human cloning essay ielts

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Human Cloning Essay

IELTS Human Cloning Essay

This is a model answer for a human cloning essay.

If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common 'do you agree or disagree' essay.

However, it is essentially asking the same thing.

As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction.

To what extent do you agree with such a procedure?

Have you any reservations?

Understanding the Question and Task

You are asked if you agree with human cloning to use their body parts (in other words, what are the benefits), and what reservations (concerns) you have (in other words, what are the disadvantages).

So the best way to answer this human cloning essay is probably to look at both sides of the issue as has been done in the model answer.

As always, you must read the question carefully to make sure you answer it fully and do not go off topic.

You are specifically being asked to discuss the issue of creating human clones to then use their body parts. If you write about other issues to do with human cloning, you may go off topic.

Model Human Cloning Essay

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Model Answer for Human Cloning Essay

The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too. Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues.

Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much longer than in the past. This, though, has brought with it problems. As people age, their organs can fail so they need replacing. If humans were cloned, their organs could then be used to replace those of sick people. It is currently the case that there are often not enough organ donors around to fulfil this need, so cloning humans would overcome the issue as there would then be a ready supply.

However, for good reasons, many people view this as a worrying development. Firstly, there are religious arguments against it. It would involve creating other human beings and then eventually killing them in order to use their organs, which it could be argued is murder. This is obviously a sin according to religious texts. Also, dilemmas would arise over what rights these people have, as surely they would be humans just like the rest of us. Furthermore, if we have the ability to clone humans, it has to be questioned where this cloning will end. Is it then acceptable for people to start cloning relatives or family members who have died?

To conclude, I do not agree with this procedure due to the ethical issues and dilemmas it would create. Cloning animals has been a positive development, but this is where it should end.

(276 words)

The essay is well-organized, with a clear introducion which introduces the topic:

The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too.

And it has a thesis statement that makes it clear exactly how the human cloning essay will be structured and what the candidate's opinion is:

Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues.

The first body paragraph discusses the advantages of cloning humans, and then the second body paragraph looks at the problems associated with this. The change of direction to look at the other side is clearly marked with a transition word ("however") and a topic sentence:

However, for good reasons, many people view this as a worrying development.

Other transition words are used effectively to guide the reader through the ideas in the human cloning essay: Firstly,.. Also,... Furthermore,...

The candidate demonstrates that they can use a mix of complex structures. For example:

Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much longer than in the past.
It would involve creating another human and then eventually killing it in order to use its organs, which it could be argued is murder.
...if we have the ability to clone humans, it has to be questioned where this cloning will end.

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Cloning Reading Ielts Answers and Questions

Stay informed and prepared for success – Explore our comprehensive Reading Test Info page to get valuable insights, exam format details, and expert tips for mastering the IELTS Reading section .

The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue over the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. A recent poll has shown the differences in opinions with half as many women as men approving of the process. Many people find it strange to see such a clear difference between men and women with twenty-six percent of men favoring cloning.

So, what is cloning? It has been defined as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer”. You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You then use the same process to implant the egg into a surrogate mother that you would use with artificial insemination. What cloning does is it copies the DNA/genes of the person and creates a genetic duplicate. The person will not be a Xerox copy. He or she will grow up in a different environment than the clone, with different experiences and different opportunities. Genetics does not wholly define a person and their personality.

In February 1997, when embryologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at Roslin Institute in Scotland could clone a lamb named Dolly, the world was introduced to a new possibility and will never be the same again. Before this, cloning was thought to be impossible, but now there is living proof that the technology and knowledge to clone animals exist. Questions began to arise within governments and scientific organizations and they began to respond. Are humans next? Is it possible to use this procedure to clone humans also? Would anyone actually try? What can we learn if we clone humans? How will this affect the world? These are only a few of the questions that have surfaced and need answering. A whole new concept in ethics was created when the birth of Dolly was announced.

When the cells used for cloning are stem cells, we are talking about cells that are pluripotential. This means that they have the capacity to develop into any of the numerous differentiated cell types that make up the body. Early embryonic cells are pluripotent and a limited number of stem cells are also found in adults, in bone marrow for instance. There is an important distinction to be made between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Reproductive cloning would be exactly like Dolly; it would involve the creation of a cloned embryo which would then be implanted into a womb to develop to term and the birth of a clone. On the other hand, therapeutic cloning involves the use of pluripotent cells to repair damaged tissue, such as those found after strokes, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal cord injuries.

There is evidence for the effectiveness of therapeutic cloning as shown by work involving the introduction of stem cells into the brain of patients suffering from brain diseases when the cells which have been added differentiate to form nerve cells which can in turn then lead to the recovery of the lost function. In the US, fetal human cells have been similarly used though recent reports indicate that the results so far are disappointing. However, apart from the ethical problems associated with the use of fetal cells in this way, there are simply not enough cells available for it to be an effective treatment since it needs the cells from three fetuses to treat one patient.

Historically, we find that many a great medical breakthrough, now rightly seen as a blessing, was in its own time condemned by bio-conservative moralists. Such was the case with anesthesia during surgery and childbirth. People argued that it was unnatural and that it would weaken our moral fiber. Such was also the case with heart transplantations and with in vitro fertilization. It was said children created by IVF would be dehumanized and would suffer grave psychological harm. Today, of course, anesthesia is taken for granted; heart transplantation is seen as one of medicine’s glories and the public approval rate of IVF is up from 15% in the early seventies to over 70% today.

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Answers for Cloning

1. Answer: D

2. Answer: F

3. Answer: G

4. Answer: A

5. Answer: E

6. Answer: D

7. Answer: B

8. Answer: C

9. Answer: B

10. Answer: C

11. Answer: (The) Nucleus

12. Answer: The US

13. Answer: Bioethics Advisory Commission

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Thursday 30 May 2013

Ielts human cloning essay.

Human Cloning Essay - Sample 11

The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too.

Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues.

However, for good reasons, many people view this as a worrying development.

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IELTS Essay Volume 7 Topic 11: Human Cloning – agree / disagree

Post author By CITY IELTS
Post date 13th December 2019

As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction.

To what extent do you agree with such a procedure?

Have you any reservations?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much longer than in the past. This, though, has brought with it problems. As people age, their organs can fail so they need replacing. If humans were cloned, their organs could then be used to replace those of sick people. It is currently the case that there are often not enough organ donors around to fulfill this need, so cloning humans would overcome the issue as there would then be a ready supply.

However, for good reasons, many people view this as a worrying development. Firstly, there are religious arguments against it. It would involve creating another human and then eventually killing it in order to use its organs, which it could be argued is murder. This is obviously a sin according to religious texts. Also, dilemmas would arise over what rights these people have, as surely they would be humans just like the rest of us. Furthermore, if we have the ability to clone humans, it has to be questioned where this cloning will end. Is it then acceptable for people to start cloning relatives or family members who have died?

To conclude, I do not agree with this procedure due to the ethical issues and dilemmas it would create. Cloning animals has been a positive development, but this is where it should end.

(276 words)

The essay is well-organized, with a clear introducion which introduces the topic:

The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too.

And it has a thesis statement that makes it clear exactly how the human cloning essay will be structured and what the candidate’s opinion is:

Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues.

However, for good reasons, many people view this as a worrying development.

Other transition words are used effectively to guide the reader through the ideas in the human cloning essay: Firstly,.. Also,… Furthermore,…

The candidate demonstrates that they can use a mix of complex structures. For example:

Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much longer than in the past.

It would involve creating another human and then eventually killing it in order to use its organs, which it could be argued is murder.

… if we have the ability to clone humans, it has to be questioned where this cloning will end.

Human Cloning | Writing for Academic IELTS PDF Download

This is a model answer for a human cloning essay. If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common ' do you agree or disagree' essay. However, it is essentially asking the same thing.

Q. As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. To what extent do you agree with such a procedure?

You are asked if you agree with human cloning to use their body parts (in other words, what are the benefits), and what reservations (concerns) you have (in other words, what are the disadvantages).
So the best way to answer this human cloning essay is probably to look at both sides of the issue as has been done in the model answer.
As always, you must read the question carefully to make sure you answer it fully and do not go off topic.
You are specifically being asked to discuss the issue of creating human clones to then use their body parts. If you write about other issues to do with human cloning, you may go off topic.

Sample Answer

The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too. Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues.
Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much longer than in the past. This, though, has brought with it problems. As people age, their organs can fail so they need replacing. If humans were cloned, their organs could then be used to replace those of sick people. It is currently the case that there are often not enough organ donors around to fulfil this need, so cloning humans would overcome the issue as there would then be a ready supply.
However, for good reasons, many people view this as a worrying development. Firstly, there are religious arguments against it. It would involve creating other human beings and then eventually killing them in order to use their organs, which it could be argued is murder. This is obviously a sin according to religious texts. Also, dilemmas would arise over what rights these people have, as surely they would be humans just like the rest of us. Furthermore, if we have the ability to clone humans, it has to be questioned where this cloning will end. Is it then acceptable for people to start cloning relatives or family members who have died?
To conclude, I do not agree with this procedure due to the ethical issues and dilemmas it would create. Cloning animals has been a positive development, but this is where it should end.

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As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. To what extent do you agree with such a procedure? Have you any reservations?

In todays’ world, there is a debate on cloning human. As the people always had a desire to live longer, now cloning humans have become a reality. Although some people may think it would be beneficial, others think the opposite. In this writing, I will shed lights on both sides and provide a plethora evidence. […] Read More Band 4+

In recent years, there has been heated debates about the idea of human cloning to use as spare parts – some people are horrified, but it has become a reality. This essay will discuss both points of view, their advantages, and disadvantages. On one hand, spare parts by human cloning can be an advantage. Fortunately, […] Read More Band 5+

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As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. To what extent do you agree with such a procedure? Have you any reservations?

Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Writing9 with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

Fully explain your ideas

To get an excellent score in the IELTS Task 2 writing section, one of the easiest and most effective tips is structuring your writing in the most solid format. A great argument essay structure may be divided to four paragraphs, in which comprises of four sentences (excluding the conclusion paragraph, which comprises of three sentences).

