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Being a working mom is important to my identity, because building my dream also builds my child’s future

I don’t want to say my life stopped because I had kids. I had kids, and then I continued. But this time, with more passion and more drive. Because I want my kids to see how much I love what I do so that they chase after their dreams and do what brings them joy, too.

By Mariah Maddox March 30, 2022

working mom: mom on laptop with son sitting by her working on homework

@ilonakozhevnikova/Twenty20

My husband and I have this ongoing joke that one day, I’m going to retire him and he’ll be a stay-at-home dad while I’m the working mom rushing out the door each morning with a tea in one hand and briefcase in the other. I don’t know how much of a joke it actually is, because one day
 it honestly might happen.

The truth is, I love working. I love feeling accomplished at things other than keeping my son occupied long enough to wash the dishes and throw the clothes in the washer. I love showing up unapologetically in the workplace and not always having to tiptoe around the house out of fear of waking up my baby just so I can get some things done.

This doesn’t mean that I don’t love the duties that come with motherhood and staying home with my child , because I wholeheartedly do. But I equally enjoy the fulfillment of working. And not the work that drains me and cuts into family time and has me dreading Mondays, but the work that doesn’t feel like work. The work where my passions have room to thrive and I get to be a walking example of what it means to operate in your purpose.

And I think my kids need this from me. Though I’m only a mom of one right now, years down the line when we’ve expanded our family and our kids are doing their own things in the world, I want them to remember how much their mama loved doing what she did.

Related: My working mom was passionate about her job

I don’t want them to feel like their mama gave up her career or her dreams to raise them. That’s how I viewed my mother growing up, as the woman who stopped everything she was doing and poured her all into her kids and family until it seemed she had nothing left to give.

But raising children is a revolutionary act. And so is continuing to chase your dreams while doing so— if that’s what you want to do.

For so long I always wondered if she regretted it. I know she made the decision to become a stay-at-home mom (I mean, she did have nine kids) while my dad worked endless hours. But I know she had dreams and I always wondered what they were and if she just felt like she didn’t have room to chase them after becoming a mother.

I think that’s often the case in society. Everyone thinks a woman gives up her dreams once she has children. But raising children is a revolutionary act. And so is continuing to chase your dreams while doing so— if that’s what you want to do.

And I’ve decided that is what I want to do. Because being a working mom is important to my identity. Doing what I love is how I continue to ground myself, which fills my cup and in turn, gives me more to pour into my family. I don’t feel depleted or empty when I have something that I can call my own. Being a working mom gives me a sense of independence in the midst of me having so many people who depend on me.

Related: Working makes me a better mom

I see it as a blessing that I have the ability to do what I love simultaneously: raising my son and working from home.

I love it all. And I can do it all. Because I’m not just a mom. I’m a woman with a dream in mind.

So when people ask me if I’m still working—the answer is yes.

And when they ask me what I do? Well, I’m building my career and I’m also building my child’s future.

And for those who want to know how I balance it all? Well, it’s easy when you’re doing what you love.

Related: Working moms have long-lasting benefits for their kids

I love working. And I also love spending time with my son and husband. And I also love meeting career goals. And getting the clothes folded and put away. I love it all. And I can do it all. Because I’m not just a mom. I’m a woman with a dream in mind.

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  • v.7(1); Jan-Dec 2009

Working Mothers: How Much Working, How Much Mothers, And Where Is The Womanhood?

Jayita poduval.

* Assistant Professor, Department of ENT, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal

Murali Poduval

** Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal

Motherhood confers upon a woman the responsibility of raising a child. This process also changes the way in which she is perceived in society and at her workplace. It can necessitate her to take more than available leave options, and job security can be at risk. Significant social and personal adjustments are necessary to cope with such a situation. A working mother, especially one who has the good fortune to be able to balance her home and work, enjoys the stimulation that a job or career provides. She develops the ability of raising a useful member of society and at the same time gains financial independence. Along with motherhood, work adds to the completeness of being a woman.

Introduction

“ I am relieved if, rather than sex bias; the reason why more women are not breaking through the glass ceiling of academic medicine is because their children are hanging on the tails of their white coats. Most of us are happy to have them there, and academic medicine offers a level of professional fulfillment, financial stability, and geographic flexibility that is well worth the juggle ” (Laine, 1998)
“ First, from the early 1950s, many employed mothers began to challenge, although not overturn, the dominant discourse of the ideal mother as exclusively bound to the home. The simple fact that so many women were drawn to work outside the home despite criticism demonstrates the monetary and psychological importance of employment for women ” (Wilson, 2006)

Both quotes above reflect the unique life situation of working mothers, who are now a visible part of the workforce in almost all professions. Many working women start their families while they are working, and some others may find the need to return to work sooner than expected in the postpartum period. The working mother is an institution in her own right, one who combines a successful career giving her financial independence, with an effective motherhood raising a child. It is important to understand that both these jobs are extremely demanding, and to do justice to each without neglecting the other is a formidable task.

In this article, we shall try to clarify the difficulties a working mother may have on functioning with such dual responsibility.

Working and Motherhood

One could define a working mother as a woman with the ability to combine a career with the added responsibility of raising a child. Within this broad term may be encompassed two different categories of working women: the stay at home mother who works from home and the woman who works away from home while managing to fulfill her maternal duties.

Material aspirations and the necessities of daily life often compel both parents to work. A qualified woman may insist on working to maintain an effective career and be financially independent. The single working mother is a combination of these entities, working not only to run the family, but also maintaining her position as a financially independent head of the family.

Some of the points we must try to address include the following:

  • a) Does motherhood affect productivity at the workplace?
  • b) Does motherhood incite subconscious gender discrimination at the workplace?
  • c) Does motherhood imply that the employee be given special privileges beyond possible entitlements, say maternity leave?
  • d) Do special policies exist regarding leave benefits and special entitlements that may be needed by working mothers, say sudden sickness of the child?
  • e) Is flexible working desirable? Can it be taken undue advantage of by the employee?

