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Plastic surgery is often described by proponents.

Plastic surgery is often described by proponents of its use as "medical enhancement" but it should be viewed more properly as whether or not it is medically necessary (Miller). The question should be asked whether or not such surgery is needed for the maintenance or restoration of health. The medical enhancement approach would point out that there is a segment of society that seek plastic surgery as a method of ending feelings of alienation and embarrassment caused by some physical feature but such argument still fails to rise to the level of medical necessity. The potential risks associated with plastic surgery simply do not justify the results and it is time that the medical profession re-examine its role and refashion its position on the use of plastic surgery for purposes beyond medical necessity (Darisi). The medical profession must determine for itself whether it is appropriate for it to provide services….

Works Cited

Berer, Marge. "Cosmetic Surgery, body image and sexuality." Reproductive Health Matters (2010): 4-10.

Darisi, Tanya. "Influences on Decision-Making for Undergoing Plastic Surgery: Mental Models and Quantitative Assessment." Plastic & Reconstructuve Surgery (2005): 907-916.

Haiken, Elizabeth. Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Harris, David L. "Cosmetic Surgery- where does it begin?" British Journal of Plastic Surgery (1982): 281-286.

Plastic Surgery Is Among the Most Common

Plastic surgery is among the most common issues where arguments and debates between the pros and cons in society exist. There are those who oppose the practice of plastic surgery while there are those who find its benefits to outweigh the risks and negative effects. For those who reject the idea of plastic surgery, the risks and negative effects of the practice are the reasons that they hold on to. Similarly, they also hold on the philosophical argument, tied with religious beliefs, regarding the naturalness of the human body and how God has given us the natural characteristics and features of the human body that each of us have. On the other hand, for those who are in favor of plastic surgery finds either vanity or vital medical reasons due to health problems as the main reasons why they support plastic surgery. Taking on a side, I am in favor of plastic….

Bibliography

Agarwal, Pawan. Perception of Plastic Surgery in the Society.

Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, India.

Harcourt, Diana, Rumsey, Nichola. 2001. Psychological Aspects of Breast Reconstruction: A Review of the Literature.

Integrative Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Blackwell Science Ltd.

Plastic Surgery the Term 'Plastic' Is Derived

Plastic Surgery The term 'plastic' is derived from the Greek syllable 'plastikos' meaning 'mold' or 'give shape to'. Plastic surgery is a special branch of medicine that deals with curing or rectifying facial disfigurement, scarring or other anomalies in the physical features that are either congenital or accidental. Advancements in technology have broadened the scope of plastic surgery and today it is performed for a variety of cosmetic purposes like, face-lift, breast implantation, reduction, penile enlargement etc. The historic origin of plastic surgery is traced back to India (hundreds of years C), where a text has references to what can be called as modern day rhinoplasty. Then in Italy during the sixteenth century Gasparo Tagliocozzi specialized techniques to treat facial disfigurement. He is also credited with the publication (1597) of the first comprehensive account of skin transplantation method in his work "De curtorum chirurgia per insitionem," [Alysa R. herman]. ut plastic….

Designed by Health Superstore, "Plastic Surgery History," Accessed on April 26th 2004, http://www.healthsuperstore.com/articles/skin-care/plastic_surgery_history.asp

Elizabeth Haiken, "The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery," Social Research, Spring 2000, Available online at,  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2267/1_67/62402552/p1/article.jhtml 

University of Iowa, " Plastic Surgery," Accessed on April 26th 2004, http://www.surgery.uiowa.edu/surgery/plastic/wips.html

AORN Journal, "Plastic surgery rates on the rise in older adult population," May 2002, Available online at,  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0FSL/5_75/86040268/p1/article.jhtml

Plastic Surgery -- Reasons to

A person with a deviated septum may benefit from a nose reshaping. omen whose breasts have become enlarged after pregnancy or nursing, patients who have been in car accidents and through other traumatic physical incidents can benefit psychologically and physically, if the memory of that trauma is erased from their body. If surgery can improve a patient's health as well as a patient's appearance, health insurance may cover all or part of the expense. Feeling healthier and feeling better also often means that a patient will eat better, exercise more, and treat their new physical body with greater care. Also, whether you like it or not, your appearance can even affect your income. "Good-looking, slim, tall people tend to make more money than their plain-Jane counterparts, according to a study released this month by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, with researchers finding that beautiful people tend to earn….

Cosmetic Surgery: The Facts." The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons.

2007. [6 Apr 2007]

 http://www.bupa.co.uk/members/asp/tng/appearance/ 

Korman, Jack. "Breast Reduction Surgery Questions & Answers." 2007. [6 Apr 2007]

Plastic Surgery With the Increase

All the above factors of social acceptability and media influence also play a role at this stage. The increasing popularity of cosmetic procedures are also related to the general wealth of society today. Many more people are able to afford cosmetic surgery because of greater wealth, wiser investment and greater ease of obtaining loans (Williamson). Cosmetic surgery is therefore available to a much larger sector of society than just the rich and famous. Furthermore, because of the increased level of social acceptability, the decision to have a procedure is much easier. The almost instant gratification projected by those who undergo procedures such as liposuction furthermore drive this decision in favor of a strict diet and exercise regimen. Cosmetic surgery and non-surgical procedures are therefore much more accessible to a larger sector of society. Medical advances have also resulted in more than a tendency to live longer. Many cosmetic procedures have become….

BBC News Online. "Cosmetic surgery popularity surge." 24 January, 2005.  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4195525.stm 

Brown, Maeghan. "Plastic surgery popularity grows among Americans."

The Current Online, 24 January 2005. http://media.www.thecurrentonline.com/media/storage/paper304/news/2005/01/24/Features/Plastic.Surgery.Popularity.Grows.Among.Americans-839711.shtml

Dittmann, Melissa. "Plastic Surgery: beauty or beast?" Monitor on Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 8, 8 September 2005. http://www.apa.org/monitor/sep05/surgery.html

Plastic Surgery in Korea Plastic

Within this framework, it is also imperative to call attention to that appearance is an significant form of divination, and according to research about fifty percent of South Koreans admit to trusting that one can interpret an individual's personality by merely observing their faces, and this is no small concern in a nation where the right look, both in terms of attire and facial qualities, can have an extremely substantial effect on one's achievement in life (Blum, 2005, p. 115). Choices to endure plastic surgery are thus motivated by the requirement to not only follow aesthetic standards, but also to restructure unfavourable facial features to something more favourable to behold. (Partridge, 1996, p. 31). Whether or not one puts their trusts in appearance or not, what is obvious and irrefutable in the setting of modern South Korean society is that having the proper look has developed into a requirement for….

Author Unknown. (1987). Facial discrimination: Extending handicap law to employment discrimination on the basis of physical appearance. The Harvard Law Review Association, 100(8), 2035-2052.

Blum, V. (2005). Becoming the other woman: The psychic drama of cosmetic surgery. A

Journal of Women Studies, 26(2), 104-131.

Cullen, L.T. (2002), "Changing Faces," Time, Aug 5, pp.16-19.

Plastic Surgery Introduction in the

Sufficient amounts of plastic surgery can result in irreversible damage to the normal body structure, which has occurred in those addicted to surgery for cosmetic purposes. Important risks cited by researchers in this area include the fact that in the United States it is legal for any doctor, regardless of specialty, to perform cosmetic surgery, but not plastic surgery. Plastic surgery is recognized by certifiable associations as the surgery to repair defects of form or function, which includes cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery; whereas, cosmetic surgery refers to surgery that is designed to improve appearance. The problem with this is that in other countries, many doctors that are not qualified as surgeons also perform cosmetic procedures. This increases the risk of plastic surgery, when a non-board surgeon is performing the surgery. Critics of plastic surgery also not that the danger lies not in the actual surgery, but in the administration of the anesthetic. An incorrect does of anesthetic can be fatal for those that would….

Plastic Surgery Bundled With Travel

For some consumers, a price that seems "too good to be true" may warn them away from the product or service. It cheapens the product, and makes consumers worry that they are not getting the same quality article they might if they paid a higher price. Many professionals have the same problem with bundling professional services such as plastic surgery with things like vacations. The article states, "Some plastic surgeons are skeptical of consulting with patients for such important surgery from a distance. 'Sometimes clients come here and having paid for traveling and holiday, a doctor might feel obliged to go through with the operation even if the person is not suited,' says Tom Ford of the Association for Plastic and econstructive Surgeons in Southern Africa" (Article). This could be dangerous or even deadly, and so, the practice could end up being far more costly than just dollars and….

Article on Plastic Surgery and South African Travel.

Anderson, K. (1997, February). Getting the message straight: Changes in telecommunications laws have opened up the telephone service marketplace. Black enterprise, 27, 205+.

Glanz, W. (2000, January 13). Merger boosts case legend. The Washington times, p. 9.

Sherwood, M.K. (1994). Difficulties in the measurement of service outputs. Monthly labor review, 117(3), 11+.

Importance of Plastic Surgery in Our Society

Plastic Surgery in America hen people hear the term "plastic surgery," they almost immediately think of the negative connotations of that phrase. hile it is certainly true that many Americans have had elective plastic surgery, there are far more types of medical procedures that fall under this category than the stereotypical nose jobs or breast enhancements. There are pros and cons to the debate about plastic surgery and its importance in this society. Most of the arguments against plastic surgery focus on the cosmetic aspects of this field and thus overlook some of the real world positive applications. Plastic surgery is overused in this country in terms of people who have unnecessary operations in order to alter their physical appearance to create some perceived ideal or to better match what the media portrays as beautiful. It is definitely true that this branch of plastic surgeries has had negative side effects in….

Works Cited:

Bordo, Susan. "The Empire of Images in our World of Bodies." 2010. Web. Dec. 2011.

 http://chronicle.com/weekly/v50/i17/17b00601.htm 

"Cleft Lip and Palate Repair." ADAM. 2011. Web. Dec. 2011.

