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2021 Sociology Paper 1

Highlight the roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system..

Model Answers

Q: Highlight the roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system.

Question asked in UPSC Sociology 2021 Paper 1. Download our app for last 20 year question with model answers.

Model Answer:

Roles and Functions of Civil Society in a Democratic System

In a democratic system, civil society plays a crucial role in promoting and sustaining democracy by performing various functions. Some of the key roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system are:

1. Representation and articulation of interests: Civil society organizations (CSOs) provide a platform for diverse groups and individuals to express their views, needs, and demands. They represent the interests of various sections of society, including marginalized and vulnerable groups, and help in articulating their concerns to the government and policymakers.

2. Advocacy and lobbying: CSOs engage in advocacy and lobbying to influence government policies, legislation, and decision-making processes. They raise awareness about social, political, and economic issues and mobilize public opinion to bring about positive change.

3. Monitoring and accountability: Civil society plays a crucial role in holding the government and public institutions accountable for their actions and decisions. They monitor the implementation of policies, programs, and projects and expose corruption, inefficiency, and abuse of power.

4. Civic education and socialization: CSOs contribute to the development of democratic values, attitudes, and behaviors among citizens through civic education and socialization. They organize workshops, seminars, and training programs to educate people about their rights, responsibilities, and the functioning of democratic institutions.

5. Conflict resolution and peacebuilding: Civil society can play a vital role in conflict resolution and peacebuilding by facilitating dialogue and negotiation between conflicting parties, promoting tolerance and understanding, and addressing the root causes of conflict.

6. Service provision: Many CSOs provide essential services in areas such as education, health, and social welfare, especially in situations where the government is unable or unwilling to do so. They also contribute to the development and implementation of innovative and effective solutions to social problems.

7. Promotion of human rights and social justice: Civil society organizations work to promote human rights, social justice, and the rule of law by advocating for the rights of marginalized and vulnerable groups, monitoring human rights abuses, and supporting legal and institutional reforms.

8. Fostering social cohesion and inclusion: CSOs promote social cohesion and inclusion by bringing together people from different backgrounds, cultures, and religions, and fostering a sense of belonging and shared identity. They also work to reduce social inequalities and promote social integration.

9. Encouraging civic participation and engagement: Civil society organizations encourage citizens to participate in the democratic process by providing opportunities for them to engage in decision-making processes, volunteer in community projects, and join social movements and campaigns.

10. Strengthening democratic institutions: CSOs contribute to the strengthening of democratic institutions by promoting transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in their functioning. They also support the development of independent media, judiciary, and other institutions that are essential for a healthy democracy.

In conclusion, civil society plays a multifaceted role in a democratic system by representing diverse interests, promoting accountability, fostering civic education, and contributing to social cohesion and inclusion. Through these functions, civil society organizations help to strengthen democracy and ensure that it remains responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people.

More Questions:

With suitable examples, explain how conformity and deviance coexist in a society as propounded by r.k. merton., what are new religious movements elaborate emphasizing their forms and orientations., what is taylorism analyze its merits and demerits..

Download our app for UPSC Sociology Optional - Syllabus, NCERT Books, IGNOU Books, Past Paper with Model Answers, Topper Notes & Answer Sheet.

Highlight the roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system. Read More »

Describe the role of Science and Technology in enabling us to face the challenges triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Q: describe the role of science and technology in enabling us to face the challenges triggered by the covid-19 pandemic., aspect of science and technology during the covid-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to societies across the globe. Science and technology have played a critical role in enabling us to face these challenges, and the sociological aspect of this cannot be understated. In this context, the sociological aspect refers to the ways in which science and technology have influenced social behavior, norms, institutions, and relationships during the pandemic.

Facilitating Remote Work and Education

With lockdowns and social distancing measures in place, technology has allowed many people to continue working and studying remotely. This has led to a shift in social norms, as people adapt to new ways of interacting and collaborating in virtual environments. This has also exposed the digital divide , highlighting the need for equitable access to technology and internet connectivity for all members of society.

Enhancing Communication and Information Dissemination

Social media platforms and other digital communication tools have played a crucial role in disseminating information about the virus, public health guidelines, and vaccination efforts. This has allowed for rapid and widespread sharing of knowledge, but has also led to the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories , which can undermine public trust in science and institutions.

