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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

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  • How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
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Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi or a url, journal article from online source, journal article in print.

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the article instead.

Access Date

Chicago style does not recommend including access dates in the citation, unless no date of publication for the source may be located.

When citing articles from online databases (such as ATLA Religion Database or JSTOR), include the DOI (preferred) or the URL to assist your reader in connecting to the article online.

Access dates are not necessary for articles from library databases. Access dates are only necessary if no date of publication for the source may be located.

Kilgallen, John J. “The Elder Son.” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 186-89. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1201293 5&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

1. John J. Kilgallen, “The Elder Son,” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 187, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=12012935 &site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Two to Three Authors

Ritchie, Daniel E, and Jared Hedges. “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost.”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93. doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Daniel E. Ritchie and Jared Hedges, “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost,”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93, doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Four to Ten Authors

For sources with four to ten authors, list all authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others”)

McCorkle, Brian H., Carole Bohn, Tricia Hughes, and David Kim. “‘Sacred Moments’: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective.”  Mental Health, Religion & Culture  8, no. 3 (September 2005): 227–38. doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

1. Brian H. McCorkle et al., “Sacred Moments: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 8, no. 3 (2005): 230, doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

Booij, Thijs. “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection.” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 97-106. http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86-2005/Psalm141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

1. Thijs Booij, “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection,” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 100, http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86- 2005/Psalm-141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

Fewell, Danna Nolan, and David M. Gunn. “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 45-59.

1. Danna Nolan Fewell and David M. Gunn, “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth,” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 46.

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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Journal Articles

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Volume, issue, and number in a journal citation, journal article from library database - one author, journal article from library database - two authors, journal article from library database - three authors, journal article from library database - four or more authors, a course reading uploaded to moodle, journal article from a website, journal article in print - one author, journal article in print - two authors, journal article in print - three authors, journal article in print - four or more authors, what is a doi.

DOI Numbers for Journal Articles

Some electronic content like journal articles are assigned a unique number called a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The DOI gives a way to find an article. If a DOI is provided for a journal article, include it after the page numbers of the article as "https://doi.org/DOI Number."

How Can I Tell if it's a Journal?

Photo from Flickr under Creative Commons license, created by the.Firebottle

Not sure whether your article is from a journal? Look for these characteristics:

  • Main purpose is often to report results of original search
  • Articles usually have a very specific subject focus
  • May see sections such as abstract, discussion, results, and conclusion
  • Author of the article is an expert or specialist in the field and often their credentials are listed
  • Article is intended for students, scientists, researchers and/or professionals instead of the general public
  • Usually includes a References list at the end

Articles may also come from  newspapers  or  magazines .

  • Number your footnotes consecutively, starting at the beginning of your paper.

Footnotes :

  • Create a footnote citation on the same page as the quote or paraphrase used from that source.  Indent the first line of your footnote by 0.5 inches and begin with the appropriate full-size number, followed by a period and a space. 
  • Remember to insert this same number into the body of your paper as a superscript 3  after the final punctuation of the corresponding quote or paraphrase.

Shortened Footnotes:

  • If using the same source more than once in your paper, use the full footnote format the first time and this shortened footnote format after that: 

Author's Last Name(s), "Source Title (shortened to four words)," Exact Page Number(s) Used.  

Bibliography Entries: 

  • Arrange your sources alphabetically by the author's last name or the first available part of the entry.  If there are multiple sources by the same author, arrange those sources by author's last name, then by date, and then alphabetically by title. 
  • Each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should use a "hanging indent" and be indented by 0.5 inches.
  • Single space your entries, but leave one full blank line between each entry.  Leave two blank lines between the title "Bibliography" and the first entry.

Citing Four or More Authors

Footnote : List only the first author followed by et al . (“and others”). 

First Name Last Name et al.

Example: Jane Doe et al.

 There is no comma between the author's name and et al.

Bibliography:  List all authors, up to ten authors.  Separate using commas and add the word and (not the ampersand symbol &) before the final author's names.  Only the first author's name is written in the format Last Name, First Name.  All others are written First Name Last Name.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name.

Example: Doe, Jane, John Smith, Mary Plaine, and Jack Alman.

  Whenever possible, include the DOI number for the article rather than the database name.  If there is no DOI number, use the name of the database instead of the URL generated by the article's "Permanlink" icon or sh own in the browser's address bar.

1. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

1. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

1. First Author's First Name Last Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

  W henever possible, include the DOI number for the article rather than the database name.  If there is no DOI number, use the name of the database instead of the URL generated by the article's "Permanlink" icon or sh own in the browser's address bar.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

 If there are four or more authors: in the foot note , list only the first author, followed by  et al . (“and others”); in the biography , list up to ten authors  

  Whenever possible, find and cite the journal article from its original source, using the appropriate template from this guide.  Look for the article's original source using the Library databases or catalogue.  If the content was created by your instructor and was not published anywhere else, please use the appropriate template in Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings .

Footnote:  

1. Author's First Name, Last Name, "Title of Document," in  Course Name , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if available] (Columbia College: Moodle, Semester and Year), pages of exact citation [if available].

Bibliography Entry: 

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Document." In  Course Name , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if available]. Columbia College: Moodle, Semester and Year.

To cite a journal article from a website, use the same format as a journal article from a library database .  Instead of a DOI or database name, include the URL for the article.

1. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

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Chicago (17th ed.) Style Guide: Journal Article (4 to 10 authors)

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NOTES ENTRY — Journal Article with 4 to 10 Authors

    USED FOR:

  • Citing a journal article written by 4 to 10 people.

    BASIC COMPONENTS:

  • FIRST AUTHOR'S NAME et al. [comma]
  • [quotation mark] TITLE OF ARTICLE [comma] [quotation mark]
  • TITLE OF JOURNAL in italics
  • VOLUME NUMBER [comma]
  • no. ISSUE NUMBER
  • [parenthesis] DATE OF PUBLICATION [parenthesis] [colon]
  • PAGE NUMBER(S) [comma]
  • STABLE URL [period]

    FORMATTING:

  • First Author's Name et al., "Title of Article,"  Title of Journal in Italics  Volume, no. Issue (Date): Page Number(s), URL.

     EXAMPLES:

  • Alejandro Pazos et al., "An Application Framework for Building Evolutionary Computer Systems in Music,” Leonardo 36, no. 1 (February 2003): 63, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9133058&site=ehost-live.
  • Marco Alves et al., "Can We Replace Observed Forcing with Weather Generator in Land Surface Modeling? Insights from Long-Term Simulations at Two Contrasting Boreal Sites," Theoretical and Applied Climatology 145, no. 1-2 (July 2021): 220-21, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=150989197&site=ehost-live.
  • Mamta Mittal et al., "New Clustering Approaches for High‐Dimensional Databases: A Review," Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery  9, no. 3 (May/June 2019): 5, https://rave.ohiolink.edu/ejournals/article/365585356.
  • Darryl J. de Ruiter et al., "Late Australopiths and the Emergence of Homo," Annual Review of Anthropology  46 (2017): 100-101, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44866081.  [journal has no issue number]
  • Diane Pedrotty Bryant et al., "The Effects of Tier 2 Intervention on the Mathematics Performance of First-Grade Students Who Are at Risk for Mathematics Difficulties," Learning Disability Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 46-47, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=32109179&site=ehost-live.

SHORTENED NOTES ENTRY (REPEATED SOURCES) — Journal Article with 4 to 10 Authors

  • FIRST AUTHOR'S LAST NAME et al. [comma]
  • [quotation mark] SHORTENED TITLE OF ARTICLE [comma] [quotation mark]
  • PAGE NUMBER(S) [period]
  • First Author's Last Name et al., "Shortened Title of Article," Page Number(s).
  • Pazos et al., "Application Framework,” 64.
  • Alves et al., "Observed Forcing," 235-36.
  • Mittal et al., "New Clustering Approaches," 6.
  • De Ruiter et al., "Late Australopiths," 101-2.
  • Bryant et al., "Tier 2 Intervention," 47-48.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY — Journal Article with 4 to 10 Authors

  • FIRST AUTHOR'S LAST NAME [comma] FIRST AUTHOR'S FIRST NAME [comma] SECOND AUTHOR'S NAME [comma] THIRD AUTHOR'S NAME [comma] [ . . . ] and LAST AUTHOR'S NAME [period]
  • [quotation mark] TITLE OF ARTICLE [period] [quotation mark]
  • FULL PAGE RANGE [period]

First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's Name, Third Author's Name, [ . . . ] and Last Author's Name. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal in Italics  Volume, no. Issue (Date): Full Page Range. URL.

Pazos, Alejandro, Antonino Santos, Bernardino Arcay, Julián Dorado, Juan Romero, and Jose Rodriguez. "An Application Framework for Building Evolutionary Computer Systems in Music."  Leonardo 36, no. 1 (February 2003): 61–64. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9133058&site=ehost-live.