 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002979.htm

Plastic Surgery in Our Society Plastic beauty -- curse or bliss? There is much controversy regarding physical appearance in the contemporary society, as while the masses promote the belief that it one's thinking is more important than the way that he or she looks like, most people invest large amounts of money in their looks. The world has practically been bombarded by the effects of a cosmetic surgery culture during the recent years. Plastic surgery is in most cases a direct attack on society's honor, as it encourages discrimination based on appearance. Even though it only seems natural to employ a criticizing attitude when faced with the concept, it is actually difficult to determine whether or not plastic surgery is good -- the present day the social order functions in accordance with different values and people have come to achieve positive results as a consequence of artificially improving their outer shell. While….

Bibliography:

Bayer, Kathryn, "Cosmetic Surgery and Cosmetics: Redefining the Appearance of Age,"Generations 29.3 (2005)

Blum, Virginia, "Becoming the Other Woman: The Psychic Drama of Cosmetic Surgery," Frontiers - A Journal of Women's Studies 26.2 (2005)

Blum, Virginia L., Flesh Wounds: The Culture of Cosmetic Surgery (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003)

Chapkis, Wendy, Beauty Secrets: Women and the Politics of Appearance (Boston: South End Press, 1986)

Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Is Wrong

Cosmetic surgeries still focused on reconstructive procedures, such as repairing cleft palates, skin grafts mastectomies and reconstructed noses and ears . Psychological Aspect of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgery is a risky business, and there are many psychological unsatisfactories that come with cosmetic surgery .Psychosocial issues permeate the field of cosmetic surgery ( Grossbart, & Sarwer, 138 ). Factors identified are being young, suffering from depression or anxiety, and having a personality disorder. According to Pruzinsky, & Edgerton, ( 223) has stated the nature and degree of surgical change is an important predictor outcome more extensive procedures are more likely to result in serious body image disturbance than " restorative" procedures. The extent of changes in sensation following the procedure (face lift, loss of nipple sensation after breast augmentation) may also influence psychological outcomes, with greater degrees of sensory disturbance making adjustment to the procedure more difficult ( Grossbart & Sarwer, 172). Asian….

Ethics Plastic the Ethics of Plastic Surgery

Ethics Plastic The Ethics of Plastic Surgery Funding Based on the eason for Surgery and Other Factors: A Literature-Based Briefing Since the beginnings of recorded history at least, and indeed even earlier from what archaeologists have been able to ascertain, human beings have been obsessed with their own bodies. This is evident in the earliest works of art and in some of the earliest texts, and can also be seen in certain early practices of ancient civilizations that had identified specific features and/or proportions as more aesthetically pleasing than others and worked to achieve greater compliance with these standards of beauty through artificial means. These means were not limited to make-up, haircuts, and clothing, either, though all of these were employed by many ancient civilizations as a means of enhancing aesthetic beauty for both males and females, but in fact more permanent modifications were also made to the body. In the modern era,….

Achauer, B., Eriksson, E., Coleman, J., Russell, R. & Guyuron, B. (2000> Plastic Surgery: Indications, Operations, and Outcomes. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby.

Castle, D., Molton, M., Hoffman, K., Preston, N. & Phillips, K. (2004). Correlates of dysmorphic concern in people seeking cosmetic enhancement. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38(6), pp. 439-44.

Davis, K. (20030. Dubious Equalities and Embodied Differences: Cultural Studies on Cosmetic Surgery. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Krizek, T. (2002). Ethics and philosophy lecture: surgery...Is it an impairing profession? Journal of the American College of Surgeons 194(3):352-66.

Plastic Surgery and Its Effect

While it used to be primarily the face, the breasts and more visible parts of the body that people chose to have cosmetic surgery on, today they are taking things a step further. According to Davis (2002) one of the most popular "new sex surgeries" is the "designer vagina." These surgeries are supposed to improve the aesthetics of the vagina as well as make them 'tighter'. Clearly, people are becoming bolder and surgeries are becoming more invasive. For many people, the effect these surgeries have on their relationships with their bodies is improved self-esteem and confidence. But for many others, it becomes just one part of an endless and futile attempt to attain perfection. eferences Davis, S.W. (2002, March 22) Loose lips sink ships, Feminist Studies oyster, F. (2005, July 28) Hee hee: Michael Jackson and the transgendered erotics of….

Davis, S.W. (2002, March 22) Loose lips sink ships, Feminist Studies

Royster, F. (2005, July 28) Hee hee: Michael Jackson and the transgendered erotics of voice, National Sexuality Resource Center

Genital Surgery When Asked About

Plastic surgeons refer to the practice of genital surgery for women as Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS). However disruptive to sexual self-esteem needless genital surgery may be, the procedures can enormously benefit those who suffered from involuntary genital mutilation. A euters press report details the experiences of women from Burkina Faso whose tribal traditions condoned genital mutilation. Far from the mainly benign effects of male circumcision, female genital mutilation can completely diminish the pleasure of sex to the point where intimate encounters may be thoroughly "painful," (Schwarz 2007). Genital mutilation is a form of surgery that diminishes pleasure, and the reconstructive version can help victims regain their interest in sex and renew appreciation for their bodies. eferences Fitzpatrick, L. (2008). Plastic Surgery Below the Belt. Time. etrieved Feb 25, 2009 at http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1859937,00.html Freistag, A. Interview data. Labiaplasty." etrieved Feb 25, 2009 at http://www.labiaplastysurgeon.com/ Schwarz, N. (2007). BUKINA FASO: Genital Surgery Helps Burkina's Mutilated Women. The….

Fitzpatrick, L. (2008). Plastic Surgery Below the Belt. Time. Retrieved Feb 25, 2009 at  http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1859937,00.html 

Freistag, A. Interview data.

Labiaplasty." Retrieved Feb 25, 2009 at  http://www.labiaplastysurgeon.com/ 

Schwarz, N. (2007). BURKINA FASO: Genital Surgery Helps Burkina's Mutilated Women. The Female Genital Cutting Education and Networking Project. Retrieved Feb 25, 2009 at http://fgmnetwork.org/news/show_news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1187811902&archive=&template

Controversial Business Practice

Plastic Surgery Teen Plastic Surgery: A Controversial Medical Practice According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in 2007, more than 87,000 teenagers had cosmetic surgery; and that number has grown exponentially since. Although aesthetic cosmetic surgery is popular amongst United States teens, physicians and plastic surgeons worry that such invasive surgery on teens' still growing bodies can be dangerous. Other developed countries, including Germany and Australia, are considering banning all but medically necessary plastic surgery for anyone under the age of 18. However, the question remains, if such a measure were taken like that in the United States for minors stem the tide of teenagers going under the knife? This paper will address the controversy associated with teenagers and aesthetic cosmetic surgery in the United States, and the business of plastic surgery for teens, from a legal, ethical, and social responsibility standpoint. Introduction In a country, and dare say a world where image….

Ali, K., & Lam, T. (2008). Teens under the knife: Is plastic surgery too dangerous for teens? Current Events, 108(1), 7-14.

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2003). National totals for cosmetic procedures. Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank.

www.surgery.org/download/2003-stats.pdf:10. Accessed 25 July, 2011.

Bourdieu, P 1977, Outline of a Theory of practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

image

Research Paper

Health - Nursing

Plastic surgery is often described by proponents of its use as "medical enhancement" but it should be viewed more properly as whether or not it is medically necessary (Miller).…

Plastic surgery is among the most common issues where arguments and debates between the pros and cons in society exist. There are those who oppose the practice of plastic…

Plastic Surgery The term 'plastic' is derived from the Greek syllable 'plastikos' meaning 'mold' or 'give shape to'. Plastic surgery is a special branch of medicine that deals with curing…

A person with a deviated septum may benefit from a nose reshaping. omen whose breasts have become enlarged after pregnancy or nursing, patients who have been in car…

All the above factors of social acceptability and media influence also play a role at this stage. The increasing popularity of cosmetic procedures are also related to the general…

Within this framework, it is also imperative to call attention to that appearance is an significant form of divination, and according to research about fifty percent of South…

Sufficient amounts of plastic surgery can result in irreversible damage to the normal body structure, which has occurred in those addicted to surgery for cosmetic purposes. Important risks cited by researchers…

Business - Advertising

For some consumers, a price that seems "too good to be true" may warn them away from the product or service. It cheapens the product, and makes consumers…

Plastic Surgery in America hen people hear the term "plastic surgery," they almost immediately think of the negative connotations of that phrase. hile it is certainly true that many Americans…

Plastic Surgery in Our Society Plastic beauty -- curse or bliss? There is much controversy regarding physical appearance in the contemporary society, as while the masses promote the belief that…

Cosmetic surgeries still focused on reconstructive procedures, such as repairing cleft palates, skin grafts mastectomies and reconstructed noses and ears . Psychological Aspect of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgery is a…

Ethics Plastic The Ethics of Plastic Surgery Funding Based on the eason for Surgery and Other Factors: A Literature-Based Briefing Since the beginnings of recorded history at least, and indeed even…

While it used to be primarily the face, the breasts and more visible parts of the body that people chose to have cosmetic surgery on, today they are…

Women's Issues - Sexuality

Plastic surgeons refer to the practice of genital surgery for women as Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS). However disruptive to sexual self-esteem needless genital surgery may be, the procedures…

Plastic Surgery Teen Plastic Surgery: A Controversial Medical Practice According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in 2007, more than 87,000 teenagers had cosmetic surgery; and that number has grown…

Essays on Plastic Surgery

Faq about plastic surgery.

Writing Prompts about Plastic Surgery

  • 🗃️ Essay topics
  • ❓ Research questions
  • 📝 Topic sentences
  • 🪝 Essay hooks
  • 📑 Thesis statements
  • 🔀 Hypothesis examples
  • 🧐 Personal statements

🔗 References

🗃️ plastic surgery essay topics.

  • The history and evolution of plastic surgery.
  • Ethical considerations in plastic surgery.
  • Exploring the psychological effects of plastic surgery and self-image.
  • Plastic surgery and cultural beauty standards.
  • Understanding the connection between plastic surgery and body dysmorphia.
  • The role of plastic surgery in gender identity and transition.
  • The risks and complications of plastic surgery.
  • Media promotion of cosmetic surgery in women.
  • Plastic surgery as a form of self-expression and personal motivation.
  • Plastic surgery and societal perceptions of beauty.
  • Meeting the demands of an aging society with plastic surgery.
  • Plastic surgery and its impact on self-esteem and quality of life.
  • The influence of social media on plastic surgery trends.
  • Plastic surgery and its impact on interpersonal relationships.
  • Exploring the implications of seeking plastic surgery abroad.
  • Plastic surgery and examining the ethics of borrowing aesthetics.
  • The economic impacts of the body modification industry.
  • The role of plastic surgery in reconstructive procedures.
  • Plastic surgery and its influence on gender roles and expectations.
  • The role of plastic surgery in addressing congenital anomalies.
  • Plastic surgery and the intersection of race and beauty ideals.

