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How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

3-minute read

  • 18th August 2023

Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, “just what is it?!”

Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics.

What Is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It’s often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences.

However, there’s an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences.

With either style, it’s essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition).

How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted?

CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you’ll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system.

Notes and Bibliography System:

●  In this system, you’ll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text.

●  A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order.

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●  Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers.

Author–Date System:

●  In the author–date system, you’ll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses.

●  A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source.

●  Citations include author’s last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable).

What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like?

A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines :

  •   Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor’s name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page.
  •   Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides.
  • Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text.
  • Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman).
  • Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page.
  • Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished.
  • Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper.
  • Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system.

How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use?

It’s crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references.

Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you’ll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience.

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Chicago Manual of Style Format and Citations

Matt Ellis

Chicago style is a set of formatting and citation guidelines that tell you how an academic paper should look, similar to other styles like APA or MLA. Based on the Chicago Manual of Style , or CMOS , Chicago style is the preferred format for citing sources related to history and historical topics. It is known for its comprehensive system of footnotes and endnotes.

Each of the main formats has different rules for writing citations and bibliographic information. Depending on the topics you write about, you may need to learn Chicago style at some point. Below, we explain all the guidelines for Chicago format, including how to cite sources, and give Chicago citation examples.

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What is the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) format?

The Chicago Manual of Style ( CMOS ) is one of the main styles for academic writing . Currently in its seventeenth edition, it was first published in 1906 by the University of Chicago Press.

Like other styles, such as MLA and APA , the Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for formatting works and citing sources in specific fields. While Chicago style is mainly used for history, it’s also occasionally used for subjects in business and the fine arts.

Is Chicago the same as Turabian?

The name “Turabian style” comes from the style guidelines created in 1937 by Kate L. Turabian, the University of Chicago’s graduate school dissertation secretary. The Turabian style narrows down the Chicago style to provide a format for college and graduate students to use with research papers.

The Turabian style guide is still published today and has many similarities with Chicago style. The difference is that Turabian style is aimed at students, while Chicago style is broader and includes more guidelines.

When to use Chicago format and citations

If you aren’t sure which style guide to use for your assignment, ask your instructor. Chicago format is typically the go-to style for history papers, but it can also be used for humanities and social sciences.

Specifically, Chicago style is preferable if the writer plans on using abundant footnotes or endnotes. Compared to the other styles, Chicago places the most emphasis on notes for citations and commentary. This comes in handy if you’re repeatedly citing multiple sources in the same line or sentence, as footnotes and endnotes can help you avoid lengthy in-text citations.

Chicago vs. MLA, APA, and other formats

Aside from its emphasis on footnotes, Chicago differentiates itself from other styles with its flexibility. For example, Chicago doesn’t require that a paper include a title page, but it has formatting guidelines if you choose to use one. Similarly, there are no hard-and-fast requirements for your headings and subheads, but Chicago style also provides guidelines you can follow.

Because of its thoroughness, Chicago style is more commonly a requirement in graduate rather than undergraduate education. It is also prevalent in published works.

How to set up your paper in Chicago format

Chicago formatting rules.

1 Chicago style uses two different citation formats: the notes-bibliography system and the author-date system. Both are completely acceptable for a paper formatted in Chicago, but your instructor may require that you use one or the other.

2 The bibliography page is titled “Bibliography” in the notes-bibliography system and “References” or “Works Cited” in the author-date system.

3 A title page is not required.

  • If you do include a title page, do not include a header or page number on it. Write the paper’s title one-third of the way down the page. Write your name, course number, paper title, and submission date on separate lines centered two-thirds from the top. Title pages count as page 1, so the text of your paper begins on page 2.
  • If you don’t include a title page, include your name and paper title on the first page.

4 Each page has a margin that is 1 to 1.5-inches on all sides.

5 Each page (excluding the title page) includes a page number in either the top right or bottom center of the page. Whichever placement you choose, keep it consistent throughout the entire paper.

6 The paper is double-spaced.

7 Every new paragraph is indented half an inch.

8 No specific font or size is required, but 12-point Times New Roman is recommended.

9 Quotations of five lines or longer are formatted as block quotes. Do not put these in quotation marks. Instead, indent the passage an additional half an inch. Add an extra line space before and after the block quote.

