journal article footnote

Chicago Footnote Referencing - Theology students: Journal articles

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Journal style guide

Page numbers.

When referencing a journal source write in the footnote the specific page number consulted. In the bibliography list the page range for the entire article.

Digital Object Identifier (DOIs) are now applied to some journal articles that are available online. A DOI is a combination of numbers and letters which are assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to it on the internet. 

Print copies: If you access a journal as a printed copy then you do not need to include a DOI in your footnote or bibliography.

Online copies with DOI: If you access a journal article through an electronic database or website then it could have a DOI which you need to include in your footnote and bibliography . 

Online copies without DOI:  If you access a journal article through an electronic database or website and it does not have a DOI then you need to include the URL or the database name in your footnote and bibliography. If you give a URL, it should be short and easy to type into a browser from a print version.

Below are specific examples of referencing there different types of journal articles:

How to reference journal articles

• Print journal article
• Online journal article with DOI
• Online journal article without DOI

1st citation 

First name Surname, "Title of Journal Article: Subtitle,"  Title of journal   Volume number,  Issue number (Year ):  page number(s). 

Peter King, “The Inner Cathedral: Mental Architecture in High Scholasticism,” Vivarium 46, no.3 (2008): 266.

Subsequent citations

Surname, "Shortened Title of Journal Article ," page number(s).

King, “The Inner Cathedral," 268. 

Bibliography

Surname,  First name.  " Title of Journal Article : Subtitle."  Title of journal   Volume number,  Issue number (Year ):  page range of entire article. 

King, Peter. “The Inner Cathedral: Mental Architecture in High Scholasticism.” Vivarium 46, no.3 (2008): 253-274. 

First name Surname, " Title of Journal Article : Subtitle,"  Title of journal  Volume number, Issue number (Year): page number(s), doi:xxx

Christopher  Southgate, "Re-reading Genesis, John, and Job: A Christian Response to Darwinism,"  Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science  46, no. 2 (2011): 385, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2011.01186.x .

Southgate, "Re-reading Genesis, John, and Job," 390. 

Surname,  First name. " Title of Journal Article : Subtitle."  Title of journal   Volume number,  Issue number (Year ):  page range of entire article. doi: xxx

Southgate, Christopher. "Re-reading Genesis, John, and Job: A Christian Response to Darwinism."  Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science  46, no. 2 (2011): 370-395.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2011.01186.x .

First name Surname, " Title of Journal Article : Subtitle,"  Title of journal  Volume number, Issue number (Year): page number(s), URL/database.

Timoteo D. Gener, "Asian Evangelical Theology: Theological Commitments and Interdisciplinarity."  Journal of Asian Evangelical Theology  23, no. 2 (2019): 100, EBSCO.

Gener,  "Asian Evangelical Theology," 100. 

Surname,  First name. " Title of Journal Article : Subtitle."  Title of journal   Volume number,  Issue number (Year ):  page range of entire article. URL/database.

Gener, Timoteo D. " Asian Evangelical Theology: Theological Commitments and Interdisciplinarity ." J ournal of Asian Evangelical Theology  23, no. 2 (2019): 99-118. EBSCO. 

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Footnote - Referencing Guide

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Information

•   Arrange information about the source in the format given.

•   The authors' names are given as they appear on the publication you have used, i.e., use full first name where provided or first name initials where initials only are provided.

•   Capitalisation practice should be consistent.

•   Article titles and sub-titles are given maximal capitalisation (title case) and are enclosed in quotation marks.

•   Journal titles and sub-titles are given maximal capitalisation (title case).

•   Journal titles are italicised when typed or underlined when handwritten.

•   The issue number is preceded by no.

•   The issue number should be included, even if pagination is continuous across the whole volume.

•  Access dates are only included for items without a date of publication or modification, see the Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed., sec. 14.12.

•  Regardless of pagination, include issue number and month or season of publication if given.

•   Include the  DOI  of the article.

•   If no DOI is available, the full text Database name used to source the article (e.g. Academic OneFile, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect) is cited rather than the internet address.