❓ Essay Questions on Plastic Surgery

  • What are the motivations and psychological factors driving individuals to undergo plastic surgery?
  • How does plastic surgery impact body image and self-esteem among patients?
  • What are the short-term and long-term physical and psychological outcomes of plastic surgery procedures?
  • What are the most common types of plastic surgery procedures performed globally?
  • How has the demand for plastic surgery changed over time, and what factors contribute to these changes?
  • What are the cultural and societal influences on attitudes toward plastic surgery?
  • What are the risks and complications associated with different plastic surgery procedures?
  • What are the ethical considerations surrounding plastic surgery, particularly in cases of elective procedures?
  • How effective are non-surgical alternatives to traditional plastic surgery procedures?
  • What role does plastic surgery play in the treatment and management of physical deformities or injuries?
  • What are the economic implications of the plastic surgery industry, including costs, revenues, and market trends?
  • How do cultural and societal beauty standards influence the demand for and acceptance of plastic surgery?
  • What are the factors influencing patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction with plastic surgery outcomes?
  • How do gender and identity intersect with the motivations, experiences, and outcomes of plastic surgery?
  • How accessible and affordable is plastic surgery for different socioeconomic groups and regions?

📝 Topic Sentences about Plastic Surgery

  • The increasing popularity of plastic surgery has sparked debates regarding its ethical implications and societal impact.
  • Plastic surgery, once considered a taboo topic, has become a cultural phenomenon driven by media influence and the pursuit of perfection.
  • Advancements in plastic surgery techniques and technologies have revolutionized the field, offering individuals a wider range of options for aesthetic enhancement and self-improvement.

🪝 Top Hooks for Plastic Surgery Paper

📍 autobiography hooks about plastic surgery.

  • In my journey through life, I never expected plastic surgery to become a chapter in my autobiography. Little did I know that a desire for change would lead me down a path of transformations, both physical and emotional, revealing the complex layers of self-perception and societal pressures.
  • As I reflect on the chapters of my life, the pages of my autobiography unveil the unexpected twists and turns that brought me to the world of plastic surgery. From insecurities to newfound confidence, this is the story of how I reshaped my appearance and my perception of myself.

📍 Definition Hooks for Essay on Plastic Surgery

  • Plastic surgery, often referred to as cosmetic surgery, is a specialized branch of medical science that focuses on enhancing or altering a person’s physical appearance through surgical procedures. It involves reshaping, reconstructing, or rejuvenating various body parts to improve aesthetic appeal or address functional concerns.
  • Plastic surgery, also known as aesthetic surgery, encompasses a range of surgical procedures aimed at enhancing or modifying an individual’s physical features. It involves altering or reshaping body structures to achieve desired aesthetic outcomes, addressing concerns related to appearance, symmetry, proportion, or function.

📍 Statistical Hooks on Plastic Surgery for Essay

  • Did you know that the number of plastic surgery procedures performed globally reached a staggering 23 million in 2020? This statistic highlights the increasing popularity of cosmetic enhancements, shedding light on the evolving attitudes and desires toward physical appearance in contemporary society.
  • According to recent statistics, the demand for plastic surgery has soared, with a 45% increase in procedures over the past decade. With over 17 million surgical and non-surgical interventions performed each year, it is clear that the quest for aesthetic enhancement is on the rise.

📍 Question Hooks on Plastic Surgery

  • What are the societal implications of the growing popularity of plastic surgery? Does it promote self-acceptance and empowerment, or does it reinforce harmful beauty standards and create a culture of conformity?
  • Is the pursuit of perfection through plastic surgery a reflection of personal empowerment and autonomy, or does it reveal society’s obsession with physical appearance and the pressures to conform to unrealistic beauty standards?

📑 Top Plastic Surgery Thesis Statements

✔️ argumentative thesis on plastic surgery.

  • Plastic surgery, when approached responsibly and with proper medical guidance, can be a transformative tool that enhances self-esteem, corrects physical anomalies, and improves overall well-being, empowering individuals to feel more confident and comfortable in their own skin.
  • Plastic surgery, while offering potential benefits in terms of physical transformation and self-confidence, raises ethical concerns about societal beauty standards, potential risks, and the impact on mental well-being, highlighting the need for critical evaluation and responsible decision-making.

✔️ Analytical Thesis Examples about Plastic Surgery

  • An analytical exploration of plastic surgery examines the cultural, psychological, and societal factors that influence the decision to undergo cosmetic procedures, as well as the implications for body image, self-esteem, and the medical profession’s ethical responsibilities.
  • An analytical examination of plastic surgery delves into the motivations, outcomes, and social implications of cosmetic procedures, considering factors such as societal beauty standards, body image dissatisfaction, psychological well-being, and the influence of media and advertising on perceptions of beauty.

✔️ Informative Thesis Samples about Plastic Surgery

  • Plastic surgery, as a medical specialty aimed at enhancing or reconstructing physical features, plays a significant role in addressing medical conditions, improving self-esteem, and facilitating the emotional well-being of individuals, while also raising important ethical considerations surrounding body image and societal beauty standards.
  • Plastic surgery, a branch of medicine focused on altering and enhancing physical appearance, provides individuals with options for improving their aesthetic features, correcting deformities, and restoring function while raising questions about the impact on body image and psychological well-being.

🔀 Plastic Surgery Hypothesis Examples

  • Undergoing plastic surgery will lead to increased self-esteem and improved body satisfaction among individuals.
  • The satisfaction with the outcome of plastic surgery is positively correlated with the perceived improvement in physical appearance among patients.

🔂 Null & Alternative Hypothesis about Plastic Surgery

  • Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in psychological well-being between individuals who undergo plastic surgery and those who do not.
  • Alternative hypothesis: Individuals who undergo plastic surgery experience a significant improvement in psychological well-being compared to those who do not undergo any cosmetic procedures.

🧐 Examples of Personal Statement about Plastic Surgery

  • As an aspiring medical student with a passion for plastic surgery, I am driven by the desire to make a lasting impact on individuals’ lives through transformative procedures. Witnessing the profound effect plastic surgery can have on enhancing self-esteem and restoring confidence, I am dedicated to honing my skills and knowledge to become a compassionate and skilled plastic surgeon. By combining my innate creativity with scientific expertise, I aim to contribute to the field by developing innovative techniques that prioritize patient safety and satisfaction.
  • As a student with a deep fascination for the field of plastic surgery, I am captivated by its transformative potential to enhance both physical appearance and emotional well-being. Witnessing the profound impact that plastic surgeons have on their patients’ lives, I am inspired to pursue a career in this specialized field. From a young age, I have been drawn to the intersection of artistry and science. Plastic surgery provides the perfect blend of these passions, allowing me to utilize my creativity while applying intricate surgical techniques to help individuals achieve their aesthetic goals.
  • Does plastic surgery need a rewiring? A survey and systematic review on robotic-assisted surgery
  • Perception of plastic surgery in the society
  • Minors and Cosmetic Surgery: An Argument for State Intervention
  • What could we make of AI in plastic surgery education
  • Recent Trends and Future Directions for the Integrated Plastic Surgery Match

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The Plastic Surgery Controversy Research Paper

Reference list.

Vishal Thakkar, a New Yorker living in Tulsa, Oklahoma, got divorce in 2006. The divorce lowered his self esteem and he decided to “do something selfish” (Thakkar). He made an appointment to see Angelo Cuzalina, who happened to be the 2011 President of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery.

Thakkar decided to get a rhinoplasty to bring up his self confidence. After the first surgery he was suffering some breathing problems that was causing him to have problems exercising and sleeping. Between 2006 and 2007, Thakkar had eight surgical interventions before returning to New York. On 2011, Thakkar went back to Tulsa for more surgeries. He was put to sleep in order for the surgeon to work on his nose.

By the time he woke up his nose was completely gone. Dr. Cuzalina told Thakkar that “there was an infection” (2011) and since he was on the table he had to make a decision. Since this incident happened, Vishal Thakkar has been covering his face with medical masks. His self esteem is now on the floor. Thakkar stated “ There is no way I am going to live like this. It is worse than being dead”. Experts have divided opinions about whether or not enhancement plastic surgeries should be performed so openly.

One may think that aesthetic surgeries are procedures that has recently started to be performed to help patients to boost their self esteem, but in reality these kind of interventions have been performed since the year 800 AC in India.

According to Charles Tipton, Professor of the Department of Physiology at the University of Arizona, “Ancient India used skin grafts for facial reconstruction”. This procedure was an innovation used by Sushruta. Charles Tipton refers to Sushruta as the father of Surgery. Sushruta wrote several texts related to surgical interventions.

For several centuries, India was well known for its reconstructive surgical methods. Joseph Carpue, a british physician, spent 20 years in India to learn their methods. According to hematologist and medical journalist Stephen Lock, in 1815, Carpue was the first person to perform and succeed to do a rhinoplasty.

The plastic surgery revolution occurred during the Civil War. According to R. Backstein, B. Sc. and A. Hinek, M. Sc., as a consequence of the war, many soldiers were disfigured and Dr. Gurdon Buck performed 32 plastic operations to reconstruct the soldiers faces. Gurdon Buck is now considered the father of modern plastic surgery.

On 1920, the American Society of Plastic Surgery was founded by Dr. J. Maliniac and Dr. G. Aufricht, as stated on the website of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. By 1930, the ASPS was able to create the American Board of Plastic Surgery, which role is to license physicians that qualify and meet the requirements to practice as plastic surgeons.

The ASPS continued to grow and in 1946, Dr. G. Aufricht launched the first edition of the Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Paul Schnur, MD (ASPS historian and former ASPS president), said “the journal has been used by surgeons to spread their knowledge and discoveries”. This journal is meant to be from surgeons to surgeons.

