essay on terrorism in kashmir

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Home » Security Issues » Terrorism » Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir

Societies saddled with conflicts often reproduce the differentiation and distancing between two broader collectives, thus sharpening the divide between ‘Us’ and ‘Them’. This is true in Kashmir. The violent secessionist outbreak in 1989, and since then, the government’s anti-militancy and counterinsurgency operations, have embedded strong ‘Us vs Them’ narratives amongst the Kashmiris and alienated them from the Indian polity.
These state actions have included crackdowns, arrests, killings of local militants, and heavy enforcement of laws such as the Public Safety Act (PSA) and the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).
Consequently, a negative perception of India and its policies has been nurtured; there is popular perception amongst the Kashmiri people of the Indian state being a “coloniser” or an “occupier”.
The impacts of these perceptions have only been exacerbated in more recent years, amidst what analysts call “new militancy”—where the locals dominate the militant movement, and social media facilitates mass radicalisation and the spread of anti-India propaganda.
It is in this context that India needs to exert greater effort in shaping its narratives to address the widespread negative perceptions and maintain its territorial integrity.
Between 2014 and 2020, there was a significant increase in local militancy and stone-pelting incidents in the region. In 2017 the Indian armed forces launched ‘ Operation All Out ’ to eliminate the militant networks, their overground workers (OGW), and top militant commanders. However, as the militants’ ranks were dominated by the locals, these operations only reinforced the ‘us vs. them’ line.
The abrogation of the special status of J&K on August 5, 2019 led many to speculate that there would be a substantial increase in terrorism-induced violence in the region following the decision. However, the security scenario has continued to improve from the preceding years to the extent that Doda was declared a terrorist-free district.
As Jammu and Kashmir completes two years as a Union Territory (UT), militancy remains a major challenge to the security apparatus amid growing fears that the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan is likely to flip the striking capabilities of the militant outfits, especially the Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) and the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM).

Way Forward:

District Development Councils: After Jammu and Kashmir lost its statehood, the political focus in Kashmir shifted to District Development Councils (DDCs) and grassroots development . Kashmiris who have long had to deal with bureaucratic red-tape can find new hope with the elected local leaders who can ensure good governance and local development .
The state will still need to invest in artificial intelligence (AI) and other technology to discourage extremist content and should also find creative ways where Kashmiris can consume the narratives produced by the Indian state and army.
Technology: India can invest more in technologies such as UAVs or drone technology and deploy them in relatively peaceful areas. These technological tools can be used to conduct surveillance, maintain law and order , and also deter the use of drones by militants and militant supporters.
Education: In the long term, the state should start re-emphasising on education . A variety of historical distortions and unfamiliarity prevails in the educational curriculum of Kashmir and the rest of India. It is important to promote topics and themes that can be more relatable and applicable, such as constitutional remedies for people in conflict-affected regions.

Conclusion:

Narratives play a vital role in bridging the ‘Us vs Them’ divide. Such divide between Kashmir and India has widened in the recent years, with the advent of ‘new militancy’ in Kashmir, on one hand, and on the other, state policies such as Operation All Out and the revocation of Kashmir’s special status.
The Indian state and the armed forces are therefore attempting to enhance their nation-building narrative by supplementing traditional missions that seek to win hearts and minds, with social-media initiatives.
Although these policies are intended to remove the emotional and psychological barriers that Kashmiris have erected for the Indian state, there is plenty of work that remains.
Kashmir continues to be alienated, and New Delhi must make use of the current absence of armed and violent conflict to strengthen its narrative-building efforts and bring the region closer to lasting peace

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Depiction of Terrorism in Kashmir through Films

Kashmir has been in a state of continual warfare for decades. It is crucial to comprehend the role that writers and directors play in bringing the world's attention to the largely unreported wars and strife in Kashmir by depicting the anguish, suffering, and misery felt by ordinary inhabitants in the most afflicted portion of the valley. This study analyses the depiction of pain in selected films, such as The Kashmir Files (2022) by Vivek Agnihotri and Mission Kashmir (2000) by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. It examines thepsychological difficulties during the unrest, as well as the influence of foreign countries in disrupting peace. This study concentrates on the atrocity so that the bibliophile can get a glimpse of the plight of the Kashmiris. The study includes an examination of Kashmir's literature, cinema, history, and present-day circumstances. The study helps us understand how dissension grows in society and provides strategies for bolstering peace in a community with many diverse types of individuals.

Related Papers

Film, Media, and Representation in Postcolonial South Asia: Beyond Partition

Julia Szivak

During the 1990s and early 2000s, Hindi cinema produced a number of successful films focused on the Kashmir insurgency. These films showcase narrative conventions that result in a formulaic portrayal of the insurgency, that turned the Kashmir valley into a cinematic backdrop for physical and emotional battles, in which the forces of evil try to disrupt the harmony of the landscape and of the patriarchal joint family that is the Indian nation. By analysing these tropes, the chapter argues that this mode of portrayal resonates well with Hindi cinema’s prevalent narrative strategy of depicting events of political or historical significance. However, the complexity of the addressed questions of national, regional and religious identities and traumatic histories is in tension with the requirements of the mass media format, which results in a simplified and depoliticized portrayal of the Kashmir conflict. By examining a selection of films focusing on the Kashmir insurgency, the chapter focuses on Bollywood cinema’s narrative technologies that portray the Kashmir conflict as a depoliticized, domestic affair.

DUJES, Dibrugarh University Journal of English Studies

Somjyoti Mridha

The Paper interrogates the dynamics of cinematic representation of Kashmir Conflict taking into account movies from Bollywood and beyond.

This article is a critical appreciation of the often misunderstood and controversial filmmaker Ajay Raina, who frequently finds himself at a discursive crossfire, being criticized by both Hindu and Kashmiri nationalists. Through a discussion of Raina's three Kashmir-related documentary films, I will indicate the limits of the personal film as a challenge to official or hegemonic conflict narratives. The analysis focuses on the mediation of exile narratives, conflict testimony and visual evidence in the ethical space of film. I will argue that, through ethical protocols of film production and the vérité-form, Raina opens a complex space for the negotiation of conflict narratives. These openings are, however, under threat of ideological closure because of attempts to anchor the audiovisual testimony through his personal voice-over and a narrative of secular nationalism. Finally, I am drawing on the concept of embodied memory to better understand these ambiguous moments when his intentions are crossed by divergent readings from different audiences.

arunita shetty

Asian Conference on Media & Mass Communication official conference proceedings

Fokiya Akhtar

Cross Cultural Communication

Hafiz Ghulam Abbas

Muneeb Yousuf

The study of cinema has led to new scholarship in the field of International and Cultural Studies. The misrepresentation of 'east' by

World Journal of English Language

Shouket Tilwani

The research aims to explore the Kashmir conflict that has fractured the lives of the Kashmiri people. In the current times, the Kashmir conflict has been remarkably engaging literate circles all over the world. The conflict has been in the news worldwide for the last three decades because it may cause modern-day warfare betweenIndia, Pakistan, and China. Hence, people all over the world want to know about the situation in the region. The historical, sociological, and moral approaches by Wilbur Stewart Scott are used to grasp the context of the selected novelsThe Collaborator (2012) and Book of Gold Leaves (2015). Mirza Waheed, as an eyewitness, sketched the novels on the sufferings of Kashmiris, engaging daily with a god of death because of the conflictual situation. This situation has been routined since the invasion and occupation of the land by the three nuclear armament-holding neighbors, India, Pakistan, and China, immediately after the emancipation of the first two from their...