Fostering Global Collaboration

The pandemic has highlighted the importance of international cooperation and collaboration in science and technology. Researchers, institutions, and governments have come together to share data, resources, and expertise in an effort to better understand the virus and develop effective treatments and vaccines. This has demonstrated the potential for science and technology to bridge cultural and political divides and promote global solidarity in the face of a common threat.

Shifting Public Perceptions of Science

The pandemic has brought science to the forefront of public discourse, with many people closely following the latest research and developments related to COVID-19. This increased visibility has the potential to enhance public understanding of and appreciation for the scientific process , but it also exposes the uncertainties and complexities inherent in scientific research, which can be challenging for some to accept.

Impact on Mental Health and Well-being

The pandemic has led to widespread feelings of anxiety, stress, and isolation, and technology has played a dual role in this context. On one hand, digital tools have allowed people to stay connected with friends and family, access mental health resources, and engage in online support groups. On the other hand, excessive screen time and reliance on technology for social interaction can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and disconnection .

Changing Social Norms and Behaviors

Science and technology have informed public health guidelines and policies, leading to widespread adoption of new social norms and behaviors, such as mask-wearing , hand hygiene , and social distancing . These changes have had significant impacts on social interactions, relationships, and community dynamics, with potential long-term implications for societal values and priorities.

In conclusion , the role of science and technology in enabling us to face the challenges triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has been multifaceted and far-reaching. The sociological aspect of this role highlights the ways in which these advancements have shaped social behavior, norms, institutions, and relationships during this unprecedented time. As we continue to navigate the pandemic and its aftermath, it is essential to consider the complex interplay between science, technology, and society in order to promote resilience, equity, and well-being for all.

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Discuss the changing nature of kinship relations in the contemporary world.

Q: discuss the changing nature of kinship relations in the contemporary world., changing dynamics of kinship relations.

Kinship, which refers to the complex system of social relationships based on blood ties, marriage, and adoption, has been a central organizing principle in many societies. However, recent sociological research has highlighted the changing nature of kinship relations in response to modernization, globalization, and individualization processes.

Some of the key factors contributing to the changing nature of kinship relations include:

1. Changing family structures:

The traditional nuclear family, consisting of a married couple and their children, has been replaced by a variety of family forms, such as single-parent families, stepfamilies, and same-sex families.

This diversification of family structures has led to more complex and fluid kinship relations, as individuals navigate multiple sets of relatives and affiliations.

2. Declining fertility rates and aging populations:

In many societies, declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy have resulted in smaller family sizes and a greater proportion of elderly individuals.

This demographic shift has implications for kinship relations, as fewer children are available to maintain family ties and provide support for older relatives.

3. Migration and transnationalism:

The increasing movement of people across national borders has led to the formation of transnational families, in which members are dispersed across different countries.

This has resulted in new forms of kinship relations, as individuals maintain connections with relatives in their country of origin while also forming new ties in their host country.

4. Advances in reproductive technologies:

The development of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in-vitro fertilization and surrogacy, has expanded the possibilities for creating families and establishing kinship ties.

These technologies have challenged traditional notions of biological relatedness and raised questions about the social and legal recognition of kinship relations.

5. Individualization and the decline of traditional authority:

The process of individualization, characterized by the increasing importance of personal choice and autonomy, has weakened the influence of traditional kinship systems in many societies.

As individuals prioritize their personal preferences and aspirations, they may choose to form kinship ties based on emotional bonds and shared interests, rather than simply adhering to prescribed roles and obligations.

These factors have led to a greater diversity and flexibility in kinship relations, as individuals navigate the complexities of modern life.

However, this does not mean that kinship has become irrelevant or obsolete

On the contrary, kinship continues to play a crucial role in providing social support, identity, and a sense of belonging for many people. Sociologists have developed various theoretical perspectives to understand the changing nature of kinship relations in the contemporary world.

Some scholars emphasize the resilience and adaptability of kinship systems, arguing that they continue to provide essential functions in the face of social change.

Others highlight the emergence of new forms of relatedness and belonging, such as “chosen families” and “fictive kin,” which challenge traditional notions of kinship based on blood and marriage.

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Explain the growing salience of ethnicity in the contemporary world with illustrations.

