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Plastic Pollution

Last updated on October 6, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

plastic pollution

Global negotiators have agreed to craft a draft treaty to end plastic pollution during the UN talks in Paris. It is a preliminary but crucial step toward tackling one of the most lasting sources of human waste. The committee is charged with developing the first international, legally binding treaty on plastic pollution, on land and at sea. Read here to learn more.

Plastic is everywhere in our lives, from single-use water bottles to food packaging and personal care items.

Plastic waste produced globally is set to almost triple by 2060, with about half ending up in landfill and under a fifth recycled, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) .

Leaders and politicians throughout the world, including the Government of India, have increased their attention on environmental sustainability in response to the serious environmental danger posed by plastic pollution.

Table of Contents

Plastic pollution

As the world’s capacity to cope with the fast-rising output of throwaway plastic goods becomes overwhelmed.

  • In Asia and Africa, where rubbish collection services are either ineffective or non-existent, plastic pollution is most noticeable.
  • But wealthier countries also struggle with adequately collecting waste plastics, especially those with poor recycling rates.
  • The United Nations has been trying to create a worldwide convention because plastic waste has grown so pervasive.

Fossil fuel-based plastics have been around for a little over a century.

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  • After World War II, the research and production of tens of thousands of new plastic goods surged to the point that modern life is inconceivable without plastics.
  • Plastics have transformed medicine with life-saving gadgets, enabled space flight, lightened vehicles and planes, reduced fuel use and pollution, and saved lives with helmets, incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water.

However, the advantages of plastics have given rise to a culture of waste, which exposes the negative aspects of the substance: Single-use plastics now make up about 40% of the annual plastic production.

  • Many of these items, like plastic bags and food wrappers, are used for only a few minutes or hours yet might endure hundreds of years in the environment.
  • Plastics often contain additives making them stronger, more flexible, and more durable. But many of these additives can extend the life of products if they become litter, with some estimates ranging to at least 400 years to break down.

How do Plastics move around the World?

Most of the plastic trash in the oceans, Earth’s last sink, flows from land.

  • Trash is also carried to sea by major rivers, which act as conveyor belts, picking up more and more trash as they move downstream.
  • Once at sea, much of the plastic trash remains in coastal waters. But once caught up in ocean currents, it can be transported around the world.
  • On Henderson Island, an uninhabited atoll in the Pitcairn Group isolated halfway between Chile and New Zealand, scientists found plastic items from Russia, the United States, Europe, South America, Japan, and China. They were carried to the South Pacific by the South Pacific gyre, a circular ocean current .

Once at sea, sunlight, wind, and wave action break down plastic waste into small particles, often less than half a centimeter across.

  • These so-called microplastics are spread throughout the water column and have been found in every corner of the globe, from Mount Everest, the highest peak, to the Mariana Trench, the deepest trough.
  • Microplastics are breaking down further into smaller and smaller pieces.
  • Plastic microfibers or even smaller nanofibers, meanwhile, have been found in municipal drinking water systems and drifting through the air.

Impact of Plastic Pollution

Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most urgent environmental challenges.

Impact on wildlife

Wildlife, be it terrestrial, avian, or aquatic are greatly affected by plastics.

  • Millions of animals are killed by plastics every year, from birds to fish to other marine organisms.
  • Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by plastics.
  • Seals, whales, turtles, and other animals are strangled by abandoned fishing gear or discarded six-pack rings.
  • Microplastics have been found in more than 100 aquatic species, including fish, shrimp, and mussels destined for our dinner plates.
  • In many cases, these tiny bits pass through the digestive system and are expelled without consequence.
  • But plastics have also been found to have blocked digestive tracts or pierced organs, causing death.
  • Plastics have been consumed by land-based animals, including elephants, hyenas, zebras, tigers, camels, cattle, and other large mammals, in some cases causing death.

Impact on human life

Phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), among other chemicals used in plastics, have come under intense examination and regulation.

  • Along with medications, colognes, and cosmetics, they can be found in computers, food packaging, automotive upholstery, flooring materials, and medical gadgets.

All these compounds have been detected in humans and are known to disrupt the endocrine system.

Gendered impact of plastic pollution

The gendered effects of this expanding risk are still not taken into account and are not appropriately addressed.

Women, who are frequently marginalized, are leading the fight against the effects of our addiction to plastic. They are particularly susceptible since they work both as main consumers and in the unregulated trash industry in India.

  • A substantial portion of disadvantaged populations including women, children, and recent immigrants make up the urban informal waste management economy, which is essential in recycling 30% of India’s annual plastic garbage.
  • The risks linked with landfills and dumpsites disproportionately impact women, who make up 49% of garbage pickers in India.

Women consume more plastic than men do.

  • Products like sanitary napkins, which are created around 90%, are composed of plastic.
  • Women are key consumers of single-use plastics for food and home products since they are the domestic decision-makers.
  • Social norms have mandated women’s greater consumption of plastic-packed beauty products.

Way forward

The expense of removing plastics from the environment would be exorbitant given the worldwide scope of plastic pollution. Therefore, the majority of approaches to the issue of plastic pollution concentrate on avoiding improper disposal or even on restricting the initial use of some plastic products.

In recent years, India’s government has launched several audacious projects as a decisive reaction to the pressing problem of plastic pollution.

  • Cornerstones in the fight against this environmental threat are the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission), Lifestyle for Environment , which encourages thoughtful consumerism, the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 , and banning Single-use Plastics.

The United Nations Environment Programme or the United Nations Development Programme could work together with NITI Aayog to lead research to fill the evidence vacuum and comprehend the particular difficulties, effects, and needs at the junction of women and the plastics sector.

  • Waste management regulations must be enhanced to acknowledge and address the gendered effect of plastic pollution, from bettering working conditions and guaranteeing fair salaries to providing protective equipment and access to healthcare.
  • Greater partnerships and synergy between government programs and efforts, like the Swachh Bharat Mission and the Smart Cities movement, must be added to this.

Related posts

  • Plastic Waste Management: Rules and Regulations
  • Single-use Plastics
  • Biotransformation Technology
  • Environmental Pollution and Degradation
  • Microplastics

-Article written by Swathi Satish

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IAS EXPRESS upsc preparation

India’s Water Crisis – How to Solve it?

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From Current Affairs Notes for UPSC » Editorials & In-depths » This topic

Water is the most valuable natural resource as it is essential for human survival and life on earth. However, the availability of freshwater for human consumption is highly under stress because of a variety of factors. This crisis of water scarcity is most visible in India as well as in other developing countries.

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This topic of “India’s Water Crisis – How to Solve it?” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

What is water scarcity?

  • Water scarcity is the lack of freshwater resources to satisfy water demand.
  • It is manifested by partial or no satisfaction of expressed demand, economic competition for water quantity or quality, disputes between users, irreversible groundwater depletion, and negative effects on the environment.
  • It affects every continent and was categorised in 2019 by the World Economic Forum as one of the largest global risks with respect to its potential impact over the next decade.
  • One-third of the global population (2 billion people) live under situations of severe water scarcity at least one month of the year.
  • Half a billion people in the world affected by severe water scarcity all year round.
  • Half of the world’s largest cities have been facing water scarcity.