•   Include the DOI or Internet address for articles sourced from the Internet.

Standard format for citation

From a full text database:

DOI available:

No DOI available:

From the Internet:

Print journal:

Journal article from a full text database

Author full first name provided

Buchanan, Jason. "Nation States: The Cultures of Irish Nationalism." Modern Fiction Studies 55, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 857+. ProQuest.

Hampton, Mark. "The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, the Manchester Guardian , and the Boer War, 1899–1902." The Historical Journal 44, no. 1 (March 2001): 177-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X01001479.

Nicholson, Helen. "Women on the Third Crusade." Journal of Medieval History 23, no. 4, (1997): 335-349 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00013-4.

Journal article from the Internet

Jotischy, Andrew. "The Christians of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulchre and the Origins of the First Crusade." Crusades 7 (October 2008): 35-57. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/19762/1/proofs_Crusades_7_03_Jotischky.pdf.

Powell, James M. "The Crusades in Recent Research." The Catholic Historical Review 95, no. 2 (April 2009): 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0412.

Journal article in print: Regardless of pagination

Hallin, Daniel C. "Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988." Journal of Communication 42, no. 2 (June 1992): 5-24.

Jones, Henry  . "Shakespearean Tragedy : Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth ." International Journal of Ethics 16, no. 1 (October 1905): 99-105.

Yeh, Michelle. "The 'Cult of Poetry' in Contemporary China." Journal of Asian Studies 55, no. 1 (February 1996): 51-80.

Journal article in print: Issue with no volume

Author first names' initials only provided

Beattie, J. M. "The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660-1800." Past and Present , no. 62 (February 1974): 47-95.

See the  All Examples  page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as e-journals, articles, books, and web pages.

Bibliography entries.

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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Journal Articles

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Volume, issue, and number in a journal citation, journal article from library database - one author, journal article from library database - two authors, journal article from library database - three authors, journal article from library database - four or more authors, a course reading uploaded to moodle, journal article from a website, journal article in print - one author, journal article in print - two authors, journal article in print - three authors, journal article in print - four or more authors, what is a doi.

DOI Numbers for Journal Articles

Some electronic content like journal articles are assigned a unique number called a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The DOI gives a way to find an article. If a DOI is provided for a journal article, include it after the page numbers of the article as "https://doi.org/DOI Number."

How Can I Tell if it's a Journal?

Photo from Flickr under Creative Commons license, created by the.Firebottle

Not sure whether your article is from a journal? Look for these characteristics:

• Main purpose is often to report results of original search
• Articles usually have a very specific subject focus
• May see sections such as abstract, discussion, results, and conclusion
• Author of the article is an expert or specialist in the field and often their credentials are listed
• Article is intended for students, scientists, researchers and/or professionals instead of the general public
• Usually includes a References list at the end

Articles may also come from  newspapers  or  magazines .

• Number your footnotes consecutively, starting at the beginning of your paper.

Footnotes :

• Create a footnote citation on the same page as the quote or paraphrase used from that source.  Indent the first line of your footnote by 0.5 inches and begin with the appropriate full-size number, followed by a period and a space. 
• Remember to insert this same number into the body of your paper as a superscript 3  after the final punctuation of the corresponding quote or paraphrase.

Shortened Footnotes:

• If using the same source more than once in your paper, use the full footnote format the first time and this shortened footnote format after that: 

Author's Last Name(s), "Source Title (shortened to four words)," Exact Page Number(s) Used.  

Bibliography Entries: 

• Arrange your sources alphabetically by the author's last name or the first available part of the entry.  If there are multiple sources by the same author, arrange those sources by author's last name, then by date, and then alphabetically by title. 
• Each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should use a "hanging indent" and be indented by 0.5 inches.
• Single space your entries, but leave one full blank line between each entry.  Leave two blank lines between the title "Bibliography" and the first entry.

Citing Four or More Authors

Footnote : List only the first author followed by et al . (“and others”). 

First Name Last Name et al.

Example: Jane Doe et al.