Contemporary South Asia 18:4 (2010): 375-83

Ananya Jahanara Kabir, FBA

In this article, I extend the analysis of Kashmir films in the 1960s made in my earlier essay, 'Nipped in the Bud' (also uploaded), to reveal how shifting politics of global Islamophobia and rising Hindutva in India impact and reshape an established discourse of othering Kashmiris through the apparatus of Bollywood. Certain films that were being produced even as my book, 'Territory of Desire' was in production, are thus subjected here to analysis in order to understand shifts, changes, and continuities with older trends within a popular South Asian politics of pleasure.

South Asian Popular Culture 4:1 (2005): 83-10

A detailed analysis of the 'Kashmir films' produced in Bollywood in the 1960s, including 'Junglee', 'Jaanwar', and 'Kashmir ki Kali', that set the stage for the consumption of the Valley of Kashmir as postcolonial India's playground. I also pick up the hidden clues within the films that tell us more about the troubled politics of the time, during which the relationship of Kashmir to postcolonial India was being defined through federal arrangements. A useful read for those trying to gauge an earlier phase of Indian responses to Article 370. The arguments made here are recapitulated into more complex discussions of visual pleasure, resistance, and the Kashmir conflict in my book, 'Territory of Desire: Representing the Valley of Kashmir'.

Essay On Kashmir For Students In Easy Words – Read Here

Kashmir is an important issue in India. For many years, there have been numerous reports that Kashmir is the most militarised area in the entire world. The tense situation in Kashmir has led to an increase in the number of terrorist activities in the region. With this increase in terrorist activities, the government of India has taken a number of measures to control the situation. But this has not prevented several terrorist attacks on the Indian security forces.

Kashmir is one of the most disputed areas of the world. It was a part of India until the partition of India. In 1947, the Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India and Pakistan claimed the state. The princely state of Kashmir is claimed by India and Pakistan to be an integral part of their territories and both countries have fought for the country’s control since its independence. The people of Kashmir have the right to determine the state’s future.

Kashmir is a region in Indian Administered Kashmir, at the northwesternmost end of the Indian subcontinent. It was ruled by the Hindu Shah Mirza of the Afghan Timurid dynasty from 1391 to 1413, then by the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh from 1701 until the Sikh defeat at the hands of the British in 1846. At the time of the partition of India in 1947, the Maharaja of Kashmir acceded the princely state to the Republic of India, and embraced the name of his kingdom, acceding his remaining princely states to Pakistan. After India’s military intervention in 1948 to prevent the state from being integrated in Pakistan, the state came under the authority of India, and Sheikh Abdullah, the prime minister. Read more about kashmir essay in english easy words and let us know what you think.

Introduction:

There are so many locations on the planet, and each one has its own distinct beauty or distinctiveness. Kashmir is one of the most beautiful locations to visit, as well as a popular tourist destination.

Kashmir’s Story

1625964440_664_Essay-On-Summer-Vacation-For-Class-4-Students-8211-Read

After the British arrived in India and began controlling it. They began to unite all of the states under one set of rules and regulations, thus ending the distinct kingdom function.

Before leaving India, the British split the country into two halves. India was the first portion, while Pakistan was the second. Pakistan began capturing Kashmir after it was split from India.

At the time, the ruler of Kashmir requested India’s assistance. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s president, aided him in saving Kashmir.

As a gift, the Prince of Kashmir signed an agreement declaring Kashmir to be Indian territory. Pakistani forces are still attempting to infiltrate Kashmir and take control of it.

Kashmir’s Natural Beauty

Essay-On-Kashmir-For-Students-In-Easy-Words-8211-Read

People come to visit, yet they go with so many memories. This allows them to enjoy the whole scene again and over throughout their lives. People perceive Kashmir’s beauty in every aspect of it, whether it’s the towering trees covered with this now, the rivers, or the temples.

Tourist Attraction

1625966859_95_Essay-On-Kashmir-For-Students-In-Easy-Words-8211-Read

Terrorism is a serious issue.

Essay-On-Money-Cant-Buy-Happiness-For-Students-8211-Read

It is nothing to the rest of the world, but it is a major issue for the people of Kashmir. Terrorism is the most serious issue in Kashmir, owing to its proximity to Pakistan. The nation that is always attempting to annex Kashmir and make it a part of Pakistan.

As a result, the people of Kashmir confront many challenges, and no one is willing to live in the midst of terrorism today. They have gone through a lot, and they continue to be victims of terrorism.

If you have any more questions about the Essay On Kashmir, please leave them in the comments section below.

Kashmir is the largest and the most beautiful of the three regions that constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which is a part of India. It has the most interesting architecture and rich culture, and it is also the most romantic. You will be able to spend an interesting time in this land if you know how to interact with the local people.. Read more about short essay on beauty of kashmir in urdu and let us know what you think.

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We Still Haven’t Figured Out How to Beat ISIS

A long-exposure photo of crowds of people walking past a pile of bouquets of flowers.

By Christopher P. Costa and Colin P. Clarke

Mr. Costa was the special assistant to the president and senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council from 2017 to 2018. Mr. Clarke is the director of research at the Soufan Group.

For all of the counterterrorism wins that the United States has had in its fight against the Islamic State — and there have been many — we still have not figured out how to defeat it.

A terrorist attack targeting a concert hall in the Russian capital of Moscow on March 22 killed more than 130 people and left many others severely wounded. It served as the latest deadly reminder that the Islamic State — and particularly its Khorasan branch, ISIS-K, which is active in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan — remains a potent threat. It’s a painful lesson Afghans and Americans alike learned in August 2021, when ISIS-K conducted a complex suicide operation that killed at least 170 Afghan civilians and 13 American service members in Kabul, in the midst of a chaotic U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan.

Since the start of the new year, ISIS-K has launched lethal assaults in Iran and Turkey . Several ISIS-K plots in Europe have been disrupted , with arrests in Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands. On Tuesday, four days after the Moscow attack, the ISIS-affiliated al-Battar Media published a message threatening Italy, France, Spain and Britain: “Who’s next?” Both France and Italy have since raised their terror threat levels.

All of these events point to what we now know: Stripping the Islamic State of its self-proclaimed caliphate is not the same as beating it. At its peak, the caliphate was as large as the territory of Britain, stretching from the Levant to Southeast Asia, and boasted over 40,000 foreign fighters from more than 80 countries. Forced from this redoubt, ISIS has reconstituted itself in other countries, going underground in less detectable — but more dangerous — forms.

To stop that threat from reaching America and its allies, the United States must prevent two decades of counterterrorism expertise from atrophying. There are other serious threats that deserve Washington’s attention, including Chinese adventurism and the challenge of artificial intelligence. But to keep Americans safe, counterterrorism must remain a strategic priority — and that includes finding a way to keep eyes on the Islamic State in parts of the world where we no longer have a footprint.

After the terrorist attacks by Al Qaeda of Sept. 11, 2001, the American public was told to brace itself, that the war on terror would be a generational one. The United States made some profound blunders in the decades-long fight that followed, and eventually, Washington turned its national security focus to different geopolitical threats . But neither of those facts obviated the need to remain committed to countering transnational terrorism. By pulling back troops and intelligence assets from active conflict zones, the United States has allowed groups like ISIS-K to rebound. It’s not the time to let up, or predictably, we will find ourselves facing a resurgent adversary.

The Islamic State is nothing if not resilient . Aggressive Western military campaigns helped dismantle the caliphate and have in recent years severely curtailed the operations of ISIS militants in other countries, including the Philippines and Syria. Rather than disappear, they have gone on to rebrand, enlist new fighters under the same banner and plot new attacks. Some have reappeared in other countries, better trained and harder to find and protect against. Some are intent on committing acts of terrorism like those we’re witnessing now, traveling across borders to infiltrate target countries.

How did a jihadist group operating from a remote region of Afghanistan manage to expand its networks and begin planning external operations with such global reach?

