substance abuse treatment essay

Making Addiction Treatment More Realistic and Pragmatic: The Perfect Should Not be the Enemy of the Good

This essay was also published by Health Affairs on January 3, 2022.

Last year saw  drug overdose deaths  in the U.S. surpass an unthinkable milestone: 100,000 deaths in a year. This is the highest number of drug overdoses in our country’s history, and the numbers are climbing every month.

There is an urgent need for a nationwide, coordinated response that a tragedy of this magnitude demands.  Recent data  from 2020 shows that only 13 percent of people with drug use disorders receive any treatment. Only 11 percent of people with opioid use disorder receive one of the three safe and effective medications that could help them quit and stay in recovery.

The magnitude of this crisis demands out-of-the-box thinking and willingness to jettison old, unhelpful, and unsupported assumptions about what treatment and recovery need to look like. Among them is the traditional view that abstinence is the sole aim and only valid outcome of addiction treatment.

While not using any drugs or alcohol poses the fewest health risks and is often necessary for sustained recovery, different people may need different options. Temporary returns to use after periods of abstinence are part of many recovery journeys, and it shouldn’t be ruled out that some substance use or ongoing use of other substances even during treatment and recovery might be a way forward for some subset of individuals.

Reduced number of heavy drinking days is already recognized as a meaningful clinical outcome in research and medication development for alcohol addiction.  Clinical endpoints other than abstinence , such as reduced use, are now being considered in medication trials for drug use disorders. This could facilitate the approval of a wider range of medications to treat addiction, as well as open the door to medications that address symptoms associated with it, such as sleep disorders and anxiety. The existing medications methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone have proven to be effective at reducing relapse risk and improving other outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder, but more options could benefit more patients. And medications to treat other drug use disorders are needed.

Temporary returns to drug use are so common and expected during treatment and recovery that addiction is described as a chronic relapsing condition, like some autoimmune diseases. Yet these setbacks may still be regarded by family, friends, communities, and even physicians as failures, resetting the clock of recovery to zero. Patients in some drug addiction treatment programs are even expelled if they produce positive urine samples.

Healthcare and society must move beyond this dichotomous, moralistic view of drug use and abstinence and the judgmental attitudes and practices that go with it.

There are still many unknowns about the different trajectories that recovery may take, but stereotypes should not guide us in the absence of knowledge. Research in the field of  nicotine addiction  shows that a person’s first cigarette after a period of abstinence raises the risk of returning to their pre-treatment use pattern but does not always have that outcome. Research on the consequences of returning to opioid, stimulant, or cannabis use after a period of non-use is still needed, but there is little evidence to support the assumption—reinforced in movies and TV shows—that a single return to drug use following on a one-time loss of resolve will automatically lead the individual straight back to their former compulsive consumption.

Medicine can perhaps learn from the recovery world, where a distinction is increasingly made between a one-time return to drug use, a “slip” or “lapse,” and a return to the heavy and compulsive use pattern of an individual’s active addiction—the more stereotypical understanding of relapse. The distinction is meant to acknowledge that a person’s resolve to recover may even be strengthened by such lapses and that they need not be catastrophic for the individual’s recovery.

A return to substance use after a period of abstinence may also, in some cases, lead to less frequent use than before treatment. Such a trajectory has been identified in research on  drug and alcohol treatment outcomes in adolescents . For some drugs, any reduced use is  likely beneficial : Less frequent illicit substance use means less frequent need to obtain an illicit substance and fewer opportunities for infectious disease transmission or fatal overdose. It may also increase the likelihood that a person can be a supportive family member, hold a job, and make other healthy choices in their life.  

But as long as treatment is only regarded as successful if it produces abstinence, then even one-time lapses can trigger unnecessary guilt, shame, and hopelessness. If an individual feels like they are bad, weak, or wrong for taking a drink or drug after a period in recovery, it could potentially make it more likely for those slips to become more serious relapses. As it now stands, even a slip can produce a positive urine sample or force the honest patient to self-report a return to drug use, which can then trigger the judgment and punitive policies of their treatment program or the law as well as trigger the personal sense that they have failed again and there is no hope for their recovery.  

Another deleterious effect of equating treatment success with abstinence and drug use with treatment failure is that some people with SUDs are unready to give up substances completely. In fact, this is one of the main reasons people who could benefit from addiction treatment do not seek it. Although it may not be ideal or optimal, treating an opioid or methamphetamine use disorder even while a person continues to use cannabis or alcohol would be a net individual and public health benefit.

Realistically and pragmatically addressing addiction requires that we not let the perfect be the enemy of the good. Right now, we need all the good we can get. It also means offering supports for people with SUD that protect against the worst consequences of drug use. Syringe-services programs reduce HIV transmission and offer people an entry point into treatment; naloxone distribution to people who use opioids and their families reduces overdose fatalities. Neither of these measures increase drug use in communities that implement them, as critics often worry.

Other harm-reduction modalities being studied include personal drug-testing equipment like fentanyl test strips, as well as overdose prevention centers—places where people can use drugs under medical supervision, which are in operation in other countries and, as of late November, are available in New York City. Such services could potentially help mitigate some of the risks associated with lapses and relapses, such as heightened risk of overdose due to lost tolerance. The latter currently accounts for many fatal overdoses after people with an untreated opioid use disorder are released from prison, for example.  

Drug addiction is a chronic but treatable disorder with well-understood genetic and social contributors. It is not a sign of a person’s weakness or bad character. Continued or intermittent use of drugs, even by people who know they have a disorder and are trying hard to recover from it, must be acknowledged as part of the reality of the disorder for many who struggle with it. Just as we must stop stigmatizing addiction, we must also stop stigmatizing people who use drugs as being bad or weak, and instead offer them support to help prevent addiction’s most adverse consequences.

Dr. Nora Volkow, Director

Here I highlight important work being done at NIDA and other news related to the science of drug use and addiction.

Recent Blog Posts

50 years after founding, NIDA urges following science to move beyond stigma

The power of protective layers: Employers advancing whole-person health

Innovative projects answer NIDA’s challenge to implement substance use prevention in primary care

Change Password

Your password must have 6 characters or more:.

• a lower case character, 
• an upper case character, 
• a special character 

Password Changed Successfully

Your password has been changed

Create your account

Forget yout password.

Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions

If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password

Forgot your Username?

Enter your email address below and we will send you your username

If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username

• April 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 4 CURRENT ISSUE pp.255-346
• March 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 3 pp.171-254
• February 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 2 pp.83-170
• January 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 1 pp.1-82

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy and Terms of Use , including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. As described in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, this website utilizes cookies, including for the purpose of offering an optimal online experience and services tailored to your preferences.

Please read the entire Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. By closing this message, browsing this website, continuing the navigation, or otherwise continuing to use the APA's websites, you confirm that you understand and accept the terms of the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including the utilization of cookies.

Substance Use Disorders and Addiction: Mechanisms, Trends, and Treatment Implications

• Ned H. Kalin , M.D.

Search for more papers by this author

The numbers for substance use disorders are large, and we need to pay attention to them. Data from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( 1 ) suggest that, over the preceding year, 20.3 million people age 12 or older had substance use disorders, and 14.8 million of these cases were attributed to alcohol. When considering other substances, the report estimated that 4.4 million individuals had a marijuana use disorder and that 2 million people suffered from an opiate use disorder. It is well known that stress is associated with an increase in the use of alcohol and other substances, and this is particularly relevant today in relation to the chronic uncertainty and distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along with the traumatic effects of racism and social injustice. In part related to stress, substance use disorders are highly comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses: 9.2 million adults were estimated to have a 1-year prevalence of both a mental illness and at least one substance use disorder. Although they may not necessarily meet criteria for a substance use disorder, it is well known that psychiatric patients have increased usage of alcohol, cigarettes, and other illicit substances. As an example, the survey estimated that over the preceding month, 37.2% of individuals with serious mental illnesses were cigarette smokers, compared with 16.3% of individuals without mental illnesses. Substance use frequently accompanies suicide and suicide attempts, and substance use disorders are associated with a long-term increased risk of suicide.

Addiction is the key process that underlies substance use disorders, and research using animal models and humans has revealed important insights into the neural circuits and molecules that mediate addiction. More specifically, research has shed light onto mechanisms underlying the critical components of addiction and relapse: reinforcement and reward, tolerance, withdrawal, negative affect, craving, and stress sensitization. In addition, clinical research has been instrumental in developing an evidence base for the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of substance use disorders, which, in combination with psychosocial approaches, can provide effective treatments. However, despite the existence of therapeutic tools, relapse is common, and substance use disorders remain grossly undertreated. For example, whether at an inpatient hospital treatment facility or at a drug or alcohol rehabilitation program, it was estimated that only 11% of individuals needing treatment for substance use received appropriate care in 2018. Additionally, it is worth emphasizing that current practice frequently does not effectively integrate dual diagnosis treatment approaches, which is important because psychiatric and substance use disorders are highly comorbid. The barriers to receiving treatment are numerous and directly interact with existing health care inequities. It is imperative that as a field we overcome the obstacles to treatment, including the lack of resources at the individual level, a dearth of trained providers and appropriate treatment facilities, racial biases, and the marked stigmatization that is focused on individuals with addictions.

This issue of the Journal is focused on understanding factors contributing to substance use disorders and their comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, the effects of prenatal alcohol use on preadolescents, and brain mechanisms that are associated with addiction and relapse. An important theme that emerges from this issue is the necessity for understanding maladaptive substance use and its treatment in relation to health care inequities. This highlights the imperative to focus resources and treatment efforts on underprivileged and marginalized populations. The centerpiece of this issue is an overview on addiction written by Dr. George Koob, the director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and coauthors Drs. Patricia Powell (NIAAA deputy director) and Aaron White ( 2 ). This outstanding article will serve as a foundational knowledge base for those interested in understanding the complex factors that mediate drug addiction. Of particular interest to the practice of psychiatry is the emphasis on the negative affect state “hyperkatifeia” as a major driver of addictive behavior and relapse. This places the dysphoria and psychological distress that are associated with prolonged withdrawal at the heart of treatment and underscores the importance of treating not only maladaptive drug-related behaviors but also the prolonged dysphoria and negative affect associated with addiction. It also speaks to why it is crucial to concurrently treat psychiatric comorbidities that commonly accompany substance use disorders.