 There is no comma between the author's name and et al.

Bibliography:  List all authors, up to ten authors.  Separate using commas and add the word and (not the ampersand symbol &) before the final author's names.  Only the first author's name is written in the format Last Name, First Name.  All others are written First Name Last Name.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name.

Example: Doe, Jane, John Smith, Mary Plaine, and Jack Alman.

  Whenever possible, include the DOI number for the article rather than the database name.  If there is no DOI number, use the name of the database instead of the URL generated by the article's "Permanlink" icon or sh own in the browser's address bar.

1. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

1. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

1. First Author's First Name Last Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

  W henever possible, include the DOI number for the article rather than the database name.  If there is no DOI number, use the name of the database instead of the URL generated by the article's "Permanlink" icon or sh own in the browser's address bar.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.  

 If there are four or more authors: in the foot note , list only the first author, followed by  et al . (“and others”); in the biography , list up to ten authors  

  Whenever possible, find and cite the journal article from its original source, using the appropriate template from this guide.  Look for the article's original source using the Library databases or catalogue.  If the content was created by your instructor and was not published anywhere else, please use the appropriate template in Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings .

Footnote:  

1. Author's First Name, Last Name, "Title of Document," in  Course Name , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if available] (Columbia College: Moodle, Semester and Year), pages of exact citation [if available].

Bibliography Entry: 

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Document." In  Course Name , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if available]. Columbia College: Moodle, Semester and Year.

To cite a journal article from a website, use the same format as a journal article from a library database .  Instead of a DOI or database name, include the URL for the article.

1. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

1. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article."  Name of Journal  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

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• Citing a Journal Article in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Citing a Journal Article in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 3, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

Chicago Reference Generator

To cite an online journal article in Chicago notes and bibliography style, list the author’s name, the title of the article, the journal name, volume, issue, and publication date, the page range on which the article appears, and a DOI or URL.

For an article accessed in print, follow the same format and simply omit the DOI or URL. Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , parentheses ) in your citations and notes.

Table of contents

Citing an article from a database, journal articles with multiple authors, citing journal articles in chicago author-date style, finding source information for a journal article, frequently asked questions about chicago style citations.

Online articles, including those accessed through databases (e.g., Project MUSE or JSTOR), should generally be cited with a DOI , a link designed to permanently and reliably link to the article. In this case, there’s no need to include the database name.

If no DOI is available, you may include a stable URL or permalink. However, don’t use the URL from your browser’s address bar, as this is usually specific to your login session.

If no DOI or stable URL is available, list the name of the database at the end of your citation instead.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Journal articles often have multiple authors. Author names should be listed in the order they appear at the head of the article (not in alphabetical order).

In your notes, list up to three authors in full. When there are four or more authors, list only the first, followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”).

In your Chicago style bibliography , list up to 10 authors in full.

If there are 11 or more authors, list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by “et al.”

In Chicago author-date style , an in-text citation consists of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number.

Each Chicago in-text citation must correspond to an entry in your reference list . This is almost identical to a bibliography entry, except the year comes after the author’s name, and only the month appears in brackets.

Author-date journal citation examples

• Online article
• Article from database
• Print article

The information you need for your citations is usually listed above the article in the database where you found it. The image below shows where to find the relevant information on Project MUSE, for example.

With this information, we can construct our bibliography entry.

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The DOI is usually clearly visible when you open a journal article on an academic database. It is often listed near the publication date, and includes “doi.org” or “DOI:”. If the database has a “cite this article” button, this should also produce a citation with the DOI included.

If you can’t find the DOI, you can search on Crossref using information like the author, the article title, and the journal name.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, December 05). Citing a Journal Article in Chicago Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/journal-articles/

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Note-Bibliography

Footnote #. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal , Volume, no. Issue (Year), Pages, url/doi (accessed Month Day, Year).

     23. Robert Lerner and Althea K. Nagai, “Reverse Discrimination By the Numbers,” Academic Questions , 13, no. 3, 71 (2000), http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html (accessed January 24, 2012).