The 1960s became the decade were many scientific developments occurred. One of these discoveries was a new element, Silicone. At first, it was used to correct skin imperfections, but since it could be manufactured in different forms ranging from liquid to solid, Thomas Cronin, MD, began to used the gel form of Silicon to do breast implants. It became popular in society.

During mid 1970s and 1990s, a chain of negative events occurred and the usage of Silicon was affected. According to ASPS historian, Pamela Hait, the Food and Drug Administration got permission to regulate medical devices. Therefore, the FDA, turned silicon breast implants a level III device, forcing manufacturers to perform and provide scientific reports about the safety of breast implants.

In 1990, journalist Connie Chung made a report about the “horrors of breast implant”. This report sparked a wave of concern between women. the societies’ concern had an impact on the FDA. The FDA, announced that breast implants would be only available to women needing breast reconstruction. In other words, optional silicone breast implant was not available to the public.

Saline breast implants became the option for women but its popularity was not as good as the silicone due to the lack of natural feeling. In 2002, Botox, a non-invasive kind of plastic surgery, was approved by the FDA. Twelve years after Silicone was banned, the FDA approved to return silicon implants.

Recent multi-procedural statistics released by the ASPS shows that since 1997 the popularity of plastic surgery has increased 250%. The study shows that in 2012, the most popular procedures in ranking were breast augmentation, followed by liposuction, tummy tucks, eyelid surgery and rhinoplasty. 90% of all procedures were performed on women.

Top 3 cosmetic procedures for women were: breast augmentation, liposuction, and tummy tuck. On the other hand, men conform the other 10% of all procedures done during 2012. Top 3 cosmetic procedures for men were: liposuction, rhinoplasty, and eyelid surgery.

Robert Rey is one of the most famous plastic surgeons in the USA. He stars in a reality show Dr 90210 and performs numerous procedures (Cassimatis, 2007). Dr. Rey believes that the world has always been preoccupied with beauty.

He says, “Nothing changed in 2000 years . [i]n Asia they used to bind girls feet and here I am stuffing silicone balloons inside women’s chests” (Cassimatis, 2007, p. 78). Dr. Rey also believes that people want to be happy and being beautiful is one of the ways to become happy. He claims, “My goal is to make the patient happy with the least amount of damage” (Cassimatis, 2007, p. 79).

Dr. Gregory R.D. Evans is one of the most successful plastic surgeons in the US. He is currently the President of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). Dr. Evans believes that plastic surgery is really important as it helps numerous people become satisfied with their life.

However, the surgeon also stresses that the field is overwhelmed with a variety of myths which can negatively affect people’s attitude towards the plastic surgery. He claims, “It’s my job to try to clear up the myths and make sure each patient is clear about the benefits and risks” (“Gregory R.D. Evans,” n.d.). Dr. Evans insists on being professional and truthful as he thinks that it is crucial for the patient to know the outcomes of the surgery.

Dr. Evans states that people do not know what exactly they want and why they want to undergo the procedure. Thus, they do not know what to expect from the procedure. This is what leads to dissatisfaction and further problems. He adds, “I prefer an educated patient – one who has done some homework before we meet” (“Gregory R.D. Evans,” n.d.).

Canice E. Crerand, Ph.D., Martin E. Franklin, Ph.D. and David B. Sarwer, Ph.D are professionals in the field of psychiatry. They claim that plastic surgery leads to life satisfaction and better psychological state even in BBD patients (excluding cases of severe BBD symptoms).

Canice et al. (2006, p. 176) argue that “cosmetic treatments may benefit some persons with body dysmorphic disorder”. The researchers conducted a profound research and found that “[c]osmetic treatments in conjunction with appropriate psychiatric care may prove to be an effective treatment combination for body dysmorphic disorder” (Canice et al., 2006, p. 176).

Joan Rivers is a famous Hollywood actress. She became popular in the 1960s and she has been in the spotlight since then. The celebrity is 80 this year. She has also confessed that she is a surgery addict. She has undergone more than 700 surgeries and she is not going to stop.

She claims that she believes in plastic surgery as it helps her be the person she wants to be. Joan Rivers often attends surgery clinics. She always wants to look better and to have something done. She is eager to change as often as possible. She says, “Every weekend I just go in and I do something” (Stephenson, 2013).

It is noteworthy that her surgeon tries to persuade her that she does not need more surgeries. However, the celebrity keeps coming and asking for new procedures. Joan Rivers does not think there is anything about her addiction. She wants to look nice and be as attractive as any other celebrity in Hollywood. Besides, Rivers stresses that she is not the only one to resort to plastic surgery. She notes, “I have done what everyone does in California” (Stephenson, 2013).

Those in opposition of plastic surgery and it’s recoil include support from a medical doctor of psychology, an infamous feminist, a Jewish scholar, and famous actresses. Vivian Diller, Ph.D. was a professional dancer and model in her adolescence. She chose instead to pursue a career as a psychologist. Diller has served as a media expert on many shows including NBC, ABC, CBS and CNN discussing the topic of women and aging.

Furthermore, she has been published in a number of magazines and newspapers including Oprah, Forbes, and LA Times Daily and published her own book called Face It: What Women Really Feel As Their Looks Change, which explores the emotional changes women experience as their physical appearance changes. Plastic surgery is often advertised as a way for people to “fix” their insecurities, but in recent studies, that is not seeming to be the outcome.

Diller (2012) reports, “A growing number of women in my practice express frustration for having paid dearly, both financially and emotionally, for procedures that leave them feeling uncomfortable and insecure.” Instead of helping women becoming more comfortable in their own skin, plastic surgery is making women feel increasingly unlike themselves and regretful that they changed their natural appearance.

This out-of-body feeling is presenting itself to satisfied and dissatisfied patients alike. “Even women who feel surgery changed their lives or those who are simply satisfied with the results often say they were not prepared for the physical and psychological ups and downs involved in the whole process” (Diller, 2012). Plastic surgery is not a quick fix for insecurities, it is a mask for much deeper psychological issues.

Yale graduate and outspoken feminist Naomi Wolf is also a firm believer in leaving a woman’s body natural. She has been featured in a number of publications including The New Republic, Wall Street Journal, Glamour, Ms., Esquire, The Washington Post, and The New York Times. She is a group speaker across the nation and has written several books, including The Beauty Myth, which address plastic surgery as a much more serious issue then it is made to be in today’s day and age.

Wolf believes that the plastic surgeons sugar coat the realities of surgery to the patients (1991, pg. 257). She voices that, “Surgery changes one forever, the mind as well as the body” (1991, pg. 257). Many see plastic surgery as a physical change to strive for physical perfect so that in turn emotional hiatus can be reached, instead of simply being satisfied with what we are given in the physical form.

She expresses, “If we don’t start to speak of it as serious, the millennium of the man-made woman will be upon us, and we will have had no choice” (1991, pg. 257). In contrast to the idea that plastic surgery can take “The Ugly Duckling” and make her into the “Swan Princess” in just an hour on the television series The Swan, Wolf sees these surgeries as life and body altering, not just a quick and easy fix.

Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Waldenberg is a very well renowned Rabbi in the Jewish community and is the author of a multivolume set of responses dealing mostly with medical issues and Jewish law called Tzitz Eliezer. Rabbi Waldenberg believe that surgery should not be performed on anyone if the patient is not in pain or ill.

In Eisenberg’s article Judaism and cosmetic surgery, he expresses Rabbi Waldenberg’s opinion, “He argues that such activities are outside the boundaries of the physician’s mandate to heal (since he questions whether cosmetic surgery is truly included in the category of healing)” (2006).

According to Jewish law, surgery should only be used for healing the body and a physician should only be willing to perform a surgery that is healing to the patient. He further explains that a patient should not even ask a physician to inflict pain on themselves for personal gain.

This idea is against the religious views that Rabbi Waldenberg restates, “God creates each person in His image, exactly as he or she should be, with nothing extra nor anything lacking. He therefore posits that cosmetic surgery that is not for pain or true illness is an affront to God and is forbidden” (Eisenberg, 2006). According to Rabbi Waldenberg, plastic surgery is unacceptable and intolerable in the eyes of God.

British actress, Academy Award Winner, and shining star of the 1997 tragedy, Titanic, Kate Winslet, also known as “The Golden Girl” is an icon in the movie industry for her beauty and elegance (Vallely, 2009). Winslet, along with a few of her other movie star friends, Rachel Weisz And Emma Thompson, have taken a stand and formed the Anti-Cosmetic Surgery League because they prefers to look natural and age gracefully.

In the Huffington Post, journalist Ellie Krupnick (2011) quoted Winslet “I will never give in… [Cosmetic surgery] goes against my morals, the way that my parents brought me up and what I consider to be natural beauty.” Instead of succumbing to the pressures of fame, fortune, and the want most celebrities posses to look younger as each birthday passes, Winslet simply wants to be in her own skin and is comfortable all the while.

In addition, Krupnick explains that, “Winslet, famous for her curvy, womanly physique, argued that she was raised to appreciate ‘natural beauty’ and doesn’t want, as an actress, to have cosmetic surgery or botox ‘freeze the expression’ of her face” (Hutchison, 2011). Not only does she want to be natural for herself and her own morals, she feels that it is necessary to remain natural in that industry for her to put out her best possible work.

To sum up, it is possible to note that plastic surgery has been a burning issue for decades. Notably, it came into existence as the means of diminishing consequences of a variety of injuries in the second part of the 19 th century. At present, many people resort to it to remove consequences of injuries or various disorders. However, the popularity of plastic surgery has increased significantly since the late 20 th century.

Women as well as men strive for better looks. They claim that changes in their appearance can make them happier and more satisfied with their life. Nonetheless, there are those who argue that plastic surgery cannot be a solution to emotional problems as it only masks real issues. Many people claim that it is against moral rules and different religious beliefs to alter the human body.

Admittedly, there are opposing views on the matter even though it seems opponent of plastic surgery are winning the struggle. Development of medicine and technology has enabled people to address a variety of issues related to health. In many cases, plastic surgery is the only way out, but many people abuse it. At any rate, the use of plastic surgery is the matter of choice and morality. Each person should make his/her choices.