For we to consider an essay structure a great one, it should be looking like this:

Paragraph 1 - Introduction
Sentence 1 - Background statement
Sentence 2 - Detailed background statement
Sentence 3 - Thesis
Sentence 4 - Outline sentence
Paragraph 2 - First supporting paragraph
Sentence 1 - Topic sentence
Sentence 2 - Example
Sentence 3 - Discussion
Sentence 4 - Conclusion
Paragraph 3 - Second supporting paragraph
Paragraph 4 - Conclusion
Sentence 1 - Summary
Sentence 2 - Restatement of thesis
Sentence 3 - Prediction or recommendation

Our recommended essay structure above comprises of fifteen (15) sentences, which will make your essay approximately 250 to 275 words.

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Some people think that the best way to improve road safety is to increase the minimum legal age for driving a car or motorbike. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Education is important for young people in many countries. however, some people think that the government should spend more money on education for an adult population who cannot read and write. to what extent do you agree or disagree, the restoration of old buildings in major cities in the world costs enormous government expenditure. this money should be used in new housing and road development. to what extent do you agree or disagree, write a letter to someone to invite them along with you. in the letter: – explain what has happened and that you would like them to come – give details of when the trip will take place – inform the person of the things they will need for the trip, government investment in the arts, such as music and theatre, is a waste of money. governments must invest this money in public services instead. to what extent do you agree with this statement.

As people live longer and longer the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality The idea horrifies most people yet it is no longer mere science fiction To what extent do you agree with such a procedure Have you any

As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. To what extent do you agree with such a procedure? Have you any reservations? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Cloning of animals has been done since ages to improve the species of animals and improve their breeds. The idea of gaining immortality has always attracted humans and therefore extensive research has been conducted to prolong the life of human beings by replacing the defective organs from human beings clones. Although this idea remains controversial on moral and ethical grounds but it is no more an impossibility in today’s scientifically advanced era. Human cloning is a controversial issue and in this essay I will discuss whether I agree or disagree with this idea.

Beyond any qualms the idea of prolonging the life of our beloved ones is a fairly attractive vision. There are a myriad of logical ideas to support the theory of human cloning. On one hand, there are millions of children who die due to congenital birth defects. Making human clones for providing spare parts will give them a chance to live life. For example, congestive heart failure is caused due to a defect in heart ventricles which are unable to pump blood due to hole in heart. In such cases the patient who is born with this defect might be able to live a long life if they receive spare heart from human clones. On the contrary, many others believe that it is ethically wrong to make human clones as it will disturb the balance of nature. Humans have evolved by the process of natural selection and they has since ages tried to mold the nature according to their own benefits and greed. Since ages this has proved to be harmful for their survival on earth. For example, the recent COVID19 outbreak has again proved that our survival might become threatened when we try to play with the nature and our environment. Therefore, human cloning can prove harmful as it will disturb the balance and ratio between elderly and younger population.

In conclusion, I believe that it is wrong to make human clones as it will disturb the balance of nature and can prove harmful for our future generations. However, will it be utilized to treat birth defects in children? Still remains a question.

Essay evaluations by e-grader

Grammar and spelling errors: Line 3, column 115, Rule ID: THERE_RE_MANY[3] Message: Possible agreement error. Did you mean 'myriads'? Suggestion: myriads ... fairly attractive vision. There are a myriad of logical ideas to support the theory ... ^^^^^^ Line 4, column 192, Rule ID: NON3PRS_VERB[2] Message: The pronoun 'they' must be used with a non-third-person form of a verb: 'have' Suggestion: have ...e process of natural selection and they has since ages tried to mold the nature acc... ^^^

Transition Words or Phrases used: but, however, if, still, therefore, as to, for example, in conclusion, on the contrary

Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments

Performance on Part of Speech: To be verbs : 15.0 13.1623246493 114% => OK Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 7.85571142285 127% => OK Conjunction : 12.0 10.4138276553 115% => OK Relative clauses : 7.0 7.30460921844 96% => OK Pronoun: 29.0 24.0651302605 121% => Less pronouns wanted Preposition: 51.0 41.998997996 121% => OK Nominalization: 7.0 8.3376753507 84% => OK

Performance on vocabulary words: No of characters: 1720.0 1615.20841683 106% => OK No of words: 357.0 315.596192385 113% => OK Chars per words: 4.81792717087 5.12529762239 94% => OK Fourth root words length: 4.34677393335 4.20363070211 103% => OK Word Length SD: 2.51404578512 2.80592935109 90% => OK Unique words: 187.0 176.041082164 106% => OK Unique words percentage: 0.52380952381 0.561755894193 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted. syllable_count: 547.2 506.74238477 108% => OK avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.60771543086 93% => OK

A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by: Pronoun: 1.0 5.43587174349 18% => OK Article: 2.0 2.52805611222 79% => OK Subordination: 2.0 2.10420841683 95% => OK Conjunction: 0.0 0.809619238477 0% => OK Preposition: 6.0 4.76152304609 126% => OK

Performance on sentences: How many sentences: 18.0 16.0721442886 112% => OK Sentence length: 19.0 20.2975951904 94% => OK Sentence length SD: 41.7276960457 49.4020404114 84% => OK Chars per sentence: 95.5555555556 106.682146367 90% => OK Words per sentence: 19.8333333333 20.7667163134 96% => OK Discourse Markers: 4.77777777778 7.06120827912 68% => OK Paragraphs: 4.0 4.38176352705 91% => OK Language errors: 2.0 5.01903807615 40% => OK Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.67935871743 81% => OK Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 3.9879759519 201% => Less negative sentences wanted. Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 3.4128256513 88% => OK What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?

Coherence and Cohesion: Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.163531975191 0.244688304435 67% => OK Sentence topic coherence: 0.0538261912387 0.084324248473 64% => OK Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0436017132905 0.0667982634062 65% => OK Paragraph topic coherence: 0.097948496571 0.151304729494 65% => OK Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0447150004262 0.056905535591 79% => OK

Essay readability: automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.0946893788 86% => Automated_readability_index is low. flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 50.2224549098 121% => OK smog_index: 3.1 7.44779559118 42% => Smog_index is low. flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.3001002004 84% => OK coleman_liau_index: 10.68 12.4159519038 86% => OK dale_chall_readability_score: 8.87 8.58950901804 103% => OK difficult_words: 97.0 78.4519038076 124% => OK linsear_write_formula: 11.0 9.78957915832 112% => OK gunning_fog: 9.6 10.1190380762 95% => OK text_standard: 11.0 10.7795591182 102% => OK What are above readability scores?

--------------------- Rates: 61.797752809 out of 100 Scores by essay e-grader: 5.5 Out of 9 --------------------- Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.

IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING

Ieltsdata reading passage 72-cloning..

Paragraph A The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue over the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. A recent poll has shown the differences in opinions with half as many women as men approving of the process. Many people find it strange to see such a clear difference between men and women with twenty-six percent of men favoring cloning. Paragraph B So, what is cloning? It has been defined as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer”. You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You then use the same process to implant the egg into a surrogate mother that you would use with artificial insemination. What cloning does is that it copies the DNA/genes of the person and creates a genetic duplicate. The person will not be a Xerox copy. He or she will grow up in a different environment than the clone, with different experiences and different opportunities. Genetics does not wholly define a person and the personality. Paragraph C In February 1997, when embryologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at Roslin Institute in Scotland were able to clone a lamb named Dolly, the world was introduced to a new possibility and will never be the same again. Before this, cloning was thought to be impossible, but now there is living proof that the technology and knowledge to clone animals exist. Questions began to arise within governments and scientific organizations and they began to respond. Are humans next? Is it possible to use this procedure to clone humans also? Would anyone actually try? What can we learn if we clone humans? How will this affect the world? These are only a few of the questions that have surfaced and need answering. A whole new concept in ethics was created when the birth of Dolly was announced. Paragraph D When the cells used for cloning are stem cells, we are talking about cells that are pluripotential. This means that they have the capacity to develop into any of the numerous differentiated cell types that make up the body. Early embryonic cells are pluripotent and a limited number of stem cells are also found in adults, in bone marrow for instance. There is an important distinction to be made between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Reproductive cloning would be exactly like Dolly; it would involve the creation of a cloned embryo which would then be implanted into a womb to develop to term and the birth of a clone. On the other hand, therapeutic cloning involves the use of pluripotent cells to repair damaged tissue, such as found after strokes, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injuries. Paragraph E There is evidence for the effectiveness of therapeutic cloning as shown by work involving the introduction of stem cells into the brain of patients suffering from brain diseases when the cells which have been added differentiate to form nerve cells which can in turn then lead to the recovery of the lost function. In the US, fetal human cells have been similarly used though recent reports indicate that the results so far are disappointing. However, apart from the ethical problems associated with the use of fetal cells in this way, there are simply not enough cells available for it to be an effective treatment since it needs the cells from three fetuses to treat one patient. Paragraph F

After Dolly, governments began to take control and make laws before anything drastic could ever happen. Several ethics committees were asked to decide whether scientists should be allowed to try to clone humans. In the United States, the Bioethics Advisory Commission recommended a five-year moratorium on cloning a child through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In the United Kingdom, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission have approved human cloning for therapeutic purposes, but not to clone children. Many organizations have come out and stated their opinions also. Amongst all this ethical defining, many people are being ignored by the governments. People are speaking out about what they want to be done. Paragraph G Historically, we find that many a great medical breakthrough, now rightly seen as a blessing, was in its own time condemned by bio-conservative moralists. Such was the case with anesthesia during surgery and childbirth. People argued that it was unnatural and that it would weaken our moral fiber. Such was also the case with heart transplantations and with in vitro fertilization. It was said children created by IVF would be dehumanized and would suffer grave psychological harm. Today, of course, anesthesia is taken for granted; heart transplantation is seen as one of medicine’s glories and the public approval rate of IVF is up from 15% in the early seventies to over 70% today. Questions 1- 6 Reading Passage has 7 paragraphs (AG). Which paragraphs offers information on the following ideas? One paragraph is used more than once and two are not used at all. 1. Different types of cloning. 2. Protective legislation. 3. Similar situations 4. A survey on attitudes towards cloning. 5. Scientific reasons why cloning is currently not viable for medical cures. 6. Illness examples that cloning could help treat. Questions 7- 10 Choose the appropriate letters AD and write them in boxes 7– 10 on your answer sheet. 7. Which bar chart most accurately describes attitudes indicated in the text towards cloning by men and women? AB CD 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percentage Against For 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Men Women Percentage Against For 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Men Women Percentage Against For 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Men Women Percentage Against For 147