10 All headings are formatted in headline case ( Capitalize Every Major Word of the Heading ), rather than sentence case ( Capitalize only the first word of the heading ).

Chicago styling rules

1 Contractions are acceptable but are still considered too casual for formal papers.

2 Chicago style uses the Oxford comma , aka the serial comma.

3 In general, spell out numbers zero through one hundred. Also spell out large numbers that end in hundred , thousand , hundred thousand , million , or billion (e.g., five thousand , not 5,000 ). This rule also applies to ordinals , so spell out ordinals like first or three-thousandth , but use numerals for ordinals like 103rd .

4 Spell out numbers if they begin a sentence, title, or heading.

5 Spell out simple fractions (e.g., two-thirds ), but use numerals for whole numbers and fractions together (e.g., 5 ⅔ ).

6 Use numerals for numbers with symbols or abbreviated measurements (e.g., 30° or 50 km ). Likewise, use numerals for percentages (e.g., 75 percent ). Try to avoid using these numbers at the beginning of a sentence.

7 Use numerals for decimals (e.g., 0.6 ).

8 Use periods for abbreviations that end in lowercase letters ( Jr., Mrs., et al .). Also use periods for initials in names (e.g., E. B. White ) unless the entire name is replaced with initials (e.g., MLK ).

9 Do not use periods for abbreviations with two or more capital letters (e.g., UK , CEO , or PhD ).

How to cite sources in Chicago: citation examples

Citations are a necessary part of any academic paper, no matter the format. This includes Chicago style, which requires writers to cite sources for the sake of “ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers.”

Chicago style is unique in that it gives the writer a choice between using footnotes and endnotes (the notes-bibliography system) or in-text citations (the author-date system). Unless otherwise specified in the assignment, you can use whichever you prefer.

How to present evidence and quotes in Chicago

Aside from your original findings, if you’re presenting ideas, data, or evidence from other sources, you can either paraphrase the source or quote it directly.

Paraphrasing involves rewriting another person’s ideas in your own words. It’s best to change up the entire sentence structure rather than replace the original words with synonyms . Your version must also be distinct enough from the original to pass a plagiarism checker .

In situations where you want to retain the original wording, you can always use a direct quote in your paper. Direct quotes are good for substantiating your claims or if the original wording is especially pertinent. However, if used excessively, quotes can make your paper hard to read, so use them only when necessary. When you do use them, try to keep them short and succinct so they don’t distract the reader.

No matter if you paraphrase or use direct quotes, you still need to cite the source.

Footnotes and endnotes in Chicago style

If you’ve decided to use the notes-bibliography system, you must also choose whether to use footnotes or endnotes.

Although they are formatted in similar ways, footnotes appear at the bottom of the page that includes the text they refer to, while endnotes appear at the end of a section, chapter, or entire work. If you have a lot of citations per page, it may be better to use endnotes; otherwise, your footnotes will take up too much of the page.

Both footnotes and endnotes are marked with a superscript number ( 1 ) that comes after the cited text, ideally at the end of a sentence. Note numbers follow some punctuation, like periods or quotes, but not dashes.

One of the key differences in the leadership of Richard the Lionheart and Saladin was how they handled unwanted prisoners of war: Saladin had them released, while Richard had them executed. 1

For footnotes and endnotes, you have another choice to make. You can list full citations in either a bibliography page or the notes themselves. If you’re including a bibliography (which we explain below), use the short form of notes, which mentions only the basic bibliographic information: the author’s surname, an abbreviated title of the source, and the relevant page numbers.

1. Maalouf, Crusades , 210.

A full citation of the same source is provided in the bibliography at the end of the work.

If you’re not using a bibliography, you must include all the bibliographic information in the long form of notes. These provide all the bibliographic information, such as the publisher and year of publication.

1. Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes. London: Al Saqi Books, 1984.

However, you use the long-form note only the first time a source is cited ; after the first mention, all other citations for that same source use the short form. Footnotes and endnotes are formatted in the same way and use both short- and long-form notes.