Insights Into Mechanisms Related to Cocaine Addiction Using a Novel Imaging Method for Dopamine Neurons

Cassidy et al. ( 3 ) introduce a relatively new imaging technique that allows for an estimation of dopamine integrity and function in the substantia nigra, the site of origin of dopamine neurons that project to the striatum. Capitalizing on the high levels of neuromelanin that are found in substantia nigra dopamine neurons and the interaction between neuromelanin and intracellular iron, this MRI technique, termed neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI), shows promise in studying the involvement of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illnesses. The authors used this technique to assess dopamine function in active cocaine users with the aim of exploring the hypothesis that cocaine use disorder is associated with blunted presynaptic striatal dopamine function that would be reflected in decreased “integrity” of the substantia nigra dopamine system. Surprisingly, NM-MRI revealed evidence for increased dopamine in the substantia nigra of individuals using cocaine. The authors suggest that this finding, in conjunction with prior work suggesting a blunted dopamine response, points to the possibility that cocaine use is associated with an altered intracellular distribution of dopamine. Specifically, the idea is that dopamine is shifted from being concentrated in releasable, functional vesicles at the synapse to a nonreleasable cytosolic pool. In addition to providing an intriguing alternative hypothesis underlying the cocaine-related alterations observed in substantia nigra dopamine function, this article highlights an innovative imaging method that can be used in further investigations involving the role of substantia nigra dopamine systems in neuropsychiatric disorders. Dr. Charles Bradberry, chief of the Preclinical Pharmacology Section at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, contributes an editorial that further explains the use of NM-MRI and discusses the theoretical implications of these unexpected findings in relation to cocaine use ( 4 ).

Treatment Implications of Understanding Brain Function During Early Abstinence in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder

Developing a better understanding of the neural processes that are associated with substance use disorders is critical for conceptualizing improved treatment approaches. Blaine et al. ( 5 ) present neuroimaging data collected during early abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder and link these data to relapses occurring during treatment. Of note, the findings from this study dovetail with the neural circuit schema Koob et al. provide in this issue’s overview on addiction ( 2 ). The first study in the Blaine et al. article uses 44 patients and 43 control subjects to demonstrate that patients with alcohol use disorder have a blunted neural response to the presentation of stress- and alcohol-related cues. This blunting was observed mainly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a key prefrontal regulatory region, as well as in subcortical regions associated with reward processing, specifically the ventral striatum. Importantly, this finding was replicated in a second study in which 69 patients were studied in relation to their length of abstinence prior to treatment and treatment outcomes. The results demonstrated that individuals with the shortest abstinence times had greater alterations in neural responses to stress and alcohol cues. The authors also found that an individual’s length of abstinence prior to treatment, independent of the number of days of abstinence, was a predictor of relapse and that the magnitude of an individual’s neural alterations predicted the amount of heavy drinking occurring early in treatment. Although relapse is an all too common outcome in patients with substance use disorders, this study highlights an approach that has the potential to refine and develop new treatments that are based on addiction- and abstinence-related brain changes. In her thoughtful editorial, Dr. Edith Sullivan from Stanford University comments on the details of the study, the value of studying patients during early abstinence, and the implications of these findings for new treatment development ( 6 ).

Relatively Low Amounts of Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy Are Associated With Subtle Neurodevelopmental Effects in Preadolescent Offspring

Excessive substance use not only affects the user and their immediate family but also has transgenerational effects that can be mediated in utero. Lees et al. ( 7 ) present data suggesting that even the consumption of relatively low amounts of alcohol by expectant mothers can affect brain development, cognition, and emotion in their offspring. The researchers used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, a large national community-based study, which allowed them to assess brain structure and function as well as behavioral, cognitive, and psychological outcomes in 9,719 preadolescents. The mothers of 2,518 of the subjects in this study reported some alcohol use during pregnancy, albeit at relatively low levels (0 to 80 drinks throughout pregnancy). Interestingly, and opposite of that expected in relation to data from individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, increases in brain volume and surface area were found in offspring of mothers who consumed the relatively low amounts of alcohol. Notably, any prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with small but significant increases in psychological problems that included increases in separation anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Additionally, a dose-response effect was found for internalizing psychopathology, somatic complaints, and attentional deficits. While subtle, these findings point to neurodevelopmental alterations that may be mediated by even small amounts of prenatal alcohol consumption. Drs. Clare McCormack and Catherine Monk from Columbia University contribute an editorial that provides an in-depth assessment of these findings in relation to other studies, including those assessing severe deficits in individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome ( 8 ). McCormack and Monk emphasize that the behavioral and psychological effects reported in the Lees et al. article would not be clinically meaningful. However, it is feasible that the influences of these low amounts of alcohol could interact with other predisposing factors that might lead to more substantial negative outcomes.

Increased Comorbidity Between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders in Sexual Identity Minorities

There is no question that victims of societal marginalization experience disproportionate adversity and stress. Evans-Polce et al. ( 9 ) focus on this concern in relation to individuals who identify as sexual minorities by comparing their incidence of comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders with that of individuals who identify as heterosexual. By using 2012−2013 data from 36,309 participants in the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III, the authors examine the incidence of comorbid alcohol and tobacco use disorders with anxiety, mood disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The findings demonstrate increased incidences of substance use and psychiatric disorders in individuals who identified as bisexual or as gay or lesbian compared with those who identified as heterosexual. For example, a fourfold increase in the prevalence of PTSD was found in bisexual individuals compared with heterosexual individuals. In addition, the authors found an increased prevalence of substance use and psychiatric comorbidities in individuals who identified as bisexual and as gay or lesbian compared with individuals who identified as heterosexual. This was most prominent in women who identified as bisexual. For example, of the bisexual women who had an alcohol use disorder, 60.5% also had a psychiatric comorbidity, compared with 44.6% of heterosexual women. Additionally, the amount of reported sexual orientation discrimination and number of lifetime stressful events were associated with a greater likelihood of having comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders. These findings are important but not surprising, as sexual minority individuals have a history of increased early-life trauma and throughout their lives may experience the painful and unwarranted consequences of bias and denigration. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the strong negative societal impacts experienced by minority groups and should sensitize providers to the additional needs of these individuals.

Trends in Nicotine Use and Dependence From 2001–2002 to 2012–2013

Although considerable efforts over earlier years have curbed the use of tobacco and nicotine, the use of these substances continues to be a significant public health problem. As noted above, individuals with psychiatric disorders are particularly vulnerable. Grant et al. ( 10 ) use data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected from a very large cohort to characterize trends in nicotine use and dependence over time. Results from their analysis support the so-called hardening hypothesis, which posits that although intervention-related reductions in nicotine use may have occurred over time, the impact of these interventions is less potent in individuals with more severe addictive behavior (i.e., nicotine dependence). When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, the results demonstrated a small but significant increase in nicotine use from 2001–2002 to 2012–2013. However, a much greater increase in nicotine dependence (46.1% to 52%) was observed over this time frame in individuals who had used nicotine during the preceding 12 months. The increases in nicotine use and dependence were associated with factors related to socioeconomic status, such as lower income and lower educational attainment. The authors interpret these findings as evidence for the hardening hypothesis, suggesting that despite the impression that nicotine use has plateaued, there is a growing number of highly dependent nicotine users who would benefit from nicotine dependence intervention programs. Dr. Kathleen Brady, from the Medical University of South Carolina, provides an editorial ( 11 ) that reviews the consequences of tobacco use and the history of the public measures that were initially taken to combat its use. Importantly, her editorial emphasizes the need to address health care inequity issues that affect individuals of lower socioeconomic status by devoting resources to develop and deploy effective smoking cessation interventions for at-risk and underresourced populations.

Conclusions

Maladaptive substance use and substance use disorders are highly prevalent and are among the most significant public health problems. Substance use is commonly comorbid with psychiatric disorders, and treatment efforts need to concurrently address both. The papers in this issue highlight new findings that are directly relevant to understanding, treating, and developing policies to better serve those afflicted with addictions. While treatments exist, the need for more effective treatments is clear, especially those focused on decreasing relapse rates. The negative affective state, hyperkatifeia, that accompanies longer-term abstinence is an important treatment target that should be emphasized in current practice as well as in new treatment development. In addition to developing a better understanding of the neurobiology of addictions and abstinence, it is necessary to ensure that there is equitable access to currently available treatments and treatment programs. Additional resources must be allocated to this cause. This depends on the recognition that health care inequities and societal barriers are major contributors to the continued high prevalence of substance use disorders, the individual suffering they inflict, and the huge toll that they incur at a societal level.

Disclosures of Editors’ financial relationships appear in the April 2020 issue of the Journal .