8. Which of the following is a feature of cloning used for possible medical treatment? A. A genetic duplicate is born through the use of a surrogate mother. B. The creation and implantation of an embryo. C. Implantation of differentiated pluripotent cells. D. Genetic mutation of pluripotent cells. 9. Which of the following is NOT a feature of cloning? A. Reproduction of a genetic copy of the subject cloned. B. Reproduction of exact personality characteristics of the subject cloned. C. Reproduction of the pluripotential stem cells of the subject cloned. D. Reproduction of the DNA of the subject cloned. 10. Which of the following is NOT an example from the text of previous medical technologies that were initially mistrusted by people? A. Test tube babies. B. Anesthesia. C. Antiseptics. D. Heart replacements. Questions 11- 13 Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2, answer the following questions. 11. In what part of an egg is found the DNA used for cloning? 12. In what country has medical treatment through cloning been shown to be of limited value? 13. According to the text, what body wants to wait before cloning a human?

[shc_shortcode class=”shc_mybox”]

11 . (THE) NUCLEUS

12 . THE US

13 . BIOETHICS ADVISORY COMMISSION

IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING

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Human Cloning, Should It Be Banned or Legalized? Essay Example

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Introduction

Human cloning has emerged to be among the greatest ethical debates in our era, with most states expressing their opposition or acceptance in the process. In some states, cloning is illegal while others are still debating on its scientific and social impacts. In addition, most federal institutions in the US are prohibited from practicing human cloning, even at experimental levels (Haugen & Musser, 2008). One fact, however, that needs to be placed under consideration is that the cloning technology is already here, and either way, at some point human clones would be acceptable to help in elongating human genetic lines.

In biology, cloning refers to the process of producing populations that look alike with identical genetics that happens naturally when organisms such as plants, insects or bacteria reproduce asexually (Langwith, 2012). In biotechnology, cloning refers to the processes employed to develop copies of DNA portions of organisms or cells. The term also means the making of many copies of a product like software or digital media.

The term ‘clone’ originates from the early Greek word “twig”, which refers to the process whereby new plants can be developed from a twig. Horticulturalists applied the spelling “clon” until the twentieth century, the last ‘e’ was added to show that the vowel is a ‘long o’ and not a ‘short o’. Since the word entered the popular glossary in a more common context, the spelling “clone” has been applied exclusively. Botanists traditionally used the term ‘lusus’.

The United States’ Department of Food and Drugs Administration approved the human consumption of meat and any other products from cloned animals on December 28, 2006, with no unique labeling needed because food from cloned animals had been proved to be the same to the organisms from which they were cloned. Such practice has received strong opposition in other places due to misinformation, like Europe, in particular over the issue of labeling (Feight & Zukairat, 2009).

Many ethical myths such as the role of God, the soul as well as the quality of life that the clones would live has become the basis for many arguments against cloning. Such persons also need to put into consideration the positive aspects of cloning such as quick medical interventions, long life spans, and better life quality. This speech explores into the pros and cons of cloning, putting into consideration both the technological and the social impacts that it will cause. Relatively, this paper seeks to answer the questions as to whether cloning would help the society and whether it is ethically responsible to clone humans to create new lives. Through reference to a number of animal cloning instances, the speech will consider the effectiveness and levels of benefits that were accrued from such clonings.

History of Cloning

The success in animal cloning formed the basis of the heated argument regarding human cloning in the contemporary world. Various attempts have been made in regards to human cloning, and they have revealed a great success. Dolly the sheep is the world most famous cloned animal known. The sheep were cloned through somatic nuclear transfer from the udder cell of a six-year-old sheep in the year 1996 after 276 failed attempts. To make Dolly, researchers isolated a somatic cell from adult female sheep. Next, they removed the nucleus and all its DNA from an egg cell. Then they moved the nucleus from the somatic cell to the egg cell, after a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg cell, with its new nucleus behaved like a freshly fertilized egg. It developed into an embryo, which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. Since the successful attempt of animal cloning, various experiments has been placed under way to shed more light on this process.

Applications of Animal Cloning

Xenotransplantation; Involve transplantation of nonhuman tissues or organs into human recipients. Increasing demand for human organs has led to the adoption of this method as an alternative. The only obstacle is immunological responses which may lead to rejection of these organs by the body (Winters, 2007). However, researchers are still working on various ways through which such immunological responses can be addressed so as to make the complete process a success.

Breeding endogenic body tissues; Modern study shows that organs from cloned pigs produce organs that can be used in a human transplant. Pig organs are approximately similar to those of humans, including plumbing regions. The only problem using pig’s organs is that they are coated with sugar molecules and trigger acute rejection in humans. Scientists are however working to produce pigs that produce sugar lacking genes through cloning (Winters, 2007). The success of this technology would bring about a great breakthrough in the area of human cloning.

Animal models; The technique has been used to create models of human diseases. Hepatitis C virus a very persistent disease can not be proficiently propagated in cell cultures, researchers have heavily relied on the animal model to study physical characteristics of HCV and events associated with its infections. This has been done in molecular cloning of HCV genome in chimpanzees (Roleff, 2006).

Pros of Human Cloning

Despite the many hullabaloos that surround cloning, it is important to consider its positive impacts on the livelihood of human nature. There are plethoras of payback that come with human cloning; some of which include the following:

Elimination of defective genes; Genetic illness may not be the leading killers today, but there are chances of them developing into major killers in future. As human reproduction progresses, there are many damages that occur on their DNA lines. As a result, defective genes and mutations could occur and ruin the quality of lives. However, with the cloning technology, such defective genes and mutations can be eliminated to improve the quality of lives for these people (Johnson, 2008).

Enhances quick healing from traumatic injuries; certain life happenings such as fatal accidents and life conditions often result into trauma for the victims. Recovery from such traumatic injuries may take long depending on the cause of harm. This situation is likely to change with the introduction of cloning technology since the victims would have their own cells cloned and used in replacing the injured parts. This would even hasten the healing process.

Quite a solution to infertility; In spite of many infertility treatments being successful, cloning provides a quick and most efficient solution to infertility (Haugen & Musser, 2010). Imagine creating a twin brother or sister of your infertile partner from the clone and beginning a new family; it feels good and many people would prefer it to undergoing the painful process of infertility treatment.

Cons of Human Cloning

Despite the above benefits, many religious and social activists largely condemn the act of human cloning for a number of reasons. Most of these revolve around the supremacy of God as well as the quality of lives that the clones would live. Here are some of the issues that largely demean the art of human cloning.

Possibilities of quick aging; Cloning involve taking older human cells and using them to create new ones. There are often many possibilities that the developing embryo would adopt the imprinted age, and as a result cause premature aging issues (Haugen & Musser, 2008). In some instances, the clones would succumb to premature deaths. This makes human cloning a great peril to the social livelihood.

Cloning lowers the individual’s sense of humanity. A human clone may be a new life, having unique preferences, however, the clone is simply a twin of another person, and no matter the age, there would be a potential personality loss, which makes the process inefficient.

Reduction in human life value; with the existence of cloning, humans are likely to become more of commodities than living beings (Macintosh, 2009). For instance, if you do not like behavior or something else in your child, you simply clone another and only make sure the problem is solved this time round. With this type of life, new societal divisions could be created, in which perfect clones, are treated better than the humans got through the natural process.

Most religious activists also view human cloning as an act that largely diminishes the role of God in creation. Some of the many questions that may remain unanswered include whether the human soul exists and whether it is lost during cloning. Most of these revelations would be contrary to the religious beliefs of many people, hence causing a stir in the social beliefs.

Considering the above pros and cons of human cloning, both sides of argument hold sufficient weight and justify their stand. It is, however, a fact that the ban or illegality of human cloning would just be momentary since most technological advances would automatically embrace this new culture (Haugen & Musser, 2010). The increasing practice of animal cloning is increasingly becoming extensive and given more time, human cloning would suffice. The major successes achieved in the field of cloning over the past two centuries have been remarkable. Given the pros of human cloning, it is evident that its practice would be upheld and many nations may come up with universal laws concerning the art of human cloning. Despite the bone of contention regarding its applicability within the current social system, the practice will gradually increase hence creating the demand for its applicability. Human cloning may come with activities that are contrary to many social norms, however, the benefits also needs to be emphasized on.

Barber, N. (2013). Cloning and genetic engineering.New York: Rosen Publishing’s Rosen Central.

Feight, J., & Zuraikat, N. (2009). Cloned food labeling: History, issues, and bill S. 414.International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 3(2), 149-163.

Fiester, A. (2005). Ethical Issues In Animal Cloning. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 48(2), 328-343.

Haugen, D. M., & Musser, S. (2008). Human embryo experimentation . Detroit: Greenhaven Press.

Haugen, D. M., & Musser, S. (2010). Technology and society . Detroit: Greenhaven Press.

Johnson, J. A. (2008). Human cloning . Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.

Macintosh, K. L. (2009). Illegal Beings Human Clones and the Law . Leiden: Cambridge University Press.

Wimmer, T. (2009). Cloning: Dolly the sheep . Mankato, MN: Creative Education.

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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
v.112(29); 2015 Jul 21

Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations

Author contributions: F.J.A. wrote the paper.