Author-date citations in Chicago (in-text citations)

As an alternative to footnotes and endnotes, Chicago style also offers the option of using the author-date system, which falls more in line with MLA and APA formats.

The author-date system uses in-text parenthetical citations that require only the author’s surname and the year of publication, although page numbers or other location markers are also recommended. Author-date citations come in parentheses at the end of the cited text but appear before other punctuation marks.

Saladin’s health weakened as he “suffered frequent attacks of malaria,” leaving him bedridden for days at a time (Maalouf 1984, 215).

Like other styles, Chicago’s author-date system requires a list of full citations for each source at the end of the work.

Bibliographies and reference lists in Chicago style

Unless you’re using full citations in footnotes or endnotes, you need to include a list of all the sources used in your writing , along with their bibliographic information. This list comes at the end of a chapter or the entire work. In the notes-bibliography system, it is titled “Bibliography”; in the author-date system, it is titled either “References” or “Works Cited.”

This section has its own special formatting. Names are inverted, so the surname comes first, and titles are capitalized in headline case. Entries use a hanging indent, which means the first line is not indented, but every subsequent line is.

If a work has more than one author, only the first listed author’s name is inverted; all others are written normally. Use the word and before the final author’s name, separate the names with commas.

Entries are organized alphabetically by the author’s surname. If no author is listed, use the first word in the title or whatever word comes first in the entry.

Each type of source has its own particular format. For example, the same article would have two different formats depending on if it were taken from a print journal or an online journal. Below we provide links to guides on how to format each type of source in Chicago style.

Maalouf, Amin. 1984. The Crusades through Arab Eyes . London: Al Saqi Books.

How to cite different types of sources in Chicago style

Learning the different formats for each type of source can get confusing, so we’ve compiled a list of individual guides, separated by type. Feel free to take a look so you know how to cite every kind of source in Chicago style.

  • How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite a Website in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite an Article in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite an Image or Photo in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite a Movie in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite a TV Show in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite Wikipedia in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite a YouTube Video in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite a PDF in Chicago Style
  • How to Cite a Lecture or Speech in Chicago Style

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The Complete Guide to Chicago Style

Allison Bressmer

Allison Bressmer

Chicago Style cover

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is a widely used style guide that covers topics like preparing manuscripts for publication, grammar rules, and word usage. It also offers two style options for source citation .

While Chicago Style is more often used for published works than high school or undergraduate class papers, Kate Turabian developed a simplified version of the CMOS’s citation styles, with modifications that address the needs of student writers.

What is the Chicago manual of style

What Does the Chicago Manual of Style Do?

Chicago manual of style general formatting guidelines, how to format an in-text chicago-style citation, guidelines for formatting reference and bibliography pages, why are citations and references necessary.

The purpose of CMOS, or any style guide, is to create a system of standardization across a publication, company, publishing house, or project, etc.

Language and conventions of language, grammar, and word usage are fluid and influenced by social location or other factors, so style manuals provide rules or guidelines to establish consistency.

Additionally, style guides provide easy navigation for readers by creating a clear framework for how sources are cited, documented, and located, should the reader want to investigate that source further.

Why do we need style guides

The CMOS offers these general guidelines for formatting papers:

  • Margins should be no less than 1 inch and no more than 1.5 inches around the paper; margins should be consistent throughout.
  • The body of the main text should be double spaced .
  • Block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions are single spaced .
  • Text should be left-justified .
  • New paragraphs should be indented by one half inch.
  • Font size and style should be legible . While CMOS does not offer a specific font preference, the Turabian guide recommends Times New Roman (12 point) or Calibri (11 point) for student papers.
  • Each page of the document should have a header in the top-right corner that includes the page number .

What About a Title Page?

How to do title pages in chicago style

CMOS does not require a title page. However, if the publication you’re writing for requires one, you’ll need to follow their format.

The Turabian guide states that class papers may require either a title on the first page of text or a title page. If you need to include a title page, the recommendations are as follows:

  • Center the title one-third of the way down the page.
  • The subtitle , if you have one, goes under the title . Put a colon after the title if you have a subtitle.
  • Your name , class information , and the date should be included a few lines (3-4 return hits) later, each a separate line.
  • All information should be double-spaced .