Part of the answer is that we left. Before the United States withdrew, ISIS-K was far more constrained, particularly its ability to launch external attacks. In a 2020 agreement between the United States and the Taliban signed in Doha, Qatar, the Taliban agreed to prevent terrorist groups from using Afghan soil to threaten the United States and its allies. In return, Washington agreed to fully withdraw its forces from the country. The stipulation to prevent terrorist groups from using Afghanistan as an operating base was primarily relevant to the Taliban’s longstanding, cozy relationship with Al Qaeda. The Taliban and ISIS-K, on the other hand, are mortal enemies and have been fighting each other since ISIS-K started operating in the country in 2015, at the apex of the Islamic State’s so-called caliphate.

So while the Taliban, once in power, may have intended to combat ISIS-K and keep its militants in check, its success has been mixed at best. Taliban fighters were highly effective insurgents but are proving to be far less effective in their still new counterinsurgent and counterterrorist role. They have made modest progress in eliminating ISIS-K commanders and reclaiming some territory from the group, but Islamic State militants still operate along Afghanistan’s borders — and still retain the capacity for spectacular attacks.

Precisely because the Taliban has enjoyed some success in limiting ISIS-K’s attacks within Afghanistan, the group has deliberately focused its energy on an “ internationalization ” agenda, including shifting resources to build a robust external attack network. ISIS-K now maintains a vast network of extremists it can tap into, spread across volatile regions such as the Caucasus and Central Asia. Thousands of Central Asians have joined the Islamic State, with many Uzbeks and Tajiks holding leadership positions, especially in ISIS-K. Militants from Central Asia now form the backbone of ISIS-K’s external operations cadre. “In the past year, the Afghan affiliate has planned 21 external plots or attacks in nine countries, compared to eight plots or attacks in the previous year and just three between 2018 and March 2022,” notes a report by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Put simply: The Taliban is unable to contain the ISIS-K threat alone. The time has probably passed for trying to unseat the Taliban by discreetly supporting Afghan opposition groups like the Panjshiris of the National Resistance Front , who oppose Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Now it’s time for diplomacy. Washington and its allies could engage the Qataris or the Saudis to provide incentives for the Taliban to ramp up their pressure on ISIS-K, share intelligence and, perhaps in time, walk away from their past pledge to unconditionally support Al Qaeda and provide the group with safe haven. Maybe the Taliban has learned from Mullah Omar’s fateful refusal to hand Osama bin Laden over to the United States after the Sept. 11 attacks. Maybe not.

Either way, it’s unrealistic to expect the Taliban to be a reliable counterterrorism partner in an international effort to defeat ISIS-K. But some level of cooperation, however unappealing, is necessary. The human intelligence so critical in counterterrorism can only be gathered on the ground. With no American footprint left in the country, our counterterrorism interests would be better served with intelligence derived from Taliban security and intelligence operations directed against ISIS-K — a mutual enemy. The cooperation should remain limited to information sharing and should not extend to training or the provision of equipment.

Intelligence history is replete with examples of marriages of convenience between intelligence services for sharing threat information, even between adversarial countries. Although a “ shadow war ” has played out between Iran and the United States for decades, the United States still reportedly shared threat warnings on an impending terrorist attack with the Iranians in January. Washington did the same with Moscow two weeks before the ISIS-K attack on the concert hall.

Of course, coming to any kind of agreement with the Taliban is a deeply complicated and controversial endeavor. Even a highly restricted relationship with the Taliban would be distasteful and fraught with ethical dilemmas, given the regime’s human rights record.

But it’s been considered before . And the alternative is worse: a devastating attack directed at Americans overseas or at home.

Christopher P. Costa was a career intelligence officer and was the special assistant to the president and senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council from 2017 to 2018. Colin P. Clarke is the director of research at the Soufan Group, an intelligence and security consulting firm based in New York City.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF

Essay on kashmir.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir – The essay on Kashmir has been written in simple English and easy words for children and students. This English essay mentions Kashmir its beautiful land and places, Why is Kashmir beautiful? What are the challenges to the beauty of Kashmir, and why everyone should go and discover it? Students are often asked to write essay on Kashmir in their schools and colleges. If you are also looking for the same, then we have given essays on this topic in 100-word, 200-word, 300-word, and 500-word.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir

Essay (100 words).

Kashmir is a beautiful state of India and is considered the most important part of India which is called heaven on earth, it is said that there is no place more beautiful than Kashmir, it is also called Switzerland of India.

The capital of Jammu and Kashmir is Srinagar. There are many high Himalayan peaks, glaciers, valleys, rivers, evergreen forests, hills, etc., and many other places. Snowfall occurs throughout the year in Kashmir.

The weather here is always pleasant. Many tourists come every year to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. During snowfall, it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Apple trees can be seen here which are very beautiful to look at.

Essay (200 Words)

Kashmir is known as “Paradise on Earth” which is a top-class tourist destination. Its picturesque view of snow-capped peaks, lush green valleys, and tranquil lakes attracts tourists from all over the world.

Tourism is an important sector for the economy of Kashmir, its unique attractions include Dal Lake which is known for its houseboats, and Amarnath Cave an important pilgrimage site that also attracts a large number of tourists. Furthermore, the Mughal Gardens reflect the brilliance of Persian architecture.

Kashmir creates innumerable employment opportunities for the local people ranging from hotel and restaurant services to handicrafts and transportation which contributes significantly to its GDP.

Despite its natural beauty, the tourist destination of Kashmir has been affected by conflict. Due to security concerns, there has been a decline in the number of tourists which has impacted the local economy. The government is continuously making concerted efforts to revive and promote tourism in Kashmir.

Tourism in Kashmir is a blend of cultural richness, natural beauty, and thrilling adventure. Despite many challenges, its potential is immense. With the right strategies, it can become a symbol of economic growth and cultural exchange while preserving its natural splendor for future generations.

Essay (300 Words)

Introduction

Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about 54571 square miles and its population is about 1,01,43,700. ,

Beauty of Kashmir

The weather of Kashmir is always very pleasant, during snowfall it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Many tourists keep coming from India and abroad to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. Apples are grown here the trees are very beautiful to look at.

Heaven on Earth

Kashmir is called heaven on earth because it has very high hills, dense forests, and lakes flowing between the valleys. Therefore it is considered like the crown of India, there is a sudden change in the weather here which enhances its beauty, due to its beauty people are attracted here and often come to visit.

Kashmir a Tourist Destination

Kashmir is one of the most famous places in India. People often come here throughout the year for their holidays. Whoever visits Kashmir says that the real heaven is in Kashmir. There are many tourist places here for the people – like Sonamarg, Pahalgam, Patna Top, Srinagar, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, etc. There are many lakes here which add to the beauty of Kashmir.

Kashmir which is called heaven on earth is very beautiful. Impressed by its beauty, people from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. If you too are looking for a hill station to spend your holidays, then there cannot be a better option than Kashmir. Despite its conflicts, Kashmir is an ideal tourist destination for the people. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish.

Essay (500 Words)

Kashmir is an important part of India which is also considered as heaven on earth. It is known for its spectacular beauty, snow-clad hills, amazing snow-covered mountain ranges, beautiful lakes, lush green farming, evergreen gardens, and a mesmerizing beauty that cannot be described in words. Kashmir has always been a center of attraction for many reasons – be it its enchanting beauty, issues of cross-border terrorism, political issues, or the terror and fear associated with the place, these are the reasons why Kashmir is always in the news.

The Beauty of Kashmir Valley

The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by the Himalayan mountain ranges which remain covered with snow almost throughout the year. It is surrounded by China and Tibet in the east while it is surrounded by Pakistan in the west. Kashmir Valley is one of the largest valleys in the country which extends over an area of 105 square km. There are many rivers here in which Jhelum River is the main river of Kashmir and it flows in different areas of Kashmir by making branches at different places. Other important rivers of the valley include the Indus and Chenab rivers.