Alves, Marco, Daniel F. Nadeau, Biljana Music, François Anctil, and Simone Fatichi. "Can We Replace Observed Forcing with Weather Generator in Land Surface Modeling? Insights from Long-Term Simulations at Two Contrasting Boreal Sites." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 145, no. 1-2 (July 2021): 215-44. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=150989197&site=ehost-live.

Mittal, Mamta, Lalit M. Goyal, Duraisamy Jude Hemanth, and Jasleen K. Sethi. "New Clustering Approaches for High‐Dimensional Databases: A Review." Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 9, no. 3 (May/June 2019): 1-14. https://rave.ohiolink.edu/ejournals/article/365585356.

De Ruiter, Darryl J., S. E. Churchill, J. Hawks, and L. R. Berger. "Late Australopiths and the Emergence of Homo." Annual Review of Anthropology 46 (2017): 99-115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44866081.  [journal has no issue number]

Bryant, Diane Pedrotty, Brian R. Bryan, Russell M. Gersten, Nancy N. Scammacca, Catherine Funk, Amanda Winter, Minyi Shih, and Cathy Pool. "The Effects of Tier 2 Intervention on the Mathematics Performance of First-Grade Students Who Are at Risk for Mathematics Difficulties."  Learning Disability Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 47-63. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=32109179&site=ehost-live.

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How to reference a Journal Article using the Chicago Manual of Style

The most basic entry for a journal article consists of the author name(s), article title, journal name, volume number, year published, and page numbers.

Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume Number (Year Published): Page Numbers.

Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12 (2009): 78-93.

The first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma being placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the newspaper. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

For an article written by two or more authors, list them in order as they appear in the journal. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate author names with a comma.

Smith, John, and Jane Doe. “Studies in pop rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12 (2009): 78-93.

The full article title, which is followed by a period, should be placed within quotation marks. Place the period within the quotation marks. Although Chicago traditionally uses the headline style of capitalizing the first letter of each word in the title, sentence style is also acceptable. Be consistent in your bibliography in using either style.

The article title is followed by the name of the journal, which is italicized. Omit any introductory articles (e.g. A, An, The) from the journal name. Journal names are usually given in full, since it is not incorrect to spell out a journal name. You can abbreviate a journal name if you wish, except if it consists of one word. It is common to abbreviate journal names from scientific works (e.g. Comp Tech Evol).

Include the volume number after the journal name. If an issue number is available, include it after the volume number and before the year published. Precede the issue number with a comma and the text “no.”.

Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12, no. 3 (2009): 78-93.

Put the year of publication in parentheses. Afterwards, include a colon, the page numbers the article appears on, and a period. You may include the month or season in parentheses before the year, although it is not necessary if you include an issue number.

Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12 (April 2009): 78-93.

If the article was published online, include the web address of the article, and then place the word “accessed”, along with the date on which you accessed the website (written in the format of “month day, year”) in parentheses. Conclude the citation with a period after the parentheses. For an article found in a database, cite it the same way you would an article published online: place the database URL in place of the website URL and cite the date on which you accessed the article.

Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12 (2009): 78-93. http://www.weirdscience.org/articles/id=1212 (accessed February 21, 2009).

Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12 (2009): 78-93. http://www.lexisnexis.com (accessed February 21, 2009).

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Chicago Citation Style Guide: Journal Articles

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (17t h e dition), which was issued in 2017.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Chicago Referencing Guide

  • Notes - basic patterns
  • Bibliography - basic patterns
  • Chapters and other parts of a book

Journal articles - general pattern

Article title, journal title, issue information, date of publication, page numbers, doi, url or database name.

  • Magazine articles
  • Newspaper articles
  • Reference works
  • Theses and dissertations
  • Social media
  • Graphic arts
  • Live performances
  • Exhibition catalogues
  • Television and radio
  • Advertisements
  • Online videos
  • Sound recordings
  • Legal resources
  • Lectures and paper presentations
  • Personal communications, unpublished interviews and AI content
  • Tables - Examples
  • Figures - Examples

Bibliography:

Give the name of each author (or other contributor) exactly as it appears on the article, and in the same order.