Q: explain the growing salience of ethnicity in the contemporary world with illustrations., the growing salience of ethnicity.

The growing salience of ethnicity in the contemporary world can be attributed to various factors such as globalization, migration, and the rise of identity politics. Ethnicity refers to the social classification of people based on shared cultural, linguistic, and historical experiences. In recent years, ethnicity has gained prominence as a significant social and political force, shaping the lives of individuals and communities across the globe.

Sociological thinkers have provided valuable insights into the reasons behind the increasing importance of ethnicity in today’s world. This essay will discuss the theories of Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Pierre Bourdieu to explain the growing salience of ethnicity in contemporary society.

Emile Durkheim: Social Solidarity and Ethnicity

Emile Durkheim, a founding figure in sociology, emphasized the importance of social solidarity in maintaining social order and cohesion. According to Durkheim, societies are held together by shared values, beliefs, and practices that create a collective conscience. Ethnicity can be seen as a source of social solidarity, as it provides individuals with a sense of belonging and identity.

In the contemporary world, the growing salience of ethnicity can be attributed to the need for social solidarity in the face of rapid social change, globalization, and increasing cultural diversity. Ethnic groups can provide individuals with a sense of stability and support, helping them navigate the complexities of modern life.

Max Weber: Ethnicity as a Basis for Social Stratification

Max Weber, another influential sociologist, argued that social stratification is based on three dimensions: class, status, and power. Ethnicity can be a significant factor in determining an individual’s position within this stratification system.

In the contemporary world, ethnicity has become increasingly important as a basis for social stratification due to factors such as migration and the rise of identity politics. Ethnic minorities often experience social and economic disadvantages, leading to the formation of distinct social classes based on ethnicity. The growing salience of ethnicity can be seen as a response to these inequalities, as individuals and communities seek to assert their ethnic identity and challenge existing power structures.

Pierre Bourdieu: Ethnicity and Cultural Capital

Pierre Bourdieu, a prominent sociologist, introduced the concept of cultural capital to explain how individuals and groups use cultural resources to gain social advantages. Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and cultural competencies that individuals acquire through socialization and education.

Ethnicity can be a significant source of cultural capital, as it provides individuals with access to unique cultural resources and networks. In the contemporary world, the growing salience of ethnicity can be attributed to the increasing importance of cultural capital in determining social and economic success. Ethnic groups can use their cultural capital to gain recognition, resources, and political power, contributing to the growing prominence of ethnicity in contemporary society.

The growing salience of ethnicity in the contemporary world can be explained through the theories of Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Pierre Bourdieu. Ethnicity serves as a source of social solidarity, a basis for social stratification, and a form of cultural capital, shaping the lives of individuals and communities across the globe.

As the world continues to experience rapid social change, globalization, and increasing cultural diversity, the importance of ethnicity as a social and political force is likely to continue to grow.

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Critically examine the contribution of dependency theories in understanding the present global scenario.

Q: critically examine the contribution of dependency theories in understanding the present global scenario., dependency theories and present global scenario.

Dependency theories emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a response to modernization theories, which posited that underdeveloped countries could achieve economic growth and development by following the path of Western industrialized nations. Dependency theories, on the other hand, argued that the global economic system is structured in such a way that it perpetuates the underdevelopment of poorer countries, while benefiting the wealthier, more developed nations. This essay will critically examine the contribution of dependency theories in understanding the present global scenario, focusing on their relevance, limitations, and potential for future development.

Emphasis on Historical and Structural Roots of Global Inequality

One of the key contributions of dependency theories is their emphasis on the historical and structural roots of global inequality. Dependency theorists , such as Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein, argue that the global economic system has been shaped by centuries of colonialism, imperialism, and unequal trade relations. This perspective highlights the importance of understanding the historical processes that have led to the current global division of labor, where poorer countries are often relegated to the role of providing raw materials and cheap labor for the wealthier nations.

Challenging Assumptions of Modernization Theories

In this sense, dependency theories have been instrumental in challenging the assumptions of modernization theories, which tend to portray underdevelopment as a result of internal factors, such as cultural or institutional deficiencies. By emphasizing the role of external forces in shaping the global economic system, dependency theories have provided a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between local and global factors in determining the development trajectories of different countries.