1 US Department of Health and Human Services: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2018. Rockville, Md, SAMHSA, 2019 ( https://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/reports-detailed-tables-2018-NSDUH ) Google Scholar

2 Koob GF, Powell P, White A : Addiction as a coping response: hyperkatifeia, deaths of despair, and COVID-19 . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1031–1037 Link ,  Google Scholar

3 Cassidy CM, Carpenter KM, Konova AB, et al. : Evidence for dopamine abnormalities in the substantia nigra in cocaine addiction revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1038–1047 Link ,  Google Scholar

4 Bradberry CW : Neuromelanin MRI: dark substance shines a light on dopamine dysfunction and cocaine use (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1019–1021 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

5 Blaine SK, Wemm S, Fogelman N, et al. : Association of prefrontal-striatal functional pathology with alcohol abstinence days at treatment initiation and heavy drinking after treatment initiation . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1048–1059 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

6 Sullivan EV : Why timing matters in alcohol use disorder recovery (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1022–1024 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

7 Lees B, Mewton L, Jacobus J, et al. : Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with psychological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1060–1072 Link ,  Google Scholar

8 McCormack C, Monk C : Considering prenatal alcohol exposure in a developmental origins of health and disease framework (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1025–1028 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

9 Evans-Polce RJ, Kcomt L, Veliz PT, et al. : Alcohol, tobacco, and comorbid psychiatric disorders and associations with sexual identity and stress-related correlates . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1073–1081 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

10 Grant BF, Shmulewitz D, Compton WM : Nicotine use and DSM-IV nicotine dependence in the United States, 2001–2002 and 2012–2013 . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1082–1090 Link ,  Google Scholar

11 Brady KT : Social determinants of health and smoking cessation: a challenge (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1029–1030 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

• Cited by None

• Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
• Addiction Psychiatry
• Transgender (LGBT) Issues

• Human Editing
• Free AI Essay Writer
• AI Outline Generator
• AI Paragraph Generator
• Paragraph Expander
• Essay Expander
• Literature Review Generator
• Research Paper Generator
• Thesis Generator
• Paraphrasing tool
• AI Rewording Tool
• AI Sentence Rewriter
• AI Rephraser
• AI Paragraph Rewriter
• Summarizing Tool
• AI Content Shortener
• Plagiarism Checker
• AI Detector
• AI Essay Checker
• Citation Generator
• Reference Finder
• Book Citation Generator
• Legal Citation Generator
• Journal Citation Generator
• Reference Citation Generator
• Scientific Citation Generator
• Source Citation Generator
• Website Citation Generator
• URL Citation Generator
• Proofreading Service
• Editing Service
• AI Writing Guides
• AI Detection Guides
• Citation Guides
• Grammar Guides
• Paraphrasing Guides
• Plagiarism Guides
• Summary Writing Guides
• STEM Guides
• Humanities Guides
• Language Learning Guides
• Coding Guides
• Top Lists and Recommendations
• AI Detectors
• AI Writing Services
• Coding Homework Help
• Citation Generators
• Editing Websites
• Essay Writing Websites
• Language Learning Websites
• Math Solvers
• Paraphrasers
• Plagiarism Checkers
• Reference Finders
• Spell Checkers
• Summarizers
• Tutoring Websites

Most Popular

Ai or not ai a student suspects one of their peer reviewer was a bot, how to summarize a research article, loose vs lose, how to cite a blog, apa paraphrasing, substance abuse treatment throughout the world essay sample, example.

Substance abuse is a global problem that affects millions of people. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are over 35 million people worldwide who suffer from drug use disorders. Substance abuse can have devastating consequences on individuals, families, and communities, including physical and mental health problems, social and economic consequences, and increased risk of crime and violence. While substance abuse is a universal problem, the approaches to treatment and prevention vary widely throughout the world.

In many developed countries, substance abuse treatment is primarily provided through the healthcare system. These countries generally have well-established programs that offer a range of services, including detoxification, medication-assisted treatment, counseling, and aftercare. The United States is one such country, with a vast network of treatment centers and programs. The US also has a number of evidence-based practices, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, that have been shown to be effective in treating substance abuse.

In contrast, many developing countries have limited resources for substance abuse treatment. These countries often lack the infrastructure, funding, and trained personnel needed to provide comprehensive treatment programs. In some cases, traditional healers may provide substance abuse treatment, but their methods and effectiveness are often difficult to evaluate.

The approach to substance abuse treatment also varies by culture. For example, in some countries, such as Japan, there is a strong emphasis on self-help and group therapy. In other countries, such as Saudi Arabia, substance abuse is viewed as a moral failing rather than a medical problem, and treatment may involve religious counseling.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the need for a global approach to substance abuse treatment and prevention. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has developed a plan to address the global drug problem, which includes promoting evidence-based treatment, increasing access to treatment, and improving international cooperation. The WHO has also developed guidelines for the management of substance abuse, which emphasize the need for comprehensive, integrated, and evidence-based approaches to treatment.

Despite these efforts, there are still significant barriers to accessing substance abuse treatment throughout the world. Stigma, lack of resources, and cultural attitudes all contribute to the problem. There is a need for increased awareness and education about substance abuse and its treatment, as well as increased funding for prevention and treatment programs.

In conclusion, substance abuse is a complex and widespread problem that requires a multifaceted approach to treatment and prevention. While there are differences in the approach to substance abuse treatment throughout the world, there is a growing recognition of the need for evidence-based, comprehensive, and integrated programs. With increased awareness, education, and funding, it is possible to reduce the impact of substance abuse on individuals, families, and communities worldwide.

You can find more Nursing Essay Topics in our weekly digest based on the real market data and research from A*Help.

Follow us on Reddit for more insights and updates.

Comments (0)

Welcome to A*Help comments!

We’re all about debate and discussion at A*Help.

We value the diverse opinions of users, so you may find points of view that you don’t agree with. And that’s cool. However, there are certain things we’re not OK with: attempts to manipulate our data in any way, for example, or the posting of discriminative, offensive, hateful, or disparaging material.

Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

More from Essay on Drug Abuse Examples and Samples

Nov 23 2023

Why Is Of Mice And Men Banned

Nov 07 2023

Pride and Prejudice Themes

Jun 14 2023

Discussion: Pharmaceuticals and Behavioral Health Essay Sample, Example

Remember Me

What is your profession ? Student Teacher Writer Other

Forgotten Password?

Username or Email

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Drug Addiction — The Causes, Effects, Types, and Prevention and Treatment of Drug Abuse

The Causes, Effects, Types, and Prevention and Treatment of Drug Abuse

• Categories: Drug Addiction

About this sample

Words: 575 |

Published: Feb 7, 2024

Words: 575 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Causes of drug abuse, effects of drug abuse, types of drugs, prevention and treatment.

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

• 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
• Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Prof Ernest (PhD)

Verified writer

• Expert in: Nursing & Health

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

4 pages / 1976 words

3 pages / 1587 words

7 pages / 3195 words

3 pages / 1486 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Drug Addiction

The issue of substance abuse presents a pervasive and multifaceted challenge, impacting individuals, families, and communities globally. Its consequences extend far beyond individual suffering, posing significant threats to [...]

Millions of individuals are affected by the devastating consequences of substance abuse, making it a significant public health concern worldwide. As societies strive to address this issue, innovations in technology have emerged [...]

Mental health disorders and drug abuse are two pressing issues that continue to impact individuals globally. The relationship between the two is complex and multifaceted, and understanding the interplay between mental health and [...]

Drug addiction has been a significant issue worldwide for many decades, impacting not only individuals addicted to illegal substances but also the society surrounding them. This essay aims to explore the influence of drug [...]

Drugabuse.gov. (2023). Commonly Abused Drugs Charts. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2022). Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts. Retrieved from Press.

A drug is a natural or synthetic substance which when taken into a living body affects the normal functioning or structure and it is used in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment or prevention of a disease. Drug misuse is using a [...]

Related Topics

By clicking “Send”, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement . We will occasionally send you account related emails.

Where do you want us to send this sample?

By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy.

Be careful. This essay is not unique

This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before

Download this Sample

Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts

Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.

Please check your inbox.

We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. Let's fix your grades together!

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

• Instructions Followed To The Letter
• Deadlines Met At Every Stage
• Unique And Plagiarism Free

• Engineering
• Write For Us
• Privacy Policy

Essay on Drug Abuse

Here we have shared the Essay on Drug Abuse in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Drug Abuse in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Drug Abuse in 150 words

Essay on drug abuse in 250-300 words, essay on drug abuse in 500-1000 words.

Drug abuse is a global issue that poses serious risks to individuals and society. It involves the harmful and excessive use of drugs, leading to physical and mental health problems. Drug abuse can result in addiction, organ damage, cognitive impairment, and social and economic difficulties. Prevention efforts should focus on education, raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is crucial for recovery. Strengthening law enforcement measures against drug trafficking is necessary to address the supply side of the problem. Creating supportive environments and opportunities for positive engagement can help prevent drug abuse. By taking collective action, we can combat drug abuse and build healthier communities.

Drug abuse is a growing global concern that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Drug abuse has severe consequences for individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, damage vital organs, and increase the risk of overdose. Mentally, it can cause cognitive impairment, and psychological disorders, and deteriorate overall well-being. Additionally, drug abuse often leads to social and economic problems, such as strained relationships, loss of employment, and criminal activities.

Preventing drug abuse requires a multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs play a crucial role in informing individuals about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is vital to help individuals recover from substance abuse. Strengthening law enforcement efforts to curb drug trafficking and promoting international cooperation is also essential to address the supply side of the issue.

Community support and a nurturing environment are critical in preventing drug abuse. Creating opportunities for individuals, especially young people, to engage in positive activities and providing social support systems can serve as protective factors against drug abuse.

In conclusion, drug abuse is a significant societal problem with detrimental effects on individuals and communities. It requires a comprehensive approach involving education, prevention, treatment, and enforcement. By addressing the root causes, raising awareness, and providing support to those affected, we can combat drug abuse and create a healthier and safer society for all.

Title: Drug Abuse – A Global Crisis Demanding Urgent Action

Introduction :

Drug abuse is a pressing global issue that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. This essay explores the causes and consequences of drug abuse, the social and economic impact, prevention and treatment strategies, and the importance of raising awareness and fostering supportive communities in addressing this crisis.

