terrorism essay for css

Essay on “Terrorism” for CSS, PMS, and All Judiciary Examinations

July 29, 2021
Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

This is an essay on “Terrorism” for CSS, PMS, and All Judiciary examinations. Terrorism is called the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. in this essay you will learn about Terrorism, its types, terrorist incidents, and the causes of terrorism. In this essay, you will learn about terrorism, its types, and the causes of terrorism. So here is a complete essay on the topic of Terrorism for CSS, PMS, and All other Judiciary Examinations.

Essay on “Terrorism”

Terrorism is the willful destruction of people or property by people not acting on behalf of an established government to redress a real or imaginary injustice attributed to an established government. Terrorism has become a part of modern life. Hijackings, bombings, and assassinations on different continents of the world may seem like isolated attacks, but they reflect an easy reliance on violence as a way to promote social , political , and religious change. They are elements of a pervasive end that justify the means philosophy being followed to its most perverse conclusions.

International terrorism has become the scourge of all democratic governments . This democratic government is accustomed to dealing within a legal structure, often finds it difficult to deal with criminals and terrorists that routinely operate outside of the law. However, deterrence is just as much a part of justice as proper enforcement of the laws.

Democratic governments that do not deter criminals inevitably spawn vigilantism as normally law-abiding citizens who have lost confidence in the criminal justice system take the law into their own hands.

A similar backlash is beginning to emerge as a result of the inability of western democracies to defend themselves against terrorists. However, a lack of governmental resolve is only part of the problem.

Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict.

As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter.

That is why preemption is being considered to be so important. In some cases, terrorism has been a means to carry on a conflict without the adversary realizing the nature of the threat, mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Because of these characteristics, terrorism has become increasingly common among those pursuing extreme goals throughout the world. But despite its popularity, terrorism can be a nebulous concept. Even within the U.S. Government, agencies responsible for different functions in the ongoing fight against terrorism use different definitions.

Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond· the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act.

There are three perspectives of terrorism: the terrorists, the victims, and the general public. The phrase “one man’s terrorist is another. man’s freedom fighter” is a view terrorists themselves would accept. Terrorists do not see themselves as evil. They believe they are legitimate combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible. A victim of a terrorist act .sees the terrorist as a criminal with no regard for human life . The general public’s view is the most unstable.

The terrorists take great pains to foster a “Robin Hood” image in hope of swaying the general public’s point of view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of terrorism has become· an integral part of their psychological warfare and needs to be countered vigorously.

Terrorist acts or the threat of such action have been in existence for millennia. Despite having a history longer than the modern nation-state, the use of terror by governments and those that contest their power remains poorly understood. While the meaning of the word terror itself is clear, when it is applied to acts and actors in the real world it becomes confused. Part of this is due to the use of terror tactics by actors at all levels in the social and political environment. Is the Unabomber, with his solo campaign of terror, a criminal, terrorist, or revolutionary?

Differences between Terrorism and Insurgency

If no single definition of terrorism produces a precise. unambiguous description. we can approach the question by eliminating similar activities that are not terrorism, but that appear to overlap. For the U.S. military, two such related concepts probably lead to more confusion than others. Guerilla warfare and insurgencies are often assumed to be synonymous with terrorism. One reason for this is that insurgencies and terrorism often have similar goals.

However, if we examine insurgency and guerilla warfare, specific differences emerge. A key diﬀerence is that an insurgency is a movement – a political effort with a specific aim. This sets it apart from both guerilla warfare and terrorism, as they are both methods available to pursue the goals of the political movement.

Goals and Motivations of Terrorists

Ideology and motivation will influence the objectives of terrorist operations, especially regarding the casualty rate. Groups with secular ideologies and non-religious goals will often attempt highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve a specific political aim.

This often requires them to keep casualties at the minimum amount necessary to attain the objective. This is both to avoid a backlash that might severely damage the organization, and also maintain the appearance of a rational group that has legitimate grievances. By limiting their attacks they reduce the risk of undermining external political and economic support . Groups that comprise a “wing” of an insurgency, or are affiliated with aboveground, sometimes legitimate, political organizations often operate under these constraints.