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How is the water scarcity measured?

  • The absolute minimum water requirement for domestic usage is 50 litres per person per day, though 100-200 litres is often recommended.
  • Considering the needs of agriculture, industry and energy sectors, the recommended minimum annual per capita requirement is about 1700 cubic meters .
  • If a country like India has only about 1700 cu. meters water per person per year, it will experience only occasional or local water distress .
  • If the availability falls below this threshold level, the country will start to experience periodic or regular water stress .
  • If the water availability declines below 1000 cu. meters, the country will suffer from chronic water scarcity . Lack of water will then start to severely affect human health and well-being as well as economic development.
  • If the annual per capita supply declines below 500 cu. meters, the country will reach the stage of absolute scarcity .

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What is the status of water availability in India?

  • India receives 4000 bcm (billion cubic metres) rainfall each year. Out of this, 1869 bcm remains after evaporation = The actual availability is only 1137 bcm.
  • Even in that 1137 bcm of water, there is a lot of temporal as well as regional variations in the availability.
  • For instance, on the one side, there are water surplus states such as Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and on the other side, there are water scarce states such as Maharashtra (Vidarbha, Beed), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat.
  • Moreover, some states that are known to be water abundant such as Punjab, Haryana have their own issues.

What is the magnitude of the water crisis in India?

  • Currently, the annual availability of water is 1123 bcm in India and the demand is around 750 bcm. However, by 2050 the annual demand for water will be 1180 bcm which will exceed the water availability = wide ramifications for the country.
  • 70% of India’s water is contaminated.
  • 75% of households do not have drinking water on its premises.
  • 84% of rural households do not have access to piped water.
  • 54% of the country’s groundwater is declining rapidly than it is being replenished.
  • India’s water table is declining in most regions. Also, there is a presence of toxic elements like fluoride, arsenic, mercury, even uranium in our groundwater.
  • Water levels in India’s major reservoirs have fallen to 21% of the average of the last decade.
  • Hundreds of small and seasonal rivers are perishing permanently.
  • Almost all the major perennial rivers remain stagnant.
  • Cauvery and its tributaries haven’t met the ocean for decades; the upstream dams choke its flows downstream, affecting people in Tamil Nadu.
  • Krishna river runs dry in her delta region for most of the year.
  • According to NITI Aayog’s water quality index, India ranks 120 th among 122 countries.

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What is the recent water crisis in India?

  • Maharashtra is facing a water crisis of unprecedented proportions. After years of drought, the river currents have ebbed, water in dams and reservoirs have depleted and over-exploitation of groundwater has raised concerns regarding the long-term availability of water.
  • Meanwhile, media reports claim IT firms in Chennai are asking employees to work from home. The reason is that they don’t have enough water to sustain their operations. It hasn’t rained for almost 200 days in the city and it may not get adequate rain to get over the water crisis for the next 3 months.
  • In North India, the people of arid Thar Desert of Rajasthan are spending Rs. 2500 for getting 2500 litres of water which they share with their cattle.
  • With Punjab facing the threat of desertification and the state struggling to break away from the wheat-paddy cycle, farmers in the state have been adopting a decade-old scheme to utilise underground pipeline system for irrigation.
  • In light of this crisis, Central government on its part has created a Jal Shakti Ministry under a full-fledged cabinet minister to resolve the water crisis but a lot more needs to be done.

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What are the reasons for this crisis?

Monsoon dependence:.

There is a huge dependence on monsoon rains to replenish most of India’s important water sources such as underground aquifers, lakes, rivers, and reservoirs . But monsoon is vulnerable to factors such as climate change, El-Nino , etc.

Uneven distribution of water and Rainfall pattern :

Certain regions have surplus amounts of water for their need while others face perennial droughts for most of the year. For instance, Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Andhra Pradesh where no district is entirely free of droughts. Rajasthan is one of the most drought-prone areas of India.

Increasing demand :

Population growth, industrialization, rapid urbanisation, rising needs of irrigation and increase in domestic water usage have accelerated the demand for water. Since urbanization increases in India at a rapid pace = water demand will increase rapidly as city dwellers consume more water than rural people.

Urbanisation & Water scarcity:

  • Currently, about 285 million or 33% of India’s total population resides in urban areas. By 2050 this figure will reach 50%.
  • Rapid urbanisation is adding to the water scarcity issue in the country.
  • Presence of buildings, tar, and cement roads = even if a city like Mumbai gets good rains, the rainwater is not retained in the area as the water is not allowed to percolate underground.
  • Therefore, water required for cities is largely drawn from neighbouring villages and far-off rivers and lakes = threatening the availability in those areas.
  • Large cities also generate large quantities of urban sewage which pollutes the freshwater sources and ocean waters. However, only about 20% of urban wastewater is currently treated globally. In India, the figure is even lower.

Overexploitation :

  • In developing countries like India, groundwater fulfills nearly 80% of irrigation requirement = resulted in a fast depletion of groundwater sources.
  • Free power and inefficient utilisation of water by farmers has added to the issue of groundwater depletion.
  • The groundwater and sand extraction from most river beds and basins has turned unsustainable.
  • Tanks and ponds are encroached upon.
  • Dug-wells and borewells are carelessly built to slide deeper and deeper to suck water from greater depths.

Shift to cash-crops:

Water is being diverted from food crops to cash crops that consume an enormous quantity of water.

Inefficient cultivation practices:

  • In India, around 70% of the population is still dependent on agriculture for its livelihood.
  • Since the adoption of Green Revolution in the 1960s, nearly 50% of the food production comes from irrigated land.
  • But inefficient cultivation practices have led to the flooding of fertile land which in turn has caused salinization, siltation of reservoirs, etc = causing groundwater reserves of major agricultural states to be depleted at an alarming rate.

Water Pollution :

  • Release of industrial and domestic waste, including urban sewage, into rivers, lakes, and estuaries has polluted freshwater sources at an alarming rate in India = those fresh water sources are not fit for drinking or other activities.
  • Eutrophication of surface water and coastal zones is expected to increase almost everywhere leads to nitrogen pollution .

What are the impacts of the water crisis?

Economic growth: A Niti Aayog report predicted that water demand will be twice the present supply by 2030 and India could lose up to 6% of its GDP during that time.

Power supply: Water shortages are hurting India’s capacity to generate electricity because 40% of thermal power plants are located in areas where water scarcity is high.

Agricultural crisis: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon (not dependable) + Ineffective agricultural practices in irrigated areas = Water stress in agriculture = Poor Cultivation = Farmer suicides .

Drinking water scarcity: Not only farmers are affected by the water crisis, urban dwellers in cities and towns across India are also facing a never seen before drinking water scarcity.