However, it is crucial to remain responsible, sensible and moral. The ongoing debate on the matter suggests that the society is torn between the two camps. However, the discussion can also make people understand that they need to focus on development of their souls rather than on artificial improvements of their bodies. Development is a hard work which leads to improvement in the entire human society. The ongoing debate will help people understand this.

ABS Overview | American Board of Surgery. Web.

Backstein, R. & Hinek, A. (2005). War and Medicine: The Origins of Plastic Surgery.University of Toronto Medical Journal, 82(3).

Cassimatis, G. (2007). Meet Dr 90210. OK! Web.

Crerand, C. E., Franklin, M. E., & Sarwer, D. B. (2006). Hyperplastic Breast Anomalies in the Female Adolescent Breast. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 118(7), 167-180.

Diller, Ph.D., V. (2012). Cosmetic surgery—proceed with caution . Web.

Eisenberg, M. D., D. (2006). Judaism and cosmetic surgery . Web.

Gregory R. D. Evans, MD, FACS. Aesthetic & Plastic Surgery Institute. Web.

The History of Plastic Surgery | American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Web.

Hutchison, C. (2011). Curvy kate winslet speaks out against cosmetic surgery . Web.

Lock, S., Last, J. M., & Dunea, G. (2001). The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

News Releases – Statistics, Surveys & Trends – ASAPS Press Center – Cosmetic Procedures Increase in 2012. Web.

Stephenson, A. (2013). Self-confessed surgery addict Joan Rivers celebrates 80th birthday . Web.

Tipton, C. M. (2008). Susruta of India, an unrecognized contributor to the history of exercise physiology . Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(6). Web.

Vallely, Paul (2009). Kate Winslet: The Golden Girl: The Independent. Web.

Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. (1st ed., p. 257). New York, NY: First Perennial.

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Persuasive Essay About Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery persuasive essay

Table of contents:

  • Introduction
  • Body paragraphs

So, you’ve decided to explore writing a persuasive essay about the very controversial topic of plastic surgery. When you’re considering the pros and cons and trying to determine what your thesis should be, remember that you want to persuade people to agree with your side, so pick a strong thesis statement to begin with, but do also recall that there are benefits to both sides as well as negative effects. Here’s a couple of sample thesis statements.

Introduction examples

Pro: People own their bodies, so they should have the right to do with them as they please, including getting plastic surgery if that makes them happy.

Con: Plastic surgery is mainly used by shallow people to try to be prettier or have bigger breasts, but natural beauty shines through no matter what.

The reasons why people want to get plastic surgery are many and varied, from car accident victims to people who indeed just want to make themselves more attractive. As you move into writing the body of your essay, consider the causes of plastic surgery, as well as both the advantages and disadvantages. This doesn’t mean you have to be neutral on the topic or wishy-washy in your argument, but it’s important to recognise that both sides have legitimate points.

Body paragraphs examples

Pro: Plastic surgery happens for all kinds of reasons. If your face was injured in a car accident, surely you wouldn’t be happy until it was reconstructed via plastic surgery. People who have had plastic surgery done are, for the most part, very happy with the result, and feel it improves their quality of life. This kind of surgery is stereotyped as being the preserve of people who just want their breasts enhanced but there are many young teenage girls who suffer from having breasts which are too large for their body frame, and plastic surgery can help them with a reduction.

Con: For the most part, plastic surgery isn’t needed or necessary. It can be dangerous just like any other surgery. Do you really want to run the risk of dying just to have bigger boobs or a prettier face? Apart from people who legitimately need it, like accident victims or people who are genuinely suffering physical pain, plastic surgery shouldn’t be approved lightly, or done simply for vanity purposes. People will be much better off learning to love their imperfect bodies for what they are.

For your conclusion, don’t forget to reiterate your points, briefly, so that they can be reinforced in the minds of your audience. Then leave them with a call to action, which can include just thinking about the situation from your perspective.

Conclusion examples

Pro: To conclude, plastic surgery is useful for a huge variety of reasons, including reconstruction after accidents, breast reductions, and mental health purposes. Don’t stereotype the next person you meet who’s had it done. You never know if or when you might need it yourself.

Con: Natural beauty is always better than plastic. Ladies, you don’t need plastic surgery. Leave it for the few people who really do need it and learn to love yourself as you are.

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plastic surgery essay questions

Simple & Easy Plastic Surgery Essay Titles

  • The Plastic Surgery Industry and the Impact of Advertising
  • The Causes and Results of Plastic Surgery in the Modern Society
  • The Rise in Plastic Surgery in the American Society
  • Correlations Between Plastic Surgery and American Teenagers
  • How Plastic Surgery Destroys the Concept of Inner Beauty
  • The Necessity of Plastic Surgery: A Debate
  • The Normalization of Celebrity Plastic Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery Vs. Cosmetic Surgery
  • Analysis of How Plastic Surgery Destroys Self-Esteem of Teenagers
  • Plastic Surgery and Feminism: The Relationship Between Them
  • The Social Effects of Plastic Surgery
  • Oncological Patients and the Requirement for Plastic Surgery
  • Techniques and Patient Management in Emergency Plastic Surgery
  • Health Benefits Due to Plastic Surgery
  • Unrealistic South Korean Beauty Standards and the Rising Demand for Plastic Surgery
  • Relations Between Self-Esteem and Beneficial Plastic Surgery
  • The Sudden Increase in Male Plastic Surgery
  • Cosmetic Plastic Surgery and Problems Associated With It
  • Body Thermage: Latest Plastic Surgery Procedure
  • Impractical Beauty Standards and People’s Obsession With Plastic Surgery

Good Essay Topics on Plastic Surgery

  • The Negative Effects of Plastic Surgery on Self-Perception
  • Changing Appearance With the Help of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
  • The Dispute of American Teen Cosmetic Surgery
  • The Glorification of Plastic Surgery in This Era
  • The Effects of Social Media on Plastic Surgery
  • The Importance of Plastic Surgery in the Medical Field
  • The Negative and Positive Impacts of Plastic Surgery
  • A Study in the Increasing Demand for Plastic Surgery
  • How Societal Pressure Is Directly Linked With Plastic Surgery
  • Changes Plastic Surgery Has Had to Go Through Over the Years
  • Analyzing the Reasons for the Growth of Plastic Surgery Through the Ages
  • A Compare and Contrast Between Reconstructive Surgery and Plastic Surgery
  • Psychosocial Reasons That Women Undergo Plastic Surgery
  • Is It Ethical for Children to Get Plastic Surgery
  • Meeting the Societal Beauty Standards Using Plastic Surgery
  • The American Plastic Surgery Industry
  • Plastic Surgery Techniques Used in This Age
  • Plastic Surgery as a Result of Societal Pressures
  • The Current Epidemic of Plastic Surgery and Its Causes
  • Scientific Advances in Plastic Surgery

Good Essay Topics on Pessimism

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Essays on Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery: Introduction Plastic surgery can be defined as the surgical specialty involving the reconstruction, restoration or alteration of a human body. Plastic surgery can be divided into two categories: reconstructive surgery which includes hand surgery, craniofacial surgery, microsurgery as well as the treatment of burns. The second one is the...

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Investigating the credibility of a lookup follows several aspects like the readers' appeal, use of credible sources and use of convincing facts and facts. Furnham and Levitas article on ""Factors that motivate people to undergo surgery"" is a applicable article for analysis. The author researches on the elements making people...

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Essay on Plastic Surgery

Students are often asked to write an essay on Plastic Surgery in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Plastic Surgery

What is plastic surgery.

Plastic surgery is a type of medical operation that changes how a person’s body looks or works. Doctors can fix parts of the body that might not look normal or have been hurt in an accident. It’s not just about looks; it can help people feel better about themselves.

Types of Plastic Surgery

There are two main kinds: cosmetic and reconstructive. Cosmetic surgery is for improving appearance, like nose jobs or breast enlargements. Reconstructive surgery fixes birth defects or injuries, like after a bad burn.

Risks and Safety

Like all surgeries, plastic surgery has risks. Patients can get infections, scars, or not like the results. It’s important to talk to a doctor and think carefully before deciding to have surgery.

The Impact on Society

Plastic surgery can change lives, but it also raises questions about beauty standards. Some people feel pressure to look a certain way, which can affect self-esteem. It’s vital to remember that everyone is unique and valuable, no matter how they look.

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  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Plastic Surgery

250 Words Essay on Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery is a special kind of doctor’s work that changes how a person’s body looks or works. It’s not just about looks; sometimes it’s needed to fix something after an injury or because of a health problem. There are two main types: cosmetic surgery to improve appearance, and reconstructive surgery to fix damage.

Cosmetic surgery is done to make someone look better according to what they want. This includes things like making noses look a certain way or making wrinkles go away. Reconstructive surgery is used to fix parts of the body that are not normal because of things like being born with them, getting hurt, or getting sick. This can help people feel normal and function better.

Why People Choose Surgery

People choose plastic surgery for many reasons. Some want to look younger or change a part of their body they don’t like. Others need it to fix scars or the effects of accidents. It’s important that people think carefully and talk to doctors before deciding to have surgery.

Like all surgeries, plastic surgery has risks. Sometimes things don’t go as planned, and there can be pain or scars. It’s important for doctors to explain these risks before the surgery. Safety is a big deal, and choosing a good doctor and hospital is very important.

Plastic surgery can change lives, making people happier with how they look or helping them after injury or illness. It’s a serious decision with risks, but it can also offer many benefits. It’s all about making the choice that’s best for the person’s health and happiness.

500 Words Essay on Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery is a type of medical operation that changes how a part of the body looks or works. The word “plastic” in this case doesn’t mean the material that toys and bottles are made of. It comes from a Greek word that means to shape or mold something. So, plastic surgery is about reshaping parts of the body.

Two Main Types

There are two big categories in plastic surgery. The first one is called reconstructive surgery. This is when doctors fix parts of the body that are not normal because of things like being born with them, getting hurt, or getting sick. For example, if someone is born with a cleft lip, which is a gap in the upper lip, a plastic surgeon can fix it.

The second type is cosmetic or aesthetic surgery. This is when people choose to change how they look to feel better about themselves. A common example is when someone gets their nose changed to a shape they like better, which is called a nose job or rhinoplasty.

Why Do People Get Plastic Surgery?