The tensions caused by balancing these considerations are often a prime factor in the development of splinter groups and internal factions within these organizations.

In contrast, religiously oriented and millenarian groups typically attempt to inflict as many casualties as possible. Because of the apocalyptic frame f reference they use, loss of life is irrelevant, and fore casualties are better. Losses among their co-religionists are of little account because such casualties will reap the benefits of the afterlife. Likewise,· non-believers, Whether they are the intended target or collateral damage, deserve death, and killing them may be considered a moral duty.

The type of target selected will often reflect motivations and ideologies. For groups professing secular political or social motivations, their targets are highly symbolic of authority; government offices, banks, national airlines, and multinational corporations with direct relation to the established order.

Likewise, they conduct attacks on representative individuals whom they associate with economic exploitation , social injustice , or political repression. While religious groups also use much of this symbolism, there is a trend to connect it to greater physical devastation. There also is. a tendency to add religiously aﬀiliated individuals, such as missionaries, and religious activities, such as worship services, to the targeting equation.

Types of Terrorist Incidents

The most common types of terrorist incidents include:

Bombings are the most common type of terrorist act. Typically, improvised explosive devices are inexpensive and easy to make. Modern devices are smaller and are harder to detect.

Kidnappings and Hostage-Takings

Terrorists use kidnapping and hostage-taking to establish a bargaining position and to elicit publicity. Kidnapping is one of the most difficult acts fr a terrorist group to accomplish, but, if a kidnapping is successful, it can gain terrorists money, the release of jailed comrades, and publicity for an extended period. Hostage-taking involves the seizure of a facility or location and the taking of hostages. Unlike a kidnapping, hostage-taking provokes a confrontation with authorities. It forces authorities to either make dramatic decisions or comply with the terrorist’s demands.

Armed Attacks and Assassinations

Armed attacks include raids and ambushes. Assassinations are the killing of a selected victim, usually by bombings or small arms. Drive-by shootings are a common technique employed by unsophisticated or loosely organized terrorist groups. Historically, terrorists have assassinated specific individuals for psychological effects.

Arsons and Firebombings

Incendiary devices are cheap and easy to hide. Arson and firebombings are easily conducted by terrorist groups that may not be as well-organized, equipped, or trained as a major terrorist organization. An arson or firebombing against a utility, hotel, government building, or industrial center portrays an image that the ruling government is incapable of maintaining order.

Other Types of Terrorist Incidents

In addition to the acts of violence discussed above, there are also numerous other types of violence that can exist under the framework of terrorism. Terrorist groups conduct maimings against their own people as a form of punishment for security violations, defections, or informing.

Terrorist organizations also conduct robberies and extortion when they need to finance their acts and they don’t have sponsorship from sympathetic nations. Cyber terrorism is a new form of terrorism that is ever-increasing as we rely on computer networks to relay information and provide connectivity to today’s modern and fast-paced world. Cyber terrorism allows terrorists to conduct their operations with little or no risk to themselves.

It also provides terrorists an opportunity to disrupt or destroy networks and computers. The result is interruption of key government or business-related activities. This type of terrorism isn’t as high profile as other types of terrorist attacks, but its impact is just as destructive.

Historically, terrorist attacks using nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons have been rare. Due to the extremely high number of casualties that NBC weapons produce, they are also referred to as weapons of mass destruction (WMO). However, a number of nations are involved in arms races with neighboring countries because they” view the development of WMD as a key deterrent of attack by hostile neighbors.

The increased development of WMD also increases the potential for terrorist groups to gain .access to WMD. It is believed that in the future terrorists will have greater access to WMD because unstable nations or states may fail to safeguard their stockpiles of WMD from accidental losses, illicit sales, or outright theft or seizure. Determined terrorist groups can also gain access to WMD through covert independent research eﬀors or by hiring technically skilled professionals to construct the WMD.

Terrorism is continually changing. While at the surface it remains “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear…” it is rapidly becoming the predominant strategic tool of our adversaries. As terrorism evolves into the principal irregular warfare strategy of the 21st century, it is adapting to changes in the world’s socio-political environment.

