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Structure and planning of essay

Watch this to find out how to structure the perfect essay for Higher Modern Studies (and how to climb the Matterhorn)

search thinkfour.

There is a huge mountain that sits above the town of Zermat in Switzerland called the Matterhorn. It is breathtaking.

When most mountains in Europe had been climbed, this one stood unconquered. An international competition was launched for the first to the summit and when this challenge was finally overcome, four of the party of seven who had achieved it fell to their deaths trying to get back down.

Nowadays, about 150 climbers each year get to the top. Some routes to the summit are still regarded as impossible -completely unclimbable; but there are many different routes to choose from, some much safer than others and the route a climber selects is vital to their success.

When you are writing an essay in Modern Studies, just like climbing the Matterhorn, you have to pick the right route. Some routes are safer and will get you to the top. Some routes are more complicated and can lead to trouble.

I want to tell you about the route I use when teaching essays to my class, one that can help you get to the top.

This is thinkfour.

There are two types of essay; I call the 12 mark essays an extended response, because they don’t have an introduction or conclusion, and are more like a long Nat 5 answer. 20 Mark essays, though, are our Matterhorn, and you are only ready to tackle them when you have enough knowledge and training. Like an ascent up a mountain, planning is key. You can’t just start, or you’ll quickly lose your way. You need to know where you are going and that means knowing the answer to your 20 mark essay before you start. Your introduction will lay out the factors that you are going to be discussing, like a plan on the page, but it’s what you do with those factors, in each section of your essay, that really counts. With 8 knowledge marks, and 6 analysis marks up for grabs, I recommend 4 main sections to my classes, each dealing with a different factor.

Take an essay like “to what extent does social and economic inequality exist in the US?” You have a range of options with an essay like this, but you can make a strong case for four main sections focusing on income, health, education and the criminal justice system. Across these four factors you have to do a range of things. You need to make points of knowledge which answer the question, you need to delve into the detail of that and really hammer home the point that you are making. You need to back that up with some evidence, and you need to analyse how that fits with your overall answer. 40sec -1min section

This gives us a rough structure that I call PEEA, Point, Explain, Example, Analyse. For a 12 mark extended response, I would tell you to PEEA for each factor, but in a 20 mark essay it is different, you have to go further to open up the full range of marks on offer. Here, I tell pupils to PEEAPEEA, basically to come up with a second point for each factor. In an essay on inequalities you can easily do this, for example, by doing one education paragraph on high school dropouts by ethnicity, and a second on access to College. In other essays the second PEEA is the counter-argument or balance to the first, such as saying that social class has an impact on voting behaviour, but following that up with a counter-point about partisan dealignment in recent years. The one drawback with this is how long it takes to write, so I suggest that pupils use PEEAPEEA for three factors, and a simple PEEA for the last, but you can get away with two PEEAPEEAs and two simple PEEAs if you really find the clock a challenge.

So remember, whether it’s a trip up the Matterhorn in Switzerland or writing an essay in Modern Studies, planning is key. Know your route before you set off as some are difficult and will get you into difficulty whilst others are more straight forward.

Tackling a 20 mark essay isn’t the same as conquering the unconquerable, but if you follow these steps and take full marks, you’ll feel like you’re on the top of the world.

This was thinkfour, thanks for watching.

higher modern studies 12 mark essays

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STA Higher Modern Studies

Higher modern studies, potential essays.

See the document below for a list of potential essays. Use this to plan essays and revise knowledge, analysis and evaluation. Remember that there are many ways to word questions so practice being able to determine exactly what the question is asking you and figure out the structure.

For the crime and the law section there are no example questions – I may update this later. Just be aware that you could be asked about the causes, consequences and responses to crime.

Examples of ku Possible Questions MARCH 2018

USA Model Essays

See blow for model essays on various USA sub-topics:

USA Influence – USA Influence Model Essay

USA influence 2 – USA-Influence-Model-Essay

Rights and Responsibilities 12 mark analyse paragraph – Rights and Responsibilities USA Essay

Political progress minorities essay paragraph – Progress for Minorities Essay

Participation Essay paragraph – Participation Voting Paragraph

How democratic paragraph – How democratic paragraph Feb 2018

Government responses to social and economic inequalities, Affirmative Action paragraph – Government Responses to S and E inequalities model para AA

Checks on Government Model Essay – Checks on Government Model Essay

Analyse Paragraph – Social and Economic Inequalities – Analyse – Social and Inequalities Model Essay

Knowledge Questions

See the document below for a 20 mark essay guide:

20 Mark Knowledge Question September 2015

Remember that for 12 mark analyse questions, there are 8 marks for knowledge and 4 marks for analysis – no need for an overall conclusion and just a one sentence introduction if any.