In this context, some of the issues that come into play include the following:

  • a) Employer issues–maternity, compensated working hours, childcare facilities at the workplace, gender discrimination of working parents, especially in the academic field
  • b) Employee issues–fatigue, spousal support, parental support system, child care issues, child health issues (e.g., do children of working mothers have more health problems?)

Working and Mothers: Some Common Issues

The Department of Labour of the United States of America, in The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (1993), clearly recognizes the needs of working parents. According to this statute:

“The number of single-parent households and two-parent households in which the single parent or both parents work is increasing significantly. It is important for the development of children and the family unit that fathers and mothers are able to participate in early childrearing .The lack of employment policies to accommodate working parents can force individuals to choose between job security and parenting. Due to the nature of the roles of men and women in our society, the primary responsibility for family caretaking often falls on women, and such responsibility affects the working lives of women more than it affects the working lives of men. Employment standards that apply to one gender only have serious potential for encouraging employers to discriminate against employees and applicants for employment who are of that gender [The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (1993)]” .

Therefore, the need to support a working mother is well recognized. It has also been explicitly mentioned that the dominant role in childcare is recognized and assumed to be that of the mother and that this responsibility affects the working life of women more than that of men.

Certain common problems plague most working women. The Better Health Channelon the Web, ratified by the Government of Australia, states some of the common issues that may concern working mothers (Better Health Channel, 2008). Foremost amongst these are income difficulties. If the mother works, childcare support is essential and can be quite expensive. It may actually offset the financial benefits of both the parents working.

In Asian countries, and in many joint family systems, grandparents and other nonworking family members fulfill the need for childcare–they take over the job of childcare when the mother is at work. This very important benefit (of readily available child support from the family members themselves) in joint families not only recognizes that the working mother is an important member of the family, but also provides her the necessary support to be able to perform her dual role efficiently.

Stress loads can be quite high amongst working mothers and these may often reflect in their relationships at home. She is stressed to reach work on time, to send her child to school and to reach all the children's deadlines on time including food and dress, and she is also pressed for time to look after her home simultaneously.

Housework is still considered the woman's domain. Working women shoulder additional responsibility of the work place as well as at their domestic front.

Unexpected sickness of children is a calamity that can be difficult to handle. There often is need to use and avail of unpaid leave and unexpected absences from work. Few employers would consider the needs of sudden leave requirements in women with young children. Even in double-income families, it is still the woman who is expected to take care of a sick child (ibid).

Sexual relationships can also be quite strained in working mothers. Much of it can be attributed to lack of time and to fatigue, especially where both partners have long working hours (ibid).

Nutritional requirements may be neglected in the quest to complete and meet all targets at home as well as at work (Finn, 2000). These women, whom Finn calls Everyday Heroes , use everything from the dashboard to the desktop as a dining table. The result is an amazing variety of nutritional deficiencies, ranging from iron and vitamins to proteins. Despite confiding in their physicians many just do not get the support they need.

Mothers and Employment

The rush of married women into the workforce runs against traditional thinking that women must choose between family and career. Many observers condemned working mothers as selfish, unnatural and even dangerous to their children and society (Wilson, 2006). It was complained that the rise in juvenile delinquency could also be attributed to women who are working mothers, but needs and requirements of the family unit will always supersede ill-defined logic. Women, motherhood or not, continue to work. The reasons are, more often than not, aspirational. Many of these mothers are young and have spent years developing their careers. When both spouses work it may be necessary for the mother to retain her job if she has insurance benefits, and if she wants to retire with better retirement benefits (Edelman, 2002). Many of these women find the need to maintain a parallel source of income a social security and a sign of independence.

A mother may work out of a financial compulsion, a desire to fulfill herself, or to supplement the family income. In all of these three instances, she is a working mother, but the implications of her situation are different.

As Wilson (2006) says “ many working women said that they worked because they ‘needed’ the money and which they defined as specific material goods-an extra lesson, additional clothes, a vacation, furniture, owning a home, car or even just a television-arguing their work was bringing a rise in the family's standard of living .” Both men and women had material and emotional expectations for better standards of living and a working wife could add considerably to achieving those goals (Wilson, 2006).

A financial compulsion could be a less competent spouse with an inadequate income, or a single mother who is dependent on her earnings for survival. A second income from the mother adds to better living conditions and eases the stresses of struggling for a comfortable life. However, when the mother is returning to work purely to maintain and advance a career that satisfies her and keeps her independent, she comes under scrutiny and criticism (Heilman and Okimoto, 2008).

The working mother has to keep the convincing stance that she is working not just for her own sustenance, but also for the betterment of the family. Something like, “a working woman who put herself out for the kid's sake” (Wilson, 2006). Working women changed the image of a good mother from one who stayed at home to one who also took on extra burden for her family's benefit. This would however not recognize the working mother as an important member of the workforce and an important worker in her own right! It is possible for a working mother to defend her right to work in a number of ways. A less affluent member of society would simply say it brings in much needed extra money. A woman from a better class of living would say she has more money to spare and is utilizing her talents and skills to the best effect. In either case, the most important aspect is that it shouldn‘t affect the health and well being of their children in any way. In any case, “having to work” takes away much of the problems a working mother has to face (Wilson, 2006).

Employer's Perceptions of Efficiency and Relationships of Motherhood to the Working Environment

A working mother's ability to deliver is considered with trepidation. Having decided to work, will the working mother be able to deliver efficiently at the work place?