Short Note:

Footnote #. Last-name, “Shortened Title,” Page # [if available].

24. Lerner and Nagai, “Reverse Discrimination.,” 71.

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal. Volume, no. Issue (Year), url/doi (accessed Month Day, Year).

Lerner, Robert and Althea K. Nagai. “Reverse Discrimination By the Numbers.” Academic Questions . 13,      no. 3 (2000), http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html (accessed January 24, 2012).

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year, Page)

(Lerner and Nagai 2000, 71)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal.  Volume. no. Issue. url/doi (accessed Month Day, Year).

Lerner, Robert and Althea K. Nagai.  2000.  “Reverse Discrimination By the Numbers.”  Academic Questions . 13,      no. 3. http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html (accessed January 24, 2012).

Footnote #. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal, Volume, no. Issue (Year): Pages.

5. Karen Woodfork, “The Best Herbs to Treat Colds,” Journal of Alternative Medicine , 13, no. 2 (1999): 123-129.

Footnote #. Last-name, “Shortened Title,” Page #.

6. Woodfork, “The Best Herbs,” 124.

Last-name, First-name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal. Volume, no. Issue (Year): Pages.

Woodfork, Karen. “The Best Herbs to Treat Colds.” Journal of Alternative Medicine. 13, no. 2 (1999): 123-129.

(Last-name Year)

(Woodfork 1999, 127)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Article."  Title of Journal.  Volume, no. Issue: Pages.

Woodfork, Karen. 1999. “The Best Herbs to Treat Colds.”  Journal of Alternative Medicine.  13, no. 2: 123-129.

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Go to Index

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time   (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

3. Smith, Swing Time , 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

2. D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

5. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

For more examples, see 14.1 59 –63 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Journal article

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al .

7. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

8. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

For more examples, see 14.1 68 – 87 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

5. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.1 88 – 90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

2. Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Stamper, interview.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

2. Rutz, “ King Lear ,” 158.

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Yale Facts.”

6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more examples, see 14. 20 5–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 14. 261–68 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

University of St Andrews

Referencing styles.

• Author Rules
• Referencing a Book
• Referencing a Chapter in an Edited Book
• Referencing a Journal Article
• Referencing a Webpage
• APA - for module ID4001
• Sample Reference list - APA style
• Referencing translated works
• Referencing a Lecture / Presentation
• Sample Bibliography - Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style
• Referencing a chapter in an edited book
• Translated works
• Referencing a journal article
• Referencing a webpage
• Sample Reference List - Chicago (Author Date) style
• Sample Reference List - Harvard
• Harvard Endnote style
• Referencing a book
• JRAI Style on Endnote
• Sample Reference List in JRAI Style
• Sample Reference List in MHRA Author Date Style
• Sample Works Cited list in MLA style
• Sample Reference list for RSC Style
• Referencing an image
• Sample Reference List in Vancouver Style
• Vancouver endnote style
• Referencing something mentioned in another source (Secondary Referencing)

What you need to include:

• Components of a journal article reference
• Sample - article in a print journal
• Sample - article in an online journal with a doi
• Sample - article in an online journal without a doi
• Punctuation and format of a journal article reference

Print journal article references include:

• Author(s) of article
• 'Title of article'
• Title of Journal
• Volume number
• (Year of publication)

Online journal article references include:

• doi or URL when no doi is available
• [accessed date] where using a URL in place of a doi

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information.

The Basic Footnote citation (for first citation)

Note number. First Name Surname, 'Article title', Journal title , Volume number (Year), xx-xx (specific page you are referring to p. xx).

The Basic Footnote citation (for subsequent citation of a work)

Note number. Surname, p. xx.

The Basic Reference format is:

Surname ,  First Name,  'Article title', Journal Title, Volume number ( Year), xx-xx

First footnote citation:

5.Jessica Black and Jennifer L Barnes, 'Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on the theory of mind',  Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts , 9 (2015), 423-429 (p. 425).