There are, in mankind, two kinds of heredity: biological and cultural. Cultural inheritance makes possible for humans what no other organism can accomplish: the cumulative transmission of experience from generation to generation. In turn, cultural inheritance leads to cultural evolution, the prevailing mode of human adaptation. For the last few millennia, humans have been adapting the environments to their genes more often than their genes to the environments. Nevertheless, natural selection persists in modern humans, both as differential mortality and as differential fertility, although its intensity may decrease in the future. More than 2,000 human diseases and abnormalities have a genetic causation. Health care and the increasing feasibility of genetic therapy will, although slowly, augment the future incidence of hereditary ailments. Germ-line gene therapy could halt this increase, but at present, it is not technically feasible. The proposal to enhance the human genetic endowment by genetic cloning of eminent individuals is not warranted. Genomes can be cloned; individuals cannot. In the future, therapeutic cloning will bring enhanced possibilities for organ transplantation, nerve cells and tissue healing, and other health benefits.

Chimpanzees are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens , our species. There is a precise correspondence bone by bone between the skeletons of a chimpanzee and a human. Humans bear young like apes and other mammals. Humans have organs and limbs similar to birds, reptiles, and amphibians; these similarities reflect the common evolutionary origin of vertebrates. However, it does not take much reflection to notice the distinct uniqueness of our species. Conspicuous anatomical differences between humans and apes include bipedal gait and an enlarged brain. Much more conspicuous than the anatomical differences are the distinct behaviors and institutions. Humans have symbolic language, elaborate social and political institutions, codes of law, literature and art, ethics, and religion; humans build roads and cities, travel by motorcars, ships, and airplanes, and communicate by means of telephones, computers, and televisions.

Human Origins

The hominin lineage diverged from the chimpanzee lineage 6–7 Ma, and it evolved exclusively in the African continent until the emergence of Homo erectus , somewhat before 1.8 Ma. Shortly after its emergence in tropical or subtropical Africa, H. erectus spread to other continents. Fossil remains of H. erectus (sensu lato) are known from Africa, Indonesia (Java), China, the Middle East, and Europe. H. erectus fossils from Java have been dated at 1.81 ± 0.04 and 1.66 ± 0.04 Ma and from Georgia at 1.6–1.8 Ma ( 1 ). Anatomically distinctive H. erectus fossils have been found in Spain, deposited before 780,000 y ago, the oldest in southern Europe ( 2 ).

The transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens occurred around 400,000 y ago, although this date is not well determined owing to uncertainty as to whether some fossils are erectus or archaic forms of sapiens. H. erectus persisted for some time in Asia, until 250,000 y ago in China and perhaps until 100,000 ago in Java, and thus was contemporary with early members of its descendant species, H. sapiens. Fossil remains of Neandertal hominids ( Homo neanderthalensis ), with brains as large as those of H. sapiens , appeared in Europe earlier than 200,000 y ago and persisted until 30,000 or 40,000 y ago ( 3 , 4 ).

There is controversy about the origin of modern humans. Some anthropologists argue that the transition from H. erectus to archaic H. sapiens and later to anatomically modern humans occurred consonantly in various parts of the Old World. Proponents of this “multiregional model” emphasize fossil evidence showing regional continuity in the transition from H. erectus to archaic and then modern H. sapiens . Most anthropologists argue instead that modern humans first arose in Africa somewhat before 100,000 y ago and from there spread throughout the world, eventually replacing elsewhere the preexisting populations of H. erectus , H. neanderthalensis, and archaic H. sapiens . The African origin of modern humans is supported by a wealth of recent genetic evidence and is therefore favored by many evolutionists ( 2 , 4 ).

We know about these matters in three ways: by comparing living primates, including humans, with each other; by discovery and investigation of fossil remains of primates that lived in the past; and by comparing their DNA, proteins, and other molecules. DNA and proteins give us the best information about how closely related we are to each of the primates and those to each other. However, to know how the human lineage changed in anatomy and behavior over time as our ancestors became more and more human-like, we have to study fossils and the tools they used and made, as well as other remnants of their activities ( 2 , 5 ).

Humans live in groups that are socially organized and so do other primates. However, other primate societies do not approach the complexity of human social organization. A distinctive human social trait is culture, which may be understood as the set of nonstrictly biological human activities and creations. Culture includes social and political institutions, ways of doing things, religious and ethical traditions, language, common sense and scientific knowledge, art and literature, technology, and in general all of the creations of the human mind. The advent of culture has brought with it cultural evolution, a superorganic mode of evolution superimposed on the organic mode, that has become the dominant mode of human evolution. Cultural evolution has come about because of cultural inheritance, a distinctively human mode of achieving adaptation to the environment ( 2 , 6 , 7 ).

There are in mankind two kinds of heredity: the biological and the cultural. Biological inheritance in humans is very much like that in any other sexually reproducing organism; it is based on the transmission of genetic information encoded in DNA from one generation to the next by means of the sex cells. Cultural inheritance, on the other hand, is based on transmission of information by a teaching-learning process, which is in principle independent of biological parentage. Culture is transmitted by instruction and learning, by example and imitation, through books, newspapers, radio, television, and motion pictures, through works of art, and through any other means of communication. Culture is acquired by every person from parents, relatives, and neighbors and from the whole human environment. Acquired cultural traits may be beneficial but also toxic; for example, racial prejudice or religious bigotry.

Biological heredity is Mendelian or vertical; it is transmitted from parents to their children, and only inherited traits can be transmitted to the progeny. (New mutations are insignificant in the present context.) Cultural heredity is Lamarckian: acquired characters can be transmitted to the progeny. However, cultural heredity goes beyond Lamarckian heredity, because it is horizontal and oblique and not only vertical. Traits can be acquired from and transmitted to other members of the same generation, whether or not they are relatives, and also from and to all other individuals with whom a person has contact, whether they are from the same or from any previous or ensuing generation.

Cultural inheritance makes possible for people what no other organism can accomplish—the cumulative transmission of experience from generation to generation. Animals can learn from experience, but they do not transmit their experiences or their discoveries (at least not to any large extent) to the following generations. Animals have individual memory, but they do not have a “social memory.” Humans, on the other hand, have developed a culture because they can transmit cumulatively their experiences from generation to generation.

Cultural inheritance makes possible cultural evolution, a new mode of adaptation to the environment that is not available to nonhuman organisms. Organisms in general adapt to the environment by means of natural selection, by changing over generations their genetic constitution to suit the demands of the environment. However, humans, and humans alone, can also adapt by changing the environment to suit the needs of their genes. (Animals build nests and modify their environment also in other ways, but the manipulation of the environment by any nonhuman species is trivial compared with mankind's manipulation.) For the last few millennia, humans have been adapting the environments to their genes more often than their genes to the environments.

To extend its geographical habitat, or to survive in a changing environment, a population of organisms must become adapted, through slow accumulation of genetic variants sorted out by natural selection, to the new climatic conditions, different sources of food, different competitors, and so on. The discovery of fire and the use of shelter and clothing allowed humans to spread from the warm tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World to the whole Earth, except for the frozen wastes of Antarctica, without the anatomical development of fur or hair. Humans did not wait for genetic mutants promoting wing development; they have conquered the air in a somewhat more efficient and versatile way by building flying machines. People travel the rivers and the seas without gills or fins. The exploration of outer space has started without waiting for mutations providing humans with the ability to breathe with low oxygen pressures or to function in the absence of gravity; astronauts carry their own oxygen and specially equipped pressure suits. From their obscure beginnings in Africa, humans have become the most widespread and abundant species of mammal on earth. It was the appearance of culture as a superorganic form of adaptation that made mankind the most successful animal species.

Cultural adaptation has prevailed in mankind over biological adaptation because it is a more effective mode of adaptation; it is more rapid and it can be directed. A favorable genetic mutation newly arisen in an individual can be transmitted to a sizeable part of the human species only through innumerable generations. However, a new scientific discovery or technical achievement can be transmitted to the whole of mankind, potentially at least, in less than one generation. Witness the rapid spread of personal computers, iPhones, and the Internet. Moreover, whenever a need arises, culture can directly pursue the appropriate changes to meet the challenge. On the contrary, biological adaptation depends on the accidental availability of a favorable mutation, or of a combination of several mutations, at the time and place where the need arises ( 2 , 6 , 7 ).

Biological Evolution in Modern Humans

There is no scientific basis to the claim sometimes made that the biological evolution of mankind has stopped, or nearly so, at least in technologically advanced countries. It is asserted that the progress of medicine, hygiene, and nutrition have largely eliminated death before middle age; that is, most people live beyond reproductive age, after which death is inconsequential for natural selection. That mankind continues to evolve biologically can be shown because the necessary and sufficient conditions for biological evolution persist. These conditions are genetic variability and differential reproduction. There is a wealth of genetic variation in mankind. With the trivial exception of identical twins, developed from a single fertilized egg, no two people who live now, lived in the past, or will live in the future, are likely to be genetically identical. Much of this variation is relevant to natural selection ( 5 , 8 , 9 ).

Natural selection is simply differential reproduction of alternative genetic variants. Natural selection will occur in mankind if the carriers of some genotypes are likely to leave more descendants than the carriers of other genotypes. Natural selection consists of two main components: differential mortality and differential fertility; both persist in modern mankind, although the intensity of selection due to postnatal mortality has been somewhat attenuated.

Death may occur between conception and birth (prenatal) or after birth (postnatal). The proportion of prenatal deaths is not well known. Death during the early weeks of embryonic development may go totally undetected. However, it is known that no less than 20% of all ascertained human conceptions end in spontaneous abortion during the first 2 mo of pregnancy. Such deaths are often due to deleterious genetic constitutions, and thus they have a selective effect in the population. The intensity of this form of selection has not changed substantially in modern mankind, although it has been slightly reduced with respect to a few genes such as those involved in Rh blood group incompatibility.

Postnatal mortality has been considerably reduced in recent times in technologically advanced countries. For example, in the United States, somewhat less than 50% of those born in 1840 survived to age 45, whereas the average life expectancy for people born in the United States in 1960 is 78 y ( Table 1 ) ( 8 , 10 ). In some regions of the world, postnatal mortality remains quite high, although there it has also generally decreased in recent decades. Mortality before the end of reproductive age, particularly where it has been considerably reduced, is largely associated with genetic defects, and thus it has a favorable selective effect in human populations. Several thousand genetic variants are known that cause diseases and malformations in humans; such variants are kept at low frequencies due to natural selection.