Motherhood leads to a definite bias in employment for women seeking a job in traditionally male settings (Heilman and Okimoto, 2008). In general, for both men and women, parenthood changes the way in which both men and women are viewed in terms of expected work focus, especially producing expectations of undependability. The authors also add that there are possible heightened associations with gender stereotypes that occur when women are mothers; this may lead to heightened performance expectations that predispose greater negativity to be directed at mothers than at non mothers when career advancement decisions are made (Heilman and Okimoto, 2008). They also noted that employment bias occurred against mothers irrespective of whether they were students or working people, and that women suffer definite disadvantages when at the workplace, a problem that has been called the Maternal Wall by Williams (Heilman and Okimoto, 2008; Williams, 2001).

It is well known that employment has positive effects on the mother (Barnett, 2004). There is an underlying assumption that the roles of mother and wife have relatively less stress, as they are natural roles, whereas the role of employee, being unnatural, is therefore highly demanding. This may question the ability of a woman to handle multiple roles without significant ill effects. There is also considerable rhetoric on the relationship of this unnatural employment to many social evils including juvenile delinquency and drug addiction (Barnett, 2004).

Regardless of the reasons, a young mother chooses to work, the workplace and work environment as a whole continue to be hostile. Shouldering dual responsibilities may actually decrease productivity at the work place. Some of the research done has focused on mothers who are working in the academic field, and slower academic progress has been attributed to working mothers in academic medicine (Carr et al ., 1998). They attributed a definite relation between family responsibilities and gender to academic productivity. Having identified 1979 full-time academic faculty from 24 medical schools across the country, a 177-point questionnaire was administered with the aim of describing dependent responsibilities by gender and to identify their relation to the aspirations, goals, rate of progress, academic productivity, and career satisfaction of male and female medical school faculty. In this study, the authors noted that women with children published less even after controlling for variables such as years as a faculty member, number of hours worked per week, and hours of dependent responsibilities (as noted from the peer reviewed publications); they had slower self-perceived career progress and were less satisfied with their careers. The difference seen between the genders was less apparent for faculty without children.

Carr et al . also noted that women faculty with children had less institutional support than men with children. They specially commented that, “In a group less able to expand working hours because of dependent responsibilities; however, institutional support may be especially critical for maintaining productivity.” It was noted here that familial responsibilities with special reference to child bearing disproportionately affected the careers of female faculty. They recommended special attention by scheduling fewer departmental meetings after working hours and making part-time tenures available for faculty (Carr et al ., 1998)

Maternity Leave and Benefits for Working Mothers

Women's recovery from childbirth and their resumption of work and family commitments are likely to be influenced by such personal factors as preexisting health status, parity, breastfeeding, the availability of social support from family and friends and work-related factors, e.g., the timing of return to work, job stress, and workplace support.

Can a working mother do justice to both her work and her motherhood? The answers vary from a firm yes to a vehement no, and, more often than not, the answer lies not in the ability or competence of the woman as much as it does on her support system. The question of a support system is very relevant because traditionally all support systems have revolved around men ever since the times when women were believed to be capable of only “kuche, kirche und kinder” [German for kitchen, church, and children]. A woman who was working before marriage will more often than not opt to take a protracted leave of absence to fully immerse herself in her motherhood. Some would even think of giving up their careers for good.

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 states that it is necessary to balance the demands of the workplace with the needs of families, to promote the stability and economic security of families, and to promote national interests in preserving family integrity; to entitle employees to take reasonable leave for medical reasons, for the birth or adoption of a child, and for the care of a child, spouse, or parent who has a serious health condition, and to promote the goal of equal employment opportunity for women and men.

Most of these summarize succinctly the needs of a mother who is working. Working mothers’ needs are to be served in the interest of preserving the family unit as a healthy foundation for society. Caring for a child has the fundamental value of a serious health condition and has been valued as such, deserving that the parent be allowed to take time off for caring for the child. This means that caring for a child is an essential duty that the parent has to perform and that cannot be substituted for in any other way. This is especially true in cases where the child is one with special needs (Thyen et al ., 1999; Yantzi et al ., 2007). Family support is highest among employed mothers and lowest in mothers who were employed neither currently nor before the child's illness, or who had quit employment to care for the child (Thyen et al , 1999). Caring for a child assisted by technology seems to create barriers to maternal employment diminishing family resources at a time when financial needs actually may increase. Lack of family support and child care services increase the likelihood that mothers of children cared for assisted by technology will stay out of the labour force. Remaining employed buffers the negative effects of care at home on maternal mental health (Yantzi et al , 2007).

Breastfeeding

Maternity leave provisions are essential for a working woman to effectively complete the transition from pregnancy to motherhood. Premature termination or too short a maternity leave may have undesirable consequences. Studies often cite early return to work as one of the reasons for premature termination of breastfeeding. Shorter maternity leaves were associated with less sensitivity in interaction with the infant and more maternal depressive symptoms (Clark et al ., 1997; Ryan et al ., 2006).

One-third of mothers return to work within 3 months of giving birth, and two-thirds return within 6 months. Mothers who are not employed are more likely to initiate breastfeeding than those who are employed full time. At 6 months after delivery, full-time employment has a significant effect on breastfeeding. Much less of the employed mothers continue breastfeeding as compared to the mothers employed part time or unemployed mothers (Ryan et al , 2006).

In order to comply with workplace requirements, mothers in a study focusing on educated mothers in managerial and/or professional occupations noted that mothers were obliged either to cease breastfeeding or to conceal breastfeeding activities when employed. Breastfeeding duration rates among professionally employed mothers can only be improved if negative attitudes about maternal bodies and employment are challenged and if employers, as well as mothers, are the focus of health initiatives aimed at promoting breastfeeding (Gattrell, 2007).