What About Headings?

In CMOS, consistency is key. There is no set rule for headings and subheadings, other than that they should be consistent throughout the work. Think of them as visual cues.

A reader should be able to recognize that “this font at that size” is a chapter beginning. Or “that font in this size” signals a main subsection of a chapter, and so on.

How to do headings in chicago style

Other CMOS Style Elements to Know

Because there is variety even within the CMOS, it’s important to remember to check with your instructor or publisher about the specific style methods they follow and to ensure you understand any preferences not specifically stated in the CMOS guidelines.

Here are some common sticking points you may have questions about.

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The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is a widely used style guide . . . .

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Use words rather than numerals for numbers under 100. For example, write out twenty-eight instead of 28. There are exceptions to this rule: Use numerals when referring to a specific measurement; for example, 1 inch, and when using decimals. Also, for more technical writing, CMOS advocates spelling out numbers one through nine, but using numerals for any figure with two or more digits.

“Block” a prose quotation of five or more lines. This means the entire quote should be indented, or set off, from the surrounding text. Do not use quotation marks around blocked quotations. Use the same font style and size for the blocked quote as you used for the surrounding text.

Use “headline-style” capitalization for titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography. Headline style means the first words of titles and subtitles, as well as any principal words that follow, are capitalized. Principal words include the first and last words of the title, as well as any words that are not conjunctions, articles, or prepositions. Use italics or quotation marks for titles depending on the works they represent.

Figures and Tables

If you include a figure or table in your work, follow these elements of CMOS:

  • Position the figure under the information that discusses that figure.
  • Put the caption directly under the image or figure and flush with the left edge of the figure. Use single spacing for the caption.
  • Leave at least one blank line between the caption and the continuing text in your document.
  • Label the image and ensure that labels are consecutive. For example, Figure 1; Figure 2; Figure 2.1.

CMOS offers two options for in-text citations and their respective reference or bibliography pages: author-date and notes and bibliography .

In-text citations in chicago style

The Author-Date System

The author-date style is used more commonly in physical and social sciences. With this method, sources are cited in the text, usually with a parenthetical citation that includes the author’s last name and the year the cited work was published.

To find full bibliographic information on the source, the reader can consult the reference list and find the corresponding entry.

This method offers the writer some flexibility in how to integrate citations into their texts.

Examples of Author-Date Style

Let's pretend I ran an experiment on the most popular color of M&Ms among five-year-olds. I conducted the study in 2020 (because what else was there to do during a pandemic?), and you want to include my findings in your paper.

How to format author-date style

With the author-date format, you could use either of these possibilities:

The study revealed that five-year-olds prefer blue and green M&Ms to brown and yellow ones (Bressmer 2020).

Bressmer (2020) determined that five-year-olds prefer blue and green M&Ms to brown and yellow ones.

If I had worked with one or two others—say, Johnson and Smith—on my study, you would simply add their names to the citation, like this:

  • The study revealed that five-year-olds prefer blue and green M&Ms to brown and yellow ones (Bressmer, Johnson, and Smith 2020).

If any additional researchers were involved in the study (making the total four or more names), you would use (Bressmer et al. 2020).

If you need to cite more than one reference in a single in-text citation, use semicolons to separate those references.

  • One study revealed that five-year-olds prefer blue and green M&Ms to brown and yellow ones, but a subsequent study indicates that blue is preferred even over green (Bressmer 2020; Phillips 2021).

If I had conducted both of those studies (not Phillips), only a comma would be required between the dates: (Bressmer 2020, 2021).

Author-Date Reference List

If you use the author-date style, you must include a list of references as the last page of your work. Each of your in-text citations must have a corresponding entry on the reference list that includes the full bibliographic information for the source.

The reference list should only include sources you’ve cited in the document.

The Notes and Bibliography System

This system is often preferred by those working in the humanities. It has flexibility and provides an opportunity for commenting on sources, if the writer feels a comment is necessary.