Percent of Americans born between 1840 and 1960 surviving to ages 15 and 45

Reprinted from ref. 8 .

It might seem at first that selection due to differential fertility has been considerably reduced in industrial countries as a consequence of the reduction in the average number of children per family that has taken place. However, this is not so. The intensity of fertility selection depends not on the mean number of children per family, but on the variance in the number of children per family. It is clear why this should be so. Assume that all people of reproductive age marry and that all have exactly the same number of children. In this case, there would not be fertility selection whether couples all had very few or all had very many children. Assume, on the other hand, that the mean number of children per family is low, but some families have no children at all or very few, whereas others have many. In this case, there would be considerable opportunity for selection—the genotypes of parents producing many children would increase in frequency at the expense of those having few or none. Studies of human populations have shown that the opportunity for natural selection often increases as the mean number of children decreases. An extensive study published years ago showed that the index of opportunity for selection due to fertility was four times larger among United States women born in the 20th century, with an average of less than three children per woman, than among women in the Gold Coast of Africa or in rural Quebec, who had three times or more children on average ( Table 2 ) ( 8 , 11 ). There is no evidence that natural selection due to fertility has decreased in modern human populations.

Mean number of children per family and index of opportunity for fertility selection I f , in various human populations

I f is calculated as the variance divided by the square of the mean number of children. The opportunity for selection usually increases as the mean number of children decreases. Reprinted from ref. 8 .

Natural selection may decrease in intensity in the future, but it will not disappear altogether. As long as there is genetic variation and the carriers of some genotypes are more likely to reproduce than others, natural selection will continue operating in human populations. Cultural changes, such as the development of agriculture, migration from the country to the cities, environmental pollution, and many others, create new selective pressures. The pressures of city life are partly responsible for the high incidence of mental disorders in certain human societies. The point to bear in mind is that human environments are changing faster than ever owing precisely to the accelerating rate of cultural change, and environmental changes create new selective pressures, thus fueling biological evolution.

Natural selection is the process of differential reproduction of alternative genetic variants. In terms of single genes, variation occurs when two or more alleles are present in the population at a given gene locus. How much genetic variation exists in the current human population? The answer is “quite a lot,” as will be presently shown, but natural selection will take place only if the alleles of a particular gene have different effects on fitness; that is, if alternative alleles differentially impact the probability of survival and reproduction.

The two genomes that we inherit from each parent are estimated to differ at about one or two nucleotides per thousand. The human genome consists of somewhat more than 3 billion nucleotides ( 12 ). Thus, about 3–6 million nucleotides are different between the two genomes of each human individual, which is a lot of genetic polymorphism. Moreover, the process of mutation introduces new variation in any population every generation. The rate of mutation in the human genome is estimated to be about 10 −8 , which is one nucleotide mutation for every hundred million nucleotides, or about 30 new mutations per genome per generation. Thus, every human has about 60 new mutations (30 in each genome) that were not present in the parents. If we consider the total human population, that is 60 mutations per person multiplied by 7 billion people, which is about 420 billion new mutations per generation that are added to the preexisting 3–6 million polymorphic nucleotides per individual.

That is a lot of mutations, even if many are redundant. Moreover, we must remember that the polymorphisms that count for natural selection are those that impact the probability of survival and reproduction of their carriers. Otherwise, the variant nucleotides may increase or decrease in frequency by chance, a process that evolutionists call “genetic drift,” but will not be impacted by natural selection ( 2 , 12 , 13 ).

Genetic Disorders

More than 2,000 human diseases and abnormalities that have a genetic causation have been identified in the human population. Genetic disorders may be dominant, recessive, multifactorial, or chromosomal. Dominant disorders are caused by the presence of a single copy of the defective allele, so that the disorder is expressed in heterozygous individuals: those having one normal and one defective allele. In recessive disorders, the defective allele must be present in both alleles, that is, it is inherited from each parent to be expressed. Multifactorial disorders are caused by interaction among several gene loci; chromosomal disorders are due to the presence or absence of a full chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome ( 14 , 15 ).

Examples of dominant disorders are some forms of retinoblastoma and other kinds of blindness, achondroplastic dwarfism, and Marfan syndrome (which is thought to have affected President Lincoln). Examples of recessive disorders are cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle cell anemia (caused by an allele that in heterozygous condition protects against malaria). Examples of multifactorial diseases are spina bifida and cleft palate. Among the most common chromosomal disorders are Down syndrome, caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, and various kinds due to the absence of one sex chromosome or the presence of an extra one, beyond the normal condition of XX for women and XY for men. Examples are Turner’s syndrome (XO) and Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) ( 16 ).

The incidence of genetic disorders expressed in the living human population is estimated to be no less than 2.56%, impacting about 180 million people. Natural selection reduces the incidence of the genes causing disease, more effectively in the case of dominant disorders, where all carriers of the gene will express the disease, than for recessive disorders, which are expressed only in homozygous individuals. Consider, for example, phenylketonuria (PKU), a lethal disease if untreated, due to homozygosis for a recessive gene, which has an incidence of 1 in 10,000 newborns or 0.01%. PKU is due to an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine with devastating mental and physical effects. A very elaborate diet free of phenylalanine allows the patient to survive and reproduce if started early in life. The frequency of the PKU allele is about 1%, so that in heterozygous conditions it is present in more than 100 million people, but only the 0.01% of people who are homozygous express the disease and are subject to natural selection. The reduction of genetic disorders due to natural selection is balanced with their increase due to the incidence of new mutations.

Let’s consider another example. Hereditary retinoblastoma is a disease attributed to a dominant mutation of the gene coding for the retinoblastoma protein, RB1, but it is actually due to a deletion in chromosome 13. The unfortunate child with this condition develops a tumorous growth during infancy that, without treatment, starts in one eye and often extends to the other eye and then to the brain, causing death before puberty. Surgical treatment now makes it possible to save the life of the child if the condition is detected sufficiently early, although often one or both eyes may be lost. The treated person can live a more or less normal life, marry, and procreate. However, because the genetic determination is dominant (a gene deletion), one half of the progeny will, on the average, be born with the same genetic condition and will have to be treated. Before modern medicine, every mutation for retinoblastoma arising in the human population was eliminated from the population in the same generation owing to the death of its carrier. With surgical treatment, the mutant condition can be preserved, and new mutations arising each generation are added to those arisen in the past (refs. 17 and 18 ; www.abedia.com/wiley/index.html ).

The proportion of individuals affected by any one serious hereditary infirmity is relatively small, but there are more than 2,000 known serious physical infirmities determined by genes. When all these hereditary ailments are considered together, the proportion of persons born who will suffer from a serious handicap during their lifetimes owing to their heredity is more than 2% of the total population, as pointed out above (refs. 15 , 16 , and 19 ; www.abedia.com/wiley/index.html ).

The problem becomes more serious when mental defects are taken into consideration. More than 2% of the population is affected by schizophrenia or a related condition known as schizoid disease, ailments that may be in some cases determined by a single mutant gene. Another 3% or so of the population suffer from mild mental retardation (IQ less than 70). More than 100 million people in the world suffer from mental impairments due in good part to the genetic endowment they inherited from their parents.

Natural selection also acts on a multitude of genes that do not cause disease. Genes impact skin pigmentation, hair color and configuration, height, muscle strength and body shape, and many other anatomical polymorphisms that are apparent, as well as many that are not externally obvious, such as variations in the blood groups, in the immune system, and in the heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, and other organs. It is not always known how natural selection impacts these traits, but surely it does and does it differently in different parts of the world or at different times, as a consequence of the development of new vaccines, drugs, and medical treatments, and also as a consequence of changes in lifestyle, such as the reduction of the number of smokers or the increase in the rate of obesity in a particular country.

Genetic Therapy

Where is human evolution going? Biological evolution is directed by natural selection, which is not a benevolent force guiding evolution toward sure success. Natural selection brings about genetic changes that often appear purposeful because they are dictated by the requirements of the environment. The end result may, nevertheless, be extinction—more than 99.9% of all species that ever existed have become extinct. Natural selection has no purpose; humans alone have purposes and they alone may introduce them into their evolution. No species before mankind could select its evolutionary destiny; mankind possesses techniques to do so, and more powerful techniques for directed genetic change are becoming available. Because we are self-aware, we cannot refrain from asking what lies ahead, and because we are ethical beings, we must choose between alternative courses of action, some of which may appear as good and others as bad.

The argument has been advanced that the biological endowment of mankind is rapidly deteriorating owing precisely to the improving conditions of life and to the increasing power of modern medicine. The detailed arguments that support this contention involve some mathematical exercises, but their essence can be simply presented. Genetic changes (i.e., point or chromosome mutations) arise spontaneously in humans and in other living species. The great majority of newly arising mutations are either neutral or harmful to their carriers; only a very small fraction are likely to be beneficial. In a human population under the so-called “natural” conditions, that is, without the intervention of modern medicine and technology, the newly arising harmful mutations are eliminated from the population more or less rapidly depending on how harmful they are. The more harmful the effect of a mutation, the more rapidly it will be eliminated from the population by the process of natural selection. However, owing to medical intervention and, more recently, because of the possibility of genetic therapy, the elimination of some harmful mutations from the population is no longer taking place as rapidly and effectively as it did in the past.

Molecular biology has introduced in modern medicine a new way to cure diseases, namely genetic therapy, direct intervention in the genetic makeup of an individual. Gene therapy can be somatic or germ line. Germ-line genetic therapy would seek to correct a genetic defect, not only in the organs or tissues impacted, but also in the germ line, so that the person treated would not transmit the genetic impairment to the descendants. As of now, no interventions of germ-line therapy are seriously sought by scientists, physicians, or pharmaceutical companies.

