Online Degrees and Diplomas
• Compare Courses

Top Providers

• Coursera Courses
• Udemy Courses
• Edx Courses
• Swayam Courses
• upGrad Courses
• Simplilearn Courses
• Great Learning Courses

Access premium articles, webinars, resources to make the best decisions for career, course, exams, scholarships, study abroad and much more with

Plan, Prepare & Make the Best Career Choices

Crime Against Women Essay in English

Millions of women worldwide are the worst victims of violence, but only a small number of cases are widely publicised while the most go undetected. Violence against women is thought to result from a combination of interpersonal, relational, and situational factors. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Crime Against Women’.

100 Words Essay On Crime Against Women

Women around the world have long been subjected to various forms of abuse and violence, both physical and psychological. Unfortunately, such crimes against women still exist in many parts of the world today. We need to explore the reasons behind why these crimes occur and what can be done to prevent them from happening for the betterment of women. It is evident how gender inequality plays a role in increasing the prevalence of these horrendous acts and how it’s getting normalised day by day. It’s imperative that we as individuals and governments come up with some potential solutions that could help us tackle this issue more effectively.

200 Words Essay On Crime Against Women

The problem of crime against women is a global issue. One in three women around the world experiences physical or sexual violence in her lifetime. This means that approximately one billion women are affected by this issue. Rape, domestic violence, sexual assault, and murder are the most prevalent types of violence against women. The majority of violent acts are motivated by unspoken retaliation, dowry problems, and forced prostitution. Violence against women can affect anyone of any caste, religion, creed, or race.

Factors Responsible For Violence

There are many factors that contribute to the high incidence of crime against women. These include gender inequality, poverty, and the lack of effective law enforcement. In many countries, women do not have the same legal rights as men and are often treated as second-class citizens. This makes them more vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. Poverty also increases the risk of violence against women, as desperate people may resort to crime in order to survive. Finally, weak law enforcement means that perpetrators can often get away with their crimes, leaving victims feeling helpless and without justice. The problem of crime against women is a complex one, but it is important to address it in order to keep women safe from harm.

500 Words Essay On Crime Against Women

Women of all ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds can be victims of the horrendous violence that takes place. There is no one type of person who is more likely to be the victim of a crime against women.

However, there are some factors that may make someone more vulnerable to being a victim of a crime against women.

Younger women are more likely to be the victims of rape or sexual assault than older women. This is because younger women are generally more physically attractive to assailants and are less likely to have the physical strength to fight off an attacker. Additionally, college-age women are especially at risk for sexual assault, as they are often away from home for the first time and may not be aware of the potential dangers they face.

Women who live in poverty are also at increased risk for crime. This is because poverty can lead to desperation, which can then lead to criminal activity in order to survive. Additionally, poor neighbourhoods are often more violent overall, which can increase the risk of becoming a victim of crime.

Additionally, any woman who has experienced domestic violence or abuse in her past is at an increased risk for being a victim of crime again in the future. This is because these women often have low self-esteem and may feel like they deserve the abuse or that they cannot escape it. Additionally, domestic violence can lead to PTSD, which can further increase the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.

Causes Of Violence Against Women

There is no single answer to the question of why violence against women occurs. Instead, there are a number of factors that can contribute to its occurrence. Some of these factors may be personal to the individual woman, such as her age, race, or social class. Others may be related to her relationship with her partner, such as whether she feels trapped or powerless in the relationship. Still others may be situational, such as whether she lives in a neighbourhood where crime is common.

It is believed that violence against women is caused by a combination of these individual, relational, and situational factors. Others argue that it is primarily a result of gender inequality, which leads men to believe that they are entitled to control and dominate women. Whatever the cause, it is clear that violence against women is a serious problem that needs to be addressed.

Why It Happens

There are many factors that contribute to the high rate of crime against women. One reason is gender inequality. Women are often seen as subordinate to men, which can make them targets for violence. Additionally, women may be less likely to report crimes against them due to fear of retribution or because they don't believe they will be taken seriously. Additionally, poverty and lack of access to resources can also lead to higher rates of crime against women. Women who live in poverty may be more likely to turn to prostitution or other risky behaviours in order to survive, which can put them at greater risk for violence. Finally, drugs and alcohol play a role in many crimes against women. Drug and alcohol abuse can lead to impaired judgement and increased aggression, making it more likely for someone to commit a crime against a woman.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

• Construction
• Entertainment
• Manufacturing
• Information Technology

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi . 

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or  MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

Applications for Admissions are open.

Aakash iACST Scholarship Test 2024

Get up to 90% scholarship on NEET, JEE & Foundation courses

SAT® | CollegeBoard

Registeration closing on 19th Apr for SAT® | One Test-Many Universities | 90% discount on registrations fee | Free Practice | Multiple Attempts | no penalty for guessing

JEE Main Important Chemistry formulas

As per latest 2024 syllabus. Chemistry formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters

Resonance Coaching

Enroll in Resonance Coaching for success in JEE/NEET exams

TOEFL ® Registrations 2024

Thinking of Studying Abroad? Think the TOEFL® test. Register now & Save 10% on English Proficiency Tests with Gift Cards

ALLEN JEE Exam Prep

Start your JEE preparation with ALLEN

Everything about Education

Latest updates, Exclusive Content, Webinars and more.