Role of International Institutions and Global Governance

Another important contribution of dependency theories is their focus on the role of international institutions and global governance in perpetuating global inequalities. Dependency theorists argue that institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) often promote policies that favor the interests of the wealthier nations, while exacerbating the vulnerabilities of poorer countries. This perspective has been influential in shaping critical debates around issues such as debt, structural adjustment programs, and trade liberalization, which have been at the center of global development policy discussions in recent decades.

Criticisms and Limitations of Dependency Theories

However, dependency theories have also faced several criticisms and limitations. One of the main critiques is that they tend to overemphasize the role of external factors in shaping underdevelopment, while downplaying the importance of internal dynamics. Critics argue that this perspective can lead to a deterministic and overly pessimistic view of the development prospects of poorer countries, which may overlook the potential for local agency and resistance to global structures of inequality.

Another limitation of dependency theories is their focus on the economic dimensions of global inequality, often neglecting the social, cultural, and political aspects of development. This has led some scholars to argue that dependency theories provide an incomplete understanding of the complex and multidimensional nature of global development challenges. In this sense, there is a need for more integrated and interdisciplinary approaches that can better capture the interplay between economic, social, and political factors in shaping global inequalities.

In conclusion, dependency theories have made significant contributions to our understanding of the present global scenario by highlighting the historical and structural roots of global inequality and the role of international institutions in perpetuating these disparities. However, they also face limitations in terms of their focus on external factors and economic dimensions of development. As the global landscape continues to evolve, there is a need for more nuanced and interdisciplinary approaches that can better capture the complex and multidimensional nature of global development challenges.

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Explain how the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in a family and at the workplace in the present context.

Q: explain how the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in a family and at the workplace in the present context., patterns of patriarchy in families and workplaces.

In the present context, the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in families and workplaces due to several sociological factors. These factors include changes in gender roles, increased participation of women in the workforce, education, and the influence of feminist movements.

1. Changes in gender roles: Traditional gender roles have been challenged and redefined in recent years. Men are increasingly participating in domestic work and childcare, while women are taking up leadership roles in various fields. This shift in gender roles has led to a more equal distribution of power and responsibilities within families and workplaces, thus challenging the patriarchal structure.

2. Increased participation of women in the workforce: Women’s participation in the workforce has increased significantly over the past few decades. This has led to a decrease in the gender pay gap and increased financial independence for women. As a result, women are less dependent on men for their economic well-being, which challenges the patriarchal notion of men as the primary breadwinners.

3. Education: Education plays a crucial role in altering the pattern of patriarchy. With increased access to education, women are now more aware of their rights and are better equipped to challenge traditional gender norms. Educated women are more likely to participate in the workforce, have a say in family decisions, and raise their children with more egalitarian values.

4. Influence of feminist movements: Feminist movements have played a significant role in challenging patriarchal norms and promoting gender equality. These movements have raised awareness about issues such as gender-based violence, reproductive rights, and equal pay, leading to policy changes and a shift in societal attitudes towards gender roles.

5. Legal and policy changes: Governments and organizations have implemented various policies and laws to promote gender equality and challenge patriarchal structures. These include anti-discrimination laws, parental leave policies, and affirmative action programs, which aim to create a more level playing field for women in the workplace.

6. Changing family structures: The traditional nuclear family structure, with a male breadwinner and a female homemaker, is becoming less common. There has been an increase in single-parent families, dual-income families, and same-sex couples raising children. These diverse family structures challenge the patriarchal notion of a male-dominated family unit.

In conclusion, the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in families and workplaces due to a combination of sociological factors, including changes in gender roles, increased participation of women in the workforce, education, the influence of feminist movements, legal and policy changes, and changing family structures. While progress has been made, it is important to continue challenging patriarchal norms and promoting gender equality in all aspects of society.

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Explain how the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in a family and at the workplace in the present context. Read More »

Give your comments on the growth of religious revivalism in the present day context.

Q: give your comments on the growth of religious revivalism in the present day context., religious revivalism.

In the present day context, religious revivalism has experienced significant growth in various parts of the world. This phenomenon can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including globalization , political instability , and the search for identity and meaning in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. From a sociological perspective, the growth of religious revivalism can be analyzed through various theoretical lenses, such as secularization , rational choice , and social identity theories .