People have different reasons for getting plastic surgery. Some might do it to fix a scar or a body part that doesn’t work right. Others might want to change their appearance because they think they will be happier or more confident. It’s important to know that plastic surgery is a personal choice and should be thought about carefully.

Is Plastic Surgery Safe?

Like all surgeries, plastic surgery has risks. This means that sometimes things can go wrong, like getting an infection or not liking how it looks afterward. Doctors who do plastic surgeries are trained to make it as safe as possible. It’s very important to talk to a doctor and understand all the details before deciding to have surgery.

Plastic Surgery and Age

Usually, plastic surgery is for adults. But sometimes, kids might need reconstructive surgery to fix birth defects or injuries. Cosmetic surgery is generally not for kids because their bodies are still growing and changing.

Life After Surgery

After plastic surgery, a person might need time to get better. There could be swelling, pain, or bruises that will go away after some time. Doctors will explain how to take care of the surgery area and when normal activities can start again.

The Cost of Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery can be expensive. Reconstructive surgery is often covered by health insurance because it’s needed for health reasons. But cosmetic surgery is usually not covered because it’s a personal choice. This means people have to pay for it themselves, and it can cost a lot of money.

Thinking It Through

Plastic surgery is a big decision. It’s not just about looking different but also about how it can affect a person’s life and health. Talking to family, friends, and especially doctors can help someone decide if it’s the right choice for them.

In summary, plastic surgery is a special kind of surgery that can change how a person looks or fix parts of the body that don’t work the way they should. There are many reasons people might choose to have plastic surgery, and it’s important to think about it carefully and understand all the risks and costs before making a decision.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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3. Writings On Education From Introduction To Tolstoy's Writings by Ernest J Simmons (1968)

After Tolstoy's speech at the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature in 1859, the president of that organization, devoted to popular views of the immediate social significance of literature, coldly reminded him that, however eternal truth and beauty may be in art, the artist is a man of his own times, and that the present historical moment was one in which self-indictment acquired a special meaning and an indefeasible right and hence must manifest itself in literature.

The time would come when Tolstoy's own views on literature for the people would radically change, but at the moment he had reached a point of despair and thought of abandoning literature forever. To scribble stories was stupid and shameful, he told A. A. Fet in a burst of enthusiastic confidence when he learned that this poet was thinking of settling on an estate near him and subordinating literature to farming. Literary friends, learning of his intention to plunge into educational theory and start a school at Yasnaya Polyana, pleaded with him not to deprive Russia of his literary leadership. He answered that his new endeavours bore a direct connection with his retreat from literature. For whom did Russian authors write, he asked? For themselves and the cultured few. For masses of illiterate Russian peasants literature was useless. If they could not read his writings, then he would teach them. This, he declared, was the first and essential step toward the creation of a "literature for the people." Here was a purpose that would satisfy his thirst for activity and moral influence.

When Tolstoy opened his school in the autumn of 1859 in a single room of his large manor house at Yasnaya Polyana, free education for peasant children did not exist in Russia. Occasionally, a village would boast of a priest or an ex-soldier who taught a few children at so much per head. The subjects were elementary, the method a mixture of blows and learning by heart, and the results negligible. This situation Tolstoy wished to remedy by substituting public education based on entirely original pedagogical methods.

With half a year of highly successful teaching behind him, it was almost inevitable that Tolstoy should find himself bedevilled in a maze of speculation on pedagogy and obsessed with schemes for improving national education. In March, 1860, he wrote to a friend, E. P. Kovalevsky, brother of the Minister of National Education, of his efforts and mentioned that he already had fifty students and that the number was growing.

"Wisdom in all worldly affairs it seems to me," he continued, "consists not in recognizing what must be done but in knowing what to do first and then what comes after."

He boldly questioned the value to progress in Russia of roads, the telegraph, literature, and the arts, as long as only about one per cent of some seventy millions of people were literate. As a remedy he proposed the establishment of a Society of National Education. Among its duties would be setting up public schools where they were most needed, designing courses of instruction, training teachers in suitable educational methods, and publishing a journal devoted to the dissemination of the society's pedagogical ideals.

Tolstoy received no official encouragement for his proposed program, but from the evidence of fragments of pedagogical essays at this time it is obvious that he had begun to think out his own course of instruction. In one fragment, entitled " On the Problems of Pedagogy ," he wrote:

"For every living condition of development, there is a pedagogical expediency, and to search this out is the problem of pedagogy."

Aware that he was trying, without sufficient knowledge, to handle large abstract concepts of educational theory, which in Russia were entirely dominated by Western European influence, he went abroad in 1860 to study them at the source. A full account of this effort reveals how thoroughly he pursued his objective. He visited schools and participated in classroom work in Germany, France, and England; he talked with teachers and leading educational theorists in these countries; and he collected and studied quantities of textbook samples and read numerous foreign treatises on education. After visiting schools at Kissingen, he jotted down in his diary:

"It is terrible! Prayers for the king; blows; everything by rote; terrified, beaten children."

Another entry shortly after:

"The idea of experimental pedagogy agitates me. I can scarcely contain myself...."

And in still a third entry, after reading Montaigne, he wrote:

"In education, once more, the chief things are equality and freedom."

Julius Froebel, nephew of Friedrich Froebel the celebrated educational reformer and founder of the kindergarten system, has left an interesting account of his discussion with Tolstoy:

" 'Progress in Russia,' he told me, 'must come out of public education, which among us will give better results than in Germany, because the Russian masses are not yet spoiled by false education."'

Tolstoy went on to inform him of his own school in which learning was in no sense obligatory.

"'If education is good,' he said, 'then the need for it will manifest itself like hunger."'

And Froebel also relates that Tolstoy spoke of the Russian masses as a "mysterious and irrational force," from which one day would emerge an entirely new organization of the world, and said that from the Russian artel would develop in the future a communistic structure.

This report reflects the proud, dogmatic, almost arrogant attitude that Tolstoy adopted toward European personalities he met on this educational study trip. While sincerely seeking knowledge, he invariably made it clear that he belonged to no school of thought, had his own point of view on most questions, and that Europeans did not understand the real failings of their civilization.

From his visits to the schools of Marseille, Tolstoy took away a gloomy impression of the futility of the subjects taught and the lifeless, unimaginative methods of teaching them. On the other hand, when he talked with workers and children on the streets, he found them intelligent, free-thinking, and surprisingly well informed, but with no thanks to their schooling.

This situation led him to conclude in a later account of these experiences, in an article entitled " On National Education ":

"Here is an unconscious school undermining a compulsory school and making its contents almost of no worth.... What I saw in Marseille and in all other countries amounts to this: everywhere the principal part in educating a people is played not by schools, but by life."

This is the kind of characteristic half-truth that Tolstoy was fond of deducing from incomplete experience, and it became an important factor in his educational theorizing. But even half-truths that blasted away the hard shell of traditional and erroneous thinking on vital social problems had their value for him.

Tolstoy returned to Russia in the spring of 1861. He erected a three-room schoolhouse at Yasnaya Polyana, and, with several teachers employed to assist him in the instruction, he worked for the next year and a half with self-sacrificing zeal on theoretical and practical problems of education. He expounded his theories and described his practice in twelve extensive articles and a series of notes published in a magazine he founded called Yasnaya Polyana, the issues of which appeared between February, 1862, and March, 1863. Teachers and students also contributed to the magazine. Much of what follows here is based upon Tolstoy's articles, which for that time were quite original in substance but often weakened by perverse and exasperatingly dogmatic reasoning. Though truth was his sole aim, he occasionally forgot that his sweeping generalizations were based on limited experience with his own little school and on the efforts of unique students and a unique teacher. A persistent scepticism was the trade secret of his thinking in educational matters as in other fields of human endeavour.

Over the door of the school Tolstoy placed the inscription: " Enter and Leave Freely ." Perhaps he was thinking, by way of contrast, of Dante's inscription over hell: " Abandon Hope, All Ye who Enter Here ," which he would hardly have hesitated to place above the entrance to most European schools he had visited. Certainly the atmosphere of his own school convinced the children that education was a precious and joyous heritage.

Tolstoy believed that all education should be free and voluntary. He supported the desire of the masses for education, but he denied that the government or any other authority had the right to force it upon them. The logic of things, and his study of the operation of compulsory education abroad, convinced him that in this form it was an evil. Pupils should come to learn of their own accord, for if education were a good, it would be found as necessary as the air they breathed. If people were antagonistic, then the will of the people should become the guiding factor. Tolstoy's faith in the " will of the people ," even though the people might oppose commonly accepted notions of progress, contained the seeds of his later anarchism, and was a direct slap at radical reformers who would uplift the masses against their will.

Tolstoy also believed that education should answer the needs of the masses, but his conception of their needs had nothing in common with that of contemporary progressive thinkers. Nor did he have any patience with the widespread pedagogical conviction that education should mould the character and improve the morals of students. These were matters for family influence, he declared, and the teacher had no right to introduce his personal moral standards or social convictions into the sanctity of the home. In public education he was concerned primarily with peasants, the vast majority of the population. But he was not bent on elevating them above their class by the power of education (a definite evil in his eyes); he was concerned with making them better, more successful, and happier peasants.

In this context the individualistic direction of Tolstoy's thought was apparent. The assumption of civilization's progress in Macaulay, Buckle, and especially in Hegel, he firmly rejected. For some time opposition between the good of the individual and the good of society had been troubling him. He was already developing a philosophy hostile to the pragmatic ideal that progress could be achieved only by social education of the people through the medium of democracy. Progress was personal, he felt, and not social. Education must serve the individual and not society, for the individual's capacity to serve humanity was what gave meaning to life. Yet he did not appear to see the contradiction in his rejection of the whole modern concept of progress. He would teach the peasant child what he needed, but what he needed was often conditioned by the social system in which he lived.

In his article " On National Education " Tolstoy defined education as "a human activity based on desire for equality and a constant tendency or urge to advance in knowledge." Education, he asserted, was history and therefore had no final aim. Its only method was experience; its only criterion, freedom.

Tolstoy attempted to realize in practice even the more extreme aspects of his educational philosophy. Since he believed that the functioning of a school must be adapted to the peculiar conditions of the pupils, he conceded that his own village school might well be the worst possible model for those elsewhere. Attendance was non-compulsory and free to all. Classes ordinarily ran from eight o'clock to noon and then from three o'clock to six, but, as Tolstoy proudly wrote a friend, the students often continued an hour or more beyond closing time,

"because it is impossible to send the children away — they beg for more."