Multiple Authors

  • In notes, list the authors by first name and last name; in the bibliography, list the first author by their last name, first name, and use standard order (first name and last name) for all other contributors.
  • For an article with four or more authors, list the first author and use et al. (short for 'et alia', Latin for 'and others') in place of all other author names, in the note only.
  • List complete article titles and subtitles, if any, enclosed in quotation marks.
  • Separate the subtitle from the title with a colon.  If there are two subtitles, use a colon before the first one and a semi-colon before the second.
  • Capitalise titles headline style: first word of the title and subtitle, and all major words, should begin with a capital letter.
  • Change ampersands  & to and .

Foreign-language title (not in English)

  • Capitalise titles sentence style: only the first words of the title and subtitle, and all proper nouns, should begin with a capital letter.
  • If you add the English translation of a title, place it after the original, enclosed in square brackets, without quotation marks.
  • List journal titles in italics, with headline capitalisation.
  • You can omit an initial The .

Include all the volume and issue information listed (this may be just an issue number).

  • Follow the date of publication format that is listed: it may be just the year, or may include a season or month as well.
  • Expand dates to the full year, even if they are abbreviated in the article (e.g., 1997 rather than  97 ).
  • Capitalise the names of seasons, even if they are not capitalised in the article (e.g., Spring rather than spring ).
  • A page number in a note refers to the specific page(s) from the article that you are citing.
  • In the bibliography entry, you should cite the full span of page numbers for the article within that journal issue.

For a journal article that you found online, choose the appropriate location information to include:

  • If there is a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) listed with the work, use that.
  • If no DOI is available, use a stable URL.
  • If you found the work by searching a library or commercial database, you can use the database name instead of a URL.

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier.

  • A DOI is a string of characters that commonly identifies a journal article, but can also be found on other publication types, including books.
  • All DOIs start with 10 . and include numbers and letters. For example: doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.08.001
  • The DOI provides a permanent internet address for the item, making it easy to locate.
  • You may search by DOI numbers in Library Search or at  http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz , to locate articles.

Always use the DOI in your citation, if available.  

To cite a DOI, append the DOI number (starting with 10.) to https://doi.org/

If there is no DOI for an online article, include a URL in your reference.If a URL is listed along with the article, use that one rather than the one in your browser's address bar (which may not be a stable URL). 

Database name

If you found the article by searching a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a URL.

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Chicago Manual of Style

  • Citing a Book
  • Citing a Periodical Article
  • Citing a Newspaper Article
  • Citing Manuscript Collections

Is It a Journal or Magazine?

The Chicago Manual of Style uses the word journal to mean scholarly or professional serial publications, such as a monthly or quarterly publications. A few examples:

  • American Historical Review
  • Canadian Journal of History
  • Gender & History
  • Holocaust & Genocide Studies
  • Journal of the History of Ideas
  • The SAIS Review of International Affair

The Chicago Manual of Style says that, if you're not sure whether to treat a serial publication as a journal or a magazine, see if there's a volume number. If you can easily find the volume number, you should treat the publication as a journal. If you can't easily find the volume number, you should treat it as a magazine.

Basic Magazine Article Citation

FOOTNOTE or ENDNOTE

    1. Author's first name Author's last name, "Title of article," Title of magazine , Date, Page numbers, URL or, if available, doi.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Author's last name, Author's first name. "Title of article." Title of magazine , Date, Page numbers. URL or, if available, doi.

NOTE: Page numbers are frequently omitted because pages in a magazine article may be separated by quite a few pages.

Basic Journal Article Citation

     1. Author's first name Author's last name, "Title of article," Title of journal volume number, issue number (year): page(s), URL or, if available, doi.

Author's last name, Author's first name. "Title of article." Title of journal volume number, issue number (date): pages. URL or, if available, doi.

Example: Journal Article with a Single Author

    26. Frank Gerits, "Hungry Minds: Eisenhower's Cultural Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa, 1953-1961," Diplomatic History 41, no. 3 (June 2017): 597, doi:10.1093/dh/dhw059.

Gerits, Frank. "Hungry Minds: Eisenhower's Cultural Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa, 1953-1961." Diplomatic History 41, no. 3 (June 2017): 594-619. doi:10.1093/dh/dhw059.

Example: Journal Article with Multiple Authors

    51. Vladimir Shlapentokh and Vera Bondartsova, "Stalin in Russian Ideology and Public Opinion: Caught in a Conflict Between Imperial and Liberal Elements," Russian History 36, no. 2 (2009): 314-16, doi:10.1163/187633109X412889.

Shlapentokh, Vladimir and Vera Bondartsova. "Stalin in Russian Ideology and Pubic Opinion: Caught in a Conflict Between Imperial and Liberal Elements." Russian History 36, no. 2 (2009): 302-325. doi:10.1163/187633109X412889.