Causes and Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse

Several factors contribute to drug abuse. Genetic predisposition, peer pressure, stress, trauma, and environmental influences play a role in initiating substance use. The availability and accessibility of drugs, as well as societal norms and cultural acceptance, also influence drug abuse patterns. Additionally, underlying mental health issues and co-occurring disorders can drive individuals to self-medicate with drugs.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has devastating consequences on individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Substance abuse affects vital organs, impairs cognitive function, and increases the risk of accidents and injuries. Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, are often associated with drug abuse. Substance abuse also takes a toll on relationships, leading to strained family dynamics, social isolation, and financial instability. The social and economic costs of drug abuse include increased healthcare expenses, decreased productivity, and the burden on criminal justice systems.

Prevention and Education

Preventing drug abuse requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs are essential in schools, communities, and the media to inform individuals about the risks and consequences of drug abuse. Promoting healthy coping mechanisms, stress management skills, and decision-making abilities can empower individuals to resist peer pressure and make informed choices. Early intervention programs that identify at-risk individuals and provide support and resources are crucial in preventing substance abuse.

Treatment and Recovery

Access to quality healthcare and evidence-based addiction treatment is vital in addressing drug abuse. Treatment options include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and medication-assisted treatments. Rehabilitation centers, support groups, and outpatient programs provide a continuum of care for individuals seeking recovery. Holistic approaches, such as addressing co-occurring mental health disorders and promoting healthy lifestyles, contribute to successful long-term recovery. Support from family, friends, and communities plays a significant role in sustaining recovery and preventing relapse.

Law Enforcement and Drug Policies

Effective law enforcement efforts are necessary to disrupt drug trafficking and dismantle illicit drug networks. International cooperation and collaboration are crucial in combating the global drug trade. Additionally, drug policies should focus on a balanced approach that combines law enforcement with prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. Shifting the emphasis from punitive measures toward prevention and rehabilitation can lead to more effective outcomes.

Creating Supportive Communities:

Fostering supportive communities is vital in addressing drug abuse. Communities should provide resources, social support networks, and opportunities for positive engagement. This includes promoting healthy recreational activities, providing vocational training, and creating safe spaces for individuals in recovery. Reducing the stigma associated with drug abuse and encouraging empathy and understanding are crucial to building a compassionate and supportive environment.

Conclusion :

Drug abuse remains a complex and multifaceted issue with far-reaching consequences. By addressing the causes, raising awareness, implementing preventive measures, providing quality treatment and support services, and fostering supportive communities, we can combat drug abuse and alleviate its impact. It requires collaboration and a collective effort from individuals, communities, governments, and organizations to build a society that is resilient against the scourge of drug abuse. Through education, prevention, treatment, and compassion, we can pave the way toward a healthier and drug-free future.

Improving writing skills since 2002

(855) 4-ESSAYS

Type a new keyword(s) and press Enter to search

Substance abuse treatment.

• Word Count: 1067
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• View my Saved Essays
• Downloads: 16
• Grade level: High School
• Problems? Flag this paper!

            Substance abuse and addiction are causing serious problems for millions of people every day. Addiction can cause problems in family life, careers, health and friendships with people becoming addicted to a whole host of things such as alcohol, illegal drugs, legal drugs unhealthy foods, tobacco, and way many more. Addiction happens for many reasons and while some people can manage to drink or take drugs experimentally, many others sadly fall into the trap. It's very hard for an addicted person to stop, and sometimes their additions could even cause them to die. A person with a substance problem often knows that the alcohol or drugs they are taking is bad for them, yet they have trouble controlling themselves. A lot of the time these people are in complete denial about their addictions and intervention by family and friends doesn't always help.              An addicted person has to truly want to get help and stop but sometimes they just don't care. So, why is it that people become addicted to something that is bad for them? There are a variety of reasons, and each person is different; some people may drink, take drugs, or smoke and it's their way of handling stress from other factors in their lives, such as work or family problems. Substance Abuse Prevention The Intersection of Science and Practice (2003) gives description about withdrawal side effects, "Sweating, shaking, sickness, and major restlessness. Individuals with these signs most likely need substance abuse treatment. Numerous diverse individuals can furnish substance and misuse medication" (p. 69).              Fisher and Harrison (2000) have traced the history of treatment experts for substance abuse, "As Twenty years ago, in the alcohol and other drugs field, [did you know that many] treatment providers were alcoholics and addicts in recovery who [used only their very own] experience to help others? (p.1). This research assignment goes in depth with the discussion levels of care and whether the use of treatment is a promising approach for substance abusers and addicts[Fis00] by responding to the following questions:.

• Page 1 of 4

Essays Related to Substance Abuse Treatment

1. substance abuse.

When individuals use drugs to such an extent that they have difficulty meeting social and occupational obligations, substance abuse had occurred. ... Because substance abuse is so widespread, many practitioners of theories have devoted significant attention to this area. ... Although the treatment of drug-abusing patients follows a cognitive model that is somewhat similar to the treatment of other disorders, there are significant differences. ... When working with substance abuse, therapists teach clients methods doe preventing relapse. Throughout the process of drug treatment, Socratic me...

• Word Count: 493
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

2. Substance Abuse

For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditional substance abuse programs simply are not enough" (Nowinski, inside cover). ... Joseph Nowinski entitled Substance Abuse in Adolescents & Young Adults. ... B) Source 2: The second source that I used was a journal article entitled "Prevalence of substance abuse in a rural teenage population." ... The article summarized a study that examined the extent to which conduct disorder type behavior predated substance use involvement among 166 adolescents in treatment for alcohol and other drug abuse. ... The article, entitled "Treating adoles...

• Word Count: 596
• Grade Level: High School

3. Substance Abuse

There are still people who are in need of treatment for their substance abuse problems. There are "about 21.1 out of every 1000 Newark residents who need treatment For there drug or alcohol abuse" (Abuse Work Group). "There are only 3.5 out of 100 who receive treatment"(Abuse Work Group). There are still many individuals that are in denial of their substance abuse problem. ... Works Cited Newark Substance Community.Report on Substance Abuse Abuse Work Group, Newark Fighting Back Partnership Hester,Tom. ...

• Word Count: 1299
• Approx Pages: 5

4. Drug Treatment Centers (rough Draft)

We were able to identify the characteristics of successful substance abuse treatment programs explain relevant information of treatment modalities related to the workplace. ... Pathways substance abuse policy is updated yearly and all Federal drug testing custody control forms are up-to-date. ... The substance abuse policy is reviewed and updated at least two times a year. The 1016 House also offers education and training on their substance abuse policy. ... I found the facility to be a strict, but comfortable place for a person to utilize for substance abuse treatment. ...

• Word Count: 2566
• Approx Pages: 10

5. Career as Alcohol or Substance Abuse Counselor

Where the Jobs Are By Facility Type In the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS, 2002), conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 18,204 substance abuse treatment facilities across the country were contacted to collect a variety of data specific to each facility. ... An example of a non-profit treatment facility is the Phoenix House, the country's largest non-profit organization dedicated to the treatment and prevention of substance abuse. ... Where the Jobs Are by Geographic Location In the 2002 National Survey of Substance ...

• Word Count: 2624

6. Substance Abuse

The term drug is often associated with substance that may be purchased at the counter with prescription, such as penicillin, which is almost never abused, and Valium, which is frequently abused, or illegal substances, such as angel dust, which are taken for the purpose of getting high, but no medical use. Other substances, such as alcohol and nicotine, may be purchased legally without prescription and are commonly abused. ... Consequently, doctors all but abandoned the treatment for addicts for nearly half of a century of the United States (Musto, p.127). ... In 1970, the United States Congr...

• Word Count: 1527
• Approx Pages: 6

7. Trauma and Substance Abuse in Refugees

The struggles of refugee life often lead to mental health disorders and substance abuse. ... I want to address the role that trauma plays, whether or not there is effective treatment for refugees who suffer from mental disorders and substance abuse, and if early treatment of PTSD (and other disorders) will lead to less substance abuse in refugee populations later in life. ... Mental health professionals working with refugees often identify problems in three basic areas- anxiety/depression, PTSD, and substance abuse (Rado, 1997). ... Substance Abuse As previously stated, mental health profess...

• Word Count: 2537

8. Substance Abuse and Activity Addictions

Unless treatment is sought by the abuser, they can be a functioning alcoholic for many years. ... Another form of substance abuse is heroin addiction. ... Substance abusers who use heroin use a syringe to insert it into their veins. ... The withdrawal from heroin is painful and it takes a few days if the abuser is at home and not in a proper treatment facility. ... Activity abuse addictions such as sex, gambling and shopping are not as prominent or noticeable as substance abuse addictions. ...

• Word Count: 2291
• Approx Pages: 9

9. Postpartum Depression

The articles I looked at discuss the current treatments for Postpartum women who also abuse drugs and alcohol and the effectiveness of the treatments. ... The articles were easy to understand and helped me to understand the current research and treatments for substance abuse in pregnant or postpartum women. ... Data Sources: In the article Evaluating the Success of Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Programs for Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Their Infants, the data comes from the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP). ... (Lieberman, 219) The data from the next article...