Conflicts over water : In India, there are conflicts between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over sharing of Cauvery waters, between Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh over sharing of Narmada waters, between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over sharing of Krishna waters, etc.

What are the measures taken by the government?

Across the country, states are taking the lead:.

  • In Rajasthan, there is a scheme named ‘Mukhya Mantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan’. One of its objectives is to facilitate effective implementation of water conservation and water harvesting related activities in rural areas.
  • Maharashtra has launched a project called ‘Jalyukt-Shivar’, which seeks to make 5000 villages free of water scarcity every year.
  • accelerating the development of minor irrigation infrastructure,
  • strengthening community-based irrigation management and
  • adopting a comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan:

  • It is a collaborative initiative of various Union Ministries and State Governments, being coordinated by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS).
  • Focus Area: is water-stressed districts (256) and blocks (1592).
  • Team: Central government officers, headed by joint secretaries and additional secretaries, are assigned to these 256 districts and district administration will also select 2 members to join the team. This team of officers from the central government and district administration will visit and work on water-stressed districts and blocks to ensure water conservation initiatives.
  • The campaign is centered on 5 aspects
  • Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
  • Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks
  • Reuse of water and recharging of structures like bore well
  • Watershed development
  • Intensive afforestation
  • Significance: With this initiative, the government seeks to provide drinking water to all households on a priority and in a sustainable way. It is also expected to bring a positive mindset in people for water conservation. The campaign will assist people to work for rainwater harvesting, maintenance, and upkeep of ponds and village tanks and conservation of water.

Jal Shakti Mantralaya

  • The government has created a new Ministry named ‘Jal Shakti’after merging Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
  • Providing clean drinking water,
  • International and inter-states water disputes,
  • Namami Gange project aimed at cleaning Ganga and its tributaries, and sub-tributaries.
  • The ministry will launch the government’s ambitious plan (‘Nal se Jal’ scheme under jal jivan plan) to provide piped drinking water supply to every household in India by 2024.
  • This Move seeks to consolidate the administration and bringing water-related issues such as conservation, development, management, and abatement of pollution under a single ministry.
  • National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) is responsible for implementing the centrally sponsored national river conservation plan for all rivers across the country except river Ganga and its tributaries (as issues regarding Ganga and its tributaries are taken up by National Mission for Clean Ganga).

Jal Jeevan Mission *

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Atal Bhujal Yojana *

  •  It is a world bank funded central scheme that aims to improve groundwater management at the national level… Read More .

Can a new water ministry tackle the worst water crisis in Indian history?

  • Experts are of the opinion that an exclusive ministry can only bring about a cosmetic but not a real change.
  • Water is a state subject = Unless states make specific requests the centre cannot intervene.

What are the solutions to the water crisis in India?

Good water management practices :

  • India receives adequate annual rainfall through the south-west monsoon. However, most regions of the country are still water deficient mainly because of inefficient water management practices.
  • Rainwater harvesting should be encouraged on a large scale, especially, in cities where the surface runoff of rainwater is very high.
  • Roof-top rainwater harvesting can also be utilised to recharge groundwater by digging percolation pits around the house and filling it with gravel.
  • Indian cities need to learn from Cape Town of South Africa which when faced with the water crisis in 2018 had announced “ Day Zero “. During that day, water-taps in the city turned off = people had to use communal water-taps to conserve water. Restrictions on water use per person were also fixed.
  • Since water is a state subject in India state governments should take active measures and create awareness for the minimal use of water.

Interlinking of rivers :

  • Interlinking of rivers is a topic that has been discussed and debated for several years as a possible permanent solution to the water crisis in the country.
  • The 3 primary advantages mentioned in favour of the scheme are (1) droughts will never occur (2) there will be no more floods in the major rivers and (3) an additional 30,000 MW of hydropower will be generated.

Coordination in aquifer usage: There is an urgent need for coordination among users for aquifers. There should be laws and contracts for sharing of aquifers. Groundwater aquifer mapping has started only recently in India which is a welcome step.

River basin authority: There should be a River Basin Authority for sharing information among states since most of the rivers in India pass through different states.

Coordinated efforts among states for management of groundwater at a localized level.

Community-level management: At the village level, there can be decentralized management of water at the community level.

Charging money for efficient use of water (like electricity). For example- Water ATMs at Marathwada provide water @25 paisa per litre a day.

Good Cultivation practices:

  • Changing the cropping pattern, crop diversification and encouraging water use efficiency in agriculture by moving towards food crops from cash crops.
  • Innovative farming practices like precision farming , zero budget natural farming , etc. could be employed for efficient water utilisation.

Incentive-based water conservation in rural parts of the water-stressed regions is another solution.

  • For example, if a particular level of groundwater level is maintained, higher MSP can be provided to the farmers of that region.
  • MSP can also be provided based on crop’s water usage = Crops that consume a high amount of water will get less MSP.

Way forward

India is not a water deficit country, but due to severe neglect and lack of monitoring of water resource development projects, many regions in the country face water stress from time to time. Therefore balancing water demand with available supply is the need of the hour for future economic growth and development as well as for the sustenance of human life.

New National Water Policy (NWP)

In November 2019, the Ministry of Jal Shakti had set up a committee to draft the new National Water Policy (NWP). This was the first time that the government asked a committee of independent experts to draft the policy.

Highlights of NWP

1) demand-side: diversification of public procurement operations.

  • Irrigation utilizes 80-90% of India’s water , most of which is used by rice, wheat, and sugarcane.
  • Therefore, crop diversification is the single most crucial step in addressing India’s water crisis.
  • The policy recommends diversifying public procurement operations to include Nutri-cereals, pulses, and oilseeds.
  • This would incentivize farmers to diversify their cropping patterns, resulting in huge savings of water.

2) Reduce-Recycle-Reuse

  • Reduce-Recycle-Reuse has been suggested as the basic mantra of integrated urban water supply and wastewater management, with the treatment of sewage and eco-restoration of urban river stretches, as far as possible via decentralised wastewater management.
  • All non-potable use like flushing, fire protection, vehicle washing should mandatorily shift to treated wastewater.

3) Supply-side measure: Using technology to use stored water in dams

  • Within supply-side options, the NWP points to trillions of litres stored in big dams, that are still not reaching farmers.
  • NWP recommends how the irrigated areas could be considerably expanded at very low cost by using pressurised closed conveyance pipelines, in addition to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)  systems and pressurised micro-irrigation.

4) Supply of water through “nature-based solutions”

  • The NWP places major importance on the supply of water via “nature-based solutions” like the rejuvenation of catchment areas, to be incentivised through compensation for ecosystem services.
  • Specially curated “blue-green infrastructure” like rain gardens and bio-swales, restored rivers with wet meadows, wetlands constructed for bio-remediation, urban parks, permeable pavements, green roofs etc are suggested for urban areas.

5) Sustainable and equitable management of groundwater

  • Information on  aquifer boundaries , water storage capacities and flows provided in a user-friendly manner to stakeholders, assigned as custodians of their aquifers, would allow them to create protocols for effective management of groundwater.

