paper proposal example chicago

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How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

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• 18th August 2023

Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, “just what is it?!”

Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics.

What Is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It’s often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences.

However, there’s an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences.

With either style, it’s essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition).

How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted?

CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you’ll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system.

Notes and Bibliography System:

●  In this system, you’ll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text.

●  A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order.

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●  Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers.

Author–Date System:

●  In the author–date system, you’ll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses.

●  A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source.

●  Citations include author’s last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable).

What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like?

A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines :

•   Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor’s name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page.
•   Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides.
• Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text.
• Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman).
• Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page.
• Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished.
• Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper.
• Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system.

How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use?

It’s crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references.

Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you’ll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience.

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How to Write a Proposal for a Research Paper in Chicago Style

Leah williams.

Writing a research paper requires focus and attention to detail, and the Chicago Manual of Style lays down specific guidelines for students to follow. This is because since 1906, the Chicago Manual of Style has been one of the most widely used guides in the United States. To get started on their assignment, many students prepare a research proposal so the instructor can get an idea of what direction the paper is heading in and if the student is on the right track.

Develop an idea. The key to a well-researched paper is a good topic. Follow your professor's guidelines for the paper and select a topic that is within those instructions. Since Chicago style is often used for humanities courses papers, it is likely that your focus will be on a social science topic.

Once you have selected your topic, you should begin organizing your research. Plan on what kinds of materials you would need to support your paper's main idea. One helpful tool is to write down facts on index cards. Number the cards to correspond with the source that the information originated from. You will be able to quickly reference these sources when you are organizing your thoughts for your proposal.

After your research is organized, it is time to group the pieces of information for a proposal outline. The outline describes how the student will write the research paper. For the proposal, you will want to include your paper's main idea, how you plan to support this idea and a conclusion to wrap up all the details collected through your research. While you do not want to include everything that you are using for the assignment, the proposal should still be a condensed version of the research paper.

Use examples and interesting facts for your proposal. Your intent is to provide a preliminary look as to what will be further described in the paper. You want your professor and other readers to want to read more about your topic.

Format according to Chicago-style rules. Chicago style requires one-inch margins on each side of the page and double spacing for the body of the text (except for block quotes). Add page numbers in the top right-hand corner. Endnotes, footnotes and references should be single spaced.

Proofread your proposal for grammar mistakes. Chicago style has strict rules for grammar and punctuation. Hyphens can be particularly tricky. For example, Chicago style requires a writer to use "rock-and-roll" when the phrase is used as an adjective and "rock and roll" when used as a noun. Glance over your work to ensure that you have no typographical errors or misspellings that could not be picked up from spell checker software. Also, pay attention to word flow to make sure that you were able to correctly explain your argument points. You will also want to pay attention to margins, citation uses and other elements of writing that might have been missed during past revisions.

Make sure you cite your sources correctly. One of the main differences between Chicago and the other style guides is how each guidebook requires citations for references. Most of the lines end in periods. For example, a copy of the "The Chicago Manual of Style" would read like this: University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: For Authors, Editors, and Copywriters. 14th ed., rev. and expanded. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

• Plagiarism is taking someone else's work and representing it as your own. Many colleges do not tolerate acts of plagiarism, and the results of someone caught engaging in it may include failing the assignment or the course. Some schools even expel plagiarism offenders. Be sure you are following the proper citation guidelines outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style.
• If you have any questions about your assignment, contact your professor or, if available, your class graduate assistant. Both would be able to clear up any questions you may have.
• 1 Chicago Manual of Style Online: Chicago Style Q and A: Hyphens, En Dashes, Em Dashes

About the Author

Leah Williams has written for many newspapers, magazines, blogs and websites, including the "Mt. Vernon Register-News" and "Nightlife." She has her bachelor's degree in journalism from Southern Illinois University and is now working on her graduate degree. Williams likes to write about parenting, arts and entertainment, education and features.

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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Sample Academic Proposals

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Select the Sample Academic Proposals PDF in the Media box above to download this file and read examples of proposals for conferences, journals, and book chapters.

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Tips On How To Find A Quality Research Paper Proposal Example In The Chicago Style

• Notes and bibliography (NB) style – history and the humanities commonly use this writing style. It is helpful in providing a system to do their references. For full reference on this style, consult The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) In this style, it doesn’t matter whether you paraphrase or use direct quotes; you must include an endnote or footnote for each.
• Introduction to bibliographies – The bibliography plays a role in the NB system: it provides an alphabetical list of the project’s sources to be used in the research paper. Bibliographies may be formatted differently; however all include some of the same elements such as sources, articles, books, web pages etc. These sources may be formatted differently but they should be arranged in alphabetical order using the author’s last name.

Elements common to all bibliographies: the authors name is placed last name first and in alphabetical order, author, title, publication information if applicable.