The possibility of gene therapy was first anticipated in 1972 ( 20 ). The possible objectives are to correct the DNA of a defective gene or to insert a new gene that would allow the proper function of the gene or DNA to take place. In the case of a harmful gene, the objective would be to disrupt the gene that is not functioning properly.

The eminent biologist E. O. Wilson (2014) has stated, many would think somewhat hyperbolically, that the issue of how much to use genetic engineering to direct our own evolution, is “the greatest moral dilemma since God stayed the hand of Abraham” ( 21 ).

The first successful interventions of gene therapy concerned patients suffering from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), first performed in a 4-y-old girl at the National Institutes of Health in 1990 ( 22 ), soon followed by successful trials in other countries ( 23 ). Treatments were halted temporarily from 2000 to 2002 in Paris, when 2 of about 12 treated children developed a leukemia-like condition, which was indeed attributed to the gene therapy treatment. Since 2004, successful clinical trials for SCID have been performed in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany ( 24 , 25 ).

Gene therapy treatments are still considered experimental. Successful clinical trials have been performed in patients suffering from adrenoleukodystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and hemophilia ( 26 , 27 ). Initially, the prevailing gene therapy methods involved recombinant viruses, but nonviral methods (transfection molecules) have become increasingly successful. Since 2013, US pharmaceutical companies have invested more than $600 million in gene therapy ( 28 ). However, in addition to the huge economic costs, technical hurdles remain. Frequent negative effects include immune response against an extraneous object introduced into human tissues, leukemia, tumors, and other disorders provoked by vector viruses. Moreover, the genetic therapy corrections are often short lived, which calls for multiple rounds of treatment, thereby increasing costs and other handicaps. In addition, many of the most common genetic disorders are multifactorial and are thus beyond current gene therapy treatment. Examples are diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease, which at the present state of knowledge and technology are not suitable for gene therapy.

If a genetic defect is corrected in the affected cells, tissues, or organs, but not in the germ line, the ova or sperm produced by the individual will transmit the defect to the progeny. A deleterious gene that might have been reduced in frequency or eliminated from the population, owing to the death or reduced fertility of the carrier, will now persist in the population and be added to its load of hereditary diseases. A consequence of genetic therapy is that the more hereditary diseases and defects are cured today, the more of them will be there to be cured in the succeeding generations. This consequence follows not only from gene therapy but also from typical medical treatments.

The Nobel laureate geneticist H. J. Muller eloquently voiced this concern about the cure, whether through genetic therapy or traditional medical treatment, of genetic ailments. “The more sick people we now cure and allow them to reproduce, the more there will be to cure in the future.” The fate toward which mankind is drifting is painted by Muller in somber colors. “The amount of genetically caused impairment suffered by the average individual…must by that time have grown….[P]eople’s time and energy…would be devoted chiefly to the effort to live carefully, to spare and to prop up their own feebleness, to soothe their inner disharmonies and, in general, to doctor themselves as effectively as possible. For everyone would be an invalid, with his own special familial twists….” (ref. 29 ; Fig. 1 ).

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The bionic human, on the cover of Science : an image that could represent how H. J. Muller anticipates the human condition, a few centuries hence, showing the accumulation of physical handicaps as a consequence of the medical cure of hereditary diseases. Image by Cameron Slayden and Nathalie Cary; reprinted with permission from AAAS.

It must be pointed out that the population genetic consequences of curing hereditary diseases are not as immediate (“a few centuries hence”) as Muller anticipates. Consider, as a first example, we look at the recessive hereditary condition of PKU. The estimated frequency of the gene is q = 0.01; the expected number of humans born with PKU is q 2 = 0.0001, 1 for every 10,000 births. If all PKU individuals are cured all over the world and all of them leave as many descendants, on the average, as other humans, the frequency of the PKU allele will double after 1/q = 1/0.01 = 100 generations. If we assume 25 y per generation, we conclude that after 2,500 y, the frequency of the PKU allele will be q = 0.02, and q 2 = 0.0004, so that 4 of every 10,000 persons, rather than only 1, will be born with PKU.

In the case of dominant lethal diseases, the incidence is determined by the mutation frequency of the normal to the disease allele, which is typically of the order of m = 10 −6 –10 −8 , or between one in a million and one in one hundred million. Assuming the highest rate of m = 10 −6 , the incidence of the disease after 100 generations will become 1 for every 10,000 births. It would therefore seem likely that much earlier than 2,500 y, humans are likely to find ways of correcting hereditary ailments in the germ line, thereby stopping their transmission.

It must be pointed out that, although the proportion of individuals affected by any one serious hereditary infirmity is relatively small, there are many such hereditary ailments, which on the aggregate make the problem very serious. The problem becomes more serious when mental defects are taken into consideration. As pointed out above, more than 100 million people in the world suffer from mental impairments due in good part to the genetic endowment they inherited from their parents.

Human cloning may refer to “therapeutic cloning,” particularly the cloning of embryonic cells to obtain organs for transplantation or for treating injured nerve cells and other health purposes. Human cloning more typically refers to “reproductive cloning,” the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to obtain eggs that could develop into adult individuals.

Human cloning has occasionally been suggested as a way to improve the genetic endowment of mankind, by cloning individuals of great achievement, for example, in sports, music, the arts, science, literature, politics, and the like, or of acknowledged virtue. These suggestions seemingly have never been taken seriously. However, some individuals have expressed a wish, however unrealistic, to be cloned, and some physicians have on occasion advertised that they were ready to carry out the cloning ( 30 ). The obstacles and drawbacks are many and insuperable, at least at the present state of knowledge.

Biologists use the term cloning with variable meanings, although all uses imply obtaining copies more or less precise of a biological entity. Three common uses refer to cloning genes, cloning cells, and cloning individuals. Cloning an individual, particularly in the case of a multicellular organism, such as a plant or an animal, is not strictly possible. The genes of an individual, the genome, can be cloned, but the individual itself cannot be cloned, as it will be made clear below.

Cloning genes or, more generally, cloning DNA segments is routinely done in many genetics and pharmaceutical laboratories throughout the world ( 12 , 31 ). Technologies for cloning cells in the laboratory are seven decades old and are used for reproducing a particular type of cell, for example a skin or a liver cell, in order to investigate its characteristics.

Individual human cloning occurs naturally in the case of identical twins, when two individuals develop from a single fertilized egg. These twins are called identical, precisely because they are genetically identical to each other.

The sheep Dolly, cloned in July 1996, was the first mammal artificially cloned using an adult cell as the source of the genotype. Frogs and other amphibians were obtained by artificial cloning as early as 50 y earlier ( 32 ).

Cloning an animal by SCNT proceeds as follows. First, the genetic information in the egg of a female is removed or neutralized. Somatic (i.e., body) cells are taken from the individual selected to be cloned, and the cell nucleus (where the genetic information is stored) of one cell is transferred with a micropipette into the host oocyte. The egg, so “fertilized,” is stimulated to start embryonic development ( 33 ).

Can a human individual be cloned? The correct answer is, strictly speaking, no. What is cloned are the genes, not the individual; the genotype, not the phenotype. The technical obstacles are immense even for cloning a human’s genotype.

Ian Wilmut, the British scientist who directed the cloning project, succeeded with Dolly only after 270 trials. The rate of success for cloning mammals has notably increased over the years without ever reaching 100%. The animals presently cloned include mice, rats, goats, sheep, cows, pigs, horses, and other mammals. The great majority of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion ( 34 ). Moreover, as Wilmut noted, in many cases, the death of the fetus occurs close to term, with devastating economic, health, and emotional consequences in the case of humans ( 35 ).

In mammals, in general, the animals produced by cloning suffer from serious health handicaps, among others, gross obesity, early death, distorted limbs, and dysfunctional immune systems and organs, including liver and kidneys, and other mishaps. Even Dolly had to be euthanized early in 2003, after only 6 y of life, because her health was rapidly decaying, including progressive lung disease and arthritis ( 35 , 36 ).

The low rate of cloning success may improve in the future. It may be that the organ and other failures of those that reach birth will be corrected by technical advances. Human cloning would still face ethical objections from a majority of concerned people, as well as opposition from diverse religions. Moreover, there remains the limiting consideration asserted earlier: it might be possible to clone a person’s genes, but the individual cannot be cloned. The character, personality, and the features other than anatomical and physiological that make up the individual are not precisely determined by the genotype.

The Genotype and the Individual

The genetic makeup of an individual is its genotype. The phenotype refers to what the individual is, which includes not only the individual’s external appearance or anatomy, but also its physiology, as well as behavioral predispositions and attributes, encompassing intellectual abilities, moral values, aesthetic preferences, religious values, and, in general, all other behavioral characteristics or features, acquired by experience, imitation, learning, or in any other way throughout the individual’s life, from conception to death. The phenotype results from complex networks of interactions between the genes and the environment.

A person’s environmental influences begin, importantly, in the mother’s womb and continue after birth, through childhood, adolescence, and the whole life. Impacting behavioral experiences are associated with family, friends, schooling, social and political life, readings, aesthetic and religious experiences, and every event in the person’s life, whether conscious or not. The genotype of a person has an unlimited number, virtually infinite, of possibilities to be realized, which has been called the genotype’s “norm of reaction,” only one of which will be the case in a particular individual ( 37 ). If an adult person is cloned, the disparate life circumstances experienced many years later would surely result in a very different individual, even if anatomically the individual would resemble the genome’s donor at a similar age.

An illustration of environmental effects on the phenotype, and of interactions between the genotype and the environment, is shown in Fig. 2 ( 38 ). Three plants of the cinquefoil, Potentilla glandulosa , were collected in California—one on the coast at about 100 ft above sea level (Stanford), the second at about 4,600 ft (Mather), and the third in the Alpine zone of the Sierra Nevada at about 10,000 ft above sea level (Timberline). From each plant, three cuttings were obtained in each of several replicated experiments, which were planted in three experimental gardens at different altitudes, the same gardens from which the plants were collected. The division of one plant ensured that all three cuttings planted at different altitudes had the same genotype; that is, they were genetic clones from one another. ( P. glandulosa , like many other plants, can be reproduced by cuttings, which are genetically identical.)