6) Rights of Rivers

  • The NWP accords river protection and revitalisation prior and primary importance.
  • Steps to restore river flows include: Re-vegetation of catchments, regulation of groundwater extraction, river-bed pumping and mining of sand and boulders.
  • The NWP outlines a process to draft a  Rights of Rivers Act,  including their right to flow, to meander and to meet the sea.

7) Emphasis on water quality

  • The new NWP considers water quality as the most serious un-addressed issue in India today.
  • It proposes that every water ministry, at the Centre and states,  include a water quality department.
  • The policy advocates adoption of state-of-the-art, low-cost, low-energy, eco-sensitive  technologies for sewage treatment.
  • Widespread use of  reverse osmosis has led to huge water wastage  and adverse impact on water quality.
  • The policy wants  RO units to be discouraged  if the total dissolved solids count in water is less than 500mg/L.
  • It suggests a  task force on emerging water contaminants  to better understand and tackle the threats they are likely to pose.

8) Reforming governance of water

  • The policy makes radical proposals for improving the governance of water, which suffers from three kinds of issues: That between irrigation and drinking water, surface and groundwater, as also water and wastewater.
  • Government departments, working in silos, have generally dealt with just one side of these binaries.
  • Dealing with drinking water and irrigation in silos has meant that aquifers providing assured sources of drinking water dry up because the same aquifers are used for irrigation, which consumes much more water.
  • And when  water and wastewater are separated in planning,  the result is a fall in water quality.

9) Creation of National Water Commission

  • The NWP also suggests the creation of a unified multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder National Water Commission (NWC), which would become an exemplar for states to follow.
  • Governments should build enduring  partnerships with primary stakeholders of water , who must become an integral part of the NWC and its counterparts in the states.

How Gujarat transformed from Water-deficit state to surplus state?

  • The Gujarat government created the state-level Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) to aid in the supply of services and solutions for the deployment of map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems.
  • Micro-level check dams.
  • Macro-level projects particularly in the Saurashtra, Kutch, and North Gujarat areas.
  • Gujarat launched the Kutch branch canal from the Narmada Main canal, which helps provide water to the most distant parts.
  • Sujalam Sufalam Yojana: to irrigate the areas of North Gujarat.
  • The SAUNI Yojana (Saurashtra Narmada Avtaran Irrigation Yojana), which means literally “reincarnation of the Narmada River in the region,” was thus introduced.
  • Administrative and Governance reforms.

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Punganur Cows mind map   Recent News:     PM Modi:       Fed Cows:         On Makar Sankranti         At residence         In New Delhi   When:     Makar Sankranti     January 2024   Why:     Cultural Tradition     Highlighting breed   What     Indigenous Breed:       From Punganur       Chittoor District       Andhra Pradesh     Features:       World's shortest humped cattle       Height 70-90 cm       Weight under 200 kg       Coat Color:         White, Grey, Brown         Red, or Patches       Harsh Climate Adaptability       High-Fat Milk:         A2 type         1-3 liters per day         8% milk fat     Population Distribution:       Andhra Pradesh       Telangana       Karnataka       Kerala       Maharashtra       Tamil Nadu     Conservation Efforts:       Mission Punganur       IVF Technology       Centre's Funding   Where:     India:       Andhra Pradesh       Other states   Who:     PM Narendra Modi     Punganur Cows:       Indigenous breed       Cultural significance   How:     Conservation Efforts:       Using IVF       Government Support   Significance:     Economic Importance     Indigenous Value     Temple Ceremonies     High-Fat Milk     Resilience and Adaptability   Challenges:     Threat of Extinction     Shift to Hybrid Cattle   Way Forward:     Enhance Reproduction     Government Initiatives     PMO Involvement

Food Processing Industry in India – Challenges & Initiatives...

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essay on pollution drishti ias

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Pollution in the environment is one of the most challenging problems faced by humanity in our times. With each passing year, it is causing grave and irreparable damage to the earth.

We are living in the Anthropocene era, where human activities have immense impact on the biosphere. More change has happened in the past century than the previous 250,000 years of human history. Developmental activities such as construction, transportation and manufacturing have not only depleted the natural resources but also produced global warming and acid rains and large amount of wastes that leads to pollution of air, water, soil, and oceans.

What is Pollution?  It is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

What is a Pollutant?  Any substance causing nuisance or harmful effects or uneasiness on the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant.

Types of Pollutants

The waste materials that cause pollution are of two types:

  • That remain in an unchanged form for a long time and are known as  persistent pollutants.  For instance, pesticides, nuclear wastes, and plastics etc. Many of these are toxic in nature.
  • That break down, into simple products, and are known as  non-persistent  pollutants , e.g., garbage.  If this break down process is facilitated by living organisms, then such pollutants are referred to as biodegradable pollutants.

From ecological perspective, pollutants can be classifies as follows:

Primary Pollutants:  Which persist in the form in which they are added to the environment for ex. DDT, Plastic

Secondary Pollutants : Which are formed by interaction among primary pollutants viz. PAN by interaction of NOx & Hydrocarbons

What is Environmental Pollution?

Environmental Pollution  can be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.

Air Pollution

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. 

Air Pollutant is a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment.

Air pollution is by far the most harmful form of pollution in our environment. Air pollution is cause by the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, trains, and factories, containing mainly sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.

Carbon dioxide – It is released due to fossil fuel burning and deforestation.

Sulfur dioxide – SO 2  is released due to the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels.

Sulfur oxides – These are very dangerous to humans at a high concentration. Atmospheric Sulfur is responsible for acid rain.

Nitrogen Oxides – A number of compounds, oxides of nitrogen, are formed, primarilly by automobile engines. Oxides of nitrogen react with other compounds to produce photochemical smog.

Effects of Air Pollution

Evidence of increasing air pollution is seen in lung cancer, asthma, allergies, and various breathing problems along with severe and irreparable damage to flora and fauna.

Green House Effect and Global Warming  : CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, it also partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which produces the greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night. CO2 in atmosphere.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), released from refrigerators, air-conditioners, deodorants and insect repellents cause severe damage to the Earth’s environment. This gas has slowly damaged the atmosphere and depleted the ozone layer leading to global warming.

Even the most natural phenomenon of migratory birds has been hampered, with severe air pollution preventing them from reaching their seasonal metropolitan destinations of centuries.

PhotoChemical Smog  : It is a secondary pollutant, resulting when two pollutants, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons from automobile exhausts, react with one another in the presence of sunlight to produce nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ), ozone ( 0 3  ) and a compound called PAN (Peroxyl Acetyl Nitrate).

Water Pollution

Water Pollution is defined as alteration in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water through natural or human activities and thus making it unsuitable for its designated use.

Water pollution is caused by industrial waste products released into lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, it has made marine life no longer hospitable.

We pollute water with large scale disposal of garbage, flowers, ashes and other household waste. Untreated or improperly treated waste is a major cause of pollution of rivers and environmental degradation causing ill health and loss of crop productivity.