For 12 mark evaluate questions, there are 8 marks for knowledge and 4 marks for evaluation (conclusions). You may do an overall conclusion for this type of question but you can also do mini-conclusions at the end of each paragraph.

Skills Questions

The PowerPoints below explain the techniques for answering the two different  types of skills questions:

Conclusion Questions UPDATED JAN 2018

Objectivity Questions

Remember to use the SQA website for the last three years of past papers and the specimen paper:

https://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/47924.html

Online Study Materials

Visit Modernity Scotland for extra Higher materials  – https://www.modernity.scot/  (Username is stthomas, see Mr Canning for password)

See the US and Canada section of the BBC news website for up-to-date stories relevant to the world powers topic – http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/us_and_canada

See the politics section of the BBC website for up-to-date news relevant to the Democracy in Scotland and the UK unit – http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics

See BBC Bitesize for Higher Modern Studies revision materials on all three units – https://www.bbc.com/education/subjects/ztsvr82

All PowerPoints below:

1. Lessons 1 and 2 USA Intro, geography etc. Blog

2. LESSONS 3-8 Political System and Process Blog

3. LESSONS 9-16 Social and Economic Inequalities Blog

4. International Influence of the USA Blog

You can also use the Modernity Scotland website for more information on the USA topic – https://www.modernity.scot/ – see Mr Canning for login details.

Democracy in the UK

Below you will find materials for the Democracy in the UK unit.

Participation –  Participation in the Political System Blog

3. Impact of EU membership Blog

Welcome to the Higher Modern Studies Blog!

Welcome to the St Thomas Aquinas Higher Modern Studies blog. Here you will find class materials for all topics. PowerPoints from class will be posted here following lessons. If you miss a period you can catch up by accessing the blog.

Materials posted here will be the same as in class but will not include images.

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Good Practice in Writing a Higher Modern Studies Essay (12 marks)

higher modern studies 12 mark essays

Good Practice in Writing a Higher Modern

Studies essay (12 marks).

Learning Intention (Pupils should be able to):

• Develop good practice in writing a 12 mark Higher

Modern Studies essay.

That winning feeling

You’ve cracked it

Types of 12 mark questions / What are the questions looking for?

The types of 12 mark essay questions used in this paper are:

Evaluate … [12-mark extended response]

Analyse … [12-mark extended response]

Analyse questions

Candidates will identify parts of an issue, the relationship between these parts and their relationships with the whole; draw out and relate implications.

Evaluate questions

Candidates will make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of something.

Mark Allocation for Essays (12 marks)

For 12-mark essays , up to a maximum of 8 marks will be awarded for knowledge and understanding

(description, explanation and exemplification).

The remaining marks will be awarded for the demonstration of higher-order skills of analysis or evaluation.

Where a candidate makes more analytical/evaluative points than are required to gain the maximum allocation of 4 marks, these can be credited as knowledge and understanding marks provided they meet the criteria for this.

Mark Allocation for Essays (12 marks) contd.

Answers to 12-mark questions should demonstrate at least two relevant aspects of knowledge.

For full marks (12/12), a response mus t include a range of points, have detailed description/explanation, include a range of accurate exemplification and analysis or evaluation.

Award up to 6 marks per point.

For full marks in the KU aspect of the question (8 marks), a response mus t include a range of points, have detailed explanation, and include accurate exemplification. Maximum of 6 marks available (from 8 for KU) if there is no accurate or relevant exemplification.

What is the difference between analysis and evaluation?

An analysis infers the meaning or purpose of something; it makes an interpretation . however, an evaluation makes a judgment about the quality, of something, such as an argument or decision..

Q. Analyse government policies to tackle inequalities that affect a group in society. (12)

Possible approaches to answering the question:

Pensioners face inequality in the UK. Some pensioners are amongst the poorest people in the UK whilst others are among the wealthiest. Government has introduced various policies to tackle these inequalities. These policies include the Pension Credit (soon to become part of Universal Credit). (2 marks KU)

(2 marks, accurate point plus an example)

Pensioners face inequality in the UK. Some pensioners are well off because they have savings, insurance policies and extra pensions such as occupational or private pensions, etc. Others rely on benefits like the State Pension, because they worked in low paid jobs during their working lives and did not save towards their retirement. (2 marks KU) Government has attempted to reduce some of these inequalities by introducing a variety of benefits such as the Pension Credit

(soon to become part of Universal Credit). The Pensions Credit is a meanstested benefit which tops up a pensioners income to £148.35, although, not all pensioners who are entitled to this benefit actually claim it. (2 marks analysis)

(4 marks, two relevant points plus more extended analytical comment)

Pensioners face inequality in the UK. Some pensioners are well off because they have savings, insurance policies and extra pensions such as occupational or private pensions, etc. Others rely on benefits like the State Pension, because they worked in low paid jobs during their working lives and did not save towards their retirement. (2 marks