• Introduction to notes – each time you use a source within the body of your paper, you must give an endnote or footnote. This holds true whether you are summarising, using a direct quote or paraphrasing.

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Chicago Research Proposals Samples For Students

22 samples of this type

WowEssays.com paper writer service proudly presents to you an open-access directory of Chicago Research Proposals designed to help struggling students tackle their writing challenges. In a practical sense, each Chicago Research Proposal sample presented here may be a pilot that walks you through the critical phases of the writing process and showcases how to develop an academic work that hits the mark. Besides, if you need more visionary assistance, these examples could give you a nudge toward a fresh Chicago Research Proposal topic or inspire a novice approach to a banal theme.

In case this is not enough to quench the thirst for effective writing help, you can request customized assistance in the form of a model Research Proposal on Chicago crafted by an expert from scratch and tailored to your particular requirements. Be it a plain 2-page paper or a profound, lengthy piece, our writers specialized in Chicago and related topics will submit it within the pre-set timeframe. Buy cheap essays or research papers now!

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Business Project Proposal: Supermarkets Effect on Smaller Business

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Turabian Style Guide: Sample Papers in Turabian

• Turabian (& Chicago)
• Sample Papers in Turabian
• Research Paper Topics
• Research Tools This link opens in a new window

Sample Turabian Papers

• Turabian Style paper (Austin Peay State University) from Austin Peay State University, Academic Support Center
• "Turabian Tutor" (Tennessee Temple University) Tennessee Temple University, Turabian-style paper
• Intro to Chicago-Turabian Style (paper) (University of North Alabama) University of North Alabama, turabian-style paper
• Sample Turabian Bibliography from Carpenter Library, UNF

Turabian formatting in Word

Turabian title page in Word

Simple Formatting Guidelines

• Paper size - 8.5 inch x 11 inch
• 1 inch on all four edges of the page
• Typeface/Font size
• Easily read; preferably serifed, ex. Times New Roman
• 12-point is accepted size
• Spacing/Indentation  
• Double-space text with exceptions that are single-spaced:
• Block quotations
• Table elements, ex. titles and figure captions
• Appendices' lists
• Footnotes/endnotes are single-spaced but separated by a space between each item.
• Items in a bibliography/reference list are single-spaced but each item is separated by a space.
• Do not number the title page.
• Start arabic numbers (at 1) on first page of paper that is not considered front matter (front matter = title page).
• Place page numbers consistently in same location throughout paper: 
• Options for page numbers include: centered in footer OR right-hand of footer OR centered in header OR right-hand of header
•    Title Page elements
• Center all elements
• Use consistent typeface and font size
• font size can increase slightly for title elements
• preferred format is boldface for title
• Employ Headline Capitalization with All Elements  (first letter of each noun/pronoun is capitalized) ( definition of Headline Style Capitalization)
• Title is placed approx. 1/3 down the page. A subtitle follow the main title with a colon and starts on a new line.
• Two-thirds down the page, your name, any title page information provided by your professor, and the date should be included.
• Body of Paper (Text)
• Includes 
• Introduction
• Quotations, including block quotations, should follow Turabian's standard formatting rules.
• Text Formatting
• Be consistent throughout body of paper with typeface, font size, and other formatting elements.
• Make sure text is aligned left.
• Do not add color in the text (hyperlinked text will automatically become blue; this is unavoidable).
• Block quotations should be set apart by blank space above and below and, internally, should be single-spaced. 
• Back Matter elements
• Notes (endnotes section) ( http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago_Notes_Formatting.html )
• Bibliography OR References OR Works Cited (your choice as to heading)
• Center page titles
• Font size can increase slightly for title elements.
• Preferred format is  boldface  for  title
• Leave two blank spaces between heading and first endnote/work referenced.
• Notes section
• Use standard paragraph indentations for each endnote.
• Single-space each endnote and separate each by a blank space.
• Use standard-size numbers with periods to enumerate your endnote list.
• Bibliography/References/Works Cited section
• Use hanging indentations for works referenced (first line is not indented; second and remaining lines are indented standard tab of five spaces)
• This section is typically arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author. 

All information comes from 

Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations :  Chicago Style for Students & Researchers . 8th ed. Chicago:    University of Chicago Press, 2013. 

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• Last Updated: Mar 6, 2023 10:35 AM
• URL: https://library.cbc.edu/Turabian

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Research Paper Proposal-University of Chicago

By an eHow Contributor.