Sources of Water Pollution:

  • Municipal Waste Water
  • Industrial Waste water – Coming from chemical, metallurgical, food processing industries, textile, paper industries, which discharge several organic and inorganic pollutants toxic to living beings.
  • Inorganic Pollutants – They include fine particles of different metals, chlorides, sulphates, oxides of iron, cadmium, acids and alkalies.
  • Organic Pollutants – They Include oils, fats, phenols, organic acids grease and several other organic compounds.
  • Agricultural Wastes – Chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Fertilizers contain major plants nutrients mainly nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium.
  • In many rural areas one can still find people bathing and cooking in the same water, making it incredibly filthy.
  • Acid rain also adds to water pollution in the water. I
  • Thermal Pollution – Thermal Pollution of water is caused by thermal and nuclear power plants, which use water as coolants and release hot water into the original source. Sudden rise in temperature kills fish and other aquatic animals.
  • Water pollution can also indirectly occur as an offshoot of soil pollution – through surface runoff and leaching to groundwater.
  • Marine Pollution – Ocean are the final sink of all natural and man-made pollutants. Rivers discharge their pollutants into the sea. Discharge of oils, grease, detergents, and radioactive wastes from ships.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution include  aircraft noise, noise of cars, buses, and trucks, vehicle horns, loudspeakers, and industry noise, as well as high-intensity sonar effects  which are extremely harmful for the environment.

Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.

Sources of Noise Pollution

  • Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. Maximum noise pollution occurs due to one of modern science’s best discoveries – the motor vehicle, which is responsible for about 90% of all unwanted noise worldwide.
  • Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.
  • Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution.
  • Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

Effects of Noise Pollution

According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and health. Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health.

High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution. It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks.

Soil Pollution

Soil pollution, which can also be called soil contamination, is a result of acid rain, polluted water, fertilizers etc., which leads to bad crops.

Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage which releases heavy contaminants into the soil. These may include  hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

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Noise Pollution:

GS Paper 3:

Topics Covered: Conservation related issues.

A new set of controversies has emerged in Maharashtra after Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) chief Raj Thackeray raised the issue of loudspeakers in mosques and warned that if they are not removed by May 3, his party would play Hanuman Chalisa out loud.

  • The Maharashtra government might bank on the provisions of The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, to go about the controversy.

What is Noise pollution according to Indian laws?

Noise is anything that is an unwanted sound, according to the Central Pollution Control Board. Any unwanted sound that causes annoyance, irritation and pain to the human ear is termed ‘noise’.

What is the acceptable level of noise?

  • Rules have defined the acceptable levels of noise across areas during daytime and nighttime. Daytime comprises 6 am to 10 pm, and night is 10 pm to 6 am.
  • In commercial areas, noise limitation has been fixed at 65 dB and 55 dB during daytime and nighttime respectively. In residential areas, they are 55 dB and 45 dB during daytime and night respectively.
  • In industrial areas, the ceiling is fixed at 75dB and 70dB during daytime and nighttime, whereas in silence zones, the same is at 50dB and 40dB.

The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000:

Section 2 (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 considers noise as ‘air pollutant’. According to reports, “air pollutant” is any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance, including noise, present in the atmosphere in such concentrations as to be or tend to be harmful to humans, other living creatures, plants, property, or the environment.

  • Noise pollution and its sources are regulated under The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
  • Under the Act, there is a defined ambient acceptable noise levels, restrictions on the use of loudspeakers, sound-emitting construction equipment, horns, bursting of crackers and so on.

What are the laws around loudspeakers?

Central Pollution Control Board has listed fines for the violation of noise pollution norms, including the use of loudspeakers or public addresses that can result in a fine of Rs 10,000.

  • The noise level at the boundary of the public place, where a loudspeaker or public address system or any other noise source is being used, shall not exceed 10 dB (A) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 dB (A), whichever is lower.
  • The rules also state that a loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the designated authority.
  • Exemption: The state government can provide exemption during any cultural or religious festive occasion of a limited duration not exceeding 15 days in all during a calendar year.

How can noise pollution impact health?

While noise pollution does not receive as much attention as air and water pollution, it is known to impact the health of people.

  • According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), about 1.1 billion young people (aged between 12–35 years) are at the risk of hearing loss due to noise exposure.
  • The WHO has stated that there is sufficient evidence that noise exposure at night causes self-reported sleep disturbance and noise-induced sleep disturbance is viewed as a health problem.
  • WHO also states there is evidence, albeit limited, that disturbed sleep causes fatigue, accidents and reduced performance.
  • Various physical disorders due to higher noise include temporary deafness, headache and an increase in blood pressure.

Sources: Indian Express.

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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers

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Download and use the editable templates for student papers below: .

  • APA 7th ed. Template Document This is an APA format template document in Google Docs. Click on the link -- it will ask for you to make a new copy of the document, which you can save in your own Google Drive with your preferred privacy settings.
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  • APA 7th ed. Annotated Bibliography template A Microsoft Word document formatted correctly for an annotated bibliography.

Or, view the directions for specific sections below:

Order of sections (section 2.17).

  • Title page including Title, Author, University and Department, Class, Instructor, and Date
  • Body (including introduction, literature review or background, discussion, and conclusion)
  • Appendices (including tables & figures)

Margins & Page Numbers (sections 2.22-2.24)

  • 1 inch at top, bottom, and both sides
  • Left aligned paragraphs and leave the right edge ragged (not "right justified")
  • Indent first line of each paragraph 1/2 inch from left margin
  • Use page numbers, including on the title page, 1/2 inch from top and flush with right margin

Text Format (section 2.19)

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  • Lucinda Sans Unicode, 10 point
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  • Double-space and align text to the left
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Tables and Figures In-Text (chapter 7)

  • Label tables and figures numerically (ex. Table 1)
  • Give each table column a heading and use separating lines only when necessary
  • Design the table and figure so that it can be understood on its own, i.e. it does not require reference to the surrounding text to understand it
  • Notes go below tables and figures

Title Page (section 2.3)

  • Include the title, your name,  the class name , and  the college's name
  • Title should be 12 words or less and summarize the paper's main idea
  • No periods or abbreviations
  • Do not italicize or underline
  • No quotation marks, all capital letters, or bold
  • Center horizontally in upper half of the page

Body (section 2.11)

  • Align the text to the left with a 1/2-inch left indent on the first line
  • Double-space
  • As long as there is no Abstract, at the top of the first page, type the title of the paper, centered, in bold , and in Sentence Case Capitalization
  • Usually, include sections like these:  introduction, literature review or background,  discussion, and conclusion -- but the specific organization will depend on the paper type
  • Spell out long organization names and add the abbreviation in parenthesis, then just use the abbreviation
  • Spell out numbers one through nine and use a number for 10 or more
  • Use a number for units of measurement, in tables, to represent statistical or math functions, and dates or times

Headings (section 2.26-2.27)

  • Level 1: Center, bold , Title Case 
  • Level 2: Align left, bold , Title Case
  • Level 3: Alight left, bold italics , Title Case
  • Level 4: Indented 1/2", bold , Title Case, end with a period. Follow with text. 
  • Level 5: Indented 1/2", bold italics , Title Case, end with a period. Follow with text. 

an illustration of the headings -- same detail as is given directly above this image

Quotations (sections 8.26-8.33)

  • Include short quotations (40 words or less) in-text with quotation marks
  • For quotes more than 40 words, indent the entire quote a half inch from the left margin and double-space it with no quotation marks
  • When quoting two or more paragraphs from an original source, indent the first line of each paragraph a half inch from the left margin
  • Use ellipsis (...) when omitting sections from a quote and use four periods (....) if omitting the end section of a quote

References (section 2.12)

Begins on a new page following the text of your paper and includes complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing.