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Interacting effects of the genotype and the environment on the phenotype of the cinquefoil Pontentilla glandulosa . Cuttings of plants collected at different altitudes were planted in three different experimental gardens. Plants in the same row are genetically identical because they have been grown from cuttings of a single plant; plants in the same column are genetically different but have been grown in the same experimental garden. Reprinted with permission from ref. 13 .

Comparison of the plants in any row shows how a given genotype gives rise to different phenotypes in different environments. Genetically identical plants (for example, those in the bottom row) may prosper or not, even die, depending on the environmental conditions. Plants from different altitudes are known to be genetically different. Hence, comparison of the plants in any column shows that in a given environment, different genotypes result in different phenotypes. An important inference derived from this experiment is that there is no single genotype that is best in all environments.

The interaction between the genotype and the environment is similarly significant, or even more so, in the case of animals. In one experiment, two strains of rats were selected over many generations; one strain for brightness at finding their way through a maze and the other for dullness ( Fig. 3 ; ref. 39 ). Selection was done in the bright strain by using the brightest rats of each generation to breed the following generation, and in the dull strain by breeding the dullest rats of every generation. After many generations of selection, the descendant bright rats made only about 120 errors running through the maze, whereas dull rats averaged 165 errors. That is a 40% difference. However, the differences between the strains disappeared when rats of both strains were raised in an unfavorable environment of severe deprivation, where both strains averaged 170 errors. The differences also nearly disappeared when the rats were raised with abundant food and other favorable conditions. In this optimal environment, the dull rats reduced their average number of errors from 165 to 120. As with the cinquefoil plants, we see ( i ) that a given genotype gives rise to different phenotypes in different environments and ( ii ) that the differences in phenotype between two genotypes change from one environment to another—the genotype that is best in one environment may not be best in another.

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Results of an experiment with two strains of rats: one selected for brightness and the other for dullness. After many generations of selection, when raised in the same environment in which the selection was practiced (normal), bright rats made about 45 fewer errors than dull rats in the maze used for the tests. However, when the rats were raised in an impoverished (restricted) environment, bright and dull rats made the same number of errors. When raised in an abundant (stimulating) environment, the two strains performed nearly equally well. Reprinted with permission from ref. 13 .

Cloning Humans?

In the second half of the 20th century, as dramatic advances were taking place in genetic knowledge, as well as in the genetic technology often referred to as “genetic engineering,” some utopian proposals were advanced, at least as suggestions that should be explored and considered as possibilities, once the technologies had sufficiently progressed. Some proposals suggested that persons of great intellectual or artistic achievement or of great virtue be cloned. If this was accomplished in large numbers, the genetic constitution of mankind would, it was argued, considerably improve.

Such utopian proposals are grossly misguided. It should be apparent that, as stated above, it is not possible to clone a human individual. Seeking to multiply great benefactors of humankind, such as persons of great intelligence or character, we might obtain the likes of Stalin, Hitler, or Bin Laden. As the Nobel Laureate geneticist George W. Beadle asserted many years ago: “Few of us would have advocated preferential multiplication of Hitler’s genes. Yet who can say that in a different cultural context Hitler might not have been one of the truly great leaders of men, or that Einstein might not have been a political villain” ( 8 ). There is no reason whatsoever to expect that the genomes of individuals with excellent attributes would, when cloned, produce individuals similarly endowed with virtue or intelligence. Identical genomes yield, in different environments, individuals who may be quite different. Environments cannot be reproduced, particularly several decades apart, which would be the case when the genotype of the persons selected because of their eminent achievement might be cloned.

Are there circumstances that would justify cloning a person, because he or she wants it? One might think of a couple unable to have children, or a man or woman who does not want to marry, or of two lesbian lovers who want to have a child with the genotype of one in an ovum of the other, or of other special cases that might come to mind ( 40 ). It must be, first, pointed out that the cloning technology has not yet been developed to an extent that would make possible to produce a healthy human individual by cloning. Second, and most important, the individual produced by cloning would be a very different person from the one whose genotype is cloned, as belabored above.

Ethical, social, and religious values will come into play when seeking to decide whether a person might be allowed to be cloned. Most people are likely to disapprove. Indeed, many countries have prohibited human cloning. In 2004, the issue of cloning was raised in several countries where legislatures were also considering whether research on embryonic stem cells should be supported or allowed. The Canadian Parliament on March 12, 2004 passed legislation permitting research with stem cells from embryos under specific conditions, but human cloning was banned, and the sale of sperm and payments to egg donors and surrogate mothers were prohibited. The French Parliament on July 9, 2004 adopted a new bioethics law that allows embryonic stem cell research but considers human cloning a “crime against the human species.” Reproductive cloning experiments would be punishable by up to 20 y in prison. Japan’s Cabinet Council for Science and Technology Policy voted on July 23, 2004 to adopt policy recommendations that would permit the limited cloning of human embryos for scientific research but not the cloning of individuals. On January 14, 2001, the British government amended the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act of 1990 by allowing embryo research on stem cells and allowing therapeutic cloning. The Human Fertilization and Embryology Act of 2008 explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning but allowed experimental stem cell research for treating diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease ( 41 , 42 ). On February 3, 2014, the House of Commons voted to legalize a gene therapy technique known as mitochondrial replacement, or three-person in vitro fertilization, in which mitochondria from a donor’s egg cell contribute to a couple’s embryo ( 43 ). In the United States, there are currently no federal laws that ban cloning completely ( 42 ). Thirteen states (Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, North Dakota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Virginia) ban reproductive cloning, and three states (Arizona, Maryland, and Missouri) prohibit use of public funds for research on reproductive cloning ( 44 ).

Therapeutic Cloning

Cloning of embryonic cells (stem cells) could have important health applications in organ transplantation, treating injured nerve cells, and otherwise. In addition to SCNT, the method discussed above for cloning individuals, another technique is available, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), although SCNT has proven to be much more effective and less costly. The objective is to obtain pluripotent stem cells that have the potential to differentiate in any of the three germ layers characteristic of humans and other animals: endoderm (lungs and interior lining of stomach and gastrointestinal tract), ectoderm (nervous systems and epidermal tissues), and mesoderm (muscle, blood, bone, and urogenital tissues). Stem cells, with more limited possibilities than pluripotent cells, can also be used for specific therapeutic purposes ( 45 ).

Stem cell therapy consists of cloning embryonic cells to obtain pluripotent or other stem cells that can be used in regenerative medicine, to treat or prevent all sorts of diseases, and for the transplantation of organs. At present, bone marrow transplantation is a widely used form of stem cell therapy; stem blood cells are used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia, a lethal disease when untreated, which is very common in places where malaria is rife because heterozygous individuals are protected against infection by Plasmodium falciparum , the agent of malignant malaria. One of the most promising applications of therapeutic cloning is the growth of organs for transplantation, using stem cells that have the genome of the organ recipient. Two major hurdles would be overcome. One is the possibility of immune rejection; the other is the availability of organs from suitable donors. Another regenerative medical application that might be anticipated is the therapeutic growth of nerve cells. There are hundreds of thousands of individuals throughout the world paralyzed from the neck down and confined for life to a wheelchair as a consequence of damage to the spinal cord below the neck, often as a consequence of a car accident or a fall, that interrupts the transmission of nerve activity from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa. A small growth of nerve cells sufficient to heal the wound in the spinal cord would have enormous health consequences for the wounded persons and for society.

At present, the one gene therapy modification of the embryo that can be practiced is mitochondrial replacement (MR), legalized in the United Kingdom by the House of Commons on February 3, 2014 ( 43 ), as mentioned earlier. Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of about 1 in 6,500 individuals account for a variety of severe and often fatal conditions, including blindness, muscular weakness, and heart failure ( 46 ). With MR, the embryo possesses nuclear DNA from the mother and father, as well as mtDNA from a donor female who has healthy mtDNA. However, MR remains technically challenging, with a low rate of success. One complicating issue is that mtDNA replacement is not 100% successful; disease-causing mutant mtDNA persists in the developing embryo and may account for eventual diseases due to heteroplasmy, at least in some tissues. A second issue of concern is that mtDNA disorders often appear late in life. It remains unknown whether the benefits of MR as currently practiced may persist in advanced age.

The author declares no conflict of interest.

This paper results from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, “In the Light of Evolution IX: Clonal Reproduction: Alternatives to Sex,” held January 9–10, 2015, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering in Irvine, CA. The complete program and video recordings of most presentations are available on the NAS website at www.nasonline.org/ILE_IX_Clonal_Reproduction .

This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

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Bài mẫu IELTS Writing Task 2 chủ đề nhân bản người Human cloning – IELTS model essay topic Human cloning

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Bài mẫu IELTS Writing Task 2 chủ đề Human cloning

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IELTS model essay topic Human cloning Sample 1:

Question: Should human cloning be allowed?

Answer: The ethical implications of human cloning are still under debate, and the general consensus is that it is still too early to make a definitive decision on whether or not human cloning should be allowed. As such, it is difficult to provide a position for or against human cloning without further research. On one hand, there are some compelling arguments for why human cloning should be allowed. Supporters argue that it could open up new possibilities for medical cures, help expand the gene pool, and allow infertile families the chance to hone their genetic makeup. On the other hand, there are certain ethical and moral implications associated with human cloning, such as the fear of creating a world populated by ‘designer people’ and other unpredictable outcomes, as well as the dangers of tampering with the natural order of life. While it is true that immediate action is needed on this issue, it is also important to take into account all of the potential consequences and implications before making a final decision on whether or not human cloning should be allowed.

IELTS model essay topic Human cloning Sample 2:

As technology advances, human cloning has become a more realistic possibility. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans?

The discussion around human cloning has been intensifying over the past few years, as technological advances in genetics, molecular biology and other sciences have made it more of a reality. Proponents of human cloning point towards many potential benefits for society, such as doing away with the natural selection in reproduction and allowing for customization of the genetic makeup of children to prevent harmful genetic diseases from being passed down from parents. Additionally, cloning could be used to create organs and tissues for medical treatment, and could even serve as a backup of sorts if a person’s body or organs no longer function.