Kashmir Weather

Summers in Kashmir are very mild between the months of May and August while the monsoon season occurs from September to November and becomes cold with the onset of winter by the end of November. The actual winter season occurs between December and February when temperatures drop extremely low. Visiting snow-capped mountains during this time leaves one in awe of the power of nature.

Spring season occurs in Kashmir between March and April. Tourists can visit this place to see the valley covered and adorned with the finest colors of nature and lush greenery.

Trees and Animals

Almond trees, walnut trees, poplar or maple trees, cedar, birch trees, and blue cedar are found in abundance in this region. Apart from this, animals like leopards, mountain foxes, jackals, hangul, musk deer, langur, black bears, etc. live in the wildlife. This valley is home to 120 species of birds and some of them are pheasants and bulbuls.

Terrorism in Kashmir

The Kashmir issue is still unresolved and both India and Pakistan have been shedding blood for years over its rights. Kashmir Valley is infamous for political disputes. People living in the valley are still living a life full of struggle. Bloodshed and imposition of curfew are common in the valley and the problems of the people increase due to the deployment of the army throughout the year in sensitive areas.

Some unresolved disputes have given rise to terrorist attacks and cross-border terrorist activities continue to occur between the two countries. The governments of both countries have tried several times to resolve the disputes and free the area from terrorist activities, but have not been successful yet.

Despite the controversies, Kashmir is a very beautiful place which is called heaven on earth. People from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. Although there are many beautiful places in India the best place among them is Kashmir. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish. But Kashmir is an area affected by terrorism. So we need to be alert and careful there.

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Rahul Gandhi speaking at an opposition rally in New Dehli

India’s opposition protest against Modi’s ‘match-fixing’ before election

Parties unite at New Dehli rally to accuse PM of ‘tax terrorism’ and rigging the vote, after arrest of prominent leader

Indian opposition parties united on Sunday to protest against the arrest of a prominent leader weeks before a national election, accusing the prime minister, Narendra Modi , and his party of rigging the vote and harassing them with large tax demands.

“Narendra Modi is trying match-fixing in this election,” the leader of the opposition Congress party, Rahul Gandhi , told a rally in New Delhi, as the crowd chanted “shame”.

Delhi’s chief minister, Arvind Kejriwal – a staunch critic of Modi, an anti-corruption crusader and a high-profile leader of the INDIA opposition alliance – was arrested on 21 March for alleged graft over granting liquor licences, less than a month before voting starts in a general election widely expected to solidify Modi’s mandate with a rare third term.

Kejriwal’s Aam Aadmi party says the case against him is fabricated and politically motivated. Modi’s government and his Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) deny political interference and say law enforcement agencies are doing their job.

Gandhi said: “If the BJP wins this match-fixing election and changes the constitution, it will light the country on fire. This is not an ordinary election. This election is to save the country, protect our constitution.“

Gandhi’s Congress party ruled India for more than two-thirds of the time since the country gained independence from Britain in 1947, but has struggled since Modi swept to power a decade ago.

Sharing the stage with Gandhi during the rally at the popular Ramlila Maidan gathering site in New Delhi were opposition leaders including regional party heads who have overcome their differences regarding which party would contest which seats.

Sunita Kejriwal, the wife of Kejriwal, told the rally: “This fascism will not work in India. We will fight and we will win.”

Modi said his fight against corruption had rattled the opposition. He said this election was a fight between his party and its allies, who want to remove the corrupt, and an opposition that wants to protect the corrupt.

“Big corrupt people are behind bars and even the supreme court is not giving them bail,” Modi said in a rally to launch his election campaign in the populous northern state of Uttar Pradesh on Sunday.

Congress – besides struggling with detentions and raids by India’s financial crime-fighting agency – says it is battling “tax terrorism” amid large tax demands by the government and the freezing of some of its bank accounts, which it says are attempts to financially cripple the party.

Critics say Modi and his party have weaponised investigative agencies and tax authorities to cull political opponents and reduce the chances of a fair election, an accusation the BJP denies.

Narendra Modi
Rahul Gandhi
South and central Asia

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Narendra Modi visits Kashmir for first time since state’s autonomy stripped

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Modi inaugurates Hindu temple on site of razed mosque in India

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Publications - Study Papers

Psychological impact of terrorism in jammu & kashmir.

An overarching definition of mental health is the cognitive, emotional and behavioural well-being of an individual (Felman, 2020). Thus, mental health often refers to the absence of mental illness or disorder. Additionally, good mental health manifests itself as the versatility and flexibility to respond to various type of events with a sense of purpose and ability to feel in harmony with the surrounding social milieu (Hassan and Shafi, 2013). It is the capacity to adequately cope with the inevitable stresses of everyday life, use one’s emotional and cognitive capabilities to overcome such demands and live a free and satisfactory life (Wani, 2014). Yet, what happens if a whole nation is collectively deprived from the possibility to have a full-fledged life and achieve psychological equilibrium and resilience due to ongoing armed insurgency, inter-state conflict and terrorism? This article will address this question in the context of the region of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. While recognizing similar, if not even more acute developments of mental health problems on the territory of Pakistan-administered Jammu & Kashmir, due to the absence of available research and medical records, unfortunately this study shall be restricted only to the former area.

The Paper will first start with a brief introduction to the historical and legal background of the Jammu & Kashmir conflict. Then, it will highlight the nexus between violent conflict, war and mental illness, while providing definitions of the common mental conditions incurred. The paper will subsequently examine the existing literature on previously carried out studies in the region of Jammu & Kashmir and it will compare that analysis with the results of EFSAS’ self-conducted research in the area. As a result, the article will attempt building future trajectories of the phenomenon of mental health issues and on the basis of that provide recommendations for its effective and adequate resolution.

Historical Background

The Jammu & Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict between India, Pakistan, and to a limited degree, China. It is also a conflict that impacts the future of around 20 million people of the State of Jammu & Kashmir. The Kashmir conflict arises from the Partition of British India in 1947 into modern India and Pakistan. Both countries subsequently made claims to Jammu & Kashmir, based on the history and religious affiliations of the Kashmiri people.

The princely State of Jammu & Kashmir, which lies strategically in the north-west of the subcontinent bordering Afghanistan and China, was formerly ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh under the paramountcy of British India. In geographical and legal terms, the Maharaja could have joined either of the two new countries or remained Independent. Despite being urged by the British Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, to determine the future of his State before the transfer of power took place, Maharaja Hari Singh demurred.

In October 1947, incursions by Pakistan took place. Faced with internal revolt as well an external invasion, Maharaja Hari Singh requested the assistance of the Indian armed forces and agreed to accede to India. He handed over control of his defence, communications and foreign affairs to the Indian government. In this milieu, war erupted between Pakistan and India, as a result of which the state of Jammu & Kashmir remains divided between the two neighbors.

The erstwhile princely State of Jammu & Kashmir consists of five regions, namely Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, Pakistan Administered Kashmir (Azad Kashmir) and Gilgit Baltistan. India administers approximately 43% of the region. It controls Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. Pakistan administers approximately 37% of Kashmir, namely ‘Azad Kashmir’ and Gilgit Baltistan. China currently occupies Demchok district, the Shaksgam Valley, and the Aksai Chin region.

India sought resolution of the issue at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Following the set-up of the UN Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The measure called for an immediate cease-fire and the first point of the Resolution called on the government of Pakistan 'to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for the purpose of fighting'. It further asked the government of India to reduce its forces to minimum strength (after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces as stipulated in the first clause of the Resolution), following which the circumstances for holding a plebiscite should be put into effect 'on the question of the future status of State of Jammu and Kashmir’. Since then, the government of Pakistan has failed to fulfill its legal and international obligations under the said UN resolutions. This led to a situation wherein the UN Resolutions could not be implemented.