With the implications that this may have on neonatal well being, it may be necessary to have labour policies, including job-protected leaves from employment after birth, and labour standards that facilitate breastfeeding or the expression of breast milk at work (Baker and Milligan, 2008). The authors noted an increase in maternity leave entitlements in Canada, rising from 6 months in the year 2000 to almost one year for mothers who gave birth after 31 December 2000. This includes job protected leave and entitlement for maternity benefits. This led to a large increase in the amount of time before mothers returned to work post birth. An attempt at systematic review to assess whether interventions at the workplace help breastfeeding elicited no suitable trials (Abdulwadud and Snow, 2007).

A study of 360 mothers (Hansen et al ., 1993) analyzed the utilization of maternity leave by parents and mothers’ resumption of work after delivery in addition of duration of breastfeeding in correlation to mothers’ resumption of work. Almost all families utilized the maternity leave, with the majority utilizing the full duration of 24 weeks, many electing to prolong the leave with their holiday and often beyond that period. At one year after delivery, significantly more mothers were housewives than before. They recommended that maternity leave be extended. A positive association has been shown between maternal health and duration of breastfeeding with the length of maternity leave (Staehelin et al ., 2007). The authors found that longer maternity leaves were associated with lower perinatal, neonatal, and postnatal mortalities.

Thus, maternity and child care leave provisions are essential for every working mother. It enables her to nurture the young child efficiently and thus decreases morbidity. The durations of these absences are variable and can depend on so many factors that it may be difficult to fix a uniform period for maternity leave. It may be a function of social circumstance as much as a regional preference. A working mother from a joint family may need much less leave than a single mother, or a woman from a nuclear family and with no child support systems in the family. Often provisions of child care in the office itself in the form of a nursery helps the mother resume work more seamlessly. Part-time work at the office and working from home may also help ease the stress. Part-time work allows women to cultivate outside interests, earn money, and have a defense from criticism of neglecting her children (Wilson, 2006)

Can Working Mothers Take Undue Advantage of Employer Benefits and Social Sentiments, and are They a Drain on Resources?

A woman may keep a job just to keep the home fi res burning, while another may fight against all odds to pursue her career. In the interests of working mothers in both these situations, a solid support system needs to exist, and the prerogative to work or not should lie entirely with the worker, as would be in the case of an ordinary working male. Parties concerned can exploit this situation, that is, a working mother may not be extended an adequate support system, or conversely, she may try to extract special concessions from her employer[s] at the cost of work ethics. Maternity leave, flexible working hours, child-friendly workplace sound extremely good, but what about the flip side? Maternity leave is known to be extended, sometimes indefinitely. Often, the mother quits work altogether. Flexible working hours might adversely affect other employees, and would definitely require their cooperation. As for creating a workplace with childcare facilities, a sufficient number of female employees are desirable. An employer who has a larger number of female employees is likely to be more proactive in providing child care and nursing facilities at the workplace for the working mother. Provisions for part-time employment and work at home opportunities are also easier to provide when the number of female employees, and thus the demand for such a facility, is greater.

The cost-benefit ratio of these privileges needs to be examined. The scale and size of the employer, the health conditions of the mother and child, social support, all play important roles. Definitely, guidelines need to exist and would vary across occupations. A working mother may work for pleasure or compulsion, but work ethics and professionalism must have their place. These in turn will generate more empathy towards working mothers from all quarters -- the employer, the spouse, the family and finally, society. In short, good employees would generate more empathy and better co-operation from their employers. And an understanding and co-operative employer would be able to extract the best from his employee without misuse of the benefits given to them.

Maternal health has been found to be negatively related to employment dissatisfaction. Studies (Romito et al , 2007; Glezer 1988) looked at women in employment before the birth of the first child. Three fourth of women were in the workforce and of these a third did not take maternity leave despite being eligible for the same, and about a quarter (24%) were ineligible for maternity leave for various reasons. Public sector employees availed of most of the maternity leave. As much as half of the women who did not take maternity leave in the private sector were actually unaware of these options. Working in the public sector, a strong attachment to the workforce, trade union memberships, and education were some factors that affected leave taking amongst working mothers (Glezer, 1988).

Working Mothers and Child Development

A woman has the privilege to actually choose between work and motherhood. Social conditioning entails that the woman put home before career even though no expense has been spared in her education and upbringing towards being independent. The equation in a household where both partners are employed changes with the arrival of a child. Maternal instinct ensures that in the initial crucial weeks; the baby is mostly, if not entirely, in the mother's care. During this period mother-child bonding becomes very strong and sees many women happily opting out of pursuing a career. Later on, financial implications of living on a single income and economic aspirations compel a majority of women to get back to work. Career ambitions are also a big driving force for a mother choosing to work, especially one who is well qualified. Women who resume work after a few months are torn between career ambitions and natural childrearing instincts. Even in households where grandparents, relatives or babysitters attend to the child, a working mother still feels ridden with guilt. In families where both the mother and father are equally involved in child rearing, the woman is able to experience less guilt and more satisfaction while being a working mother. Mutual understanding between spouses ensures that along with bringing in the income, both parents not only share the responsibilities of childcare and the immense fulfillment that comes with it, but also continue to enjoy each other's company as partners.

These attitudes and values are then propagated through the generations. That is why we do see many families where the working mother is not considered an anomaly but a welcome entity. This means that gender sensitivity must be cultivated at both the individual and social level so that as working parents, each partner has an equal responsibility towards the children, not merely by the ability to earn money but also by the inclination and commitment to be involved in the process of child rearing.