Example: Magazine Article Citation

    5. Evan Thomas, Ron Moreau, and Andrew Mandel, "The Last Days of Saigon," Newsweek , May 1, 2000, 23, https://ezproxy.bgsu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=3017487&site=ehost-live&scope=site .

Thomas, Evan, Ron Moreau, and Andrew Mandel. "The Last Days of Saigon." Newsweek , May 1, 2000. https://ezproxy.bgsu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=3017487&site=ehost-live&scope=site .

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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

  • Introduction
  • Journal Articles
  • Magazine/Newspaper Articles
  • Books & E-Books
  • Government & Legal Documents
  • Secondary Sources
  • Videos & DVDs
  • How To Cite: Other Notes & Bibliography
  • How To Cite: Other Author-Date
  • Quotations vs Paraphrases
  • Short Form & Ibid.
  • Additional Help

Important Notes

1. When citing articles from online databases (such as ATLA Religion Database or JSTOR), include the DOI (preferred) or the URL to assist your reader in connecting to the article online. Access dates are not necessary for articles from library databases. Access dates are only necessary if no date of publication for the source may be located.

2. Notes & Bibliography Style: For sources with more than three authors, list all authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase  et al.  (Latin for “and others”)

3. All of the Author-Date Style In-Text Citations are formatted the same way: (Author's Last Name Date Published, Page Number Cited)

Notes & Bibliography Style

Journal article from online database.

Bibliography:

Kilgallen, John J. “The Elder Son.”  Expository Times  115, no. 6 (2004): 186-89. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1201293 5&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

1. John J. Kilgallen, “The Elder Son,”  Expository Times  115, no. 6 (2004): 187, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=12012935 &site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Journal Article from Online Source

Booij, Thijs. “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection.”  Biblica  86, no. 1 (2005): 97-106. http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86-2005/Psalm141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

1. Thijs Booij, “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection,”  Biblica  86, no. 1 (2005): 100, http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86- 2005/Psalm-141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

Journal Article in Print

Fewell, Danna Nolan, and David M. Gunn. “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth.”  Journal for the Study of the Old Testament  45 (1993): 45-59.

1. Danna Nolan Fewell and David M. Gunn, “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth,”  Journal for the Study of the Old Testament  45 (1993): 46.

Author-Date Style

Reference List:

Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal  volume number, no. issue number (Month or Season): page numbers. DOI or stable URL.

Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Month or Season if included): page numbers. URL.

Reference List :

Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal  volume number, no. issue number: page numbers.

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Chicago Citation Style Guide

  • Get Started With Chicago Style
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Journal Article - Online Database

Journal article - print.

  • Citing Newspaper Articles
  • Citing Magazines
  • Citing Websites & Blogs
  • Sound Recordings
  • Radio Program (Podcast)
  • Broadcast Radio & TV
  • Video Recordings (DVD/VHS)
  • TV & Video (Web)
  • Images & Art
  • Reference Materials
  • Religious Texts
  • Legal & Government Documents
  • Dissertations & Theses
  • CMS 14.271: Library and other commercial databases

Note-Bibliography

Footnote #. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal  Volume, no. Issue (Year), Pages, url/doi.

     23. Robert Lerner and Althea K. Nagai, “Reverse Discrimination By the Numbers,” Academic Questions  13, no. 3, 71 (2000), http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html.

Short Note:

Footnote #. Last-name, “Shortened Title,” Page # [if available].

24. Lerner and Nagai, “Reverse Discrimination,” 71.

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal  Volume, no. Issue (Year), url/doi.

Lerner, Robert and Althea K. Nagai. “Reverse Discrimination By the Numbers.” Academic Questions . 13,      no. 3 (2000), http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html.

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year, Page)

(Lerner and Nagai 2000, 71)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal  Volume. no. Issue. url/doi.

Lerner, Robert and Althea K. Nagai.  2000.  “Reverse Discrimination By the Numbers.”  Academic Questions  13,      no. 3. http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html.

Footnote #. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal  Volume, no. Issue (Year): Pages.

5. Karen Woodfork, “The Best Herbs to Treat Colds,” Journal of Alternative Medicine  13, no. 2 (1999): 123-129.

Footnote #. Last-name, “Shortened Title,” Page #.

6. Woodfork, “The Best Herbs,” 124.

Last-name, First-name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal  Volume, no. Issue (Year): Pages.