• Word Count: 2837
• Approx Pages: 11

• Paper Writer Free >
• Essays Examples >
• Essay Topics >

Essay On Substance Abuse

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Drugs , Abuse , Bullying , Violence , Addiction , Substance , Drug Abuse , Alcohol

Words: 1650

Published: 2020/12/01

Substance abuse has become a major problem for society. Substance abuse crosses over ethnic, economic and cultural lines. Addiction to legal drugs, illegal drugs and alcohol affects millions of people in the United States. The costs of addiction are economic, psychological and physical, not only to the individual but to society as a whole. Substance abuse destroys individuals and their familial relationships. The dynamics of addiction on the individual are varied and complex. Many do recover from addiction with intense interventions and go on to live a normal life. Substance abuse is a set of behaviors that involve the use of drugs (legal and illegal) and/or alcohol. Substance abuse affects people of all ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Substances that are abused include but are not limited to: alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, prescription drugs, crack and heroin. The signs of substance abuse include: Addiction affects people of all ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. The signs of a substance abuse problem include both physical, mental and emotional problems. Daily use of the substance and strong cravings for the substance occur. An abuser will spend all of their money on their drug of choice and will have an inability to meet work and personal obligations. An abuser will participate in behaviors that they normally would not participate in such as stealing and risky sexual behaviors. A person with a substance abuse problem will go to any lengths to obtain the drug they crave. Attempts to stop using the substance can result in physical withdrawal from the substance (Mayo Clinic). According to the National Institute for Drug Abuse, in 2012, 9.2% of Americans abuse an illegal drug. This is up from 8.3% in 2002. Marijuana has seen a steady increase in the number of users, cocaine use has dropped and methamphetamine has remained steady over this time period. Drug abuse is most popular in young adults ages 18-25. In an interesting statistic people in their fifties are abusing drugs at higher rates than ever. Approximately 19% of the population is considered alcoholic. Statistics demonstrate minor fluctuations in drug and alcohol abuse across races and ethnicities. Professionals in the medical, psychological and law enforcement communities argue on what constitutes a “substance abuser”. Research in the last twenty years has grown exponentially to study the causes of addiction. Attempts to define terms such as “addiction” and “substance abuse” are cause for argument and disagreement among professionals. It is generally agreed that if a substance interferes with one’s ability to live a healthy life, physically, mentally and emotionally, then there is a substance abuse problem. Generally statistics are very difficult to read when it comes to addiction. Many people in the general public simply don’t understand what addiction and abuse are. In general people perceive alcoholics as Skid Row bums and drug addicts as homeless people or criminals that live in the ghettos. Many people have multiple addictions or their habits may vary. Many people with an addiction or abuse problem simply are in denial or do not recognize their use as a problem. The definition “addiction” is still debated among doctors, psychologists and addiction counselors. Many who may have had an addiction at one time have recovered and are now living free from the addiction after intervention and treatment. The financial burden of substance abuse is great. It is estimated that substance abuse costs the government $484 billion dollars each year. Diabetes costs society only $131 billion and cancer, $171 billion. These figures include health care costs, accidents, crime and courts (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Financial costs to both employers and employees with a substance abuse problem are also great. People with addictions often call in sick to work because they are high or hung-over. If they do show up for work they are not as productive or effective as they would be if they were sober. On the job accidents from substance abuse cost employers millions every year through workers’ compensation claims. Health insurance rates are on the rise since most companies now offer coverage for the treatment of substance abuse. For those without health insurance coverage, the government also offers assistance to get treatment which costs taxpayers more money. The mortality rate of those with an addiction is astonishing. The rates for alcoholics who die from liver disease and related alcoholic diseases was 88,000 people in 2012. The number of alcohol related accidents that took a life was 31% of all fatalities. The hidden cause of death from alcoholism is harder to determine: heart attacks, murders and accidents in the home. Deaths from drug overdoses numbers over 40,000, this includes both prescription and illegal drugs. Again, deaths that occurred due to intoxication on drugs but not directly attributed, such as car accidents, murder and suicides is unaccounted (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Many addicts are abusing prescription drugs which are much easier to obtain than illegal drugs. Doctors are generally unaware of their patients who may have a prescription drug abuse problem and will continue to prescribe pain killers and benzodiazepines. Often prescription drugs are taken for bona fide reasons at first but for those with a predisposition to addiction abuse can occur quickly and unnoticed. Many with a prescription abuse problem rationalize the addiction because the drugs are legal and were prescribed for a physical ailment, so taking them, even excessively is alright. Prescription drug abuse is the fastest growing type of substance abuse in the United States (Simoni-Wastila & Strickler). Alcohol is a leading choice of addicts. Alcohol is socially accepted and completely legal. It is generally the first substance teenagers abuse when they embark on a career of substance abuse. Millions of adults who begin as social drinkers eventually begin to abuse alcohol and become full blown alcoholics (Moos, Finney & Cronkite). Much research has been done on this topic over the years. According to Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholism is both a disease of the mind and body. They describe the alcoholic as suffering from a physical “allergy” to alcohol. Many researcher describe a similar phenomenon in that alcoholics simply cannot stop drinking once they begin. In recent years, the use of cocaine and crack are on the decline. The new drug of choice for many addicts is heroin and methamphetamine. Both have been on the rise over the last ten years. Heroin no longer has to be injected which is appealing to many drug abusers who refuse to use a needle. Meth can be smoked, sniffed or injected and provides an “up” for addicts. Addicts on meth could stay awake for days at a time (National Institute on Drug Abuse). According to the Justice Department, 18% of prisoners have been incarcerated because they committed crimes to obtain money for drugs. 5% of homicides were directly related to drugs. A survey of inmates found that 30% of them admitted to being under the influence of alcohol or drugs when they committed their crime. Sixty percent of children who experience abuse were victims of someone under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In domestic violence cases nearly 80% were preceded by alcohol or drug abuse. The war on drugs that the United States began in the 1980’s has been ineffective. Drugs are still coming across our borders, many are now produced within this country. Marijuana is now being grown internally and drugs such as methamphetamine is created within our borders. The $15 billion that has been spent in combatting the drug problem has not worked. There are many reasons for addiction. Many drug addicts and alcoholics have at least one person in their family that has also faced addiction Addiction occurs with any substance because of the way alcohol and drugs affect the production of dopamine in the brain. Drugs increase the production of this natural chemical. This is what produces the high effect of drugs. In order to achieve this high, an addict must consume more and more of their substance. Addiction is also coupled with mental disorders. Most abusers suffer from depression, bipolar disorder or anxiety. Addicts are generally devoted to a particular drug that seems to work best for them. Different people due to their personality and physical chemistry tend to prefer one type of drug over another. Once they have found their drug of choice, most addict remain faithful to that one. Addicts also tend to engage in specific behaviors or rituals when using their drug of choice, thus cementing the addiction (Sandra D., personal communication, 10 January 2015). Substance abuse in teenagers is at a record high. Causes for the use of alcohol and drugs are often identified as physical, emotional or sexual abuse and bullying. Teenagers use drugs and alcohol as a way to escape from the painful traumas. They often observe family members or friends that seem to successfully use substances to alter their moods. Peer pressure also ranks as a leading cause for substance abuse. Many adult addicts claim that their addictions began as teenagers and once they started abusing substances they simply could not stop (Whitesell, Bachand, Peel and Brown, 2-4). Substance abusers use complex psychological mechanisms to justify and defend their use of drugs or alcohol. They may deny that they have a problem altogether (denial). Often the abuser uses drugs and alcohol as an escape from life’s pressures and burdens and they give themselves permission to do so (rationalization). The prescription drug abuser may intellectualize the abuse by claiming that the drug is a legal prescription for a real medical problem. Family members may also be unaware of the severity of a substance abuse problem. Often spouses or other family members unwittingly cover up the problems of substance abuse by making excuses or covering up for the abuser. There is hope for those that are suffering with a substance abuse problem. Rehabilitation centers for those that suffer from addiction have sprung up all over the country in the last thirty years. Addicts and alcoholics have the options of admitting themselves into residential or outpatient facilities for treatment. Many companies offer employee assistance programs that can guide an employee to the right place for treatment. Alcoholics Anonymous has been instrumental in helping alcoholics to achieve recovery. This 12 step program has also given rise to similar programs such as Narcotics Anonymous that help those with drug problems. These programs have met tremendous success with long term sobriety for alcoholics and drug addicts alike. Substance abuse is a serious problem that was once hidden in the closet. It takes on many forms and levels of severity. In the last thirty years new light has been shed upon the subject. Research in the field to understand the physical, mental and emotional aspects of the disease has opened doors of opportunity for understanding and successful treatment of people who suffer from addiction. Substance abuse affects not only the individual, but their family and friends as well. There are financial implications for businesses who employ people with a substance abuse problem. The judicial system is overwhelmed with criminals who committed crimes to obtain money for drugs or directly acquiring the drugs. Domestic abuse and child abuse and neglect cases are often rooted in substance abuse problems. The important thing to understand that there is now hope for a person who suffers a substance abuse problem. Treatment centers and a better understanding by the public through education is slowly removing the stigma attached to addiction which can lead to treatment.

Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. 2001. Print “Drug Crimes and Facts”. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/contents.cfm Fleury, M, Grenier, G, Bamvita, J, Perrault, M & CarAn, J. (2014). Predictors of alcohol and drug dependence. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 59(4), 203-212. Grohol, J. (2007). 15 Common defense mechanisms. Psych Central. Retrieved on January 13, 2015, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/15-common-defense-mechanisms/0001251 Kreek, M.J., Nielsen, D., Butleman, E., Laforfge, K.S. (2005). Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neuroscience 8,1450-1457. doi:10.1038/nn1583 Mackenzie Whitesell, Annette Bachand, Jennifer Peel, and Mark Brown (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. doi:10.1155/2013/579310 Mayo Clinic. Drug addiction: Symptoms. Retrieved 28, Feb 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/basics/symptoms/con- 20020790. Moos, R., Finney, J., Cronkite, R. (1990). Alcohol Treatment: Context, Process and Outcome. New York: Oxford University Press, (1990). Print. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from: http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/magnitude/ Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Simoni-Wastila, L. and Strickler, G. (2004). Risk factors associated with the use of prescription drugs. American Journal of Public Health 94(2), 266-268. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.2.266 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS

Share with friends using:

• Example Of Research Paper On Ghosts Of Mississippi By Rob Reiners
• Example Of Turkish Settlement Patterns Ottoman City In The Balkans Essay
• Segregation Essays
• Veto Essays
• Downturn Essays
• Jeremy Bentham Essays
• Ruin Essays
• Volkswagen Essays
• Peer Pressure Essays
• Sierra Leone Essays
• Patronage Essays
• Wage Increase Essays
• Textbook Essays
• Admin Essays
• Middle School Essays
• Readiness Essays
• Comprehension Essays
• Misrepresentation Essays
• Climb Essays
• Litigation Essays
• Proctor Essays
• Subprime Essays
• Hedge Essays
• Housing Market Essays
• Latvia Essays
• Ferry Essays
• Lithuania Essays
• Ghost Essays
• Carnival Essays
• Mother In Law Essays
• Daughter In Law Essays
• Hurt Essays
• Illumination Essays
• Memorization Essays
• Cottage Essays
• Dispatch Essays
• Heir Essays
• Bad Debt Essays
• Allowance Essays
• Diary Essays
• Inclination Essays
• Digestive Essays
• Cardiovascular System Essays
• Turban Essays
• Islamophobia Essays

We use cookies to improve your experience with our site. Please accept before continuing or read our cookie policy here .