Factors contributing to the growth of religious revivalism

One of the key factors contributing to the growth of religious revivalism is the process of globalization. As societies become more interconnected, individuals are exposed to a diverse array of cultural and religious beliefs, leading to a greater awareness of religious differences. This increased exposure can lead to a heightened sense of religious identity and a desire to reaffirm one’s faith, resulting in religious revivalism. Moreover, globalization has facilitated the spread of religious ideas and practices, enabling religious movements to gain traction in new regions and communities.

Another factor contributing to the growth of religious revivalism is political instability and social unrest. In times of crisis, individuals often turn to religion as a source of comfort, guidance, and stability. Religious revivalism can provide a sense of order and security in an otherwise chaotic world, offering a framework for understanding and coping with the challenges of modern life. Additionally, religious movements can serve as a platform for political mobilization, as religious leaders and organizations often play a significant role in shaping public opinion and advocating for social change.

Theoretical perspectives

From a theoretical standpoint, the growth of religious revivalism can be understood through the lens of secularization theory. This theory posits that as societies modernize and become more secular, religion loses its influence and relevance in the public sphere. However, this process of secularization can also lead to a counter-reaction, as individuals and communities seek to reaffirm their religious identity and values in the face of perceived threats to their faith. This counter-reaction can manifest in the form of religious revivalism, as individuals and communities strive to preserve and promote their religious traditions.

Rational choice theory offers another perspective on the growth of religious revivalism. This theory suggests that individuals make religious choices based on their perceived costs and benefits, seeking to maximize their personal utility. In this context, religious revivalism can be seen as a rational response to the challenges of modern life, offering individuals a sense of purpose, belonging, and moral guidance that may be lacking in secular society.

Finally, social identity theory can also help explain the growth of religious revivalism. This theory posits that individuals derive a sense of self and belonging from their membership in social groups, including religious communities. As societies become more diverse and complex, individuals may experience a heightened need for social identity and cohesion, leading them to seek out and participate in religious revivalist movements.

In conclusion, the growth of religious revivalism in the present day context can be attributed to a variety of factors, including globalization, political instability, and the search for identity and meaning in an increasingly complex world. By examining this phenomenon through various sociological theories, we can gain a deeper understanding of the underlying forces driving religious revivalism and its implications for society as a whole.

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Give your comments on the growth of religious revivalism in the present day context. Read More »

Q: Explain how political parties and pressure groups are dialectically related to each other in terms of achieving their goals.

Political parties and pressure groups -> a dialectical relationship.

Political parties and pressure groups are dialectically related to each other in terms of achieving their goals because they both operate within the same political system and often depend on each other to advance their respective agendas. This relationship can be understood through the lens of dialectical sociology, which posits that social phenomena are shaped by the interaction of opposing forces or contradictions.

Political Parties

Political parties are organizations that seek to gain control of government institutions and implement their policies and programs. They represent a broad range of interests and ideologies, and their primary goal is to win elections and hold political power. In order to do so, they need to build a broad base of support among the electorate, which often requires forming alliances and coalitions with various interest groups.

Pressure Groups

Pressure groups, also known as interest groups or advocacy groups, are organizations that seek to influence government policies and decisions in favor of their specific interests or causes. They do not directly participate in electoral politics, but they often work closely with political parties to advance their goals. Pressure groups use various tactics, such as lobbying, public relations campaigns, and grassroots mobilization, to sway public opinion and persuade policymakers to adopt their preferred policies.

Dialectical relationship between political parties and pressure groups

The dialectical relationship between political parties and pressure groups can be seen in the way they interact and influence each other. On one hand, political parties need the support of pressure groups to build a broad coalition of voters and gain legitimacy in the eyes of the public. This often involves adopting some of the policy positions advocated by pressure groups and incorporating them into the party’s platform. In this sense, pressure groups can shape the political agenda and push parties to adopt more progressive or conservative stances on certain issues.

On the other hand, pressure groups need the support of political parties to achieve their goals, as parties are the ones that ultimately control the levers of government power. By aligning themselves with a particular party or candidate, pressure groups can gain access to policymakers and have a greater chance of seeing their preferred policies enacted. In this sense, political parties can act as gatekeepers, determining which issues and interest groups receive attention and which are marginalized.