The conflict was exacerbated by the onset of terrorism in the Kashmir Valley in the late eighties, widely believed to be initiated and sponsored by Pakistan. In the wake of the terrorism, the concepts of jihad and Islamism emerged into the Kashmiri society, mostly expressing themselves in the outbreak of communal violence. The Kashmiri Pandits, an elite group among Hindus, became particular targets of the terrorists, thus resulting in their massive exodus in 1989-1990.

Since then, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict has remained a reason for hostility, political instability, extremism and economic malaise in the region.

On 5 August 2019, the Indian Government abrogated the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. The lockdown imposed following this decision created resentment among some sections of the local population, especially in the Kashmir Valley.

Conflict, War & Mental Illness

As argued by Ul Hassan, Sekar and Raj (2017), armed conflicts have a serious impact upon social determinants of mental health and well-being such as family relations, community networks, access to healthcare, education, housing, water and sanitation. The presence of armed conflict has a harmful effect on the mental health of people by destroying the social fabric of the society and affecting people’s livelihoods, often leading to unemployment and poverty (Dar and Deb, 2020). Such disasters trigger numerous losses including: “ disruption to daily routines and a sense of personal safety; damage to or destruction of homes; death or injury to family members (including parents, grandparents and siblings); loss of family income-generating activities; and closure of schools and community resources, and this may therefore arouse other psychological reactions, including grief and complicated bereavement” (Schizoph, 2011, p. 57). As a result, individuals need to adjust to highly anxiety-triggering situations (ibid). In children and adolescents this has particularly damaging effect since it takes place within a developmental context and thus potentially disrupts the normal developmental course of the individual, later on affecting his/hers adult functioning (ibid). Thus, mistrust in others and lack of confidence in being able to exert agency in one’s life could become long-lasting implications (ibid).

As defined by the American Psychiatric Association (2018), mental illness is a health condition that causes changes in emotions, thoughts, or behavior (or a combination of these). Distress and/or difficulty functioning in social milieus, employment places, or family activities are common symptoms of mental illnesses (ibid).

Some of the most commonly exhibited mental illnesses in the context of conflict are the following:

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, traumatizing, dreadful or dangerous event (NIMH, 2019). As explained by the National Institute of Mental Health (2019, n.p.), for an individual be diagnosed with PTSD, an adult must have all of the following for at least 1 month:

At least one re-experiencing symptom
At least one avoidance symptom
At least two arousal and reactivity symptoms
At least two cognition and mood symptoms

Re-experiencing symptoms include:

Flashbacks—reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating
Frightening thoughts

Avoidance symptoms include:

Staying away from places, events, or objects that are reminders of the traumatic experience
Avoiding thoughts or feelings related to the traumatic event

Arousal and reactivity symptoms include:

Being easily startled
Feeling tense or “on edge”
Having difficulty sleeping
Having angry outbursts

Cognition and mood symptoms include:

Trouble remembering key features of the traumatic event
Negative thoughts about oneself or the world
Distorted feelings like guilt or blame
Loss of interest in enjoyable activities

While it is normal to exhibit some of the abovementioned symptoms for a few weeks after a traumatic event, when these symptoms last more than a month, one’s ability to function is largely affected, thus could be classified as PTSD (ibid). In addition, PTSD could occur even weeks and months after an event (ibid). Oftentimes, PTSD is accompanied by anxiety disorders, substance abuse or/and depression (ibid).

Anxiety Disorders – while occasional anxiety is normal part of life, anxiety disorders are related to more protracted period of time, throughout which one’s condition could even deteriorate (ibid). As explained by the National Institute of Mental Health (2019, n.p.), there are several types of anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and various phobia-related disorders.

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder exhibit excessive anxiety or worry, most days for at least 6 months, related to their personal health, work, social interactions, and everyday routine life circumstances (ibid).

Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms include:

Feeling restless, wound-up, or on-edge
Being easily fatigued
Having difficulty concentrating; mind going blank
Being irritable
Having muscle tension
Difficulty controlling feelings of worry
Having sleep problems, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, restlessness, or unsatisfying sleep

People with Panic Disorder experience recurrent sudden panic attacks – short period of time marked with feelings of intense fear – which further brings about heart palpitations, sweating, trembling or shaking, shortness of breath, feelings of impending doom or feelings of being out of control (ibid).

Depression (Major Depressive Disorder or Clinical Depression), as per the NIMH (2018, n.p.) is a common but serious mental disorder, which could have severe effects that impair one’s ability to cope with daily tasks. In order to be identified as such, the symptoms should be persistent for at least two weeks (ibid). Symptoms could include the following:

Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism
Irritability
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
Decreased energy or fatigue
Moving or talking more slowly
Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping
Appetite and/or weight changes
Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts
Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause and/or that do not ease even with treatment

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurologic Disorders) – the featuring of neurological symptoms, which cannot be explained by any existing conditions on the nervous system or other medical diagnosis (DSM-V, 2013). Such symptoms could be paralysis, seizures, sensory loss e.g. blindness or hearing loss, speech impediments, etc. (ibid).

The Jammu & Kashmir Context

Usually individuals are unlikely to be exposed to traumatic stressors at any given time (Rizvi and Jamal, 2017). However in the case of Jammu & Kashmir, as per the extensive Kashmir Mental Health Survey Report conducted by Médecins Sans Frontières (2016), on average, an adult in Kashmir has witnessed 7.7 traumatic events in the course of her/his life. The reported traumatic experiences included terrorist attacks, explosions, assault with a weapon, crackdowns/raids, kidnappings, imprisonment, interrogation, torture, enforced disappearances, violent death of someone known, sexual assault and physical assault (ibid). In addition to that, apart from the direct victims of these traumatic events, emergency service workers such as medical personnel and fire fighters are also repeatedly exposed to traumatic stressors, such as accidents, killings, bomb blasts, grenade attacks, mine blasts and suicide squads (Rizvi and Jamal, 2017).

Khan (2015) further illustrates how, as an inevitable counter-terrorism measure, the prevalence of security personnel results in the militarization of society. As a result, society develops feelings of intimidation, which ultimately undermines normal interaction and community life. That coupled with the high youth unemployment rates, the fractured and uncertain economy and the breakdown of social-support systems (MSF, 2016) gives rise to stressors which negatively impact the livelihood and wellbeing of the population.

Therefore, it does not come as a surprise that large sections of the Kashmiri society began to suffer from various mental illnesses and disorders. As explained by Hassan and Shafi (2013, p. 104), from a mental health point of view, communities affected by conflict could be split up in three groups:

those experiencing disabling psychiatric illnesses;
those with severe reactions to trauma;
those who are able to adapt once peace and order is restored.

While under normal circumstances only 1-3% of the general population experiences any type of psychiatric disorder (ibid), in the case of Jammu & Kashmir, as per the 2015 Survey of MSF, nearly 1.8 million adults in the Kashmir Valley are suffering from symptoms of mental health distress, with 41% exhibiting signs of depression, 26% signs of anxiety and 19% signs of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with residents from the districts of Baramulla and Budgam exhibiting the highest rates for all three. These districts are also considered hotbeds of terrorism and it was recorded that the number of people attending psychiatric hospitals rose from 1,700 in 1989 to 100,000 in 2017 (Bhat and Khan, 2018). Given the social stigma attached to frequenting mental health institutions in Kashmir, not only is this number alarming, but very likely also higher in reality due to underreporting. As argued by Hassan and Shafi (2013), doctors in the region estimate that no more than 10% of the population who are in need of psychiatric help actually visits the designated institutions. Not only due to stigma, but also due to lack of knowledge individuals shy away from treatment (ibid).