In the notes and bibliography style, writers acknowledge they have used a source by putting a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which that source is referenced. If the reference is a direct quote, then the superscript should immediately follow the quotation. The note number should also follow punctuation, rather than precede it.

Notes and bibliography citation

Footnotes and Endnotes

Using either footnotes or endnotes , the writer includes a numbered note that corresponds to the in-text superscript number either at the bottom of the page on which the reference is used, in which case the note is called a footnote , or in a compiled list of notes at the end of a chapter, or the entire document, called endnotes .

Footnotes and endnotes include bibliographic information for the cited source. These notes then correspond to entries on the last page of the paper, the bibliography.

Usually, the first time a source is listed as a footnote or endnote , it is appropriate to use a full note, which includes full publication details of the source.

If a source is included in subsequent footnotes or endnotes , it’s common practice to use short notes , which include the author’s last name, title of the work, and page number, if relevant. However, always check with your instructor or publisher and follow their recommendations.

Example of Notes and Bibliography Style

Imagine the sentence below appears in the text of a document in which the writer referenced my M&M study. Note the superscript after the referenced material and the corresponding footnote (full-note form) at the “bottom” of my page. A thin line separates footnotes from the main text, and the footnotes appear in a font of the same or smaller size than the main text.

The study revealed that five-year-olds prefer blue and green M&Ms to brown and yellow ones.1

  • Allison Bressmer, “The M&M Attraction Study,” The Journal of Imagined Studies 100, no. 1, (August 2020): 5.

A short-note version would simply include

  • Bressmer, “The M&M Attraction Study,” 5.

The Notes-Bibliography Style Bibliography Page

While a reference list is required for papers written with the author-date system, a bibliography is not required for works written with the notes-and-bibliography system, though they are generally preferred. Once again, check with your instructor or publisher.

The bibliography includes sources cited in your paper and may list other sources you referenced in preparing the work but did not specifically cite.

Formatting reference and bibliography pages

For the most part, format the reference and bibliography pages the same way.

Either list starts on a new, blank page that comes at the end of your document.

  • Title the document as References or Bibliography , depending on the CMOS citation system used in the document. Center that title word, but do not underline or put it in quotation marks.
  • Leave two blank lines between the title and your first entry.
  • Single space the lines of each entry; if the entry has more than one line, use a hanging indent for all subsequent lines (this just means the lines are indented, or “tabbed”).
  • Leave one blank line between entries.
  • Alphabetize entries by author’s name; if no author, then by the first word of the entry (probably the title of the article/work).

What to Include in Chicago-Style Reference and Bibliography Entries

Other than their titles, the only other difference between the reference and bibliography pages is regarding the placement of the publication date. On a reference list, place the year of publication immediately after the author’s name.

elements of bibliography and reference pages

Major Elements

Include the following major elements in reference and bibliography entries and separate the elements with periods:

  • Author’s name: last name first, with a comma separating the names. For example, Johnson, Joan.

Reminder: on a reference list , the publication date appears directly after the author’s name.

Title: Italicize titles of books and journals. Use quotation marks for titles of articles, chapters, short stories, or poems.

Publication information: Name of journal (or larger work in which the cited article, chapter, etc., appears), publisher, year of publication.

If additional information about the source is available:

  • After the title, include others involved in producing the work (editors, translators, compilers); edition number if the work is not the first edition; volume or series numbers.
  • After publication information, include page numbers; URLs, or DOIs (digital object identifiers) of sources accessed through electronic databases.

By acknowledging the author of a source cited in your paper, you do the following:

  • Uphold standards of intellectual and academic honesty by acknowledging the authors of the information you’ve borrowed for your paper. It’s never okay to try to pass off someone else’s work or ideas as your own—that is called plagiarism.

For more help ensuring your work is presented honestly, sign up for ProWritingAid’s Plagiarism Checks —and rest assured your work will not be stored or sold.

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Establish credibility by including the voices and works of others as support for your ideas, arguments, or proposals. When you do this, you validate the credibility of your ideas.

Help your readers by leading them to the source of each of your citations. Should they want to investigate further, your citations will lead to your reference page, which provides the location of your source.