This dialectical relationship can also lead to tensions and conflicts between political parties and pressure groups. For example, a party may feel pressure to adopt more extreme positions to appease a powerful pressure group, which could alienate moderate voters and harm the party’s electoral prospects. Conversely, a pressure group may feel betrayed if a party it has supported fails to deliver on its promises or compromises on key issues.

In conclusion, political parties and pressure groups are dialectically related in that they both operate within the same political system and rely on each other to achieve their goals. This relationship is characterized by mutual influence, cooperation, and sometimes conflict, as both parties and pressure groups navigate the complex dynamics of the political arena to advance their respective agendas.

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Explain how political parties and pressure groups are dialectically related to each other in terms of achieving their goals. Read More »

Elucidate the main problems and challenges faced by the migrant labourers in the recent ‘Lockdown period’.

Q: elucidate the main problems and challenges faced by the migrant labourers in the recent 'lockdown period'., challenges faced by migrant labourers during lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the lives of people worldwide, particularly on the vulnerable sections of society, such as migrant labourers . The lockdown period imposed to curb the spread of the virus has exposed the precarious conditions of migrant workers, who faced numerous challenges during this time.

Problems and Challenges Faced by Migrant Labourers

Loss of Livelihood

One of the most significant challenges faced by migrant labourers during the lockdown period was the loss of livelihood. As businesses and industries shut down to comply with the lockdown measures, millions of migrant workers found themselves without work and income. Many of these workers live on daily wages and have no savings to fall back on, leaving them in a state of acute financial distress. The loss of livelihood also led to food insecurity, as many migrant workers struggled to afford basic necessities like food and water.

Lack of Social Security

Migrant labourers often lack access to social security benefits, such as healthcare, insurance, and pension schemes, due to their informal employment status. The lockdown period exacerbated this issue, as many migrant workers were unable to access healthcare services or claim unemployment benefits. The lack of social security left them vulnerable to the economic and health impacts of the pandemic, with no safety net to rely on.

Inadequate Housing

Migrant workers typically live in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, with limited access to basic amenities like clean water and sanitation facilities. The lockdown period highlighted the inadequacy of housing for migrant labourers, as they were forced to stay in cramped living quarters with poor hygiene standards. These conditions increased their risk of contracting COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, as well as negatively impacting their mental health.

Discrimination and Stigmatization

Migrant labourers often face discrimination and stigmatization in their host communities, which was further exacerbated during the lockdown period. As the pandemic spread, many migrant workers were unfairly blamed for the spread of the virus, leading to increased discrimination and social exclusion. This discrimination manifested in various forms, such as evictions from rented accommodations, denial of access to essential services, and even physical violence.

The lockdown period imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light the numerous challenges faced by migrant labourers. Loss of livelihood, lack of social security, inadequate housing, and discrimination are some of the main problems faced by these workers during this time. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that includes providing social security benefits, improving living conditions, and promoting social inclusion. The pandemic has underscored the need for urgent action to protect the rights and well-being of migrant labourers, who form a crucial part of the global workforce.

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Do you think Talcott Parsons gave an adequate theory of social change? Justify your answer.

Q: do you think talcott parsons gave an adequate theory of social change justify your answer., talcott parsons and his theory of social change.

Talcott Parsons was a prominent American sociologist who developed the functionalist perspective in sociology. His theory of social change was based on the idea that societies are complex systems with interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order. According to Parsons, social change occurs when there is a need for adaptation or adjustment in the social system to maintain equilibrium.

Some scholars argue that Parsons’ theory of social change is adequate because it provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex processes of social change. They believe that his functionalist approach helps to explain how societies maintain stability and order while also adapting to new challenges and opportunities.

Criticisms of Parsons’ Theory of Social Change

  • Overemphasis on stability: Critics argue that Parsons’ theory places too much emphasis on the stability and equilibrium of social systems, which can lead to a conservative view of society that resists change. This perspective may not adequately account for the dynamic and transformative nature of social change.
  • Lack of attention to conflict and power: Parsons’ functionalist perspective tends to downplay the role of conflict and power struggles in social change. Critics argue that this neglects the importance of social inequality, exploitation, and oppression as drivers of social change.
  • Deterministic approach: Some critics argue that Parsons’ theory is deterministic, suggesting that social change is a predictable and linear process driven by the need for adaptation and equilibrium. This perspective may not account for the complex and unpredictable nature of social change, which can be influenced by various factors, including human agency, culture, and historical events.
  • Cultural bias: Parsons’ theory has been criticized for its ethnocentric and Western-centric assumptions about social change. Critics argue that his perspective may not adequately account for the diverse experiences and processes of social change in non-Western societies.