The effects of maternal employment on children are sometimes positive and sometimes negative (Youngblut et al ., 1998). Parents in non-employed mother families were more satisfied with their families at 18 months than parents in employed mother families (Youngblut et al ., 1994).Curiously it was also found that the infant's motor development was positively correlated with number of hours employed per week and degree of choice for the employed mother families, but negatively correlated with choice for the non-employed mother families. These results suggest that maternal employment may not be detrimental for infants born prior to term. Indeed, it may be beneficial, especially if the mother has a choice in the matter (Youngblut et al ., 1991). For preschoolers, neither mothers’ employment transitions nor their welfare transitions appear to be problematic or beneficial for cognitive achievement or behaviour problems (Chase-Lansdale et al ., 2003). Adolescents whose mothers began working reported statistically significant declines in psychological distress. This pattern was strongest for their symptoms of anxiety.

Employed mothers’ positive motivation for working, low role conflicts and gains in self worth were associated with their favourable descriptions of their children (Alvarez, 1985; Chase-Lansdale et al ., 2003)

Mothers’ employed status benefits children by improving family income, better disciplined work behaviour and better structure of family routines .Studies (Chase-Lansdale et al ., 2003; Alvarez, 1985) have noted that maternal higher education was found to be a powerful mitigator of possible negative consequences for children whose mothers were working from financial necessity or were experiencing role conflict. Youngblut et al ., (1998) explored differences in parent-child and family relationships for employed and non-employed single mothers of low birth-weight and full-term preschool children. They found that employed mothers had more positive perceptions and provided more enriching home environments for their children. They noted that in single-parent families, employment and consistency are positive influences on the mother-child relationship.

The answer to whether work pays as far as parenting is concerned is believed to be complex (Raver, 2003). Women who held lower rung jobs experience much more negativity in their parenting styles. Considering that income increase is a really positive factor that leads to better mental health of the family unit in the long term, low wage jobs may not benefit the family unit materially or economically. These factors can have an effect on the parenting style in working mothers (Raver, 2003). The families’ emotional climate and mothers’ mental health are both important factors that determine the effect of employment of mothers on the family unit.

Preschoolers experience a significant decline in time spent with their mothers when their mothers go to work and total time spent with the child has shown to decrease by as much as 2 hours per day. A trade off is found between time and money, as family income increases whereas mother's time with child decreases. Hence these two may offset each other. Mothers may often compensate for this by decreasing social, educational and personal activities that do not involve the children (Chase-Lansdale et al ., 2003).

The incidence of childhood obesity was found to increase with increases in maternal employment as the number of hours spent with the child decrease, thus decreasing access to healthy food and increasing dependence on junk food (Hawkins et al ., 2008). The Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group stated that long hours of maternal employment, rather than lack of money, may impede young children's access to healthy foods and physical activity (ibid). Children were more likely to be overweight for every ten hours a mother worked per week and this relationship was significant for children from households with a higher annual income (ibid).

In contrast, it was noted that, for pre-adolescent children (Greenberger and O’Neill, 1992), maternal employment (typically, conditioned by mothers’ level of education and child gender) was more strongly associated with fathers’ and teachers’ perceptions of children than with mothers’ perceptions, and, in some cases, especially with fathers’ and teachers’ perceptions of daughters. Fathers perceived their 5-6-year-olds as having more problem behaviours when mothers were currently employed full time. Fathers and teachers viewed children's behaviour as more problematic when less educated mothers had been employed during more years of the child's lifetime.

Mothers’ transitions into employment were related to improvements in adolescents’ mental health. Adolescents whose mothers began working reported statistically significant declines in psychological distress (Chase-Lansdale et al ., 2003). The effect of maternal employment on adolescent daughters was studied by Jensen and Borges and they noted that daughters of non-employed mothers had a closer relationship with their fathers, perceived them as happier and friendlier, and experienced less anger and tension in the home (Jensen and Borges, 1986). With adolescents and teenagers an improvement in their mental health was found in correlation with increased incomes in the family. Depressive and aggressive symptoms increased with mothers’ exit from employment. It appears that when mothers of adolescents entered the labour force, they compensated for time away from their young teenagers by cutting down on time apart when they were not on the job (Chase Lansdale et al ., 2003).

Contrary to popular belief, a working mother can have a positive impact on her growing children but many variables need to be considered. The most important is obviously the availability of child-care facilities.

Where Is The Womanhood?

Women's movements have proved that a woman is no less than a man in every sphere of life, and women can take upon themselves to go a step further and prove that what a man can do, a woman can do better. So if a man could work to earn money, a woman could work, earn money and look after the kid[s] as well. Of course, a little help is always welcome, but we see scores of women who juggle all the three beautifully, and still do not complain.

Who does? The husband, the in-laws, some friends, and the conscience of the woman, who still think she is not doing a good-enough job.

Is it a question raised on her womanhood?

In society, womanhood continues to be described from an essentially male viewpoint. This can be especially true of societies in third world countries like India. Adjectives used to describe a woman may vary from feminine to tender, motherly, etc. A woman is all this and more. As a working mother, she is independent and empowered, especially if she is from a low socio-economic background. And that is the essence of her womanhood. Financial independence gives a sense of empowerment, and the additional income that the family gets, improves the family's standard of living and these together constitute a very essential upgrade for families with low socioeconomic background.

While there is no clear-cut relationship of the term manhood to nurturing a child, except for the capacity to procreate, womanhood carries with it the onus of a deep, strong instinct and inclination to nurture. Indeed, a woman feels, or is expected to feel, incomplete without being a mother, either as a biological trait or because of social conditioning. While the professional aspirations of the modern working woman continue to soar, as soon as she becomes a mother her priorities often change. A working woman is expected to be a good wife and mother before anything else, never mind her professional status or skills. Many women themselves put a premium on being a good mother at the cost of their work or career. Society does not look kindly upon a woman who attains great success at work and has little time to devote to her home. It is as though womanhood is at stake if being a wife and mother does not take first place in the life of a woman, contrary to what it would be in the case of a man.