Wait, have you seen our prices?

When Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Issues Collide

Co-occurring disorders have taken a toll on celebrities and regular folk alike..

Updated April 5, 2024 | Reviewed by Hara Estroff Marano

• What Is Psychiatry?
• Find a therapist near me
• Many people have a substance use disorder (SUD) and serious psychiatric issue at the same time.
• Experts and the public have struggled with whether drugs caused psychiatric illness or vice versa.
• Carrie Fisher and Matthew Perry may have self-medicated over distress, or SUDs triggered psychiatric ills.
• Sexual, physical, or emotional traumatic events in childhood increase risks for co-occurring disorders.

Often starting in adolescence or young adulthood, many individuals have both a substance abuse disorder and at least one psychiatric disorder, although which diagnosis came first is frequently unclear. This “double trouble” problem is also called “co-occurring disorders (CODS),” as well as “concurrent disorders” and “dual diagnosis.”

The combination of disorders has been discussed in speculative articles about celebrities like Charlie Sheen, Demi Lovato, Justin Bieber, Jhene Aiko, Britney Spears, and Russell Brand. More in-depth scientific and biographic articles about Ernest Hemingway, Carrie Fisher, and Kurt Cobain have helped explain the complexity of CODs. Some of us were mesmerized and sad watching their struggles. Kurt Cobain’s lyrics, performance, and even some of his songs (like “Lithium” and “All Apologies” ) come to my mind as both a fan and a psychiatrist.

But it’s not just celebrities who are suffering from both substance abuse and mental health issues. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2022 , 21.5 million people in the United States had both a substance abuse disorder and a mental illness.

In the past, experts believed it was best to treat one disorder (usually the substance issue) and assumed any psychiatric issues would sort themselves out. However, if the psychiatric issue persisted, it was eventually treated.

In contrast, current thinking is both disorders should be treated in about the same time frame, because ignoring either could be problematic for the patient. If someone is severely depressed, anxious, or has another psychiatric disorder, it may be possible for them to detoxify from a substance, but it’s very hard to develop longer-term control over substance dependence and any accompanying mental illnesses when both issues are not addressed.

For adolescents and young adults with underlying psychiatric disorders, abusing substances provides an unfortunate early opportunity for incorporating bad learning. For example, if they struggle with anxiety , teens may discover that alcohol calms their nerves, making them less anxious about meeting new people or engaging in social interactions. Early self- medication of psychiatric symptoms is double trouble, as alcohol causes brain changes and effects that can trigger alcohol use disorder (AUD.) Some people describe the first drink as magical, that first taste feeling like the key to previously locked-out relief.

More Intense Treatment Is Needed with SUDs Combined with Psychiatric Diagnoses

Individuals diagnosed with co-occurring disorders often need more intense treatment than others due to the complexity of their cases. They also may face greater consequences from their substance abuse compared to patients diagnosed with a mental illness only. Examples of such possible consequences may include a greater exacerbation of their psychiatric symptoms, hallucinations and/or suicidal thinking, an increase in aggressive and violent behaviors, concurrent medical, nutritional, and infectious issues, more emergency room visits than other patients, and a greater number of falls and injuries.

Those with CODs are also more likely to experience head injuries and physical fights with others as well as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Some have a greater frequency of involuntary inpatient psychiatric placements. These patients need a psychiatric assessment and treatment from experts in both addictions and psychiatry.

Possible Causes of CODs

One theory to explain CODS, the self-medication theory, was developed by the late Harvard psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Ed Khantzian, M.D. He assumed anhedonia (the inability to experience pleasure) or suffering in general was the driving force behind addiction. This theory hypothesizes that underlying psychological disorders compel individuals to self-medicate their feelings with alcohol and/or drugs. In addition, patients are sometimes distinguished by their drugs of choice. For instance, patients with an alcohol use disorder might have been battling social anxiety and self-medicating with alcohol for performance anxiety, shyness, or nervousness in social settings; stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine often are used by those with depression or untreated attentional disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The self-medication hypothesis was first put forth in a 1985 cover article in the American Journal of Psychiatry. It focused on how and why individuals are drawn to and become dependent on drugs. The self-medication hypothesis was derived from clinical evaluation and treatment of thousands of patients spanning five decades and remains a credible theory.

As I have stated in the American Journal of Psychiatry , it is one of the most “intuitively appealing theories” about addiction. But drugs of abuse and addiction can also cause psychiatric illnesses by targeting the brain’s mood and pleasure systems and inadvertently undermining them.

Neuroscientist Kenneth Blum developed the theory of reward-deficiency syndrome (RDS) as the cause for co-occurring addictive disorders and psychiatric diagnoses. In many ways, RDS is a natural extension of Khantzian’s theory, but it’s an update, attributing the cause to an underlying dopamine deficiency or neurochemical dysfunction that supports drug-seeking/self-medication.

People with RDS, which may be inherited, are miserably unhappy and their lives may be intolerable due to their inability to gain satisfaction from work, relationships, or their accomplishments.

An emerging, newer approach of “preaddiction” as an early or moderate stage of substance abuse is championed by leaders of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Preaddiction is conceptually analogous to prediabetes, a risk factor for type-2 diabetes. Prediabetes has contributed to a quantum leap in early detection of people at risk for type-2 diabetes, shortened delays between symptom onset and treatment entry before the onset of diabetes, and overall been a remarkable success in halting progression to diabetes. Similarly, the earliest possible detection of substance abuse will save more lives as experts develop and focus on the evolving concept of preaddiction.

A Possible Environmental Cause: Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs)

In the late twentieth century, a large insurance provider in California worked with researchers to identify adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that later reverberated in the lives of adults. The researchers found that individuals who reported the greatest numbers of ACEs—such as physical abuse, sexual abuse , loss of a biological parent, witnessing physical violence, and other severely traumatic childhood events—were significantly more likely than those with no ACEs to have psychiatric problems and substance abuse issues in adulthood. They were also at greater risk for suicidal behaviors.

Nirvana's Kurt Cobain was a person with bipolar disorder , substance use and a heroin habit, according to a cousin who described their family history in detail and noted that two uncles had killed themselves with guns. Cobain, who suicided in 1994, purportedly had at least four ACEs, including witnessing domestic violence , experiencing psychological abuse , being neglected, and suffering from his parents’ divorce . Such a score markedly increased Cobain’s risk for suicide as an adult.

Treatment of CODs Should Not Be Delayed

Although an extensive description of how CODs should best be treated is beyond the scope of this article, the key point is to not delay treatment of one disorder in favor of the other. Instead, as much of a simultaneous approach as possible is best. This often means a team of experts is needed, including a psychiatrist, psychologist, therapists, and others to assess the problem, determine whether inpatient, residential, or outpatient treatment is best, and develop a cohesive treatment plan for the patient.

In opioid use disorder treatment, the current standard of care is to focus on prevention of overdose and replacement of opioids with medication-assisted treatments (MATs.) However, detoxification from opioids or maintenance on a MAT would provide little symptomatic relief for a person with opioid use disorder, suicidal ideas, and bipolar illness.

It is also recommended to evaluate individuals for past or recent trauma and co-occurring psychiatric and medical illnesses and treat patients accordingly. Often this means psychotherapy is needed as well as psychiatric treatments. Psychotherapy may include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivation enhancement therapy (MET), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and other forms of therapy. Trained and experienced therapists are crucial. Depending on the substance on which patients depend, medication treatment for their detoxification, relapse prevention, and craving may or may not be available. Currently, medication treatments exist for tobacco use disorder, alcohol use disorder, and opioid use disorder.

Summing It Up

Not only celebrities but many people with a substance use disorder have at least one other psychiatric problem, and when this situation occurs, all disorders need to be identified and treated. I recommend professional help in checking for substance use disorders in psychiatric patients and also looking for psychiatric illness and a history of trauma in people with substance use disorders.

Future breakthroughs in genetic and other scientific research should make clearer why some individuals are more prone to such disorders, as well as lead experts toward the best medications, therapies, and other treatments to alleviate much more of this terrible suffering.

Cross, Charles R. Heavier than Heaven : a Biography of Kurt Cobain. New York :Hyperion, 2001.

Gold MS. Dual disorders: nosology, diagnosis, & treatment confusion--chicken or egg? Introduction. J Addict Dis. 2007;26 Suppl 1:1-3. doi: 10.1300/J069v26S01_01. PMID: 19283969.

Buckley PF, Brown ES. Prevalence and consequences of dual diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;67(7):e01. doi: 10.4088/jcp.0706e01. PMID: 17107226.

Mark S. Gold, M.D., is a pioneering researcher, professor, and chairman of psychiatry at Yale, the University of Florida, and Washington University in St Louis. His theories have changed the field, stimulated additional research, and led to new understanding and treatments for opioid use disorders, cocaine use disorders, overeating, smoking, and depression.