KU) Government has attempted to reduce some of these inequalities by introducing a variety of benefits such as the Pension Credit (soon to become part of Universal

Credit). The Pensions Credit is a means-tested benefit which tops up a pensioners income to £148.35, although, not all pensioners who are entitled to this benefit actually claim it. Some pressure groups such as Age UK argue that the benefits forms are too complicated and that this puts off elderly people from claiming. (2 marks analysis)

Pensioners also face inequalities when it comes to paying the cost of heating their homes. Pensioners are likely to spend larger portions of time in their home than younger adults. This can result in higher gas and electricity bills which, poorer pensioners receiving only benefits like the State Pension struggle to afford. (2

marks KU) Government has introduced a range of measures to try to tackle this inequality such as the Winter Fuel Payment. This is a universal benefit provided by the UK Government which gives all pensioners £200 - £300 to help with the extra costs of heating their homes in winter. Despite this help, a government study in 2010 showed that 2.8 million pensioners were in fuel poverty in England alone. (2 marks analysis)

(8 marks, two separate accurate points, with description, explanation and exemplification plus extended analytical comment)

Pensioners face inequality in the UK. Some pensioners are well off because they have savings, insurance policies and extra pensions such as occupational or private pensions, etc.

(1 mark KU) Others rely on benefits like the

State Pension, because they worked in low paid jobs during their working lives and did not save towards their retirement. (1 mark

KU) Government has attempted to reduce some of these inequalities by introducing a variety of benefits such as the Pension Credit

(soon to become part of Universal Credit).

The Pensions Credit is a means-tested benefit which tops up a pensioners income to £148.35,

(1 mark KU/analysis) although , not all pensioners who are entitled to this benefit actually claim it. Some pressure groups such as Age UK argue that the benefits forms are too complicated and that this puts off elderly people from claiming.

(1 mark analysis)

Two KU points, both explained.

One analysis point which, also shows

KU, giving a relevant example.

One extended analysis point.

Pensioners also face inequalities when it comes to paying the cost of heating their homes.

Pensioners are likely to spend larger portions of time in their home than younger adults.

This can result in higher gas and electricity bills which, poorer pensioners receiving only benefits like the State Pension struggle to afford.

(2 marks KU) Government has introduced a range of measures to try to tackle this inequality such as the Winter Fuel

Payment. This is a universal benefit provided by the UK Government which gives all pensioners £200 - £300 to help with the extra costs of heating their homes in winter.

(1 mark KU/analysis) Despite this help , a government study in 2010 showed that 2.8

million pensioners were in fuel poverty in

England alone.

(1 marks analysis)

One relevant

KU point with detailed explanation.

One analysis point which, also shows KU, giving a relevant example .

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  • Past Papers
  • National Qualifications  >  Subjects  >  Modern Studies  >  Higher  > Higher Modern Studies

Higher Modern Studies

Alternative certification model.

The alternative certification model is how National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher courses will be resulted this year, following the cancellation of the 2021 exams. It involves five different stages.

View the alternative certification model and see what will happen at each stage.

Essential Information

Course specification ( 20/12/2023 ).

Explains the structure of the course, including its purpose and aims and information on the skills, knowledge and understanding that will be developed.

  • Higher Modern Studies Course Specification (Gaelic translation) December 2023
  • Higher Modern Studies Course Specification July 2019

Past Papers and Marking Instructions

Access all past papers by subject/level

Additional question papers resources

Illustrates the standard, structure and requirements of the question papers candidates will sit (includes marking instructions).

  • Higher Modern Studies Specimen Question Paper 1 August 2018
  • Higher Modern Studies Specimen Question Paper 1 (Gaelic Medium) June 2019
  • Higher Modern Studies Specimen Question Paper 2 October 2022
  • Higher Modern Studies Specimen Question Paper 2 (Gaelic Medium) June 2019

There were no exams in 2021. The 2020-21 question paper resources are, for most subjects, modified papers which reflect the modifications put in place for session 2020-21

  • Higher Modern Studies Question Paper 1
  • Higher Modern Studies Paper 1 Marking Instructions
  • Higher Modern Studies Question Paper 2  
  • Higher Modern Studies Paper 2 Marking Instructions

This section provides information on marking instructions and/or the coursework assessment task(s). It includes information that centres need to administer coursework and must be read in conjunction with the course specification.

  • Coursework assessment task for Higher Modern Studies August 2019
  • Research Evidence for Higher Modern Studies   July 2018
  • Research Evidence for Higher Modern Studies  July 2018
  • Guidance on conditions of assessment

Information on the production and submission of SQA-assessed coursework for National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher.