In conclusion, while Talcott Parsons’ theory of social change has been influential and provides a useful framework for understanding social change from a functionalist perspective, it has also faced significant criticisms. The adequacy of his theory depends on one’s perspective and the specific aspects of social change being considered.

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Examiner report (A-level): Paper 3 Crime and deviance with theory and methods - June 2022

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Question paper (A-level): Paper 3 Crime and deviance with theory and methods - June 2022

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Question paper (Modified A4 18pt) (A-level): Paper 3 Crime and deviance with theory and methods - June 2022

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Question paper (Modified A3 36pt) (AS): Paper 2 Research methods and topics in Sociology - June 2022

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[UPSC Mains 2021] SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL (PAPER 1 & 2) – UPSC CIVIL SERVICES (CSE) MAINS EXAMINATION 2021

  • January 16, 2022

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UPSC CSE-2021 SOCIOLOGY (Paper 1) QUESTIONS RELATED TO TRIUMPH IAS

UPSC CIVIL SERVICES IAS 2021 SOCIOLOGY QUESTIONS RELATED TO TRIUMPH IAS “FOUNDATION CLASS DISCUSSION”, “SOCIOLOGY NOTES” & “SOCIOLOGY TEST SERIES QUESTIONS”.

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UPSC Mains 2021: Download Sociology Question Paper - 1

Upsc civil services mains 2021 exam question paper, subject: sociology paper - 1 marks : 250 duration: 3 hours, section - a.

Question No. 1:  Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Europe was the first and the only place where modernity emerged. Comment. (b) Do you think ethnomethodology helps us in getting reliable and valid data ? Justify your answer. (c) Discuss the challenges involved in collecting data through census method. (d) Explain whether Durkheim's theory of Division of Labour is relevant in the present day context. (e) Critically examine Max Weber's theory of Social Stratification.

Question No. 2: (a) From the viewpoint of growing importance of multidisciplinarity, how do you relate sociology to other social sciences ? (b) How far are sociologists justified in using positivist approach to understand social reality ? Explain with suitable illustrations. (c) How is sociology related to common sense ? 10

Question No. 3: (a) How do qualitative and quantitative methods supplement each other in sociological enquiry? (b) Critically examine the dialectics involved in each mode of production as propounded by Karl Marx. (c) Do you agree with Max Weber's idea that bureaucracy has the potential to become an iron cage ? Justify your answer.

Question No. 4: (a) Explain the concept of social mobility. Describe with suitable illustrations how education and social mobility are related to each other. (b) How has the idea of Work From Home' forced us to redefine the formal and informal organisation of work ? (c) With suitable examples, explain how conformity and deviance coexist in a society as propounded by R.K. Merton.

Section - B

Question No. 5: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Explain the emerging challenges in establishing gender equality in the informal sector. (b) Critically examine the relevance of Vilfredo Pareto's theory of Circulation of Elites in the present scenario. (c) Critically compare the views of E.B. Tylor and Max Muller on Religion. (d) What is cult ? Explain the growth of cults in the contemporary world. (e) Do you think Talcott Parsons gave an adequate theory of social change? Justify your answer.

Question No. 6: (a) Elucidate the main problems and challenges faced by the migrant labourers in the recent 'Lockdown period'. (b) Explain how political parties and pressure groups are dialectically related to each other in terms of achieving their goals. (c) Give your comments on the growth of religious revivalism in the present day context.

Question No. 7: (a) Explain how the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in a family and at the workplace in the present context. (b) Critically examine the contribution of dependency theories in understanding the present global scenario. (c) Explain the growing salience of ethnicity in the contemporary world with illustrations.

Question No. 8: (a) Discuss the changing nature of kinship relations in the contemporary world. (b) Describe the role of Science and Technology in enabling us to face the challenges triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. (c) Highlight the roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system.