  • References should be centered and bolded at the top of a new page
  • Double-space and use hanging indents (where the first line is on the left margin and the following lines are indented a half inch from the left)
  • List authors' last name first followed by the first and middle initials (ex. Skinner, B. F.)
  • Alphabetize the list by the first author's last name of of each citation (see sections 9.44-9.49)
  • Capitalize only the first word, the first after a colon or em dash, and proper nouns
  • Don't capitalize the second word of a hyphenated compound
  • No quotation marks around titles of articles

Appendices with Tables, Figures, & Illustrations (section 2.14, and chapter 7)

  • Include appendices only to help the reader understand, evaluate, or replicate the study or argument
  • Put each appendix on a separate page and align left
  • For text, do not indent the first paragraph, but do indent the rest
  • If you have only one appendix, label it "Appendix"
  • If you have two or more appendices, label them "Appendix A", "Appendix B" and so forth as they appear in the body of your paper
  • Label tables and figures numerically (ex. Table 1, or Table B1 and Table B2 if Appendix B has two tables) and describe them within the text of the appendix
  • Notes go below tables and figures (see samples on p. 210-226)

Annotated Bibliography

Double-space the entire bibliography. give each entry a hanging indent. in the following annotation, indent the entire paragraph a half inch from the left margin and give the first line of each paragraph a half inch indent. see the template document at the top of this page..

  • Check with your professor for the length of the annotation and which elements you should evaluate.

These elements are optional, if your professor or field requires them, but they are  not required for student papers: 

Abstract (section 2.9).

  • Abstract gets its own page
  • Center "Abstract" heading and do not indent the first line of the text
  • Summarize the main points and purpose of the paper in 150-250 words maximum
  • Define abbreviations and acronyms used in the paper

Running Head (section 2.8 )

  • Shorten title to 50 characters or less (counting spaces and punctuation) for the running head
  • In the top margin, the running head is aligned left, with the page number aligned on the right
  • On every page, put (without the brackets): [SHORTENED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER IN ALL CAPS] [page number] 

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APA 7th Edition Tutorial: Download Template & Section Headings

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Monroe College & APA Style

Monroe college uses  apa 7 style guidelines for all student papers. , you can download our detailed apa 7 formatting tutorial here ., if your instructor's directions conflict with any apa rules, follow the instructor's directions., apa 7th edition template.

  • APA 7 Student Paper Template (.docx) Download this 7th-edition template, and use it to format your APA-style Research Paper. Simply download and save a new copy of the document and paste the contents of your paper into the appropriate fields within the template.
  • APA 7 Paper Template WITH ABSTRACT This version of the template includes the ABSTRACT page. Ask your instructor whether the Abstract is required for your paper.
  • APA 7 Student Paper Template PDF

7th Edition APA Section Headings

Apa 7 section headings.

  •  Running heads are no longer required for student papers.
  • written in title case
  • Level 1 and 2 Section Headings APA 7

This is an excerpt. The full Annotated Sample Student Paper can be downloaded from the official APA Style Website here .

Purdue OWL 7th Edition Changes Guide

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Great News! The Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) has created a handy guide to Changes in the 7th edition of the APA Style Manual

We've done our best to lay out the basic standards for the two different editions here, but you can go to the OWL for a more comprehensive breakdown of the new APA standards.

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APA 7th Edition Guide

  • Setting Up Your Paper
  • APA Paper Basics
  • Preventing Plagiarism
  • Academic Integrity Video

In-Text Citations

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Components of an APA Paper

  • Getting Started: Formatting Rules
  • Body of Paper

Reference List

Setting up your paper: formatting rules.

APA Style has specific rules about the format of your paper.  Be sure to select one of the six approved font styles, and set margins and line spacing as follows:

  • Lucida Sans Unicode, 10 point
  • Computer Modern, 10 point
  • ​ Double space entire document including cover page and References list
  • ​ One inch margins at top, bottom, left, and right of page (Word default setting)
  • First line in paragraphs indented 1/2 inch (one stroke of the tab key)
  • ​ Pages are numbered in the header, flush right, beginning with the title page

APA Paper Template

Download a copy of the pre-formatted APA paper template to use for all of your APA assignments. Watch the companion video!

  • APA 7th Edition Paper Template in Word
  • How to Use the APA 7th Edition Paper Template View this short video demonstration of how to add your content to the APA paper template.

Order of Pages

Pages of an APA paper appear in the following order:

  • Abstract 
  • Text of paper
  • Reference list
  • Tables 
  • Figures 

NOTE:  Sections appearing in  bold font  are always included in an APA paper; other sections are included if needed.

View this helpful guide created by the APA Style Experts to help you set up your paper:

  • APA 7th Edition Setting Up Your Paper Student Guide

The title page of a student paper includes the page number in header and lists the following information centered in the top half of the page:

  • Title of Paper, bolded
  • Student Name
  • Course Number: Course Title
  • Instructor's Name
  • Assignment Due Date   ( Note: For CBE courses, please use the assignment submission date .)

Note that there is a blank double-spaced line between the title and student's name.

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  • APA Style: Title Page Set-Up according to APA 7th edition Provides helpful information to set up the title page for a student paper.
  • APA 7th Edition - Student Title Page Guide This two-page handout provides the APA 7th Edition guidelines for creating a student paper cover page..

Body of the Paper

Formatting basics.

  • Title centered and bolded at top of page
  • One inch margins (Word default margins)
  • Text double spaced
  • Paragraphs begin with 1/2 inch indent (one stroke of the tab key)
  • One space between sentences

Components of a Research Paper

  • ​ Introduces the topic covered in the paper 
  • States the thesis  or position to be supported   in the body of the paper
  • Usually one or two paragraphs in length
  • ​ Main part of paper
  • Points presented in logical order to support thesis, one point per paragraph
  • length of this section varies; usually a minimum of three paragraphs
  • ​ Restates the thesis 
  • Reinforces major points ma de in the body of the paper

One of the goals of the APA Style is to present information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.  One way to achieve this is by organizing content through the use of  Headings .  APA utilizes five levels of headings within the text of the paper:

  • APA 7th Edition Student Paper Heading Levels Template View this APA 7th Edition sample paper for a visual demonstration of how various levels of headings are formatted.