Download Careers360 App's

Regular exam updates, QnA, Predictors, College Applications & E-books now on your Mobile

Cetifications

We Appeared in

Call us @ 08069405205

Search Here

• An Introduction to the CSE Exam
• Personality Test
• Annual Calendar by UPSC-2024
• Common Myths about the Exam
• About Insights IAS
• Our Mission, Vision & Values
• Director's Desk
• Meet Our Team
• Our Branches
• Careers at Insights IAS
• Daily Current Affairs+PIB Summary
• Insights into Editorials
• Insta Revision Modules for Prelims
• Current Affairs Quiz
• Static Quiz
• Current Affairs RTM
• Insta-DART(CSAT)
• Insta 75 Days Revision Tests for Prelims 2024
• Secure (Mains Answer writing)
• Secure Synopsis
• Ethics Case Studies
• Insta Ethics
• Weekly Essay Challenge
• Insta Revision Modules-Mains
• Insta 75 Days Revision Tests for Mains
• Secure (Archive)
• Anthropology
• Law Optional
• Kannada Literature
• Public Administration
• English Literature
• Medical Science
• Mathematics
• Commerce & Accountancy
• Monthly Magazine: CURRENT AFFAIRS 30
• Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
• InstaMaps: Important Places in News
• Weekly CA Magazine
• The PRIME Magazine
• Insta Revision Modules-Prelims
• Insta-DART(CSAT) Quiz
• Insta 75 days Revision Tests for Prelims 2022
• Insights SECURE(Mains Answer Writing)
• Interview Transcripts
• Previous Years' Question Papers-Prelims
• Answer Keys for Prelims PYQs
• Solve Prelims PYQs
• Previous Years' Question Papers-Mains
• UPSC CSE Syllabus
• Toppers from Insights IAS
• Testimonials
• Felicitation
• UPSC Results
• Indian Heritage & Culture
• Ancient Indian History
• Medieval Indian History
• Modern Indian History
• World History
• World Geography
• Indian Geography
• Indian Society
• Social Justice
• International Relations
• Agriculture
• Environment & Ecology
• Disaster Management
• Science & Technology
• Security Issues
• Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

• Indian Heritage & Culture
• Enivornment & Ecology

Rising Role of Women in Finance and Workforce

Source: The Print

Context: More Indian women are actively participating in financial decision-making, with 98% of urban women involved in long-term family decisions , including household financial investments, according to the recent AMFi-CRISIL report .

• Female LFPR up to 41.5% (Oct 2023) from 24.6% (2017-18), with rural women showing a faster growth rate
• 47% of women make independent financial decisions. Autonomy varies with income, age, and affluence stage

Challenges in Women’s Financial Autonomy : Socio-cultural: Patriarchy, gender stereotypes., Lower workforce participation, gender pay gap, unpaid domestic work burden

Significance of Women’s Role in Financial Decision-Making:

• Social Impact : Empowerment, gender equality, reduced conflict, better education, and healthcare.
• Economic Impact : Financial literacy, wealth management, entrepreneurship, and innovation.

Values exhibited:

• Gender equality : Addressing disparities and promoting equal opportunities.
• Social justice : Reducing gender-based discrimination and fostering inclusivity.
• Empowerment : Enhancing autonomy and decision-making power.
• Fairness : Ensuring equitable treatment and opportunities for all genders.
• Respect : Valuing diverse perspectives and contributions in the workforce.

• Our Mission, Vision & Values
• Director’s Desk
• Commerce & Accountancy
• Previous Years’ Question Papers-Prelims
• Previous Years’ Question Papers-Mains
• Environment & Ecology
• Science & Technology

• International edition
• Australia edition
• Europe edition

India’s abuse of women is the biggest human rights violation on Earth

I ndia is at war with its girls and women. The planned rape of eight-year-old Asifa in a temple by several men, including a policeman who later washed the clothes she was wearing to destroy evidence, was particularly horrific. Asifa’s rape has outraged and shaken the entire country. Yet sexual abuse in India remains widespread despite tightening of rape laws in 2013. According to the National Crimes Records Bureau, in 2016 the rape of minor girls increased by 82% compared with the previous year. Chillingly, across all rape cases, 95% of rapists were not strangers but family, friends and neighbours.

The culturally sanctioned degradation of women is so complete that the prime minister of India , Narendra Modi, launched a national programme called Beti Bachao (Save Our Girls). India can arguably be accused of the largest-scale human rights violation on Earth: the persistent degradation of the vast majority of its 650 million girls and women. And this includes the middle classes, as I found when interviewing 600 women and men in India’s cities.