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This section includes recent A-Level Sociology (7192) and AS-Level Sociology (7191) past papers from AQA. You can download each of the AQA A-Level Sociology past papers and marking schemes by clicking the links below.

June 2022 AQA A-Level Sociology (7192) Past Papers

A-Level Paper 1: Education with Theory and Methods (7192/1) Download Past Paper     -    Download Mark Scheme

A-Level Paper 2: Topics in Sociology (7192/2) Download Past Paper     -    Download Mark Scheme

A-Level Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (7192/3) Download Past Paper     -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 AQA A-Level Sociology (7192) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2021)

November 2021 A-Level Paper 1: Education with Theory and Methods (7192/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 A-Level Paper 2: Topics in Sociology (7192/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 A-Level Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (7192/3) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 AQA A-Level Sociology (7192) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2020)

November 2020 A-Level Paper 1: Education with Theory and Methods (7192/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 A-Level Paper 2: Topics in Sociology (7192/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 A-Level Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (7192/3) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 AQA AS-Level Sociology (7191) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2020)

November 2020 AS Paper 1: Education with Methods in Context (7191/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 AS Paper 2: Research Methods and Topics in Sociology (7191/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 AQA A-Level Sociology (7192) Past Papers

June 2019 A-Level Paper 1: Education with Theory and Methods (7192/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 A-Level Paper 2: Topics in Sociology (7192/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 A-Level Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (7192/3) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 AQA AS-Level Sociology (7191) Past Papers

June 2019 AS Paper 1: Education with Methods in Context (7191/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 AS Paper 2: Research Methods and Topics in Sociology (7191/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 AQA A-Level Sociology (7192) Past Papers

June 2018 A-Level Paper 1: Education with Theory and Methods (7192/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 A-Level Paper 2: Topics in Sociology (7192/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 A-Level Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (7192/3) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 AQA AS-Level Sociology (7191) Past Papers

June 2018 AS Paper 1: Education with Methods in Context (7191/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 AS Paper 2: Research Methods and Topics in Sociology (7191/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2017 AQA A-Level Sociology (7192) Past Papers

A-Level Paper 1: Education with Theory and Methods (7192/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

A-Level Paper 2: Topics in Sociology (7192/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

A-Level Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (7192/3) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2017 AQA AS-Level Sociology (7191) Past Papers

AS Paper 1: Education with Methods in Context (7191/1) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

AS Paper 2: Research Methods and Topics in Sociology (7191/2) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

For more A-Level Sociology past papers from other exam boards  click here .

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AQA A-Level Sociology Past Papers With Answers

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Table of Contents

Paper 1: Education with Methods in Context

A-level (33.3%).

  • 2 hour written exam (80 marks)
  • Education: short answer and extended writing (50 marks)
  • Methods in Context: extended writing (20 marks)
  • Theory and Methods: extended writing (10 marks)
2021 Exam Paper 2021 Mark Scheme (Answers) 2021 Examiner Report
2020 Exam Paper 2020 Mark Scheme (Answers)
2019 Exam Paper 2019 Mark Scheme (Answers) 2019 Examiner Report
2018 Exam Paper 2018 Mark Scheme (Answers) 2018 Examiner Report
2017 Exam Paper 2017 Mark Scheme (Answers) 2017 Examiner Report

AS-Level (50%)

  • 1 hour 30 minutes written exam (60 marks)
  • Education: short answer and extended writing (40 marks)
  • Theory and Methods: extended writing (20 marks)

Paper 2: Research Methods and Topics in Sociology

  • Section A: extended writing, 40 marks
  • Section B: extended writing, 40 marks
2017 Exam Paper 2017 Mark Scheme (Answers)
  • Section A: short answer and extended writing, 20 marks
  • Section B: short answer and extended writing, 40 marks

Paper 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods

sociology paper 1 2021

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LL.B Part-1: Sociology-I Past Paper 2021

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  • November 2, 2022
  • LLB Past Papers

Here you will find LL.B Part-1 Sociology-I Past Paper Annual 2021. This Sociology-I paper is the fourth paper in the LL.B (5 years program) Part-1 examination. Find below the past paper on Sociology-I 2021.

LLB Part-1 Sociology-I paper of 2021

Find below the past paper of Sociology-I for LLB Part-1 annual 2021.

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