The References List

In academic writing, resources found through the research process are used to support positions, claims, and points made in a paper or essay.  All sources cited within the text of the paper are listed alphabetically in the reference list.  References provide the reader with information needed to access the source material.  The reference list is its own page and appears at the end of the paper.   

An APA reference is composed of four elements:

Author. (Date). Title.   Source Information.

View example references on the Reference page in this Guide.

Reference List Example

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  • APA 7th Edition Quick References Guide This two-page handout provides a visual guide demonstrating how journal and book references are created.
  • << Previous: Academic Integrity Video
  • Next: In-Text Citations >>
  • Last Updated: Jan 3, 2024 3:08 PM
  • URL: https://guides.rasmussen.edu/apa

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APA 7: Sample Paper

  • Paper Sections
  • Quote & Paraphrase
  • Format in Word
  • Sample Paper

Examples of the Different Paper Sections

  • Title Page - APA 7 Example
  • References Page
  • Student Paper - Example in APA Format Includes title page, body, and references.
  • Sample Annotated Student Paper in APA Style
  • APA 7 Quick Reference Guide

Optional Paper Sections

  • Headings - APA 7 Style Guide
  • Accessible Use of Colors in APA 7
  • Figures - APA 7 The basics of figure setup, including figure components, principles of figure construction, and placement of figures in a paper.
  • Tables - APA 7 The basics of table setup, including table components, principles of table construction, and placement of tables in the paper.
  • << Previous: Reference List
  • Next: FAQs >>

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Apa 7th edition template.

Feeling a little intimidated by the never-ending list of formatting, content and referencing requirements of APA 7th edition? Our free APA student paper template makes it easy by taking care of all the finer details, right out of the box.

Download the free APA 7 template

What’s Included In The APA 7 Template

The template includes all the core sections typically required for a student paper formatted using APA 7th edition. Here’s an overview of the template structure:

  • Abstract (optional)
  • Appendix (optional)

The perfectly formatted Word document is fully editable , so you can use it for your as is, copy over the contents to a fresh document, or convert to LaTeX.

PS – if you’re writing a dissertation, thesis, or any sort of formal research project, you can also download our chapter templates here .

Preview The Template

The video below unpacks APA 7th edition requirements by walking through the template, step by step. If you’re new to APA-style writing, this is essential viewing.

Our “done for you” language editing and proofreading service takes the hassle out of APA. Simply send us your document and we’ll take care of all the APA formatting. We’ll also review and revise a host of language, formatting and referencing issues. 

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Take love, There is APA 6th edition available in my laptop in my computer, how to convert the 6th edition to APA 7th edition, can you guide me the lines…

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APA Style: Paper Templates & Examples

Sample papers.

  • APA 7th edition sample papers The SCC Library & Academic Support Center teach students to follow 7th edition student formatting rules, unless the instructor states otherwise.

Paper Template

  • Student Paper Template, APA 7 (DOCX) Download this template before you begin writing to make sure your paper is formatted correctly in APA 7th edition format.
  • Last Updated: Jun 7, 2023 3:04 PM
  • URL: https://library.surry.edu/APAstyle

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APA 7th Edition Citation Guide Formatting Your Paper

Using a consistent format enables your readers to focus on your content, instead of the presentation of your paper. 

APA formatted student essays typically contain the following elements in the order listed:

Individual instructors may require other elements not listed above, such as an abstract, table of contents, tables, or appendices. If you are unsure of which elements to include in your essay, read your assignment's guidelines or ask your instructor. 

Below are several templates to help get you started, including a basic template and a sample paper with more detailed instructions.

  • APA Template (Google Doc) A Google Docs template for a simple APA setup.
  • APA Template (Word Doc) A Microsoft Word template for a simple APA setup.
  • APA Sample Paper (Google Doc) A Google Docs template that helps explain the rules and best practices of APA.
  • APA Sample Paper (Word Doc) A Microsoft Word template that helps explain rules and best practices of APA.

apa 7 essay template word

For more detailed information on how to format your title page, see this guide from APA . You can also use a template from above.

The body of your paper begins with the title (centered and bolded). No need for an 'Introduction' heading. Level 2 sub-headings can be used to further separate and organize the first section.

For more detailed information on formatting headings, see this guide from APA .

apa 7 essay template word

For more detailed information on formatting reference lists, see this guide from APA .

Formatting Student Papers

Always use the specifications determined by your instructor in addition to these guidelines.

Note : Individual instructors may require other elements not listed above, such as an abstract, table of contents, tables, or appendices. If you are unsure of which elements to include in your essay, read your assignment's guidelines or ask your instructor. 

Order of Elements: APA Professional Essays

APA formatted manuscripts that are submitted for publication should include the following elements in the order listed:

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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  • APA Title Page (7th edition) | Template for Students & Professionals

APA Title Page (7th edition) | Template for Students & Professionals

Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on June 7, 2022.

APA provides different guidelines for student and professional papers. The student version of the APA title page should include the following information (double spaced and centered):

Paper title

  • Author name
  • Department and university name
  • Course number and name
  • Instructor name
  • Due date of the assignment

The professional title page also includes an author note (flushed left), but not a course name, instructor name, or due date.

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Table of contents

Title page example (student and professional version), institutional affiliation, course information, author note, page header, including an image on the title page.

APA title page - student version (7th edition)

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Write an informative, striking title that summarizes the topic of your paper. Try to keep the title focused and use relevant keywords.

Place the title three or four lines down from the top of the paper. Center align and bold it. Don’t forget to use title case capitalization (capitalize the first letter of each word, except small words such as articles and short prepositions).

Write the author’s name under the paper title (leave a blank line in between). Give their full names (first name, middle initial(s) and last name), but don’t include titles (Dr., Prof.) or degrees (Ph.D., MSc).

Multiple authors on the title page

List the authors in order of their contribution. If there are two authors, separate their names with the word “and”, like this:

If there are more than two authors, separate their names with a comma. Only write “and” before the last author, like this:

Write the author’s affiliation on the next line under the author names. Students should specify the department and institution where they’re attending school. Professional researchers should specify the department and institution where they conducted their research.

Multiple authors with different affiliations

Use superscript numbers on the author line to indicate which institution they’re affiliated with. Don’t use superscript numbers if all authors are affiliated with the same institution (and department).

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

  • Missing commas and periods
  • Incorrect usage of “et al.”
  • Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
  • Missing reference entries

apa 7 essay template word

On a student title page, provide information about the course. List the following information on separate (double spaced) lines under the author’s affiliation:

  • Instructor(s)
  • Assignment’s due date

For professional papers, you may include an author note. This note may contain the author’s ORCID iD, affiliation changes, disclosures of conflicts of interest, brief acknowledgments, and contact information (in that specific order). Present this information in separate paragraphs.