Some of these changes facilitate the abilities of terrorists to operate, procure funding, and develop new capabilities. Other changes are gradually moving terrorism into a diﬀerent relationship with the world at large.

Types of Terrorism

The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.

Civil Disorders

A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.

Political Terrorism

Violent criminal behavior is designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or a substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

Non-Political Terrorism

Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes but the end is individual or collective gain rather fan the achievement of a political objective.”

Quasi-Terrorism

The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reactions.

For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.

Limited Political Terrorism

Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the State.

Official or State Terrorism

Referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.

The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political conflict.

The type of conflict varies widely historical examples include:

the secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
The dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government, such as democracy, theocracy, or anarchy
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army

Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare. and is more. common when direct conventional warfare either cannot be (due to differentials in available forces) or is not being used to resolve the underlying conflict.

Responses to terrorism

Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the political spectrum and reassessments of fundamental values. The term counterterrorism has a narrower connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors.

Specific types of responses include

Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers
Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers
Preemptive or reactive military action
Increased intelligence and surveillance activities
Preemptive humanitarian activities
More permissive interrogation and detention policies
Official acceptance of torture as a valid tool

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CSS Essay | War on Terrorism is Contributing towards Growing Abuse of Human Rights (CSS 2015)

CSS Essay on War on Terrorism is Contributing towards Growing Abuse of Human Rights

War on Terrorism is contributing towards Growing Abuse of Human Rights (CSS 2015)

Essay outline: war on terrorism is contributing towards growing abuse of human rights.

1. Introduction 2. War on Terrorism 3. What are Human Rights? 4. War on terrorism and abuses of human rights (i) Violation of Political and social rights (a) Loss of life (b) Arbitrary Detention (c) Extraordinary Rendition (d) Denial of right to Petition (e) Repressive laws (f) Suppression of Freedom of Expression (g) Discriminations (h) Invasion of Privacy (i) Sexual Assault (ii) Education Case of Iraq (iii) Demolition of social infrastructure 5. Violations of human rights in Pakistan 6. Is there an alternate to the WOT? 7. Role of Civil Society and Media 8. Recommendations 9. Conclusion

What have been the costs of war on terrorism in human and economic terms? How has the war changed the social and political landscape of the countries where the war has been waged? What is the long term economic effect of the war likely to be? What have been the public health consequences of the war? Were and are there alternative less costly and more effective ways to prevent further terror attacks? How has and to what extent the war contributed to the abuse of human rights? These are some of the frequently asked questions that the war in the course of its continuity has raised in minds of every conscious person. The war that began in 2001 proved tremendously painful for millions of people across the world, especially in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan, and the United States. Each additional month and year of war adds to that toll. Moreover, the human costs of these conflicts will reverberate for years to come in each of the affected country. The war on terror, in fact proved a great misfortune on the lives of its victims. Civilians have been killed unjustly and tortured without any concrete reason. It is continued on a great pace and bringing more and more societies under its enervating influence. Without mitigating acts of terror and strengthening security, war on terrorism, in fact, is espousing fear and creating a sense of repression among certain quarters of the world. Evidently, behind the facade of war on terrorism, International law is widely being disregarded, oppositions are being repressed, not to talk of the humiliation that values and rights have suffered at the hands of imperial regimes. It is safe to assume that the commencing of the war on terrorism virtually resulted in the end of the sanctity attached to human rights.

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The War on Terrorism is not like any other kind of war. The enemy, Terrorism, is not a territorial state, nation, or government. There is no opposite number to negotiate with. There is no one on the other side to call with a truce or declare a ceasefire, no one among the enemy authorized to surrender The war is overseen by the United States and the United Kingdom and also receives much support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. The “War on Terror” officially began on October 7, 2001 and was spurred by the attack on the World Trade Center of the United States on September 11, 2001. The initial phase of the “War On Terror” was the war in Afghanistan. This resulted in the fall of the Taliban government as well as the destruction of the Al ‘Qaeda camps. The Iraq War began in 2003 and has resulted in the overthrow of the Baath Party government as well as the execution of Saddam Hussein, the nation’s former leader. The phrase “War on Terror” was initially used by President George W. Bush on 20th September 2001.The Bush administration and the Western media have since used the term to signify a global military, political, and conceptual struggle targeting both organizations designated as terrorist and regimes accused of supporting them.