As per a study, conducted by Bhat and Rangaiah (2015), among 797 college students, nearly half (49.81%) were found to be on the diagnosable range of PTSD. In a similar study, Dar and Deb (2021), documented that among 680 undergraduate and post-graduate students, 95.4 % experienced psychological distress, 60.3% mentioned physical sickness, and 91.2% found others’ mental health being affected. Amongst a sample of 200 residents of Srinagar, Hassan and Shafi (2013) discovered that 90.5% of the respondents had become fearful, 87% were having sleeping disorders, 86% were experiencing stress, depression and psychological stress, 66% had lost interest in their life, 59.5% were feeling the re-experience of the incidence, 31.5% experienced nightmares, 38.5% had become aggressive in behavior while 27% were vulnerable to suicide.

The 90.5% of respondents who became fearful expressed having anxiety and disquiet of not knowing whether they will be able to return home alive, or having an incident repeat to them or to their families (ibid). The 87% of participants who experienced sleeping disorders argued they have trouble sleeping due to re-living episodes of the incident and being afraid of getting victimized again (ibid). The 86% of respondents who suffered from psychological stress and depression explained how they found themselves in a state of mental agony and avoided social contacts due to the experienced death of loved ones (ibid). 66% argued they have lost interest in life given since they felt surrounded by death and destruction everywhere (ibid). Those 38.5% who have become aggressive argued that as a result of the incidence they have lost their self-restraint and become less stable (ibid). Alarmingly, 27% of respondents were contemplating suicide, as a means of escaping their lives which they saw not worth living any more (ibid).

The last observation is further corroborated by other surveys. As argued by Bhat and Khan (2018), the decline of mental well-being among the Kashmiri population has prompted an increase of suicide rates and substance abuse cases. De Jong, van de Kam, Ford, Lokuge, Fromm, van Galen, Reilley and Kleber (2008) conducted a study with 510 individuals in the Kashmir Valley, 33.3% of which reported contemplating suicide in the past 30 days. And indeed, it has been documented that the number of suicide attempts have increased by 250% between 1994 and 2012 (Shoib, Dar, Bashir, Qayoom and Arif, 2012). It is believed that this rise of cases in comparison to the pre-terrorism times is owing to defective coping strategies caused by the excessive external stresses (ibid). In their research amongst 201 patients admitted to the hospital after attempting suicide, Shoib et al. (2012) found that 52.7% of the sample were young people of 15-25 age, with female patients (54.7%) slightly outnumbering males (45.27%). Majority of patients were married and came from rural areas and low socio-economic background (ibid). The most preferred means of suicide was through poison (82%) (ibid). While the majority of patients had no history of self-harm (93%), some suffered from psychiatric illnesses such as depression (21.9%), adjustment disorder (9.95%) and anxiety disorders (6.46%) (ibid). As explained by Shoib et al. (2012), the high levels of comorbidity in the sample could be attributed to the high levels of violence confronted by the Kashmiri population. Other studies focusing on suicide further found that suicides amongst newly married men were also on the rise due to impotency, which doctors attribute to mental trauma from shock (Hassan and Shafi, 2013). Medical experts have discussed how ongoing terrorism has triggered depression and stress, which have occasionally translated into psycho-sexual malfunction (ibid).

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among orphans in the region is particularly acute and alarming (Margoob, Rather, Khan, Singh, Malik, Firdosi and Ahmad, 2006). According to the authors’ study that was based on an all-female orphanage, amongst the sample of 76 girls in the age group of 5-12 years, 32 children (42.10%) exhibited psychiatric morbidity (ibid). Amongst those, the most commonly exhibited psychiatric disorders were PTSD (40,62%), Major Depressive Disorder (25%), Conversion Disorder (12,5%) and Panic Disorder (9,38%). Children living under institutional care are particularly vulnerable to mental health problems, which could further deteriorate with time, and impair their long-term ability to complete their education, find employment, establish social connections and parent their own children (ibid). As exhibited by Margoob et al. (2006) the ongoing Kashmir conflict, due to which children have lost their parents, has had a large impact on the overall high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among orphan children in the region. This data is further corroborated by Hassan’s (2021a) study on the effects of armed conflict on the widows and children of slain militants in Jammu & Kashmir, which was conducted amongst a sample of 100 families of killed militants, who died in the last 30 years. 35 families were selected from the south Kashmir districts of Anantnag, Pulwama, Shopian and Kulgam, being the epi-centre of new age militancy in the region (ibid). Equal number of participants were selected from the north Kashmir districts of Kupwara, Baramulla and Bandipora – as those witnessed a large number of killings during the 90‘s and 2000s, and all three areas share a border with Pakistan-administered Jammu & Kashmir, on the Line of Control (LoC). Lastly, 30 families from the central Kashmir districts of Srinagar, Ganderbal and Budgam, were interviewed (ibid).

While the precise estimate on the number of orphans and widows in Kashmir varies between different sources, stemming from the lack of comprehensive and encompassing survey carried out (Greater Kashmir, 2015), figures oftentimes range between 100,000-200,000 a year. Hassan (2021a) explains how amongst the 100 families interviewed, 94 answered that the incident (killing) had negative emotional/mental health impact on their families (ibid). 81% further argued that the emotional trauma also deteriorated their physical health (Hassan, 2021b). The majority of widows (85%) did not remarry after the incident, which is a common practice in the region especially when the woman has children; that further resulted in feelings of loneliness, lack of support at home, social insecurity, economic hardships, lack of help with the children, social apathy, ostracization and ill treatment on behalf of relatives and neighbours (Hassan, 2021a). In addition to that, 68% of respondents argued they faced stigma/isolation before and after the killing; before due to raids on behalf of security forces which distanced them from family, friends and neighbours; afterwards those feelings reduced however (ibid). Interestingly, 22% stated that they did not feel stigmatized or isolated, however given that terrorism tends to have a certain level of social acceptance in the region, this could account for the data (ibid). Although marriage with girls from militant families was not considered taboo, 37% argued that the incident has obstructed the chances of finding a suitable match for their children due to their family being avoided or deemed undesirable (ibid). In addition to that financial constraints placed an additional obstacle, with families of slain militants struggling to pay dowry (ibid). Scrutiny on behalf of security forces was another reason for families to stay away from such families (ibid).

In the majority of families the killed militant was the sole breadwinner in the family, which subsequently placed huge burden on the shoulders of the widows and their children, which were oftentimes still minors (ibid). As a result, a big number of them had to work various menial or domestic jobs, finding themselves further intimidated or underpaid (ibid). The lack of governmental programs or funds for supporting them financially as a result has made these widows and orphans socially handicapped in the Kashmiri patriarchal society (ibid). As per the study, 52% of the children of killed militants had to drop from school, while 19% could not even attend due to lack of resources (Hassan, 2012b). That is particularly worrisome given the trend of glorification of militancy in Kashmir, which was also reflected in Hassan’s (2021b) study, and argued that 60% of the killed militants were seen as role models in their respective areas and inspired others, including their close and distant relatives, friends and neighbours, to join terrorist groups before and even after their death.

Highly underexplored aspect stemming from the devotion cult towards militancy established in Kashmir is the misuse of young girls by terrorists. Relying on their hero-worshipping acquired status, militants attract young women, oftentimes maintaining affairs with multiple ones at a time, subsequently leaving them, either by choice or upon their death, which results in their marginalization considering the highly conservative nature of the Kashmiri society where sexual relations before marriage are frown upon and deemed sinful. The phenomenon remains very hushed up, due to the cultural and social stigma placed on it, alongside with the negative repercussions for one’s family honour. Moreover, segments of the community who support these militants further protect their image by denying these realities not for the sake of the girls’ reputation, but the militants’ esteem.