Woodfork, Karen. “The Best Herbs to Treat Colds.” Journal of Alternative Medicine  13, no. 2 (1999): 123-129.

(Last-name Year)

(Woodfork 1999, 127)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal  Volume, no. Issue: Pages.

Woodfork, Karen. 1999. “The Best Herbs to Treat Colds.”  Journal of Alternative Medicine  13, no. 2: 123-129.

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Chicago/Turabian Format Style Guide: Journal Articles

  • Citation Practices
  • Journal Articles
  • Magazine Articles
  • Newspaper Articles
  • Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
  • Interviews and Personal Communications
  • Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections
  • Reference Works and Secondary Citations
  • Older Works and Sacred Works
  • Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
  • Public Documents

Notes-Bibliography Style

Journal articles are different from magazines in that they are scholarly and professional publications.  They are intended primarily for academic readership.

Many journal articles are available online through a library database.  To cite an online article, include the URL.  If the DOI is listed, include that in your entry.  If you consulted a commercial database, give the name of the database in place of the URL.

Entries may include: author, article title, journal title, issue information, and page numbers.  You may need to include information about an article such as if it was published in a special issue or supplement, or if it was an abstract.

Include author names exactly as they appear in the head of the article.  Names in notes are listed in standard order (first name first); in bibliographies, names are listed in inverted order (last name first).

Article Title

List complete titles and subtitles in quotation marks.  Terms normally italicized in text, such as species name and book titles, remain italicized. Terms quoted in the title are enclosed in single quotation marks.  Do not add a colon or a period after a title or subtitle that ends in a question mark or an exclamation point.  If the title would normally be followed by a comma, like in a shortened note, include both marks.

Titles in languages other than English should be capitalized sentence style according to the conventions of that language.  If you add a translation, enclose it in brackets, without quotation marks.

1. Quentin Taylor, "The Mask of Publius: Alexander Hamilton and the Politics of Expediency," American Political Thought 5, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 63, https://doi.org/10.1086/684559.

2. Lisa A. Twomey, "Taboo or Tolerable? Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls in Post-war Spain," Hemingway Review 30, no. 2 (Spring 2011): 55.

3. Twomey, "Taboo or Tolerable?," 56.

4. Antonio Carreno-Rodriguez, "Modernidad en la literature gauchesca: Carnavalizacion y parodia en el Fausto de Estanislao del Campo," Hispania 92, no. 1 (March 2009): 13-14, https://www.jsotr.org/stable/40648253.

Bibliography :

Taylor, Quentin. "The Mask of Publius: Alexander Hamilton and the Politics of Expediency."  American Political Thought 5, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 55-79, https://doi.org/10.1086/684559.

Lewis, Judith. "'Tis a Misfortune to Be a Great Ladie': Maternal Mortality in the British Aristocracy, 1558-1959." Journal of British Studies 37, no. 1 (January 1998): 26-53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/176034.

Kern, W. "Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?" [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?]. Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-en volkenkunde 78 (1938): 271-73.

Journal Title

After the item title, include the journal title in italics, with headline style capitalization (important words capitalized). Give the title exactly as it appears on the title page or journal website.  Do not use abbreviations, although you can remove the initial 'the.'  If the official title is an initialism, such as PMLA , do not expand it.

Issue Information

Most journal citations include volume number, issue number, month or season, and year.  

Volume and issue numbers

The volume number follows the journal title without intervening punctuation and is not italicized. Use arabic numbers even if the source uses roman numerals.  Issue number follows volume number, separated by a comma and preceded by  ' no.'.

1. Campbell Brown, "Consequentialize This," Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 752, https://doi.org/10.1086.660696.

Jonescu, Felicia. "Risky Human Capital and Alternative Bankruptcy Regimes for Student Loans." Journal of Human Capital 5, no. 2 (Summer 2011): 153-206. https://doi.org/10.1086.661744.

Beattie, J.M. "The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660-1800." Past and Present , no. 62 (February 1974): 47-95.

Date of Publication

The date of publication appears in parentheses after the volume and issue.  It must include the year, and may include season, month, or an exact day.  Capitalize seasons in the citation.  If an article has been accepted but not yet published, use 'forthcoming' in place of the date and page numbers.

1. Marjorie Garber, "Over the Influence," Critical Inquiry 42, no. 4 (Summer 2016): 735, https://doi.org/10.1086/686960.

Bibliography : Bartfield, Judi, and Myoung Kim. "Participation in the School Breakfast Program: New Evidence from the ECLS-K." Social Sciences Review 84, no. 4 (December 2010): 541-62. https://doi.org/10.1086/657109.