For any student writing a research paper, the proposal is the most important step in the process. The quality of your proposal can be the deciding factor in whether the review board accepts your topic. Here are some steps to help you write a proposal for a research paper. (1500 – 1800 words)

Instructions

• Write a catchy title. Think of something that will grab the reader’s attention and keep them interested. Be as concise as possible.
• Write the introduction. State the purpose of the study, demonstrate your knowledge of the topic and its importance, describe any major issues and key research points, pinpoint the variables, and explain any boundaries of the study.
• Provide a resource review. This section outlines all sources you have used in your research and shows your knowledge of the topic. It also gives credit to those who have done previous research on this subject and developed the framework for your research.
• Explain the implementation of your methods. Demonstrate your knowledge of the methods you used and explain how they benefit your research.
• Predict your results. You have no results at this stage, but it is suggested that you have some idea of the data you will collect and what kinds of procedures will be used to answer your question or hypothesis.
• Discuss the potential impact of your results. Readers will want to know the benefits and possible drawbacks of your research.

Tips & Warnings

• Be sure to thoroughly understand the structure and functions of each part of your research paper proposal.
• Be confident in your potential results. This will improve the credibility of your paper and make readers more apt to identify with your research and approve your proposal.
• Have a third-party review and edit your proposal.

How to Make an Introduction

Effective research papers are not written in one day. It takes weeks of preparation to create a well-researched paper with a strong structure and authoritative references. Students assigned research papers are sometimes required to submit a proposal — usually three to four pages in length — that demonstrates the manner in which they will write the paper. This proposal is an important step because it will become the foundation upon which you write your paper. Before writing the proposal, create an outline that addresses all the main points you will cover.

Your introduction sets the tone for your research paper and provides the reader with the first impression of your writing and your thesis. Follow a few guidelines listed below and find yourself writing effective introductions that convince your readers that your thesis and research are worth their time and attention.

Grab the reader’s attention with a fact, question, quote, analogy, or short, interesting narrative supporting the thesis. This should set the tone for your paper while triggering the reader’s interest in the subject. Spend time and effort on this part of the introduction, because it may be the key to convincing the reader to read further.

Throughout the introduction, state the main points that your paper will cover regarding the thesis without going into detail. These points provide further framework and organization clues for the reader that help him understand your paper as he reads it. They also provoke questions in the reader’s mind, causing him to want to read further. For example, if the thesis statement concerns the advantages of free, public prekindergarten education, then the points that organize the thesis research may include developmental needs, societal needs, and available funding sources.

• Write down the main topic of your paper. For example, if your paper is about the correlation between crime and economic hardship, your topic could be, “Crime rates and poverty: the causal link between violence and the lack of economic opportunities.”
• Write two or three short sentences under the main topic that explain why you chose that topic. These should be facts, supportable by the initial research you have done. For example, if you are writing a paper about the relationship between high crime rates and chronic unemployment, state how this problem is relevant socially, politically, and economically.
• Write a thesis sentence that states the angle and purpose of your research paper. For example, if your topic is about the link between crime and poverty, your thesis statement could be, “Job creation is the most important factor in reducing the crime rate in many inner-city communities.”
• List the items you will cover in the body of the paper that support your thesis statement. For example, under the thesis statement in step three, you could write, “I will begin by giving background information on rising crime rates in the inner city. I will then cite statistics that demonstrate the correlation between high areas of unemployment and crime. I will then discuss various solutions advanced by sociologists and government officials, and their effectiveness or lack thereof.”
• Provide a list of preliminary sources to give whoever may read the outline and idea of the authority of your references. In a paper about the crime rate’s relation to joblessness, you could list government studies, sociological sources, and the FBI’s Uniform Crime Index, a recognized authority that compiles crime statistics in the United States.

Limit your outline to one page. Your goal is to provide a concise, logically constructed document that serves as a roadmap for the actual proposal.

How to write a bibliography

Turabian Quick Guide

Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and parenthetical citations–reference list style (or reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style , 15th edition, with slight modifications for the needs of student writers.

The bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.

The more concise reference list style has long been used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by the author’s last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Below are some common examples of materials cited in both styles. Each example is given first in a bibliography style (a note [N], followed by a bibliographic entry [B]) and then in reference list style (a parenthetical citation [P], followed by a reference list entry [R]). For a more detailed description of the styles and numerous specific examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian’s Manual for bibliography style and chapters 18 and 19 for reference list style.

Online sources that are analogous to print sources (such as articles published in online journals, magazines, or newspapers) should be cited similarly to their print counterparts but with the addition of a URL and an access date. For online or other electronic sources that do not have a direct print counterpart (such as an institutional Web site or a Weblog), give as much information as you can in addition to the URL and access date. The following examples include some of the most common types of electronic sources.

• Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65. Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. (Doniger 1999, 65)
• Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference . Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Two authors

• Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 104-7.
• Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. (Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000, 104–7)
• Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate conservation biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Four or more authors

• Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.
• Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994
• (Laumann et al. 1994, 262)
• Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. 1994. The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 

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