India’s women are traumatised in less obvious ways than by tanks in the streets, bombs and warlords. Our oppression starts innocuously: it occurs in private life, within families, with girls being locked up in their own homes. This everyday violence is the product of a culture that bestows all power on men, and that does not even want women to exist. This is evident in the unbalanced sex ratios at birth , even in wealthy families. But India also kills its women slowly. This violence is buried in the training of women in some deadly habits that invite human rights violations, but that are considered the essence of good womanhood.

The first teaches girls to be afraid of their own bodies. When a girl is not supposed to exist, 1.3 billion people collectively pretend that girls don’t have bodies and especially no sexual parts. If girls do not have bodies, sexual molestation is not possible, and if it does happen, it has to be denied, and if it cannot be denied, the girl must be blamed.

Denial of sexuality in homes is another habit that is deadly to girls. Almost every woman I interviewed had experienced some form of sexual molestation. Only two had told their mothers, only to be dismissed, “Yes, this happens in families,” or “No, this did not happen.” Indian government surveys show that 42% of girls in the country have been sexually abused .

Speech is another basic human right. To have a voice, to speak up, is to be recognised, to belong. But girls are trained in silence. They are told to be quiet, to speak softly, dheere bolo , to have no opinions, no arguments, no conflicts. Silent women disappear. They are easy to ignore, overrule, and violate without repercussions. Impunity flourishes.

It serves a culture of violence to create pleasers, another habit that further erodes a woman’s sense of self. Pleasers compromise and sacrifice, all disguised through the ubiquitous phrase beta thora adjust kar lo – “darling, please adjust a little”. It means to be punished to force you to fit in, to do what others want you to do and never say no.

Women whose sense of self has been worn down, by definition must depend on others, which only serves to breed fear and violence. Over 50% of Indian men and women still believe that sometimes women deserve a beating. One woman is killed every hour for not bringing enough dowry to a husband. But dependency is still presented as a virtuous habit and independence as a bad characteristic. Dependent women have no separate identity and are legitimate only as mothers, wives and daughters. Such women are trained to put duty over self – the suicide numbers are highest for housewives.

The right to assemble is a right taken away by dictators. In India it is the culture that subverts women’s desire to organise. The cultural design of oppression is so clever, that it instils a habit of distrust and trains women to demean, dismiss and discount other women. Almost no woman I interviewed belonged to a women’s group. They said, “I don’t have time for gossip.”

The real genius of this system lies in the fact that oppression has been recast as a virtue. So erasure of self – the most treacherous human rights violation – hides in plain sight, sanctified by loving families, perfumed by our definitions of goodness. And the private sphere, the family, remains impenetrable and untouchable.

We have underestimated the power of culture in creating violence within our families. To reclaim our humanity we need a national conversation about what it means to be a good woman and a good man in India today.

• Human rights
• Rape and sexual assault

Most viewed

• India Today
• Business Today
• Reader’s Digest
• Harper's Bazaar
• Brides Today
• Cosmopolitan
• Aaj Tak Campus
• India Today Hindi

FIR against 3 poll staff in Assam for issuing extra ballots during home voting

The three polling personnel deployed for home voting claimed that voters had objected to the poll procedure and demanded extra ballots..

Listen to Story

• FIR lodged, inquiry ordered against polling staff in Assam's Tinsukia for issuing extra ballots.
• 14 votes cast but 16 counterfoils used, indicating extra ballots issued.
• Polling staff claimed voters demanded extra ballots

An FIR has been lodged and a magisterial inquiry ordered against three polling personnel in Assam's Tinsukia district over allegations of issuing extra ballot papers during home voting, a top official said on Sunday.

Tinsukia District Commissioner Swapneel Paul said the allegations were labelled against the personnel deployed for home voting through postal ballots in Doomdoma assembly constituency in Lakhimpur Lok Sabha seat on Saturday.

A team of three polling personnel, accompanied by one videographer and two policemen, were sent for the purpose in the morning.

The polling party reported in the evening that they could complete the postal ballot polling process for 14 electors as per the list given to them, he said.

"However, when they submitted the polled postal ballots and the booklet containing counterfoils and unpolled postal ballot papers, it was noticed that 16 counterfoils were used for 14 voters," the DC, who is also the district election officer, said.

Asked about the anomaly, the three polling personnel claimed that family members of an 88-year-old voter had objected to the poll procedure and demanded another ballot paper for him.

Family members of another 86-year-old voter in the neighbourhood also started raising the same demand, the official said.

The polling personnel issued extra postal ballot papers to both people "owing to pressure of the public and fearing their safety", Paul said.

"Taking cognisance of the fact that issuance of postal ballot twice to a single voter is a gross negligence of duty which may tantamount to corrupt practice as one person can only vote once, an FIR against the personnel was lodged on Saturday," he said.

A magisterial enquiry by Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency Assistant Returning Officer Jabed Arman has been ordered, while the polling personnel have been debarred from all kinds of election duties for the current elections in Tinsukia district with immediate effect, the official said.

The departments from which the polling personnel were deployed have also been intimated and asked to initiate proceedings through a departmental enquiry, the DC added.

Lakhimpur will go to the polls in the first phase on April 19. Published By: chingkheinganbi mayengbam Published On: Apr 8, 2024

IN THIS STORY