• Find a Therapist
• Find a Treatment Center
• Find a Psychiatrist
• Find a Support Group
• Find Teletherapy
• United States
• Brooklyn, NY
• Chicago, IL
• Houston, TX
• Los Angeles, CA
• New York, NY
• Portland, OR
• San Diego, CA
• San Francisco, CA
• Seattle, WA
• Washington, DC
• Asperger's
• Bipolar Disorder
• Chronic Pain
• Eating Disorders
• Passive Aggression
• Personality
• Goal Setting
• Positive Psychology
• Stopping Smoking
• Low Sexual Desire
• Relationships
• Child Development
• Therapy Center NEW
• Diagnosis Dictionary
• Types of Therapy

Understanding what emotional intelligence looks like and the steps needed to improve it could light a path to a more emotionally adept world.

• Coronavirus Disease 2019
• Affective Forecasting
• Neuroscience

Substance Abuse Treatment Essay

The case under analysis is connected with such popular nowadays issue of drugs and drug abuse. 24-year-old single Caucasian male called Sampson is convicted of possessing crystal meth. Though, he says that he does not use it regularly and his experience in this field is not rich. He confesses that he tried it six month ago with his girlfriend. Since that time he has used it not more than six or seven times.

According to his words, meth is not a problem for him as he is not addicted and, moreover, he does not have the history of addiction in his past. Members of his family also do not suffer from any kind of addiction. Samson is a socialized male. He works as an assistant manager in a local book store. He has never committed any crime and now he faces legal action because of possession of crystal methamphetamine as well as his girlfriend, who is also accused of prostitution.

The case is also supported with some relevant psychological and medical information. Sampson had some problems when his parents were divorcing. He was helped by the counselor. He says that it was useful and helped him very much. He attended school and finished it with average grades. Though, he left college when he was suggested the job.

First of all, it should be said that Sampson does not seem to be a person with complicated psychological problems. However, the necessity of some psychological investigation should not be denied. Taking into account some problems connected with the divorce of his parents, it should be said that some problems are still possible ( Primary Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment: 2005, 2008).

The fact is that divorce can have pernicious influence on the conscience of a child and can result in the appearance of some hidden psychological problems and the feeling of guilt. With this in mind, is should also be said that supervision is needed. Though Sampson denies regular substance use, it is necessary to control this issue because of his background. Problems in childhood can lead to the development of depression and usage of crystal methamphetamine can be taken as the attempt to get rid of it (Brocato & Wagner, 2008).

With this in mind, it should also be said that some assessment tool should be created for Sampson to be able to determine whether he has any symptoms of depression or not. Additionally, it is also possible to recommend to guarantee support from the family (Hanser, Mire, & Braddock, 2011). Being one of the main factors which can influence the appearance of depression, family obtains great importance now because of its possible positive influence on Samson.

Finally, resting on the results of tests and data provided by assessment tools, it will be possible to make a certain conclusion. If Sampson really has symptoms of depression, his readiness to change should be measured and, with this in mind, a certain kind of therapy should be recommended. Additionally, similar work should be done with his girlfriend as she obviously has great influence on him and it could be her who suggested to try drugs. Being a prostitute, she obviously has complicated problems which should also be investigated.

However, there are some possible limitations connected with Sampsons desire to participate in the project as it will be useless without his sincere wish. Moreover, the cost of treatment should also be taken into account as Samson earns money by his own and it can be difficult for him to afford it.

Brocato, J., & Wagner, E. (2008). Predictors of retention in an alternative-to-prison substance abuse treatment program. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35 (1), 99–119, doi: 10.1177/0093854807309429

Hanser, R., Mire, S., & Braddock, A. (2011). Correctional counseling . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Primary Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment: 2005. (2008). SAMHSA .

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2020, July 6). Substance Abuse Treatment. https://ivypanda.com/essays/substance-abuse-treatment-case-study/

"Substance Abuse Treatment." IvyPanda , 6 July 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/substance-abuse-treatment-case-study/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Substance Abuse Treatment'. 6 July.

IvyPanda . 2020. "Substance Abuse Treatment." July 6, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/substance-abuse-treatment-case-study/.

1. IvyPanda . "Substance Abuse Treatment." July 6, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/substance-abuse-treatment-case-study/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Substance Abuse Treatment." July 6, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/substance-abuse-treatment-case-study/.

• Meth epidemic as a social problem
• Sampson Television Company: Change Management
• Meth Epidemic in the United States
• Methamphetamine (Meth)
• How meth affects women and their children
• Methamphetamine Drug Crime Registration
• Pharmacology of Methamphetamine
• Methamphetamine Is Different and Addictive
• The Effect of Marriage on Crime Rate
• Finance and Investment Management
• Alcohol Consumption in Adolescence
• Alcohol Harmful Effects: Are There Any Benefits?
• Drug Abuse Among the Youth
• Another Choice, Another Chance
• Recovery Movement Analysis

Controlled Substance Act: Treatment Implications

Introduction.

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is a pivotal legislation that is seen as the cornerstone in the complex landscape of drug regulation in the United States. The ACT, which was enacted in 1970, came into effect against the backdrop of shifts in society and scientific developments that surrounded the critical issue of drug abuse in the country. The ACT was created to orchestrate a regulatory framework to control and classify the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of substances prone to abuse. The paper will provide insight into the drug abuse issue in the United States and the impact of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in limiting drug abuse.

The History of Drug Abuse in the United States

The drug abuse history in the United States is a complex tapestry interwoven with societal, cultural, economic, and legislative threads. Having a good understanding of this multifaceted narrative is essential and can contextualize drug-related challenges and crafting effective drug control policies from the opium dens of the 19th century to the opioid epidemic of the 21st century, drug abuse evolution does not only change patterns of substance use but also the dynamic responses from the government and society at large. In the 19th century, there was a widespread use of opium and its derivatives. However, there was minimal control on the usage, which resulted in increased addiction of a significant population. Patterson (2023) states that there was a proliferation of opium dens, especially in urban areas where opium was readily available. However, the increased use of opium led to widespread concerns within society, leading to the introduction of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. Patterson (2023) states that the Act was meant to regulate drug usage even though it was a revenue collection measure.

The mid-20th century saw a rise in the usage of recreational drugs such as marijuana and psychedelics due to a fueling need to experiment with the drugs and challenge societal norms. Patterson (2023) states that the move to challenge societal norms pushed the government to scrutinize societal behaviours, leading to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which later birthed the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The 1980s and 1990s marked an increased war on drugs where the United States government engaged in a multifaceted campaign that involved law enforcement, prevention approaches, and international cooperation to combat the free movement of drugs and ensure there was minimal drug abuse in the country—the 21st century brought in a new wave of drug abuse referred to as the opioid epidemic. There was an increase in the overprescription of opioid painkillers and the proliferation of opioids such as heroin, leading to a surge in overdose deaths. The events brought about by the opioid epidemic led to a paradigm shift where society changed its approach based on how it addressed drug abuse. Furthermore, policymakers and other stakeholders within the organisation began to prioritize harm reduction, prevention, and control as opposed to implementing punitive measures that did not have the desired effect.

Reasons Behind the Policy’s Creation

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), enacted in 1970, stands as a legislative milestone that changed the approach to drug control in the United States. The country had been thrown into disarray after an increase in substance use over the decades, which led to increased concerns across society. Beletsky (2020) states that the CSA has a legacy based on the impact the PolicyPolicy had in changing the approaches to addressing drug abuse, leading to better outcomes for the country’s population. The Act was enacted to deal with irresponsible drug use because there were societal and public health concerns within the population. The 1960s-70s saw an increase in drug abuse, where individuals were more interested in using opioids as a way to experiment and challenge societal norms. The behaviour change led to a perceived threat to public health and a distortion of society, prompting policymakers to come up with an approach that would curb the increased use of drugs in the country. The Act was also introduced as a consolidation of already existing legislation since there was complexity and disorganization in trying to mitigate drug use in the country. Enacting the CSA was a move that would streamline disparate efforts and provide a framework for managing substance use.

Purpose of the Policy

The PolicyPolicy aims to develop international and local cooperation to ensure that there is a coordinated approach to addressing drug abuse by limiting the movement of drugs across borders. The United States, through the CSA, employs a multifaceted approach that involves law enforcement and other stakeholders to help manage substance use in the country and take legal action on individuals found distributing drugs in the country. The Act also helps prevent drug abuse and dependence by categorizing substances based on their potential for abuse. The classification ensures that law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders can minimize the movement of these drugs, hence limiting access that can lead to increased usage. The CSA is also fundamental in facilitating research and medical use of specific medications within the United States. Though the Act recognizes the effect of drug use in the community, it also acknowledges that banned substances have medicinal value. The Act ensures that certain drugs remain available for medical and scientific purposes. Additionally, the Act helps strike a balance between facilitating essential research and treatment of needy patients and preventing the misuse of drugs. The Act also plays a fundamental role in ensuring public health and safety through controlling access to drugs that may have potential harm to the population.

How the PolicyPolicy has Changed

Over the years, the CSA has undergone several amendments to reflect changing demands within the public and societal attitudes. Additionally, advancements in science have also led to changes in the PolicyPolicy as policymakers look to have drugs with medical benefits used for treatment. Scheduling adjustments have taken place where the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) periodically reviews and adjusts the schedules of controlled substances based on new scientific evidence and considerations. The Act has been changed to meet the plans so that new laws of usage are reflected in the law. The CSA has also been adapted to address the challenges present in the use of synthetic drugs, such as synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. The emergence of these drugs led to the adjustment of the CSA to ensure it covers their control so that they are not misused by the public. The medical marijuana legislation also led to changes in the CSA, where there had to be an incorporation of the amendment that provided legal protections to patients and caregivers who needed the substance for medical use. However, the approach led to a disagreement between the state and federal governments over implementing the law. Overall, the CSA has experienced several amendments that have seen the Act accommodate changes in an attempt to address societal changes and ensure there is better control of emerging substances.