Page Numbers

If you cite a particular passage in a note, only give the specific page numbers for that section. In the bibliography, give the full span of the pages for the article.  Page numbers follow colons, not commas.

1. Tim Hitchcock, "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London," Journal of British Studies 44, no. 3 (July 2005): 478, https://doi.org/10.1086/429704.

Bibliography : Wang, ShiPu. "We Are Scottsboro Boys: Hideo Noda's Visual Rhetoric of Transracial Solidarity." American Art 30, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1086/686545.

Special Issues and Supplements

A journal issue devoted to a single theme is known as a special issue.  It carries a normal volume and issue number.  If a special issue has a title and editor of its own, include that in the citation.  If you need to cite a special issue as a whole, omit the article information.

1. Rajeswari Sunder Raja, "Zeitgeist and the Literary Text: India, 1947, in Qurratulain Hyder's My Temples, Too and Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children ," in "Around 1948: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Global Transformation," ed. Leela Ghandi and Deborah L. Nelson, special issue, Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (Summer 2014): 440-41, https://doi.org/10.1086/676415.

Sunder Raja, Rajeswari. "Zeitgeist and the Literary Text: India, 1947, in Qurratulain Hyder's My Temples, Too and Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children ." In "Around 1948: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Global Transformation," ed. Leela Ghandi and Deborah L. Nelson. Special Issue,  Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (Summer 2014): 439-65, https://doi.org/10.1086/676415.

Ghandi, Leela, and Deborah L. Nelson, eds. "Around 1948: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Global Transformation." Special Issue,  Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (Summer 2014).

A journal supplement may also have a title and an author or editor of its own.  It is numbered separately from the regular issues of the journal, often with an 'S' as part of its page numbers.

2. Ivar Ekeland, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim, "Identification and Esimation of Hedonic Models," in "Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen," Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S72, https://doi.org/10.1086/3788947.

Bibliography :  

Ekeland, Ivar, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim. "Identification and Esimation of Hedonic Models." In "Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen," Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S60-S109. https://doi.org/10.1086/3788947.

Cite information from abstracts in a note.  Include the full citation for the article, but insert the word 'abstract' into the citation following the title.

1. Campbell Brown, "Consequentialize This," abstract, Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 749.

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Go to Index

Author-Date: Sample Citations

Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citations

(Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 40 – 45 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)

For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016.  In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Lahiri 2016, 146)

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

(Austen 2007, chap. 3)

(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

(Melville 1851, 627)

Journal article

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

(Manjoo 2017)

(Mead 2017, 43)

(Pegoraro 2007)

Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.

(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)

For more examples, see 15 . 49 (newspapers and magazines) and 1 5 . 51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

(Kakutani 2016)

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

(Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Bouman 2016)

(Google 2017)

(Yale University, n.d.)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5 . 57 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)

Lynn University

Chicago style (author/date).

  • Formatting Your Work
  • Encyclopedias & Dictionaries Online
  • Journal Articles
  • Websites, Blogs, & Social Media
  • Interviews and Personal Communications
  • Audiovisual Sources
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  • Legal Documents/Bluebook
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Journal article with up to 10 authors

Last name, First name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. (Month or Season): Page Range. DOI/URL.

no. = Issue number

Example three authors:

Danzman, Sarah B., W. Kindred Winecoff, and Thomas Oatley. 2017. "All Crises are Global: Capital Cycles in an Imbalanced International Political Economy."  International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 4 (December): 907-923.  https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx054 .

  • In-text paraphrase : (Danzman, Wincoff, and Oatley 2017).
  • In-text quote : (Danzman, Wincoff, and Oatley 2017, 921).

Example four to ten authors :

Dreher, Jean-Clause, Etienne Koechlin, Michael Tierney, and Jordan Grafman. 2008. “Damage to the Fronto-Polar Cortex is Associated with Impaired Multitasking.” PLOS One 3, no. 9 (September): 1-9.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003227 .

  • In-text paraphrase : (Dreher et al. 2008).
  • In-text quote : (Dreher et al. 2008, 8).

Missing volume, issue, or month :

  • No volume number : Diogenes , no. 25, 84-117. 
  • No month/season : American Journal of Sociology 119 (4): 1002-46.
  • No issue number : American Naturalist 185 (May): 653-64.
  • No issue number or month/season : American Naturalist 185:653-64

Journal articles with more than 10 authors

Last name, First name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, et al. Year. "Article Title."  Journal Title  Volume, no. (Month or Season): Page Range. DOI/URL.