The Chicago Manual of Style offers versatility for writers, allowing them to adapt their citations to the style that suits their work (or their instructor’s or publisher’s request), while ensuring readers can easily identify and locate those cited sources for further investigation.

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Allison Bressmer is a professor of freshman composition and critical reading at a community college and a freelance writer. If she isn’t writing or teaching, you’ll likely find her reading a book or listening to a podcast while happily sipping a semi-sweet iced tea or happy-houring with friends. She lives in New York with her family. Connect at linkedin.com/in/allisonbressmer.

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Chicago Research Paper Formatting

Chicago manual of style (cmos - 17th edition).

  • Finding Sources for Your Paper
  • Additional Resources
  • Sample Papers

You are going to love this! Save this template somewhere safe or e-mail it to yourself. Then resave it immediately with the name of your new document. This will keep your template safe and ready to reuse again for future assignments.

The templates provided will be sufficient for most student Chicago Style papers. For more information on formatting, please check out The Chicago Manual of Style Online Resources for Students page at  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/help-tools/Resources-for-Students.html . 

chicago style writing example

  • Purdue Owl Author Date Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable.
  • Purdue Owl Notes Bibliography Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable.
  • Turabian: Student Paper-Writing Tip Sheets Official Chicago style, in easy-to-use, printable PDF paper-writing tip sheets for students, teachers, and librarians. Guidelines are per Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (9th ed.) and are fully compatible with The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.).
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The Chicago Manual of Style, explained

The Chicago Manual of Style is an American English style guide published by the University of Chicago Press. The Manual ’s guidelines for publishing, style and usage, and citations and indexes—known as “Chicago style” rules and recommendations—are among the most widely used in the United States, especially in academic and book publishing.

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  • What is The Chicago Manual of Style?

What is the history of The Chicago Manual of Style?

What is turabian style, what makes something definitively chicago style, what is a chicago-style citation is a quick reference available for chicago style, what is the difference between chicago style, ap style, mla style, and apa style in what contexts is chicago style used most often.

  • How did The Chicago Manual of Style become a standard reference?

What is The Chicago Manual of Style ?

The Chicago Manual of Style is an American English style and usage guide published continuously by the University of Chicago Press since 1906. Today, it is used widely in many academic disciplines and is considered the standard for US style in book publishing.

The Chicago Manual of Style has become a staple reference for writers and editors, in part because it was one of the first style guides to be published in book form, and the only one from an academic press in North America. (Other style guides are published by professional associations.) Eventually, the Manual became a canonical work synonymous with its home institution, akin to the Oxford English Dictionary .

The Manual is now in its 17th edition, published in 2017. Sometimes referred to by its acronym, CMOS (pronounced like “sea moss”), The Chicago Manual of Style is available both in print and online , for an annual subscription fee. A free Chicago style Q&A and other resources are also available to the public on the CMOS website.

Grammar enthusiasts celebrate “Chicago style” rules, such as whether to put the title of a book in italics (Chicago style says yes, whereas AP style recommends quotation marks), or whether to use a serial comma—also known as an “Oxford” comma (Chicago style: yes; AP style: no). However, the editors at the University of Chicago Press acknowledge that rules are often context-dependent, and sometimes need to be broken. The Manual is thus also respected for its flexibility.

Opening in 1891, the University of Chicago Press was one of the original divisions of the University of Chicago (founded in 1890). The staff at the Press soon decided that maintaining a consistent, professional style would be essential to streamlining the Press’s publishing across many disciplines, and drew up an initial style sheet that was circulated to the university community.

The first iteration of the   Manual as we know it today was published in 1906 as Manual of Style: Being a Compilation of the Typographical Rules in Force at the University of Chicago Press, to Which Are Appended Specimens of Type in Use.

The Manual has been revised numerous times, including a major revision—the 12th edition in 1969—that definitively established the Manual as an industry leader on style matters. The first edition to incorporate “Chicago” in the title was the 13th edition, published in 1982; previous titles had been variations on A Manual of Style . The change reflected the way readers typically referred to the manual.

Over the years, each edition has sought to address contemporary questions from readers that have arisen via the continued evolution of language and technology. For example, the proliferation of computers—including digital publishing techniques facilitated by the internet and social media—have created a host of new style-related questions, many of which are addressed in recent editions.