Such cases of sexual violence and harassment are unfortunately a common reality in the region of Kashmir. According to a report by Médecins Sans Frontières (2006), among 510 interviewees, 11.6% argued that they have been a victim of sexual violence since the onset of terrorism (1989). In addition, 63.9% of the respondents have heard about cases of rape while one in seven has witnessed rape (ibid). As per data provided by Bhat (2021) in 2014, 352 cases of rape in Jammu & Kashmir were recorded, 265 of which involved minors. In 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, 312 (251 minor), 263 (204 minor), 314 (213 minor) and 359 (273 minor) cases were registered respectively (ibid). When it comes to rapes, cases of sexual violence on behalf of security forces have been documented as well (Kazi, 2014). Given the taboo nature of the topic and the reluctance on behalf of victims to report either due to feelings of shame or fears of judgment on behalf of the community, unfortunately the number of cases of sexual violence is most likely much higher. The effects of sexual assault on (for the current study) women’s mental health have been extensively studied (Campbell, Dworkin and Cabral, 2009). According to the authors, survivors of sexual abuse develop a range of psychological issues ranging from PTSD, anxiety, depression, suicidal tendencies, alcohol dependency and illicit substance abuse (ibid).

When it comes to the latter, drug addiction has become one of the fastest growing problems in Jammu & Kashmir. Before discussing statistics it is important to differentiate between the abuse of licit and illicit drugs. In the case of licit drugs, those include nicotine, alcohol and caffeine, while illicit drugs commonly include opioids, recreational, synthetic and psychedelic drugs such as cannabis, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamines, LSD, ecstasy and others (TRANSCEND, 2016). As per the latest study into drug consumption in Jammu & Kashmir, Rather, Bhat, Malla, Zahoor, Massodi and Yousuf (2021) interviewed 300 substance users and discovered the following: the majority of respondents were male (97%) in the age group of 20-29 (60.33%) and never married (69.34%). The prevalence of those have throughout their lifetime used tobacco (92.66%), opioids of any type (90.66%), cannabis (50.33) and alcohol (21.33%). When it comes to opioids, heroin was at the forefront (84.33%) followed by pharmaceutical opioids (24.33%) and sedatives-hypnotics (18.33%). While the low consumption of alcohol in comparison with other union territories in India could be explained by cultural customs given that Kashmir is a Muslim majority territory, where alcohol is taboo, the high consumption of heroin stems from the ongoing cross-border smuggling in the region (ibid). As implied by previous studies (Bashir, Sheikh, Bilques and Firdosi, 2015) the low number of females could be explained by the stigma associated with drug use which prevents them from seeking treatment as well as the lack of appropriate facilities designed for their needs. In addition to that, as argued by Hassan and Shafi (2013), the high use of sedatives and tranquilizers emanate from the desire of quick remedies in the form of anti-depressants over long-term treatments such as psycho-therapy, that are not necessarily affordable by all of those in need. An earlier study conducted by Rather, Bashir, Sheikh, Amin and Zangeer (2013) found similar pattern amongst 198 substance abuse patients, further highlighting a new rising trend among adolescents, namely the utilization of inhalants such as glues, paint thinners, paint removers, dry cleaning fluids, typewriter correction fluids, petrol, adhesives, varnishes, deodorants, and hair sprays. As argued by the authors, the common abuse of said substances stemmed from their easy accessibility, cheap price, fast onset of action and feelings of constant ‘high’ (ibid). While explaining that the major reasons for engaging with drugs amongst the target group were peer pressure and the alleviation of negative moods, Rather et al. (2013) found prevalence of psychiatric disorders amongst nearly half of the group (49.5%): Bipolar affective disorder was the most common disorder (25.7%), followed by schizophrenia (9.09%), antisocial personality disorder (5.5%), PTSD (2.5%), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2.52%). In addition to that, family history of psychiatric disorder and substance abuse were present in 23.2% and 4.04% of patients respectively (ibid).

EFSAS Study

Multiple-choice questionnaires were designed and distributed among the local population in September 2020 in order to assess the living situation of members of the community, their sense of marginalization/social inclusion and opinions on the ongoing conflict. The survey received 401 answers which were subsequently analyzed and made into pie charts. The questionnaires were distributed both online and offline. The current section will analyse them in regards to the effects of armed conflict has on the mental health of individuals.

Almost up to 40% of all participants argued that they do not believe that there are others who want to listen to their problems or help them out, as well as lacking someone to consult for advice or help. Those statistics imply a lack of support structure in the community, which could further lead to feelings of marginalization.

43.1% argued that they feel left alone with their problems, while 41.8% stated that they feel hopeless. Both answers exhibit symptoms in the respondents of possible depressive states, which is imperative to address.

39.1% of the respondents argued that they know others who have resorted to substance abuse due to feelings of social exclusion or discrimination (40.9%). Unfortunately, the type of drug was not specified, which would have been important in regards to recognizing trends in licit and illicit consumption; nevertheless, the high number is alarming signifying the utilization of drugs as a coping mechanism to feelings of social ostracization.

Future Trajectories and Policy Recommendations

Lockdowns after the abrogation of article 370 especially with the current COVID-19 pandemic, which further witnesses various lockdown measures to prevent the spread of the disease, have added to the deterioration of the mental health situation of the population (Shoib and Arafat, 2020). Imposed measures such as social distancing could contribute to feelings of loneliness or abandonment, especially for the elderly (ibid). Shoib, Arafat and Ahmad (2020) further argue that the ongoing lockdowns have increased the cases of perinatal mental health problems among pregnant women and those who have just given birth causing increased maternal anxiety, relationship conflicts, and decreased contact with healthcare professionals. These unforeseen consequences of the pandemic could in the long-term even lead to post-partum depression (ibid). Other studies (Bhat, Khan, Manzoor, Niyaz, Tak, Anees, Gull and Ahmad, 2020) exhibit how people experience fear due to the unknown consequences of the pandemic, thus leading to heightened levels of stress which ultimately could negatively impact people’s both mental and physical health. Thus, given the current situation where armed conflict and terrorism are rampant in the region of Jammu & Kashmir, coupled with the ongoing global pandemic, patterns of deteriorating mental health and psychiatric issues unfortunately remain the future trajectory.

While it is well acknowledged that people impacted by ongoing conflict are more vulnerable to psychological distress, this does not always translate into improved access to mental health care and therapy (Housen, Ara, Shah, Shah, Lenglet and Pintaldi, 2019). That is also the case in Jammu & Kashmir, where experts have identified numerous barriers to adequate treatment including: lack of awareness of psychiatric services, travel time, cost and distance to services, poor physical infrastructure, lack of understanding around the western ‘counselling’ or 'talk therapy' models (MSF, 2016), deficiency in mental health professionals adequately trained (especially in the understanding of somatization as an indicator of psychopathology), over-reliance on spiritual/religious healers, absence of community awareness programs (Housen et al., 2019), and others.

As a result, the present research exhibits the unmet and urgent need of ameliorating and expanding the mental health services in Jammu & Kashmir, raising awareness about the different conditions exhibited as well as reducing the stigma of seeking treatment. As summarized by the report of Médecins Sans Frontieres (2016) specific recommendations on those lines would include:

Create more jobs for specialists in mental health facilities at all levels of healthcare.
Establish training for personnel at mental health facilities to strengthen the competencies relevant to their posts.
Sensitize policymakers and advocate for the development of suitable job selection criteria and the establishment of appropriate positions based on the specialization necessary.
Encourage and establish incentives for mental healthcare staff working in rural areas.
Develop a crisis team and a dedicated helpline for Rescue and Rehabilitation, providing services such as transport, shelter etc. for all mentally ill individuals, including those who are homeless.
Develop models for catering to individuals who lack caretakers.
Ensure access to mental healthcare in inaccessible rural areas through audiovisual technology.
Formulate guidelines for the setting up of drug de-addiction central alongside with rehabilitative measures for substance abusers.
Encourage the Education System (schools, universities etc.) on raising awareness on the topics of mental health and substance abuse.
Make it mandatory for all schools to have a counsellor and a special needs teacher as part of schools and universities mental health programs.
Sensitize authorities and policy makers regarding mental health issues.