Bergh, Cecilia, Monica Callmar, Sophia Danemar, Mats Hölcke, Susanne Isberg, Michael Leon, Jessica Lindgren, et al. 2013. "Effective Treatment of Eating Disorders: Results at Multiple Sites."  Behavioral Neuroscience  127 (6): 878–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034921.supp .

  • In-text paraphrase : (Bergh et al. 2013).
  • In-text quote : (Bergh et al. 2013, 884).

Note . Only the first author's name is inverted (Last name, First name). For 10 or more authors, only list the first seven followed by et al. (CMOS 14.76).

Magazines (Print and Online with a date)

Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title."  Magazine Name,  Month Day, Year. URL.

Preston, Elizabeth. 2015. "How Lasers Can Help Clean up Beach Trash." The Atlantic , July 13, 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/07/how-lasers-can-help-clean-up-beach-trash/490952/ .

  • In-text paraphrase:  (Preston 2015).
  • In-text quote: (Preston 2002, para. 8).

Note . In Chicago it is sufficient to cite newspaper and magazine articles entirely in the text. See 14.198 and 15.49 for the format for that.

Journal vs. Magazines

In this guide, "Journal" is used for scholarly, academic, peer-reviewed sources and professional publications. 

  • American Journal of Political Science
  • Journal of Human Rights

In this guide, "Magazine" is used for popular periodicals meant for general audiences; these can be print or online. 

  • The Atlantic 

For online articles without a date, see the Websites, Blogs, and Social Media page.

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  • Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Published on September 12, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you quote , paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Manual of Style has two options for in-text citations:

  • Author-date : you put your citations in parentheses within the text itself.
  • Notes and bibliography : you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes.

You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks ).

Chicago Reference Generator

Author-date citation example

(Woolf 1921, 11)

Footnote citation example

1. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

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Table of contents

Which chicago style should you use, option 1: author-date in-text citations, option 2: citations in footnotes or endnotes, citing sources with multiple authors, missing information in chicago in-text citations, frequently asked questions about chicago in-text citations.

First, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.

The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.

The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. It’s important to use one style consistently, and not to confuse the two.

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Author-date style places citations directly in the text in parentheses . In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range:

This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.

When using author-date, you should always include a reference list  with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with full publication information to locate the source.

Where should citations appear in the text?

The author-date style gives you some flexibility in where you place your citations in the text.

Most commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the period). You can also integrate it into the sentence. If you name the author in your sentence, you only need to include the date and page number in parentheses.

Multiple citations can also be combined within one set of parentheses using a semicolon .

As you can see in the Valentine citation, it’s not always necessary to include a page number—only when you’re referring to a specific part of the text. If you want to cite the text as a whole, you can leave out the page number.

In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either footnotes or endnotes .

To create a Chicago footnote or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, after any punctuation (periods, quotation marks , parentheses ). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on.

These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.

Full notes and short notes

There are two types of note you can use in Chicago style: full and short.

  • Full notes contain the full publication details of the source.
  • Short notes contain the author’s last name, the title (shortened if it is longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant).

You should usually use a full note the first time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than once, use a short note for each subsequent citation. You may also use “ ibid. ” to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual choice.

The rules of your specific institution may vary, requiring you to use one of the two note styles every time. It’s important to check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

This is what a full and short note for the same citation might look like:

The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Below you can see examples of a Chicago website citation , book citation , book chapter citation , and journal article citation .

Chicago footnote citation examples

  • Book chapter
  • Journal article

Chicago-footnote-citation-Website

Footnotes or endnotes?

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the Chicago style bibliography .

The citation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a footnote or an endnote . If you haven’t been told which one to use, the choice is a matter of personal preference. The important thing is to consistently use one or the other.

In both styles, when you cite a source with two or three authors, list the names in the order they appear in the original publication:

When a source has four or more authors, use the term “ et al. ” after the first author’s name:

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Sometimes, not all of the information you need for your citation will be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.

No page number

Page numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn’t have page numbers (e.g., a website ), or if you’re referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.

If a source has no page numbers but you still want to specify a particular part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, chapters or headings instead—whatever markers the text provides:

No publication date

If the source doesn’t have a stated publication date, you can write “n.d.” in place of the year:

If no specific author is listed, you can refer to the organization that published the source:

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

  • You’re quoting from the text.
  • You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
  • You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

  • A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
  • A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

  • In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
  • In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

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