Historical content adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

The term “Turabian” or “Turabian style” refers to the style guidelines that serve as a standard reference for college and graduate students writing research papers, providing an introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation.

The guidelines were first set forth in 1937 by Kate L. Turabian—then the University of Chicago’s graduate school dissertation secretary—who wrote the pamphlet that became A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . Now in its ninth edition, with multiple contributing writers and editors, Turabian (as it is usually known) continues to emphasize the value of strong research questions, evidence-based arguments, logical structure, and source citation.

The Turabian style guide is published by the University of Chicago Press and closely follows The Chicago Manual of Style , such that the term “Chicago/Turabian” is also used in some instances. The primary differences are the scope of the Turabian guide, which is narrower than that of CMOS , and its target audience of students. More information about the Turabian style guide and its history  is available on The Chicago Manual of Style ’s website.

When people talk about “Chicago style” rules, they are most often referring either to punctuation or source citations. In the case of punctuation, Chicago is the standard for US style in book publishing, whereas Oxford style is generally associated with British style. Some examples of a few notable differences are below:

  • Chicago prefers double quotation marks (“like this”); Oxford prefers single (‘like this’).
  • In Chicago style, periods and commas go inside closing quotation marks, “like this,” whereas Oxford puts them after, ‘like this’, though there are exceptions (and exceptions are generally made in British style for fiction and journalism).
  • Chicago uses em dashes with no space before or after—like this. Usage at Oxford varies, but in British style many publishers prefer spaced en dashes – like this.
  • Oxford style is usually associated with the “Oxford comma”—the comma before the conjunction in a series of three or more (like the one before “and” in “apples, oranges, and pears”). But this comma has also always been Chicago style. CMOS refers to it as a “serial comma.”
  • On spelling, Chicago prefers the spellings at Merriam-Webster.com; Oxford follows Oxford’s dictionaries, starting with the Oxford English Dictionary .

Source citations involve the use of numbered notes and a bibliography, each styled and punctuated in a specific way, or author-date citations. Chicago’s citation style, like many of its other rules, goes back to the first edition and its focus on academic publishing. For more information about Chicago-style citations, read on.

This section was adapted from content contributed by Russell Harper, the editor of The Chicago Manual of Style’s Online Q&A.

For detailed information about Chicago-style citations and references, visit the CMOS website and Citation Quick Guide . In general, Chicago-style citations use either an author-date format or numbered notes and a bibliography.

Here is an example of an author-date citation, as it would appear in the text of an essay citing a book:

The primary cheeses used in Chicago-style pizza are mozzarella, Parmesan, and Romano (Bruno 1983, 4).

Here is a full citation for the same book, as it would appear at the end in a list of works cited:

Bruno, Pasquale, Jr. The Great Chicago-Style Pizza Cookbook . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

Here is how the same book would appear as a footnote with a corresponding reference:

Sentence from essay: For best results, stick to high-quality tomatoes, and avoid adding tomato paste to your Chicago-style pizza sauce.¹

Reference at the bottom of the page or end of the text: 1. Pasquale Bruno Jr., The Great Chicago-Style Pizza Cookbook (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), 3.

Many English style and usage guides exist, and many organizations have their own in-house guides. Some guides are specific to particular fields like law, whereas others have more general applications.

There are many guides in publishing, media, and academia, but four predominate. These are the Associated Press Stylebook (AP style), The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago style), the Modern Language Association’s MLA Handbook (MLA style), and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style). AP style is the standard in journalism, while MLA style is popular in classroom instruction and in some academic disciplines. APA style is often used in the social sciences and related academic fields.

Chicago style is comprehensive, and can address most questions relevant to writing, editing, and publishing in any discipline. Intended originally as a guide for publishers of academic books and journals, it is especially popular in the humanities and social sciences. Chicago style is also used widely by students and by publishers of novels and trade books.

Here is an example of the differences between Chicago style and AP style on common questions, such as styling titles in italics or quotations marks, the use of serial or “Oxford” commas, and possessive nouns ending in the letter “s”:

Chicago style: After Harry Styles’s tour in support of his album Fine Line stopped at the United Center, the pop star made sure to pick up some Chicago-style pizza, hot dogs, and popcorn.