Despite these potential benefits, there are numerous ethical issues and risks associated with human cloning. Most prominently, some worry that it could reduce respect for human life and lead to a society where genetic enhancements and cloning become commonplace, turning humans into manufactured objects. Cloning also comes with its own set of potential physical risks, such as accelerated aging or impaired immune systems, due to its reliance on genes from a single individual. Last, its uncertain regulation means that there would be potential for abuse if the technology was to become available to the public.

In conclusion, it is clear that human cloning comes with both risks and potential benefits. Before any meaningful progress is made on the issue, there needs to be a thorough public discussion in order to make sure that the rights and wellbeing of humans, both born and cloned, are taken into consideration.

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IELTS model essay topic Human cloning Sample 3:

Questions: 1. Is human cloning ethical? 2. What are the potential benefits of human cloning? 3. What possible dangers are there if human cloning becomes a reality?

Answers: 1. The ethicality of human cloning is highly debatable, as there is no one consensus on the issue. Proponents of human cloning argue that the technology could lead to medical breakthroughs and advancements, while opponents are commonly concerned about safety and the potential for exploitation of the technology.

2. Proponents of human cloning often cite a variety of potential benefits, including medical advancements and increased longevity, increased insight into genetics, and even the potential for cloning organs for transplants. Additionally, cloning could also be used for agricultural purposes, such as to create a reliably-and-consistently hearty wildlife stock or widen the genetic diversity of endangered species.

3. The potential dangers of human cloning are numerous and ever-evolving. Cloning could lead to the exploitation of human rights, with unethical individuals taking advantage of the technology. Additionally, concerns arise with regards to genetic diversity, as human cloning could lead to a homogeneous population with identical genetics, ultimately leading to a decrease in evolution and adaptation. Additionally, cloning could lead to further development and spread of existing diseases, as clones would not be subjected to natural selection and evolution, leading to potential viruses and diseases that are resistant to modern medicine.

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As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. To what extent do you agree with such a procedure? Have you any reservations? v.2

Ielts essay as people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. the idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. have you any reservations v. 2.

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6.5 band As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. Have you any reservations? v. 1 The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too. Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues. Due to breakthroughs ...
6.5 band As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human being in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idead horrifies most people, yet is is no longer mere science fiction. v. 1 At the beginning of time when people were new to this world, always feared nature, but always tried to overcome it. But gradually with the help of a tool, called "Science", we begin to conquer the world. With the help of science, a man's average life span now increased from twenty years to ninety ye ...
Learn everything you can, anytime you can, from anyone you can; there will always come a time when you will be grateful you did. Sarah Caldwell
8.5 band As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. Have you any reservations? v. 3 The desire of human to live for as many years as possible is gradually becoming a reality. Scientists have now deduced several ways to replicate the human body parts, but this discovery, however, infuriates some groups of people. In my opinion, such procedure is a welcome development because it will ...
6 band Children should be forced to read novels from every major genre, including fiction, science fiction, sports, romance, comics, horror, and crime. Being widely read will mean children will have a better understanding of the world around them. 1 There have been the controversies between the notions of whether allow children to approach with all sorts of novels to absorb the variety of the general knowledge. From my perspective, I would affirm that this ideology seems to be too risky to proceed as the drawbacks it brought back is extensively ...
Learning a new language is becoming a member of the club – the community of speakers of that language. Frank Smith
6.5 band Some believe that children should start school after the age of 7 while others think that school should begin from a very young age. v. 1
6.5 band SOME PEOPLE THINK THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIME PREVENTION WHILE OTHERS BELIEVE THAT IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INDIVIDUALS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES. v. 3
He who knows no foreign languages knows nothing of his own. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
6.5 band In many countries, people do not recycle their rubbish as much as they could. v. 2
6.5 band The greatest advantage of the railway transport is that it is the most dependable mode of transport as it is the least affected by weather conditions such as rains, fog etc. compared to other modes of transpor v. 1
Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. Chinese Proverb

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Human Cloning Essay: Should we be scared of cloning humans?
This is a model answer for a human cloning essay. If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common 'do you agree or disagree' essay. However, it is essentially asking the same thing. As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality.
Soon it may be scientifically possible to clone humans
In the nutshell, there is no doubt that development in science and biotechnology can make human cloning possible in the future. This. essay discussed both sides, the greatest possible advantages as well as the disadvantages of human cloning. Submitted by Anuradha on Sun Aug 14 2022.
Cloning Reading Ielts Answers and Questions
4. A survey on attitudes towards cloning - ____. 5. Scientific reasons why cloning is currently not viable for medical cures - ____. 6. Illness examples that cloning could help treat - ____. Questions 7-10. Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet. 7.
Cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts
Cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts. IELTS Writing Task 2. IELTS Writing Task 2 with sample answer. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere ...
ENGLISH WITH YEASIR: IELTS Human Cloning Essay
IELTS Human Cloning Essay. This is a model answer for a human cloning essay. If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common 'do you agree or disagree' essay. However, it is essentially asking the same thing. You are asked if you agree with human cloning to use their body parts (in other words, what are the benefits ...
IELTS Essay Volume 7 Topic 11: Human Cloning
As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. Skip to the content
Human Cloning
Full syllabus notes, lecture and questions for Human Cloning - Writing for Academic IELTS - IELTS ... This is a model answer for a human cloning essay. If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common 'do you agree or disagree' essay. However, it is essentially asking the same thing. ...
Idea Ultimate: Cloning
Cloning body parts can become a life-saver. When a crucial body organ such as kidney or heart fails to perform its normal functions, it can be replaced with a cloned organ substitute. 2. NO. Human cloning is "playing God". Man should not duplicate unique individuals just for the purpose of study or medical advancement.
As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in
Discover numerous IELTS Writing Task 2 essay samples, ranging from band 4+ to 8+, written by our users on the topic: 'As people live longer and longer, the ... In recent years, there has been heated debates about the idea of human cloning to use as spare parts - some people are horrified, but it has become a reality. This essay will discuss ...
As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human ...
The advantages of human spare parts cloning are able to replace with other knowledge. The scientist who keeps doing research to make all kind of animals have an exclusive life will not stop finding a better solution. ... Writing9 was developed to check essays from the IELTS Writing Task 2 and Letters/Charts from Task 1. The service helps ...
IELTS Writing Task 2: genetic engineering essay
Here's my sample essay for the question below. Genetic engineering is an important issue in society today. Some people think that it will improve people's lives in many ways. Others feel that it may be a threat to life on earth. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. It is true that genetic engineering is a key area of modern scientific research, with broad implications for all ...
As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human ...
To get an excellent score in the IELTS Task 2 writing section, one of the easiest and most effective tips is structuring your writing in the most solid format. A great argument essay structure may be divided to four paragraphs, in which comprises of four sentences (excluding the conclusion paragraph, which comprises of three sentences).
As people live longer and longer the idea of cloning human ...
Human cloning is a controversial issue and in this essay I will discuss whether I agree or disagree with this idea. Beyond any qualms the idea of prolonging the life of our beloved ones is a fairly attractive vision. There are a myriad of logical ideas to support the theory of human cloning.
IELTS Essay: Copying
Finish the paragraph strong. 1. However, I believe that copying others satisfies a deeper human drive to feel part of a larger group. 2. The natural tendency of humans to congregate also compels them to adopt similar customs and habits. 3. Imitation shows that there is commonality and eases the fear of otherness. 4.
IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 72-CLONING.ielts books
1. Different types of cloning. 2. Protective legislation. 3. Similar situations 4. A survey on attitudes towards cloning. 5. Scientific reasons why cloning is currently not viable for medical cures. 6. Illness examples that cloning could help treat. Questions 7- 10 Choose the appropriate letters AD and write them in boxes 7- 10 on your answer ...
IELTS essay Break through of Human cloning
Although there are clear benefits to humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of worrying ethical issues. Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much longer than in the past. This, though, has brought with it problems. As people age, their organs can fail so they need ...
Human Cloning, Should It Be Banned or Legalized? Essay Example
Introduction. Human cloning has emerged to be among the greatest ethical debates in our era, with most states expressing their opposition or acceptance in the process. In some states, cloning is illegal while others are still debating on its scientific and social impacts. In addition, most federal institutions in the US are prohibited from ...
IELTS essay As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human
IELTS essay As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet it is no longer mere science fiction. ... Model Answer for Human Cloning Essay The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up ...
Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations
The French Parliament on July 9, 2004 adopted a new bioethics law that allows embryonic stem cell research but considers human cloning a "crime against the human species." Reproductive cloning experiments would be punishable by up to 20 y in prison. Japan's Cabinet Council for Science and Technology Policy voted on July 23, 2004 to adopt ...
Human-Cloning-Essay
www.ieltsbuddy.com - Free online IELTS Advice www.ieltsbuddy.com - Free online IELTS Advice IELTS Human Cloning Essay This is a model answer for a human cloning essay. If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common 'do you agree or disagree' essay. However, it is essentially asking the same thing.
Bài mẫu IELTS Writing Task 2 chủ đề nhân bản người Human cloning
While it is true that immediate action is needed on this issue, it is also important to take into account all of the potential consequences and implications before making a final decision on whether or not human cloning should be allowed. IELTS model essay topic Human cloning Sample 2: Question
IELTS essay As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human
Model Answer for Human Cloning Essay The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now opened up the possibility of cloning humans too. ... IELTS essay As people live longer and longer, the idea of cloning human beings in order to provide spare parts is becoming a reality. The idea horrifies most people, yet ...
Human Cloning Essay Ielts
Human Cloning Essay Ielts, How Many Words Should My Personal Essay, How To Write An Album Title, Writing A Persuasive Essays On Nanotechnology, Cheap Phd Essay Editing Website Uk, Popular Rhetorical Analysis Essay Editing Sites For School, Cover Letter Samples For Change Of Career. fpea-org. 4.8 stars - 1416 reviews. Human Cloning Essay Ielts -.

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