Subsequent footnote citation:

8. Black and Barnes, p. 427.

Bibliography entry:

Black,  Jessica,  and Jennifer L. Barnes, 'Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on the theory of mind',   Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts,  9 (2015), 423-429

5. Eva Kemp and others, 'Attention retaining can reduce chocolate consumption', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 20 (2014), 94-102 < doi:10.1037/xap0000005> (p. 97).

8. Kemp and others, p. 96.

Kemp,  Eva,  and others, 'Attentional retraining can reduce chocolate consumption',  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied,  20 (2014), 94-102 <doi: 10.1037/xap0000005> 

6. Gillian Balfour, 'Re-imagining a feminist criminology', Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice , 48 (2006), 735-752 < http://heinonline.org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjccj48&id=1> [accessed 19 May 2015]  (p. 741).

9. Balfour, p. 746.

Balfour,  Gillian,  'Re-imagining a feminist criminology',  Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,  48 (2006), 735-752 < http://heinonline.org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjccj48&id=1> [accessed 19 May 2015]

• Authors are given as First name Surname
• For multiple authors follow the advice the  Author Rules tab
• First citations provide the full reference, subsequent use of the same source requires a shortened citation

Bibliography

• With journal articles, include the details of the article and the journal it is published in
• The first author name is given as Surname, First Name, .
• Second and subsequent author names are given in the format of First Name Surname
• For multiple authors follow the advice in the  Author Rules tab
• The article title is given within 'single quotation marks'.
• Journal Title is always  italicised , and given in full
• Volume number is given, followed by the issue if each issue of the journal starts with new pagination, where pagination is continuous no issue number is needed
• Date of publication is given in parenthesis
• Page numbers for the article are given
• For Online articles provide details of the doi or URL where no doi is given
• For online articles where no doi is available provide the details of the date accessed in square brackets.
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OSCOLA referencing guide (Online): Journal Articles

• Paraphrasing
• Repeating Citations
• Secondary Referencing
• Bibliography
• Referencing Tools
• Two or Three Authors
• Four plus Authors
• Chapter in an Edited Book
• Editor or Translator
• Author & Editor or Translator
• Encyclopaedias
• Books of Authority
• Cases with Neutral Citation
• Cases without neutral citation
• Unreported Cases
• Cases before 1865
• Judges' Names
• Scot, NI & International
• Parts of Statutes
• Statutory Instruments
• Journal Articles
• Forthcoming Articles
• Working Papers
• Newspaper Articles
• Hansard & Select Committee reports
• Command Papers
• Law Commission Reports
• Official reports
• Official Publications
• Legislation
• ECJ & GC cases
• Decisions of the European Commission
• European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) cases
• Websites & Blogs
• Personal Communications
• Press Release
• Podcasts & Youtube videos
• Insight & LPC

Journals articles

• Print articles
• Online articles

To cite a print journal use the following format :

Author, │’title’ │[year] │journal name or abbreviation │first page of article

                                                                     [OR]

Author, │’title’ │(year) │volume │journal name or abbreviation │first page of article

Use [ ]  if the date of publication is needed to find the article eg. there is no volume number.

Use ( ) if the date of publication is NOT needed to find the article eg. there is a volume number.

The bibliography is the same format as the footnote except that  the author is now listed surname first  followed by their initials, page numbers are not included and there is no full stop at the end of the reference. 

Examples of citations in a footnote:

Paul Craig, 'Theory, "Pure Theory" and Values in Public Law'  [2005] PL 440.

Alison L Young, 'In Defense of Due Deference' (2009) 72 MLR 554.

Example of citations in a bibliography :

Craig P,   'Theory, "Pure Theory" and Values in Public Law'  [2005] PL 440

Young AL,   'In Defense of Due Deference' (2009) 72 MLR 554

Pinpointing in a journal article

When pinpointing (referring to a specific page in an article) put the first page of the article followed by a comma, a space and the page of the pinpoint.

JAG Griffith, 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42, 64.

Pinpointing is not used in the bibliography.