Stereotypes rule and strong beliefs persist about the negative effects of maternal employment on women, their marriages, and their children, despite systematic evidence to the contrary.

It is also assumed that a mother's being at work leads to social ills like school dropouts, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and divorce.

The argument that working mothers have little time to spare for their family, does not take into account the hours of unpaid housework and domestic chores of a full-time housewife. Working mothers put aside quality time to spend with their family and can contribute to a more cheerful and positive family environment. By efficient and effective time management, a working mother is able to allocate time to her various roles as well as appreciate her own worth and importance.

Conclusions

In short, it is possible to be a woman, a mother, and an achiever. Many have done it with help from society, and others have battled endless odds to prove the same. In today's world it is both desirable and incumbent upon mothers to be working, like their spouses. We, in the developing world, and still in the throes of a culture and tradition of a male-oriented society, should acknowledge that, contrary to traditional belief that a working mother is not a good mother, a working mother can, in fact, be a better mother.

A working mother, especially the one who has the good fortune to be able to balance her home and work, thanks to all the factors mentioned above, enjoys the stimulation that a job or career provides. She not only feels better about herself but is also forced to take better care of herself in order to make an impression. Along with motherhood, a successful career adds to the completeness of being a woman. The major stresses of being a working mother remain lack of time, and a feeling of guilt, due to perceived neglect of the parenting role. The rewards are many, including personal benefits, financial rewards, and improved family life.

To enable this, considerable adjustments are necessary at the individual level and at the workplace, which help the mother to fulfill the dual responsibilities of career and motherhood.

Take Home Message

The working mother epitomizes modern womanhood. The modern work environment needs to consider the special needs of this working population, changing its orientation from male dominance to gender neutrality and parenting friendly behaviour. The joint family and the nuclear family unit both need to adjust to the needs of the working mother so as to allow a healthier family to develop.

Questions That This Paper Raises

  • 1) Is the profile of a working woman conducive to raising a healthy child as well as functioning adequately at the place of work?
  • 2) Is a working woman a norm and the housewife slowly becoming a rarity?
  • 3) Are radical reforms required to help a working woman cope with the dual stresses of motherhood and a career?
  • 4) Are more studies required to assess the impact of motherhood on proficiency in careers?

About the Author

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Object name is MSM-7-63-g001.jpg

Dr Jayita Poduval is an alumnus of the Sir JJ Hospital and Grant Medical College Mumbai, and the Seth GS Medical College Mumbai. She is a practicing consultant ENT Surgeon at the Manipal teaching Hospital, Pokhara Nepal, and Assistant Professor at the Department of ENT at the Manipal College of Medical Sciences at Pokhara in Nepal .

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is MSM-7-63-g002.jpg

Dr Murali Poduval is an alumnus of the Sir JJ Hospital and Grant Medical College Mumbai, and the Seth GS Medical College Mumbai. Formerly, he was lecturer at the Department of Orthopedics at the KEM Hospital Mumbai. He is a practicing consultant Orthopedic Surgeon at the Manipal teaching Hospital, Pokhara Nepal, and Associate Professor at the Department of Orthopedics at the Manipal college of Medical Sciences at Pokhara in Nepal. He edits the Asian Journal of Orthopedics and Rheumatology .

Conflict of Interest: We declare no conflicts of interest, commercial or otherwise, in relation to the matter published in this article. As co-authors we share equal responsibility for the contents and views presented as part of this article.

Declaration: This is an original work and has not been submitted to any other journal for publication. It is not under consideration at any other journal.

CITATION: Jayita P., Murali P., (2009), Working Mothers: How Much Working, How Much Mothers, and Where Is the Womanhood?. In: Some Issues in Women's studies, and Other Essays (A.R. Singh and S.A. Singh eds.), MSM , 7, Jan - Dec 2009, p63-79.

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  • BLS. (2018). Employment characteristics of families. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  • Cox, F. (2008). Human intimacy: Marriage, the family, and its meaning. New York, NY: Cengage Brain.
  • Greenberg, C., & Avigdor, B. (2009). What happy working mothers know: How findings in positive psychology can lead to a healthy and happy work/life balance. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Nickells, E. (2010). The funny side of living with ADHD. New York, NY: Troubador Publishing.

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Why Working Moms Need To Support Each Other

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Working Mothers, Essay Example

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Will Working Mothers Take Your Company to Court?

In their article, “Will Working Mothers Take Your Company to Court?,”  authors Joan Williams and Amy Cuddy present a thorough and enlightening view of a very modern circumstance, that of the employer’s role – and vulnerability – in regard to working mothers.  The issue, of course, is not new.  As the authors point out, there has long been an odd tolerance for the particular bias against working mothers, and they suggest that this is due to American ideologies stressing the importance of the mother/caregiver role.  Women are accustomed to accepting discrimination anyway, it is implied, so this form of it is largely accepted by them.  Those working mothers who choose to challenge the bias, however, have apparently triggered great shifts in the marketplace.  Such women resist career derailment as an inevitable consequence of raising families, take their employers to court, and juries are largely sympathetic to the suits.  Then, these movements are not restricted to mothers; a man forced to take family leave to care for his sick parents, penalized by his job, was awarded $11.6 million in damages (Williams, Cuddy). The actions of such workers, and corporate response, then form the substance of the article.

The authors make one point very clear early in the article: the reality of the new, families responsibilities forms of litigation carries a significant impact today.  If working mothers of the past were typically content to accept whatever decisions their employers made regarding their limitations, this is no longer the case.  From 1998 to 2008, in fact, there has been an increase of over 400 percent of these lawsuits (Williams, Cuddy).  Williams and Cuddy then go on to examine the multiple factors fueling “family bias” on the job.  While they admit that their research is largely confined to U.S. cases, they provide ample evidence that the underlying issues are both widespread and rooted in commercial tradition.  This is so much the case, in fact, that most working mothers do not sue, despite the enormous rise in lawsuits over family leave issues.   Williams and Cuddy note here that many such women present their leaving their jobs as choices made, rather than as forced circumstances, because they are fearful of impeding a return to their careers later.