AP style: After Harry Styles’ tour in support of his album “Fine Line” stopped at the United Center, the pop star made sure to pick up some Chicago-style pizza, hot dogs and popcorn.

Though either guide’s recommendations might seem prescriptive, English is a fraught language, with many potential gray areas. The editors at the University of Chicago Press (like those at AP) have sought to establish clarity and consistency while at the same time remaining flexible and cognizant of the fact that context may call for individual discretion on style matters.

How did  The Chicago Manual of Style become a standard reference?

The Chicago Manual of Style became a standard reference in part because of its early publication date at a time when university press publishing in the United States was just getting off the ground. Today, the University of Chicago Press is considered the largest academic press in the United States. It is also one of the oldest continuously publishing presses, according to the Association of American University Presses , with Johns Hopkins University Press (founded in 1878) being the oldest.

The University of Chicago Press quickly began to establish itself as a leading American university press, publishing the first edition of the Manual in 1906, before some competing presses, like those at Yale University (1908) and Harvard University (1913), had even been established.

In the United Kingdom, however, Oxford University Press began publishing its own style guide, originally titled Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford , in 1904 (two years before Chicago). Known informally as “Hart’s Rules,” after the original author, Horace Hart, the Oxford style guide continues to be published today, with the most recent edition titled New Oxford Style Manual (2016).

Oxford University Press and other presses such as Cambridge University Press are older than any North American university press. Oxford traces the founding of its press to the 16th century (as does Cambridge). However, both the University of Chicago and the University of Oxford made their style guides available to the public before competitors early in the 20th century, which helped ensure their influence since then.

University of Chicago faculty, students, and staff can access The Chicago Manual of Style Online from the Library home page .

Editor’s Note: UChicago News follows journalistic convention, meaning that most of our coverage is published in AP style. However, an exception has been made for this piece, which is published in Chicago style in keeping with its subject matter.

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Citing a Journal Article in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 3, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

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To cite an online journal article in Chicago notes and bibliography style, list the author’s name, the title of the article, the journal name, volume, issue, and publication date, the page range on which the article appears, and a DOI or URL.

For an article accessed in print, follow the same format and simply omit the DOI or URL. Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , parentheses ) in your citations and notes.

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Table of contents

Citing an article from a database, journal articles with multiple authors, citing journal articles in chicago author-date style, finding source information for a journal article, frequently asked questions about chicago style citations.

Online articles, including those accessed through databases (e.g., Project MUSE or JSTOR), should generally be cited with a DOI , a link designed to permanently and reliably link to the article. In this case, there’s no need to include the database name.

If no DOI is available, you may include a stable URL or permalink. However, don’t use the URL from your browser’s address bar, as this is usually specific to your login session.

If no DOI or stable URL is available, list the name of the database at the end of your citation instead.

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Journal articles often have multiple authors. Author names should be listed in the order they appear at the head of the article (not in alphabetical order).

In your notes, list up to three authors in full. When there are four or more authors, list only the first, followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”).

In your Chicago style bibliography , list up to 10 authors in full.

If there are 11 or more authors, list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by “et al.”

In Chicago author-date style , an in-text citation consists of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number.

Each Chicago in-text citation must correspond to an entry in your reference list . This is almost identical to a bibliography entry, except the year comes after the author’s name, and only the month appears in brackets.

Author-date journal citation examples

  • Online article
  • Article from database
  • Print article

The information you need for your citations is usually listed above the article in the database where you found it. The image below shows where to find the relevant information on Project MUSE, for example.

Where to find information for an APA journal citation

With this information, we can construct our bibliography entry.

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The DOI is usually clearly visible when you open a journal article on an academic database. It is often listed near the publication date, and includes “doi.org” or “DOI:”. If the database has a “cite this article” button, this should also produce a citation with the DOI included.

If you can’t find the DOI, you can search on Crossref using information like the author, the article title, and the journal name.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

  • You’re quoting from the text.
  • You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
  • You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

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