How the Policy Has Addressed Issues to Date

Over the years, the PolicyPolicy has tried to manage drug usage to protect the interests of society and ensure there is the management of drugs with the potential for abuse. Policymakers have enacted several amendments to ensure that the PolicyPolicy covers a wide range of emerging drugs but with minimal control. Since its enactment, the government has raged its war on drugs, which has been gaining prominence over the years as policymakers strive to make the United States a drug-free country.

Changes to Make the Policy More Effective

Public-private partnership policies can play a fundamental role in making the CSA more effective in managing substance use. The United Nations (2023) states that public-private partnerships can be essential in increasing response to substance use and ensuring effectiveness. The federal government should consider incorporating the private sector in the war on substance use to provide a multifaceted and multiagency approach to the issue.

The CSA, enacted in 1970, has played a fundamental role over the years by fueling the fight against substance use to ensure public health safety. The PolicyPolicy has changed over the years through the incorporation of amendments that have aimed to address emerging issues. A general and private partnership would help make the PolicyPolicy better and ensure there is a coordinated approach to fighting substance use.

Beletsky, L. (2020). Controlled Substances Act at 50: A blueprint for reform.  SSRN Electronic Journal . https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3544384

Patterson, E. (2023, March 1).  History of drug abuse and addiction rehabilitation programs . DrugAbuse.com. https://drugabuse.com/addiction/history-drug-abuse/

United Nations. (2023).  The path forward – for effective public-private partnerships in drug control . United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/es/donors/the-path-forward.html

Cite This Work

To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below:

Related Essays

Research matrix and literature synthesis: dementia, a literature review on the impact of the human papillomavirus vaccine and hpv testing on the epidemiology of cervical cancer, application of concepts from caring science, empowering hypertensive patients, should children receive gender assignment hormones, medicare and medicaid, popular essay topics.

• American Dream
• Artificial Intelligence
• Black Lives Matter
• Bullying Essay
• Career Goals Essay
• Causes of the Civil War
• Child Abusing
• Civil Rights Movement
• Community Service
• Cultural Identity
• Cyber Bullying
• Death Penalty
• Depression Essay
• Domestic Violence
• Freedom of Speech
• Global Warming
• Gun Control
• Human Trafficking
• I Believe Essay
• Immigration
• Importance of Education
• Israel and Palestine Conflict
• Leadership Essay
• Legalizing Marijuanas
• Mental Health
• National Honor Society
• Police Brutality
• Pollution Essay
• Racism Essay
• Romeo and Juliet
• Same Sex Marriages
• Social Media
• The Great Gatsby
• The Yellow Wallpaper
• Time Management
• To Kill a Mockingbird
• Violent Video Games
• What Makes You Unique
• Why I Want to Be a Nurse
• Send us an e-mail

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Meet top uk universities from the comfort of your home, here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

• School Education /

Essay on Drug Abuse in 250 and 500 Words in English for Students

• Updated on  
• Apr 2, 2024

Drug abuse refers to the excessive and frequent consumption of drugs. Drug abuse can have several harmful effects on our mental and physical health. Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the USA, passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and initiated the War on Drugs . He said, ‘Let us not forget who we are. Drug abuse is a repudiation of everything America is.’

Consuming drugs not only harms the individual himself but also affects society as a whole. Studies have shown that people who consume drugs become addicted to it. This addiction turns into substance abuse, resulting in self-damage, behaviour changes, mood swings, unnecessary weight loss, and several other health problems. Let’s understand what drug abuse is and how to fight it.

This Blog Includes:

Essay on drug abuse in 250 words, why do people consume drugs, why is drug abuse bad, laws in india against drug consumption, steps to prevent drug addiction, 10 lines essay on drug abuse.

Quick Read: Essay on CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act)

‘When people consume drugs regularly and become addicted to it, it is known as drug abuse. In medical terminology, drugs means medicines. However, the consumption of drugs is for non-medical purposes. It involves the consumption of substances in illegal and harmful ways, such as swallowing, inhaling, or injecting. When drugs are consumed, they are mixed into our bloodstream, affecting our neural system and brain functioning.

The Indian government has taken significant steps to help reduce the consumption of drugs. In 1985, the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act came into force. This act replaced the Opium Act of 1857, the Opium Act of 1878, and the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1930. 

Drug abuse can lead to addiction, where a person becomes physically or psychologically dependent on the substance and experiences withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop using it. 

Drug abuse can have serious consequences for the individual and society as a whole. On an individual level, drugs can damage physical health, including organ damage, infectious diseases, and overdose fatalities. Not only this, a person already suffering from mental health disorders will face more harmful aftereffects. Addiction disrupts our cognitive functioning and impairs our decision-making abilities.

To fight drug abuse, we need collective action from all sections of society. Medical professionals say that early intervention and screening programmes can identify individuals at risk of substance misuse and provide them with the necessary support services. Educating people, especially those who are at-risk, about drug abuse and its harmful effects can significantly help reduce their consumption.

Drug abuse is serious and it must be addressed. Drug abuse is killing youth and society. Therefore, it is an urgent topic to address, and only through sustainable and collective efforts can we address this problem.

Quick Read: Success in Life Speech

Essay on Drug Abuse in 500 Words

Drug abuse is known as frequent consumption. In time, these people become dependent on drugs for several reasons. Curiosity drives adolescents and teenagers, who are among the most susceptible groups in our society. Cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, heroin, etc. are some of the popular drugs consumed. 

The very first question about drugs is: why do people consume drugs? Studies have shown that more than 50% of drug addicts consider drugs as a coping mechanism to alleviate emotional or psychological distress. In the beginning, drugs temporarily relieve feelings of anxiety, depression, or trauma, providing a temporary escape from difficult emotions or life circumstances. 

Some consume drugs out of curiosity, some under peer pressure, and some want to escape the painful experiences. Some people enjoy the effects drugs produce, such as euphoria, relaxation, and altered perceptions. Recreational drug use may occur in social settings or as a form of self-medication for stress relief or relaxation.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse states that drugs can worsen our eyesight and body movement, our physical growth, etc. Marijuana, one of the most popular drugs, can slow down our reaction time, affecting our time and distance judgement and decreasing coordination. Cocaine and Methamphetamine can make the consumer aggressive and careless.

Our brain is the first victim of drugs. Drugs can disorder our body in several ways, from damaging organs to messing with our brains. Drugs easily get mixed into our bloodstream, and affect our neural system. Prolonged and excessive consumption of drugs significantly harms our brain functioning.

The next target of drug abuse is our physical health and relationships. Drugs can damage our vital organs, such as the liver, heart, lungs, and brain. For example, heavy alcohol use can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, while cocaine use can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Here is an interesting thing; the USA has the highest number of drug addicts and also has strict laws against drug consumption. According to a report by the Narcotics Control Bureau, around 9 million people in India consume different types of drugs. The Indian government has implemented certain laws against drug consumption and production.

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS), prohibits the production, sale, purchase, and consumption of narcotics and other illegal substances, except for scientific and medical purposes.

Also, Article 47 of the Indian Constitution states that ‘ The State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health.’

Quick Read: Essay on Indian Festivals in 500 Words

Several steps can be taken to prevent drug addiction. But before we start our ‘War on Drugs’ , it is crucial to understand the trigger point. Our social environment, mental health issues and sometimes genetic factors can play a role in drug abuse.

• Education and awareness are the primary weapons in the fight against drugs. 
• Keeping distance from people and places addicted to drugs.
• Encourage a healthy and active lifestyle and indulge in physical workouts.
• Watch motivating videos and listen to sound music.
• Self-motivate yourself to stop consuming drugs.
• Talk to a medical professional or a psychiatrist, who will guide you to the right path.

Drug abuse is a serious problem. The excessive and frequent consumption of drugs not only harms the individual but also affects society as a whole. Only a collective approach from lawmakers, healthcare professionals, educators, community leaders, and individuals themselves can combat drug abuse effectively. 

Quick Read: Speech About Life

Here is a 10-line essay on drug abuse.

• Drug abuse can significantly affect our physical growth
• Drug abuse can affect our mental functioning.
• Drug abuse may provide instant pleasure, but inside, it weakens our willpower and physical strength.
• Educating people, especially those who are at-risk, about drug abuse and its harmful effects can significantly help reduce their consumption.
•  Drugs easily get mixed into our bloodstream, and affect our neural system. 
• Prolonged and excessive consumption of drugs significantly harms our brain functioning.
• In 1985, the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act came into force.
• The USA has the highest number of drug addicts and also has strict laws against drug consumption.
• Drug addicts consider drugs as a coping mechanism to alleviate emotional or psychological distress.
•  Adolescents and teenagers are the most vulnerable section of our society and are driven by curiosity.

Ans: Drug abuse refers to the excessive and frequent consumption of drugs. Drug abuse can have several harmful effects on our mental and physical health.

Ans: ‘When people consume drugs regularly and become addicted to it, it is known as drug abuse. In medical terminology, drugs means medicines. However, the consumption of drugs is for non-medical purposes. It involves the consumption of substances in illegal and harmful ways, such as swallowing, inhaling, or injecting. When drugs are consumed, they are mixed into our bloodstream, affecting our neural system and brain functioning.

Ans: Drug abuse is known as frequent consumption. In time, these people become dependent on drugs for several reasons. Adolescents and teenagers are the most vulnerable section of our society who are driven by curiosity. Cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, heroin, etc. are some of the popular drugs consumed.  The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS), prohibits the production, sale, purchase, and consumption of narcotics and other illegal substances, except for scientific and medical purposes.

Popular Essay Topics for Students

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our essay writing page and follow Leverage Edu.

Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Contact no. *

Connect With Us

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today.

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

January 2024

September 2024

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.

Have something on your mind?

Make your study abroad dream a reality in January 2022 with

India's Biggest Virtual University Fair

Essex Direct Admission Day

Why attend .

Don't Miss Out