  • Coursework for External Assessment (261 KB)

Understanding Standards ( 27/11/2023 )

  • Examples of candidate evidence with commentaries

Audio Presentation

Overview of course assessment 2020-2021- presentation with audio  (35.48 MB)

Overview of course assessment 2018-2019 - presentation with audio (29 minutes) (30.09 MB)

Changes to understanding standards materials

  • Changes to published Understanding Standards materials for all subjects

Please note: Understanding Standards materials are regularly reviewed to ensure they remain up to date.

Additional Resources session 2020-22

Please note: Additional resources published during sessions 2020-2022 are currently under review. Further information can be found on the Understanding Standards Website .

Course reports ( 14/09/2023 )

Provides information on the performance of candidates - which is useful to teachers, lecturers and assessors in their preparation of candidates for future assessment.

Course Reports

  • 2023 Higher Modern Studies Course Report  September 2023
  • 2022 Higher Modern Studies Course Report  September 2022
  • 2019 Higher Modern Studies Course Report  September 2019
  • 2018 Higher Modern Studies Course Report  August 2018
  • 2017 Higher Modern Studies Course Report  October 2017

Verification Reports

  • Modern Studies Verification Key Messages Round 1 March 2017
  • Modern Studies: Quality Assurance - external verification

Ushare open learning resources

Where can you take this course?

Centre Finder

Helper-buttons.

higher modern studies 12 mark essays

First refuelling for Russia’s Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP

!{Model.Description}

higher modern studies 12 mark essays

The FNPP includes two KLT-40S reactor units. In such reactors, nuclear fuel is not replaced in the same way as in standard NPPs – partial replacement of fuel once every 12-18 months. Instead, once every few years the entire reactor core is replaced with and a full load of fresh fuel.

The KLT-40S reactor cores have a number of advantages compared with standard NPPs. For the first time, a cassette core was used, which made it possible to increase the fuel cycle to 3-3.5 years before refuelling, and also reduce by one and a half times the fuel component in the cost of the electricity produced. The operating experience of the FNPP provided the basis for the design of the new series of nuclear icebreaker reactors (series 22220). Currently, three such icebreakers have been launched.

The Akademik Lomonosov was connected to the power grid in December 2019, and put into commercial operation in May 2020.

Electricity generation from the FNPP at the end of 2023 amounted to 194 GWh. The population of Pevek is just over 4,000 people. However, the plant can potentially provide electricity to a city with a population of up to 100,000. The FNPP solved two problems. Firstly, it replaced the retiring capacities of the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant, which has been operating since 1974, as well as the Chaunskaya Thermal Power Plant, which is more than 70 years old. It also supplies power to the main mining enterprises located in western Chukotka. In September, a 490 km 110 kilovolt power transmission line was put into operation connecting Pevek and Bilibino.

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  • Request and compare quotes, then hire the Home Stager that perfectly fits your project and budget limits.

A home stager is a professional who prepares a house for sale, aiming to attract more buyers and potentially secure a higher selling price. They achieve this through the following techniques:

  • Rearranging furniture to optimize space and functionality.
  • Decluttering to create a clean and spacious look.
  • Making repairs to address visible issues.
  • Enhancing aesthetics with artwork, accessories, and lighting.
  • Introducing new furnishings to update the style.

Their goal is to present the house in the best light. Home stagers in Elektrostal' help buyers envision themselves living there, increasing the chances of a successful sale.

  • Home Staging
  • Decluttering
  • Furniture Selection
  • Space Planning
  • Art Selection
  • Accessory Selection

Benefits of the home staging in Elektrostal':

  • Attractive and inviting: Staging creates a welcoming atmosphere for potential buyers.
  • Faster sale: Homes sell more quickly, reducing time on the market.
  • Higher sale price: Staging can lead to higher offers and appeal to a wider range of buyers.
  • Showcasing best features: Strategic arrangement highlights positives and minimizes flaws.
  • Stand out online: Staged homes capture attention in online listings.
  • Emotional connection: Staging creates a positive impression that resonates with buyers.
  • Easy visualization: Buyers can easily picture themselves living in a staged home.
  • Competitive advantage: Staging sets your home apart from others on the market.
  • Affordable investment: Cost-effective way to maximize selling potential and ROI.
  • Professional expertise: Experienced stagers ensure optimal presentation for attracting buyers.

What does an Elektrostal' home stager do?

What should i consider before hiring an interior staging company, questions to ask potential real estate staging companies in elektrostal', moscow oblast, russia:, find home stagers near me on houzz, business services, connect with us.

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  16. Best 15 Home & House Stagers in Elektrostal', Moscow Oblast, Russia

    Higher sale price: Staging can lead to higher offers and appeal to a wider range of buyers. Showcasing best features: Strategic arrangement highlights positives and minimizes flaws. Stand out online: Staged homes capture attention in online listings. Emotional connection: Staging creates a positive impression that resonates with buyers.