Civil society organization should further launch different community awareness programs, which familiarize the general public with the spectrum of mental health issues, acquire a gendered approach by recognizing the needs of women and men, as well as promoting the normalization of seeking treatment for the purposes of reducing the stigma attached to mental illnesses.

Numerous studies have pointed out the causal link between armed conflict and mental health issues and associated dysfunctions (Hassan and Shafi, 2013). Apart from the psychological problems incurred, persistent dysfunctions are related to decreased productivity, poor nutritional, health and educational outcomes and curtailed ability to take part in development efforts (ibid). As a result, the adverse impact of mental health disorders in conflict-affected communities could be a major constraint in societal reconstruction and development efforts (ibid).

The current study has exhibited and described this phenomenon using as a case study the region of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir, focusing predominantly on the Kashmir Valley. While this is easily explainable with the fact that the Valley has in many ways become the epicenter of ongoing conflict and brewing terrorism, further research must focus also on the regions of Jammu, Ladakh as well as Pakistan-administered Jammu & Kashmir, including Gilgit Baltistan.

The effects of terrorism are multifold – loss of life, physical destruction and economic damages are unfortunately a grim reality, yet those who live to mourn their ravaged homeland are also the ones who oftentimes relive the trauma and develop psychopathological response to what have happened. It is imperative not to forget their struggle and adopt effective and considerate approaches to assist them in their daily lives.

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Modi freed J&K from terrorism: Anurag Thakur

P rime Minister Narendra Modi freed Jammu and Kashmir from the clutches of Article 370, terrorism and separatism which is the biggest achievement of the BJP-led government, Union Minister Anurag Thakur on Saturday said. Thakur made this assertion as he joined BJP candidate Jugal Kishore, who submitted his nomination papers from the Jammu Lok Sabha seat after a massive road show here.

“Someone travelling with me asked what Jammu and Kashmir has got under Modi? Jammu and Kashmir got freedom from Article 370, stone-pelting, terrorism and separatism while developmental activities got new wings,” the Information and Broadcasting minister said addressing a public gathering after the road show along Residency Road here. Talking to reporters later after his public address, Thakur said that Jammu and Kashmir recorded a decline of 75 per cent in terror attacks, 81 per cent in killing of civilians and 50 per cent drop in security personnel casualties under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership.

“It all became possible when there was a strong government at the Centre,” he said, asking people to vote for BJP candidates—Kishore Sharma and Union Minister Jitendra Singh (Udhampur parliamentary constituency)—for the third term. Amid chants of “Ab ki baar 400 paar” and slogans in favour of Prime Minister Modi and the BJP, Thakur later accompanied Kishore to the office of the returning officer for the Jammu Lok Sabha seat where the latter filed his nomination papers.

Kishore had won the Jammu Lok Sabha seat, in 2014 and 2019 general elections but this time the parliamentary elections are happening for the first time in Jammu and Kashmir after the erstwhile state was bifurcated into two union territories.

This story has been sourced from a third party syndicated feed, agencies. Mid-day accepts no responsibility or liability for its dependability, trustworthiness, reliability and data of the text. Mid-day management/mid-day.com reserves the sole right to alter, delete or remove (without notice) the content in its absolute discretion for any reason whatsoever

Modi freed J&K from terrorism: Anurag Thakur

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Jammu, Mar 30 (PTI) Prime Minister Narendra Modi freed Jammu and Kashmir from the clutches of Article 370, terrorism and separatism which is the biggest achievement of the BJP-led government, Union Minister Anurag Thakur on Saturday said.

Thakur made this assertion as he joined BJP candidate Jugal Kishore, who submitted his nomination papers from the Jammu Lok Sabha seat after a massive road show here.

He said Prime Minister Modi-led government provided new wings of development to Jammu and Kashmir over the past 10 years besides showing that it cannot stay silent on Pakistan-sponsored terror attacks like the previous regime by conducting surgical strikes across the border.

Talking to reporters later after his public address, Thakur said that Jammu and Kashmir recorded a decline of 75 per cent in terror attacks, 81 per cent in killing of civilians and 50 per cent drop in security personnel casualties under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership.

“It all became possible when there was a strong government at the Centre,” he said, asking people to vote for BJP candidates — Kishore — and Union Minister Jitendra Singh (Udhampur parliamentary constituency) — for the third term.

Amid chants of ‘Ab ki baar 400 paar’ and slogans in favour of Prime Minister Modi and the BJP, Thakur later accompanied Kishore to the office of the returning officer for the Jammu Lok Sabha seat where the latter filed his nomination papers.

Kishore had won the Jammu Lok Sabha seat in 2014 and 2019 general elections but this time the parliamentary elections are happening for the first time in Jammu and Kashmir after the erstwhile state was bifurcated into two union territories and its special status under Article 370 revoked in August 2019.

In 2019, Kishore defeated Congress candidate Raman Bhalla by a margin of 3,02,875 votes. He defeated Congress candidate Madan Lal Sharma by over 2.57 lakh votes in 2014.

Thakur said the Modi government is “strongly behind the security forces which is evident when there was attacks on our forces”.

“The previous government would have done nothing but our government went across and carried out the surgical strikes to pin them down there,” he said, referring to the surgical strikes in response to the killing of 18 soldiers in the Uri terror attack in September 2016 and aerial strikes by the IAF deep inside Pakistan following a terror attack on a CRPF convoy that killed 40 jawans in February 2019.

The minister said the Centre ensured flowing of ‘Vikas ki Ganga’ across Jammu and Kashmir where the work on the railway line and new highways is going on very fast besides setting up of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and various other prestigious institutes like the IIM and IIT, new projects which will ensure massive employment generation and large scale investment which is in the pipeline.

Earlier, he said the travel between Jammu and Srinagar used to consume 15 hours but now the travel time has reduced to four to five hours, while the world highest Railway bridge ‘Chenab bridge’ along Udhampur-Baramulla-Srinagar Railway Line (USBRL) has been completed as the country is inching closer to connect Kashmir with Kanyakumari through railway network.

The Katra-Delhi expressway, which was never thought of by the Congress over the past six decades of its rule, is being built to facilitate the Mata Vaishno Devi pilgrims, he said, highlighting various achievements of the government in space and other fields over the past 10 years.

Thakur said when Prime Minister Modi took over in 2014, the country’s economy was in shambles but his hard work ensured India’s economy jumping to the fifth spot in the globe and the BJP government is eyeing to take it further up and to the third position during the next five years.

“During India’s G20 presidency, Modi made a push for a new economic corridor which will connect India with Europe. This will also facilitate goods from Jammu to reach Europe,” he said.

Targeting the Congress, the minister said big scams like 2G and fodder scam came to light before 2014 but after Modi took over, he showed how a clean government is run with the same officials.

Meanwhile, Kishore while asking people to extend their support to him said the country, including Jammu and Kashmir, is “moving fast on the development path” under Prime Minister Modi.

“Modi restored honour of the country, took historic decisions which were pending for decades,” he added.

The Jammu Lok Sabha constituency is going to polls in the second phase on April 26. The last date to file the nominations is April 4 and the last date for withdrawal of candidature is April 8.

Jammu and Kashmir BJP president Ravinder Raina and other senior party leaders, including former ministers and legislators, also attended the road show and then addressed the public meeting, seeking vote for Kishore. PTI TAS AS AS

This report is auto-generated from PTI news service. ThePrint holds no responsibility for its content.

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