From here, the authors describe the prescriptive, benevolent prescriptive, and descriptive forms this kind of discrimination takes, noting the subtle characters of each and how they reflect traditional, patriarchal concepts of family rearing.  In descriptive bias, for example, working mothers are actually redefined in the workplace as weaker performance is automatically attributed to the demands of the home and children.  The remainder of the article serves to provide management with a realistic and equitable framework for eliminating the discrimination that may well result in disaster for the company.  To begin, and seemingly unnecessarily, the authors emphasize the importance of knowing and adhering to the law, and not allowing personal viewpoints, no matter how common, to steer professional decisions in this regard.  They stress the critical importance of not making assumptions, which translates to the proactive inquiring of women how they foresee pursuing their careers when the family is imminent.  Equally important is that the company remove whatever form of stigmatizing is in place for the working parent, as Williams and Cuddy cite numerous examples of working mothers denied promotion opportunities and/or compelled to accept lesser compensation, even as other employees with lax attendance records are not so penalized.  All of this, it is encouraged, must be infused into the training policies of the company, to avoid regressive policies.

All things considered, “Will Working Mothers Take Your Company to Court?” is an engaging and highly relevant article.  It educates, but in an accessible way, and no point is presented without documented cases to support it.  At the same time, and in its stress on fathers as being very much a part of the issue, there is no overtly feminist leaning here.  More effectively, Williams and Cuddy examine the situation of families responsibilities lawsuits as rising radically, note the background and forms of the discrimination behind it, and sensibly inform companies of the logical policies needed to be in place to ensure ethical treatment of all employees, and to safeguard the company itself.

Works Cited

Williams, Joan C., & Cuddy, Amy J. C.  “Will Working Mothers Take Your Company to Court?” Harvard Business Review , 2012.  Web. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2012/09/will-working-mothers-take-your-company-to-court/ar/1

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Working Mothers and Child Development Essay

Summary of the article, critique of the article, works cited.

“The Impact of Working Mothers on Child Development” is an article written by David Pelcovitz. The article expounds on the effects of long-term maternal employment. For instance, it provides a scenario in the United States in which over 75% of the mothers spent their full time away from their children. According to this article, the majority of the employers in the US grant their employees a four-week maternal leave, an act that contributes to infant negligence. Some families also leave a Kollel life, life that involves the full-time engagement of husbands in education and full-time engagement of mothers to their respective works.

In the article, Pelcovitz addresses the result of the research carried out by the National Institute of Child Health and Development in 1991. According to the research carried, it is evident that there is a great relationship between maternal employment and various challenges experienced by children. Various factors contributed to character adjustment in children. For instance, children who were neglected by their parents before attaining the age of three months experienced numerous behavior problems. This was reported by not only their caregivers but also their teachers. Children whose mothers participated in part-time employments were also not exceptional. However, their effects on the development of their children were not comparable to the preceding. Part-time maternal employment impacted with the behaviors of the growing children slightly; the children developed a few disruptive behaviors (Pelcovitz, 1).

According to this article, most mothers that participated in full-time employment showed great concern for their children. For instance, they invested much of their money on their children by providing them with higher-quality substitute childcare to meet the prescribed demands children. Although most mothers who participated in full-time employment showed a high degree of sensitivity to their children, it is evident that they failed to provide ample care to their children because of depression.

Early maternal employment has also some great significance to child development. On most occasions, it rescues most families from economic challenges and family breakdowns. It is also evident that children of working mothers portrayed high levels of intelligence; most of them achieved well in school. Additionally, the involvement of their mothers in employment hampered their behaviors significantly. The majority of them developed low levels of internalizing behaviors. The presence of working mothers enhanced the existence of stress-free families. Mother employment was also associated with negative behaviors in children. Families that consisted of mothers with early full-time employment portrayed high levels of indiscipline; the association contributed significantly towards child behavioral difficulties in society. According to this article, child spoilage does not take place while the child is a toddler. Most children develop uncouth characters when they are still attached to their full time employed mothers. Their unusual characteristics are associated with subsequent difficulties that their mothers experience while at work (Pelcovitz, 1).

The effect of parents’ unemployment is also significant to the growth and development of children. However, its negative impacts on children by-passes those enacted by maternal employment. On most occasions, children who are brought up by full-time employed mothers from their early childhood slightly change their behavior as they grow. Thus, child spoilage is slightly associated with maternal employment.

In his article, Pelcovitz provides pieces of advice that ought to be observed by parents in raising their children. According to him, it is advisable for mothers to consider working part-time during the early stages of their children. Working part-time will enable them to have ample time with their children. Additionally, he also recommends fathers to provide parenting to their children by adjusting their learning timetables. It is also crucial for the grandparents to be recruited to take care of their growing grandchildren. This will enhance the good growth and development of children.

The article of Pelcovitz is so influential. It provides detailed information on what ought to be done by parents in raising their children. Its emphasis on the effect of mother employment is so crucial. Most parents have the tendency of neglecting their responsibilities in the name of seeking wealth. The gap between parents and children as a result of employment contributes negatively to the development of children. Most children end up developing un-societal characters.

Just as the article expounds it, it is crucial for mothers to reconsider working part-time so as to have more time with their children. Closeness to their children will not only enhance them to learn their weaknesses but also enable them to provide motherly love. Fathers also need to take part in the raising of children. They need to readjust their learning timetables so as to have more parenting time. Their involvement in parenting children will not only enhance the recommendable growth of children but also allow mothers to meet their employment objectives.