During the morning, elementary and advanced reading were taught, composition, penmanship, grammar, sacred history, Russian history, drawing, music, mathematics, natural sciences, and religion; in the afternoon there were experiments in physical sciences and lessons in singing, reading, and composition. No consistent order was followed, however, and lessons were lengthened or omitted according to the degree of interest manifested by the students. On Sundays the teachers met to talk over the work and lay out plans for the following week. But there was no obligation to adhere to any plan, and each teacher was placed entirely upon his own. For a time they kept a common diary in which were set down with merciless frankness their failures as well as their successes.

Originality was the guiding spirit. Freedom ruled, but never to the extent of anarchy. When Tolstoy purposely left the room in the middle of a lesson to test the behaviour of his students, they did not break into an uproar as he had observed was the case in similar circumstances in classrooms he visited abroad. When he left, the students were enjoying complete freedom, and hence they behaved as though he were still in the room. They corrected or praised each other's work, and some-times they grew entirely quiet. Such results, he explained, were natural in a school where the pupils were not obliged to attend, to remain, or to pay attention.

Tolstoy insisted that only in the absence of force and compulsion could natural relations be maintained between teacher and pupils. The teacher defined the limits of freedom in the classroom by his knowledge and capacity to manage. And the pupils, Tolstoy wrote, should be treated as reasoning and reasonable beings; only then would they find out that order was essential and that self-government was necessary to preserve it. If pupils were really interested in what was being taught, he declared, disorder would rarely occur, and when it did, the interested students would compel the disorderly ones to pay attention.

The successful functioning of such a school demanded unusual ability on the part of the teacher. Tolstoy admitted this, and justly claimed for himself a certain pedagogic tact. Always in his mind was the pupil's convenience in learning and not the teacher's in teaching. He argued that there was no best method in teaching a subject; the best method was that which the teacher happened to know best. That method was good which when introduced did not necessitate an increase of discipline, and that which required greater severity was bad. The method should develop out of the exigencies of a given problem in teaching, and it should please the pupils instead of the teacher. In short, teaching, according to Tolstoy, could not be described as a method; it was a talent, an art. Finality and perfection were never achieved in it; development and perfecting continued endlessly.

In this free atmosphere of student-dominated learning, certain traditional subjects were resisted in a manner that led Tolstoy to doubt their ultimate usefulness and to question the desirability of teaching them to youngsters. Grammar was such a subject. Although his emphasis in instruction favoured analysis, the kind involved in grammar put the students to sleep. To write correctly and to correct mistakes made by others gave his pupils pleasure, but this was only true when the process was unrelated to grammar. After much experimentation with teaching the subject, he concluded in an article in Yasnaya Polyana that

"grammar comes of itself as a mental and not unprofitable gymnastic exercise, and language — to write with skill and to read and understand — also comes of itself."

In the pages of his educational magazine, Tolstoy provides vivid accounts, filled with all the charm of his realistic art, of daily life at the school. On a cold winter morning the bell would ring. Children would run out into the village street. There was no lagging on the way, no urge to play the truant. Each child was eager to get there first. The pupils carried nothing in their hands, no homework books or exercises. They had not been obliged to remember any lesson. They brought only themselves, their receptive natures, and the certainty that it would be as jolly in school that day as it had been the day before.

At the end of a lesson Tolstoy would announce that it was time to eat and play, and, challenging them to race him out-doors, he would leap downstairs, three or four steps at a time, followed by a pack of screaming laughing children. Then he would face them in the snow and they would clamber over his back, desperately striving to pull him down. He was more like an older brother to them and they responded to his efforts with devotion and tireless interest. Their close, even tender, relations are touchingly reflected in one of the magazine articles. He describes how, after school, he accompanies several of the pupils home on a moonless winter night by a roundabout way through the woods, entertaining them with tales of Caucasian robbers and brave Cossacks. The youngest, a ten-year-old boy, furtively clasps two of his teacher's fingers during the most fearful part of a story. At the end of the narration, by one of those quick transitions of children, an older pupil suddenly asks why do they have to learn singing at school? "What is drawing for?" Tolstoy rhetorically asks, puzzled for the moment about how to explain the usefulness of art. "Yes, why draw figures?" - another queries. "What is a lime tree for?" a third asks. At once all begin to speculate on these questions, and the fact emerges that not everything exists for use, that there is also beauty, and that art is beauty

"It feels strange to repeat what we said then," Tolstoy writes, "but it seems to me that we said all that can be said about utility, and plastic and moral beauty."

The ten-year-old was the last of the group to be delivered to his home. He still clung to Tolstoy's hand, out of gratitude it seemed, and as he entered the miserable thatched hut of his poverty-stricken parents, in which his father and the drunken village tailor were gambling, the lad said pathetically:

"Good-by! Let us always have talks like this!"

Tolstoy ended this account in his article by meditating on the age-old question of the moral and practical utility of educating the masses. The cultured, he wrote, would remonstrate: Why give these poor peasant children the knowledge that will make them dissatisfied with their class and their lot in life? But such a peasant boy, concluded Tolstoy, addressing the upper class,

"needs what your life of ten generations unoppressed by labor has brought to you. You had the leisure to search, to think, to suffer — then give him that for which you suffered; this is what he needs. You, like the Egyptian priest, conceal yourself from him by a mysterious cloak, you bury in the earth the talent given to you by history. Do not fear: nothing human is harmful to man. Do you doubt yourself? Surrender to the feeling and it will not deceive you. Trust in his [the peasant boy's] nature, and you will be convinced that he will take only that which history commanded you to give him, that which you have earned by suffering."

The question of art and its relation to his young peasant pupils interested Tolstoy. With his customary freshness, attention to detail, and marvellous power of direct vision he discussed the subject in one of his most remarkable articles, " Who Should Teach Whom to Write, We the Peasant Children or the Peasant Children Us ?" It was inspired by an exciting experience in composition in his school. Themes on the usual subjects, such as descriptions of a forest, a pig, or a table, drove the children to tears. Tolstoy then suggested that they write a story on peasant life, to illustrate a proverb. The pupils found this difficult too, but one boy proposed that Tolstoy write the story himself, in competition with them. He composed several pages and then was interrupted by Fedka, who climbed on the back of his chair and read over his shoulder. Tolstoy explained the plot of the story and the boys immediately became interested. They criticized what had been done and suggested different ways of continuing. Fedka took the leading part in this discussion and surprised Tolstoy by his imagination and sense of proportion, important qualities in every art. Tolstoy set to work to write to the dictation of his pupils Syomka and Fedka, who angrily rejected superfluous details offered by others and eventually took command of the situation. The rest of the boys went home.

Tolstoy described how he and his two pupils worked feverishly from seven in the evening till eleven. Neither hunger nor weariness bothered them. In his account of their collective effort, he gave a number of convincing examples of the artistic rightness and fitness of details, descriptions, and selection that the boys argued and insisted upon. They drew from their experience of village life and characters; and they were nearly always right. Tolstoy was tremendously excited and admitted that he had felt such a strong emotion only two or three times in his life. He was amazed at his discovery of such artistic and creative powers in two peasant lads who could scarcely read or write, and it seemed almost offensive that he, a nationally known author, was virtually unable to instruct these eleven-year-old pupils in his art.

The next day, and still a third day, they continued the story with equal enthusiasm. Then the work was interrupted because Tolstoy had to go away for a few days. During his absence a craze for making popguns out of paper swept the school and the unfinished manuscript of the story was unwittingly sacrificed to this childish diversion. When Tolstoy discovered the loss upon his return, he was deeply chagrined. Fedka and Syomka, aware of his keen disappointment, offered to reproduce the tale themselves. They came after school one evening at nine o'clock and locked themselves in his study. Tolstoy listened at the door and heard them laughing. Then all grew quiet, except for subdued voices discussing the story, and the scratching of a pen. At midnight he knocked and was admitted. Fedka still had a few more sentences to dictate to Syomka, who stood at the large table busily writing, his lines running crookedly across the paper and his pen constantly stabbing at the inkpot. At last Tolstoy took the copybook. After a merry supper of potatoes and kvas, the boys lay down on their sheepskin coats under the writing table, and until sleep over-took them, their healthy, childish laughter rang through the room.

Tolstoy read the story over and found it very similar to the original draft. Some new details had been added, but the tale contained the same truth, measure, and feeling for beauty of the first version. Under the title of the Russian proverb, " The Spoon Feeds, but the Handle Sticks in the Eye ," he printed it, with very few changes, in his pedagogical magazine.

From this unusual experiment in composition Tolstoy drew some interesting conclusions. He declared that nearly all contemporary art was intended for people of leisure and artificial training and was therefore useless to the masses, whose demand for art was more legitimate. He dismissed with some vexation the stale notion that in order to understand and appreciate the beautiful a certain amount of preparation was necessary.

"Who said this?" he asked in his magazine account of the writing of the story. "Why? What proves it? It is only a dodge, a loophole to escape from the hopeless position to which the false direction of our art, produced for one class alone, has led us. Why are the beauty of the sun, of the human face, the beauty of the sounds of a folk song, and of deeds of love and self-sacrifice accessible to everyone, and why do they demand no preparation? "

Tolstoy's position was no doubt extreme, and there was also considerable exaggeration in his unqualified praise of the literary ability of his pupils, who were unquestionably inspired by his own artistic interests. Yet such schoolboy efforts helped to teach him the fundamental truth that the need to enjoy and serve art was inherent in every human being, and that this need had its right and should be satisfied.

Although the Society for National Education that Tolstoy projected found no support among government officials, his school was not without its influence. After the emancipation of the serfs, the government encouraged them to open their own schools. Peasants in the Tula district, where Yasnaya Polyana was situated, appealed to Tolstoy for teachers, and he willingly suggested a number. By 1862 there were no less than thirteen village schools in his area, and their teachers were all zealous disciples of Tolstoy's pedagogical approach. They caught from him a devotion and enthusiasm in what was essentially a pioneering venture. Living like peasants in the dirty, stuffy huts where they held their classes, and using tables for blackboards, they worked from seven in the morning until late at night. At first, like Tolstoy, they had to overcome the ignorant suspicions of peasant fathers and mothers who distrusted these newfangled methods of teaching and were alarmed because their children were not regularly beaten by the masters. But the fact that they were entirely free to send them to school or take them out overcame resistance. Finally, the happiness of the youngsters and their obvious progress in so short a time eventually won the parent's complete confidence in the system.