• If an article/pdf/ebook is available anywhere in print format, you should cite it as you would a printed piece of work (even if you have read it online).
• However if the article is only available online, use the same format as for print journals but at the end of the citation add the web address within < > marks and the date you most recently accessed the article.
• In general only include the web address when the document is only available online, when the web address ia especially helpful for finding the document and when the web address is static (eg. not a result of a search in a database).

An example of a footnote for an online article:

James Gobert, 'The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007: Thirteen Years in the Making but was it Worth the Wait?' (2008) 71 MRL 413 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151209> accessed 15 Jan 2014.

The bibliography is the same format as the footnote except that the author's last name comes first, only the author's initial(s) are used and there is no full stop at the end of the citation.

An example of the bibliography for an online article:

Gobert  J, 'The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007: Thirteen Years in the Making but was it Worth the Wait?' (2008) 71 MRL 413 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151209> accessed 15 Jan 2014

Square brackets or round brackets

Square brackets [ ] are used when the year is crucial to identify the relevant volume of the journal (e.g. when there is no volume number).

Round brackets ( ) are used when the year is not necessary to identify the relevant volume of the journal (e.g. if there is a volume number in addition to the year). 

In most cases journal titles have both a volume number and a year so round brackets will normally be used.

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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
• Videos & DVDs
• How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
• How to Cite: Other
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi or a url, journal article from online source, journal article in print.

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the article instead.

Access Date

Chicago style does not recommend including access dates in the citation, unless no date of publication for the source may be located.

When citing articles from online databases (such as ATLA Religion Database or JSTOR), include the DOI (preferred) or the URL to assist your reader in connecting to the article online.

Access dates are not necessary for articles from library databases. Access dates are only necessary if no date of publication for the source may be located.

Kilgallen, John J. “The Elder Son.” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 186-89. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1201293 5&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

1. John J. Kilgallen, “The Elder Son,” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 187, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=12012935 &site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Two to Three Authors

Ritchie, Daniel E, and Jared Hedges. “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost.”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93. doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Daniel E. Ritchie and Jared Hedges, “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost,”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93, doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Four to Ten Authors

For sources with four to ten authors, list all authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others”)

McCorkle, Brian H., Carole Bohn, Tricia Hughes, and David Kim. “‘Sacred Moments’: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective.”  Mental Health, Religion & Culture  8, no. 3 (September 2005): 227–38. doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

1. Brian H. McCorkle et al., “Sacred Moments: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 8, no. 3 (2005): 230, doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

Booij, Thijs. “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection.” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 97-106. http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86-2005/Psalm141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

1. Thijs Booij, “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection,” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 100, http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86- 2005/Psalm-141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

Fewell, Danna Nolan, and David M. Gunn. “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 45-59.

1. Danna Nolan Fewell and David M. Gunn, “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth,” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 46.

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• Library Guides

Oxford Referencing

• Journal articles

Oxford Referencing: Journal articles

• Getting started with Oxford referencing
• Books & e-books
• Internet/websites
• Legislation
• Conference proceedings
• Personal communications
• Multi-media materials
• Generative AI
• Sample Reference List

On this page

Basic format to reference a journal article.

• Referencing a journal article: Examples

Oxford and DOIs

Format for footnotes for a journal article:

1  A. Author, 'Title of Article: Subtitle',  Title of Journal in Italics , vol. xx, no. xx, year, p. xx.

1  R. Goldthwaite, 'The Florentine Palace as Domestic Architecture: Four Centuries of Influence',  American Historical Review , vol. 77, no. 4, 1972, p. 97.

• In your Reference List the author's initials come after the surname and the full range of the article's pages is added, see examples below.
• Use single quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Quotes of 30 or more words are indented 1 cm from left hand margin, started as a new paragraph and don’t need quotation marks. More information about how to include quotes in your essay is available on the  Getting Started with Oxford Referencing page .

DOIs are not required in Oxford Style, however they may be added at the end of the first footnote and reference list (following page numbers) in the format: 

... pp. 34-39, doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01410.x.

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• Last Updated: Aug 9, 2023 8:21 AM
• URL: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/oxford-referencing