Place the author note on the bottom half of the page. Center the label “Author note” and apply bold styling. The paragraphs in the author note are left-aligned. The first line of each new paragraph is indented.

For more information about formatting the author note, see section 2.7 of the APA Publication Manual.

For a student title page, the page header consists of just a page number in the top-right corner. There is no need for a running head (as was the case in APA 6th edition).

A professional title page does have a running head. The running head is an abbreviated version of the paper title in all capital letters. The maximum length is 50 characters (counting spaces).

Images are not usually included on an APA title page, and APA does not provide any guidelines for doing so. It’s usually viewed as unprofessional to include an image, since the title page is there to provide information, not for decoration.

If you do decide to include an image on your title page, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image. Include a note directly underneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period):

  • If you found the image online or in another source, include a citation and copyright attribution .
  • If it’s an image you created yourself (e.g., a photograph you took, an infographic you designed), explain this (e.g., “Photograph taken by the author.”).

Don’t give the image a label, title, or number. Only images within the text itself are labeled as figures .

image on APA title page

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2022, June 07). APA Title Page (7th edition) | Template for Students & Professionals. Scribbr. Retrieved January 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-title-page/

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APA 7th Edition in MS Word

Moderator's Note: You may want to use the updated version posted in this thread .

I am writing this post because I am currently a Doctoral student and have figured out how to modify MS Word to include APA 7th formatting.  I am only providing this file and the necessary location for it for education purposes.  If any installations of MS Office are corrupted as a result of using this file, I am not responsible to address or repair any issues. 

That being said, I have been using this on my Office 2016 installation for just over a year.  It is not complete, but is a start.  I mostly use Journal Articles as references, but I am working on getting the rest of the common publication types up to the APA 7th standard.  I also recommend that students and professionals use the APA 7th Ed. Publication Guide to check their work for accuracy before submitting for grading.

The following file will need to be placed in this location: C:\Users\<your_login_name>\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Bibliography\Style

File URL:  APASeventhEd.xsl  

Once it is placed in the folder, restart MS Word and the style selection under the References tab should show APA7. I cannot verify this functionality for any other versions of Word.  Feel free to reach out to me if you have any questions and I can help where possible. I know there are many students out there struggling because MS Word is behind on this standard. 

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apa 7 essay template word

Download this Word document, fill out the title page and get writing! Sample Paper APA 7th ed. Our APA sample paper shows you how to format the main parts of a basic research paper. APA 7th Sample Papers from Purdue Owl << Previous: Block Quotations; Next: Government Documents and Legal Materials >>

The following two sample papers were published in annotated form in the Publication Manual and are reproduced here as PDFs for your ease of use. The annotations draw attention to content and formatting and provide the relevant sections of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) to consult for more information.. Student sample paper with annotations (PDF, 4.95MB)

Body (section 2.11) Align the text to the left with a 1/2-inch left indent on the first line; Double-space; As long as there is no Abstract, at the top of the first page, type the title of the paper, centered, in bold, and in Sentence Case Capitalization; Usually, include sections like these: introduction, literature review or background, discussion, and conclusion -- but the specific ...

Choose an APA template or MLA template, or other college-related template and open it in Word for the web to make it yours. You'll be on the Templates for Word page. In the list of categories, click College Tools. As you work on the paper, you'll probably want to rename it and edit the header with a running head of your own.

Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).

Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper. However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in student style and one in professional style. Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples.

In this sample paper, we've put four blank lines above the title. Commented [AF3]: Authors' names are written below the title, with one double-spaced blank line between them. Names should be written as follows: First name, middle initial(s), last name. Commented [AF4]: Authors' affiliations follow immediately after their names.

This guide gives a quick run-down of the basic rules of using APA formatting. Learn how to: write an abstract; format headings; format in-text citations; and construct your References page. Download Monroe College's APA Template and Find Formatting Details

Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.

Setting Up Your Paper: Formatting Rules. APA Style has specific rules about the format of your paper. Be sure to select one of the six approved font styles, and set margins and line spacing as follows: Typeface: APA 7th edition allows six type faces: Calibri, 11 point. Arial, 11 point. Lucida Sans Unicode, 10 point. Times New Roman, 12 point.

Optional Paper Sections. Headings - APA 7 Style Guide. Accessible Use of Colors in APA 7. Figures - APA 7. The basics of figure setup, including figure components, principles of figure construction, and placement of figures in a paper. Tables - APA 7.

APA footnotes use superscript numbers and should appear in numerical order. You can place footnotes at the bottom of the relevant pages, or on a separate footnotes page at the end: For footnotes at the bottom of the page, you can use your word processor to automatically insert footnotes.; For footnotes at the end of the text in APA, place them on a separate page entitled "Footnotes," after ...

The perfectly formatted Word document is fully editable, so you can use it for your as is, copy over the contents to a fresh document, or convert to LaTeX. Download The APA 7 Template (FREE) PS - if you're writing a dissertation, thesis, or any sort of formal research project, you can also download our chapter templates here.

Student Paper Template, APA 7 (DOCX) Download this template before you begin writing to make sure your paper is formatted correctly in APA 7th edition format. Last Updated: Jun 7, 2023 3:04 PM; URL: https://library.surry.edu/APAstyle; Print Page; Login to LibApps.

APA requires that your papers have a title page and page numbers in the header of each page. To make a title page and page numbers, follow these instructions: How to Make the Page Numbers in the Header. Within a Microsoft Word document: 1. Click on the INSERT tab at the top of the page. 2. Click on the "Page Number" tool to open a menu of options.

Fillable Template and Sample Papers. Fillable Template New- Coming. Sample Student Paper Annotated - APA Style 7th Edition. by the American Psychological Association (APA) Student Sample Paper by the American Psychological Association [APA] (2020) APA 7th Edition Student Paper by Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) Last Updated: Jun 14 ...

A summary of your essay that is no more than 250 words. If you choose to include keywords, you would list them after your abstract. Body (Required) The content of the essay. APA provides guidelines for formatting section headings, writing style, in-text citations and all other aspects of integrating sources into the body of your essay ...

Use 1-inch margins on the top, bottom, left, and right of each page. Use 0.5 inch margins for a header and footer. Left-align your APA paper. Leave the right alignment "ragged"; do not right-justify your paper. Double space every paragraph; make sure there are no extra spaces between paragraphs. MS Word's default is to add extra space ...

Author/Authors. Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)

To format a paper in APA Style, writers can typically use the default settings and automatic formatting tools of their word-processing program or make only minor adjustments. The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create ...

The student version of the APA title page should include the following information (double spaced and centered): Paper title. Author name. Department and university name. Course number and name. Instructor name. Due date of the assignment. The professional title page also includes an author note (flushed left), but not a course name, instructor ...

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.

File URL: APASeventhEd.xsl. Once it is placed in the folder, restart MS Word and the style selection under the References tab should show APA7. I cannot verify this functionality for any other versions of Word. Feel free to reach out to me if you have any questions and I can help where possible.

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