In a brief note " To the Public " that introduced his pedagogical magazine, Tolstoy eagerly invited criticism. Much of it was hostile and unconstructive, and particularly that which came from progressive thinkers of the time. He was called a " pedagogical nihilist " and his experiment was castigated as a complete overthrow of educational order and discipline. In a few periodicals, however, several teachers, weary of slavish Russian devotion to foreign models in pedagogy, bravely encouraged the less extreme aspects of his school. But, in general, his efforts failed to inspire enthusiastic acceptance among educators. His principle of freedom for both teachers and pupils was too radical a demand for even the most progressive theorists.

Worse still, in the eyes of critics, was Tolstoy's conviction that his educational ideas amounted to a revolt against established opinion in the name of healthy common sense. More-over, he scorned scientific exposition in his articles and used the simple and forceful prose of which he was a master. If he had elected to write treatises on experimental pedagogy in the accepted trade jargon, buttressed with elaborate footnotes and well-chosen citations from approved authorities, he would doubtless have gained a hearing, even if an unfavourable one.

As a matter of fact, certain government officials regarded Tolstoy's activities in education with dark suspicion. In October, 1862, the Minister of the Interior wrote to the Minister of National Education to complain about the harmful aspects of the pedagogical magazine. He pointed out that its general direction and spirit perverted the fundamental values of religion and morality, and he suggested that the censor's attention should be specifically directed toward correcting the situation.

In part, the fears of the Minister of the Interior were correct: Tolstoy's educational articles did call into question the whole contemporary concept of morality. His extremely radical position represented a danger not only to the whole foundation of educational practice, but to the authority of the State. The freedom that he advocated seemed to verge on rebellion, and children educated in this spirit would hardly grow up with proper reverence for those institutions of tsarist government that had been infested by corruption and oppression. His educational philosophy would place the human worth and well-being of the individual above the well-being of the State. In short, the spirit of Christian anarchy that Tolstoy was later to preach so openly and eloquently had already crept into his thinking. For in his educational articles he condemned the false morality of government and society, their despotism, the use of force, and the belief in the legality of punishment. And he frankly stated his belief that the masses could exist without the educated classes, and hence without government, but that the educated classes could not exist without the masses.

Because of his marriage, various discouragements, and a suddenly renewed interest in fiction writing, Tolstoy abandoned his school and the pedagogical magazine at the end of 1862. But his concern for the education of the young, which soon revived when his own children came along, remained with him for the rest of his life, as frequent references to it in letters and in his diary indicate. For example, in 1872 he published his first ABC Book, in which, he said, he had put more work and love than in anything else he had done. It contained a complete curriculum for beginning pupils. There are sections on reading and writing, with drawings, exercises, and various typographical devices to aid in spelling and pronunciation; there are also sections on natural sciences and arithmetic. He realized the importance of effective examples and exercises, and his selections are original and often reveal rare artistic taste. The frame of reference is restricted by the limitations of the students and their daily lives.

"From the natural sciences," he wrote a friend, "I did not choose what may be found in books or anything that I by chance knew or what appeared to me necessary to know, but only that which was clear and beautiful, and when it seemed to me insufficiently clear and beautiful, I tried to express it in my own way."

Several of the stories used as examples in the ABC Book are entirely Tolstoy's own; others are drawn from various folk sources.

The ABC Book, based upon pedagogical theories that Tolstoy had developed and put into practice in his village school was designed, as he said, for the teacher who loved both his calling and his pupils. The work firmly eschews useless or erudite knowledge, or facts beyond the comprehension or experience of beginners. For the chief significance of teaching, he maintained, was not in the assimilation of a known quantity of information, but in awakening in students an interest in knowledge.

Tolstoy was sadly disappointed at the reception of the ABC Book, in which he had deliberately tried to avoid extremes in his theorizing. However, the innovations infuriated pedagogues, and a deluge of sharp, even vicious, reviews resulted. The reviewers charged that the work was an attack on accepted methods of instruction, that he had opposed to a pedagogical system of reason one of faith, to a system of science one of instinct and imagination, and to a system of conviction and ideas one of moral principles. Stubbornly he turned once again to teaching peasant children in his district, in order to demonstrate the methods he advocated in his ABC Book.

In 1873 an invitation from the Moscow Committee on Literacy to explain his educational system to them again aroused Tolstoy's conviction that he had a national public service to perform in education. One result of the meeting was a request to test his ideas on teaching, in several subjects, against the conventional methods employed in the schools. Two groups of Moscow children of similar ages and social backgrounds were provided. One of Tolstoy's experienced Yasnaya Polyana teachers instructed a group, and a teacher designated by the Moscow Committee on Literacy the other. At the conclusion of seven weeks of teaching, six members of the committee examined both groups of students. Although there was no unanimity among the examiners, a majority decided that the pupils taught by Tolstoy's opponent had excelled in all three subjects — reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Tolstoy felt that the test had failed to prove anything because it had been conducted under the worst possible conditions. And he submitted the article previously mentioned, " On National Education ," to the popular magazine, ' Notes of the Fatherland '. It is in the form of a letter addressed to the head of the Moscow Committee on Literacy. The article (September, 1874) is largely a reaffirmation of the views Tolstoy expressed in the pages of his own pedagogical magazine twelve years before. With ruthless dogmatism he condemns outright the phonetic and visual methods of teaching then used in Russian elementary schools. And those native teachers who burned incense to German pedagogical theory he sharply criticized for failing to understand or respect the educational needs of the Russian masses. All a teacher has to know, he declares, is what to teach and how to teach. To find out what to teach, one must go to the people, to the students and their parents. At present, he asserts, the people demand that their children learn how to read and write and to cipher. Until they demand something more, teachers have no right to teach more. As for how to teach, he sums it up in his old phrase: the only criterion for pedagogy is freedom, the only method is experience.

The article created a great stir among the public, infinitely more so than all of Tolstoy's publications on educational themes in the past. To be sure, the work was attractively written, but now it had also come from the pen of the famous author of ' war and peace ', and he had had the good sense to print it in a widely read periodical. In a real sense the effort suddenly made the public pedagogically minded and inspired a surprisingly large number of articles and letters in a variety of magazines. Although the experts, with few exceptions, vigorously attacked him, his views elicited widespread sympathetic response among laymen. After years of striving he at last had the satisfaction of knowing that his theories had reached the general public.

With such encouragement, Tolstoy felt impelled to try for further success. In February, 1875, he published his New ABC Book. It was shorter, cheaper, more practical, and as he remarked in the foreword, adaptable to any method of teaching. Here, too, he now won success, for the Ministry of National Education recommended the work. It was widely adopted by schools and ran into many large editions (100,000 copies were printed for the 1900 edition).

At the same time, Tolstoy published four children's Readers, which contained material taken mostly from his first ABC Book. The excellence and variety of the selections, the artistic simplicity of the narratives, and no doubt the inexpensive price gained an enormous market for these little books, and over the years they sold in tens of thousands.

Tolstoy's old dream seemed on the point of realization — he was beginning to exercise a pronounced influence on the course of elementary education in Russia. And the dream expanded. He wanted to take a prominent place in the larger field of national education, and he wrote to the minister to inquire whether the government would consider a detailed program that he was contemplating on instruction in the schools and another for training teachers. Although the reply was favourable, it was delayed so long that the impatient Tolstoy had already charged off in another direction. Breaking a rule he had set up for himself, he accepted election to the County Council and an appointment to its Education Committee.

One naturally thinks of the poet Matthew Arnold, inspector of schools in England at this time. With Arnold, however, the post was a means of livelihood and a most unpoetic business. Tolstoy, in his more restricted sphere, found a world of poetry in the work of inspecting local schools. He agitated with some success for inexpensive instruction in the district, and he launched his pet project of establishing at Yasnaya Polyana a teachers' training seminary, for he wished to train peasant teachers to take their place in the milieu in which they had grown up and to provide the kind of education for peasant children that would not instill in them alien desires or render them unfit for the performance of duties to which they would be called by their position in life. This was to be, he remarked, a " university in bast shoes ."

In 1874 the Ministry of Education approved Tolstoy's carefully prepared plan for a teachers' training seminary. And his request to the Tula government for financial assistance in return for a certain number of tuition teaching scholarships was granted. But for some unexplained reason, perhaps because educational centers in the Tula government did not favour the idea, only twelve candidates applied for the program. This poor showing discouraged Tolstoy and he refused to open his " university in bast shoes ." It was his last constructive effort to improve formal education in Russia. A long and arduous chapter in the history of Tolstoy's civic conscience had come to an end.

Despite hostility to Tolstoy's educational practices and writings during his lifetime, since then there has been a tendency to acclaim him a brilliant innovator and one of the most significant of educational reformers. Experimental schools in America and abroad have profited from the full accounts he left of his own experiences. His methods of teaching the alphabet and reading, his insistence on self-reliance by obliging students to do manual labor, and his belief that the child should be allowed as much freedom as possible in the classroom — these features of his system have had their influence in later progressive education. And one of his principal theses, that the school should always remain a kind of pedagogical laboratory to keep it from falling behind universal progress, has found wide acceptance as an educational premise.

In one respect it may be said that his first absorbing educational experiment between 1859 and 1862 fulfilled another purpose: the school at Yasnaya Polyana contributed as much to the historical development of Tolstoy as it had to the education of peasant children — it brought him back to the career of fiction writing. It was as though a kind of catharsis had been effected that once again left his mind and spirit free for artistic work.

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List of Plastic surgery clinics in Moscow Oblast

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    From Introduction To Tolstoy's Writings by Ernest J Simmons (1968). At the end of Tolstoy's first literary period, before his marriage and the beginning of 'War and Peace', disillusionment with literature and art turned his thoughts to problems of education.A series of experiments resulted in a collection of educational writings that are both fascinating and important and all too frequently ...

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