However, it is not crucial to divert parenting roles to grandparents. Mothers and fathers opt to find more time for their children. Most children go astray because of associating very much with their grandparents. On most occasions, grandparents fail to punish children when they mess up. Thus, it is crucial for parents to raise their children on their own.

Pelcovitz, David. “The Impact of Working Mothers on Child Development.” Orthodox Union . 2013. Web.

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Working Mothers

To the Editor:

Stephanie Coontz discussed the disparity in opportunities and pay that exists today for working mothers (“ Progress at Work, but Mothers Still Pay a Price ,” column, June 9). There is a sense that the employee or employee candidate will not be as strong a contributor as a man or a woman without children because of split responsibilities between work and family.

When I meet a working mother, the assumptions I make are that she is strong, productive, efficient, organized and a good delegator. I feel confident that she will take the work seriously and that the time she spends at work will be focused and goal oriented.

As a mother, marriage and family therapist and educator in a graduate program, I have the privilege of observing the lives of many women and families. The working mothers I know as friends, students and clients have remarkable skills and energy. They maintain a presence and manage many aspects of their family’s lives while being successful at their paid jobs or graduate programs.

They are able to keep track of their careers, children’s schedules, family birthdays and occasions, household management and other relationships. They have an immense ability to multitask and keep their eye on the goals.

The only work area they may not excel at as much as others would be in extraneous work activities, like time for bonding with colleagues.

My hope is that there will be a shift in view and assumptions of how some in our society perceive a woman who is also a mother in the workplace, and that this translates to better respect, pay and opportunities.

ELISSA GLICKMAN Mamaroneck, N.Y., June 12, 2013

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Essay on Problems of Working Mothers

Students are often asked to write an essay on Problems of Working Mothers in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look


100 Words Essay on Problems of Working Mothers

Introduction.

Working mothers, while making a significant contribution to society, face certain challenges. Balancing work and family life is one of the main problems they encounter.

The first issue is child care. Finding reliable and affordable care for their children during work hours is a major concern for working mothers.

Work-Life Balance

Another problem is maintaining a work-life balance. Juggling between professional responsibilities and family duties can be stressful and exhausting for them.

In conclusion, while working mothers play a dual role, they face significant challenges. More supportive measures are needed to help them overcome these problems.

250 Words Essay on Problems of Working Mothers

The intricacies of being a working mother.

The modern era has seen an increase in the number of working mothers, a development that has brought along a unique set of challenges. These problems are multifaceted, encompassing societal, personal, and professional aspects.

Societal Pressure and Expectations

Working mothers often face societal pressure and judgment. The societal construct of an ‘ideal mother’ often clashes with the image of a ‘career woman’, leading to a constant struggle for working mothers to maintain a balance. They are expected to excel in their professional lives without compromising their responsibilities at home, a demand that can be mentally exhausting.

Striking a balance between work and personal life is another significant challenge. Juggling office deadlines and household chores, along with attending to their children’s needs, can lead to stress and burnout. The lack of flexible working hours and adequate maternity leave policies further exacerbate this issue.

Guilty Conscience

A constant feeling of guilt is a common problem among working mothers. They often grapple with the guilt of not spending enough time with their children due to their professional commitments. This emotional turmoil can have severe implications on their mental health.

The problems of working mothers are complex and require a multifaceted approach for resolution. It’s high time society reevaluates its expectations and workplaces become more accommodating. A supportive environment, both at home and work, can significantly alleviate these challenges, enabling working mothers to thrive in all aspects of their lives.

500 Words Essay on Problems of Working Mothers

Working mothers are an integral part of society, contributing significantly to the economy and the workforce. However, they face a unique set of challenges that stem from the intersection of their professional and personal responsibilities. These challenges can often lead to stress, anxiety, and a decrease in overall life satisfaction.

The primary problem faced by working mothers is the struggle to achieve a harmonious work-life balance. The traditional societal perception often places the onus of domestic responsibilities on women, even when they are engaged in full-time work. Consequently, working mothers find themselves juggling between their professional obligations and household chores, including child care. The constant need to multitask can lead to burnout, negatively impacting their mental health and productivity.

Gender Wage Gap

Despite significant strides towards equality, the gender wage gap persists, with women generally earning less than their male counterparts. This disparity is even more pronounced for working mothers. Often referred to as the “motherhood penalty”, this phenomenon sees women’s earnings decrease with each child they have. The wage gap not only reflects systemic gender discrimination but also adds financial stress to working mothers, who may already be struggling to balance their professional and personal lives.

Career Progression

Career progression is another significant issue for working mothers. Due to societal norms and biases, women with children are often overlooked for promotions or high-responsibility roles. Employers may harbor unconscious biases, presuming that a mother would be less committed to her job or unable to handle demanding roles due to her familial obligations. This can lead to a stagnation in career growth, causing frustration and a sense of unfulfillment.

Lack of Adequate Childcare

Inadequate access to affordable, high-quality childcare is a major problem for working mothers. Many women are forced to rely on informal or inconsistent childcare arrangements due to the high costs of professional services. This not only creates anxiety and uncertainty but can also impact a child’s development and well-being.

Policy and Infrastructure

Lastly, the lack of supportive policies and infrastructure exacerbates the difficulties faced by working mothers. Maternity leave policies, flexible working hours, and provisions for childcare at workplaces are often insufficient or non-existent. This lack of support makes it challenging for women to maintain their careers while raising a family.

In conclusion, working mothers face a multitude of challenges, including achieving work-life balance, overcoming the gender wage gap, progressing in their careers, securing reliable childcare, and navigating unsupportive policies and infrastructure. Addressing these issues requires a concerted effort from society, employers, and policymakers to create an environment that supports and values the unique contributions of working mothers.

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