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights All human rights are indivisible. Non-discrimination against sex, colour, race, and so on is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law

The “War on Terror” has led, in its wake, to grave human rights violations and, in response, to a growing volume of human rights litigation. Certain quarters allege that the “War on Terror” has been exploited by western governments to reduce civil liberties and take away basic human right thus the term “war” is not appropriately used in this context since there is no single and clearly outlined enemy.

War on terrorism come up with extensive violations of civil and political rights that still continue to occur in the world, with such incidents as demonstrations, shootings, torture, hostage-takings, killings and so on. Political participation and decision-making in the affected countries especially Iraq and Afghanistan remain seriously impaired by sectarian and insurgent violence, widespread corruption, and the influence of foreign powers.

The cost of war in terms of human lives has been increasingly grave and painful. A research conducted by Brown University’s Watson Institute for International Studies indicates that over 350,000 people have died due to direct war violence, and many more indirectly. It is expected that indirect deaths from the war, including those related to malnutrition, damaged health infrastructure, and environmental degradation would, if tallied, outnumber deaths from combat. Moreover, at the hands of all parties to the conflict, 220,000 civilians have been killed, and more are expected to die in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan as the violence continues. But most observers acknowledge that the number of civilians killed has been undercounted. The true number of civilians dead may be much larger when an adequate assessment is made.

One of the most notorious issue and certainly the one giving rise to the most voluminous litigation is the arbitrary detention. Since September 2001, the war on terrorism has been directly responsible for a broad array of serious human rights violations, including torture, enforced disappearances, arbitrary detention, and unfair trials. In many instances, one country or another carried out abuses in collaboration with other governments. The United States government has detained hundreds of thousand of people in the ten years since 9/11, both in “theatres of war” and around the world. Practices of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment have come to light in recent years with increasing regularity, as epitomized by the scandals such as of Abu Gharaib or Baghram. In Iraq, over 100,000 prisoners have passed through the American-run detention system, with prisoners not having any effective way to challenge their detention. Hidden facilities continue to be identified and do not comply with International Red Cross requests for site visits. In Afghanistan, in the first three years of the war, the U.S. detained 50,000 people, holding up to 11,000 at one time during the peak of the insurgency in March 2004. Many reports have emerged of additional “black jails” in Afghanistan, where detainees were secretly held without the International Red Cross oversight required by the Geneva Conventions. Afghani prisoners have reportedly had no access to lawyers and have been unable to challenge the basis for their imprisonment.

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Perhaps, the most insidious, is the move from illegality to extra-legality (extraordinary rendition), the practice of removing individuals from the protection of law altogether, epitomized by disappearance and rendition, that have been the subject of various litigation initiatives. To the contempt of a prisoner’s rights, the United States has secretly stolen away suspects to other CIA-run hidden “black site” prisons or passed them to foreign countries with more lax human rights standards to be interrogated via the seizure process known as “extraordinary rendition.” Published data suggests facilities have been located in more than 28 countries. The U.S. government has never released the numbers of persons subjected to extraordinary rendition. Along with US, many other countries are also involved in this heinous crime against civil liberties.

The prisoners of war on terrorism have largely been denied of the right to petition and fair trial. Significant numbers of detainees in Afghanistan and Iraq, later, have been found innocent. However, their unjust detention and mistreatment has helped to foment desperation towards the universal acknowledgement of human rights. Suspected terrorists who are captured by the US Army are being sent to exile where nobody knows their whereabouts be it the person’s family or the victim government. These civilians are tortured and detained on mere remorse coming from some secret organizations of the US. Sometimes, most of the civilians remain behind bars in the US prisons for the rest of their life without being trialed in any court of competent jurisdiction. Under the United State Act and Human Right Act, everyone has the right to be judged, trialed and have access to a lawyer, but unfortunately, that is not the case here.

Some governments adopted abusive practices in response to direct US pressure. Most notably, the US encouraged a number of countries to pass draconian counterterrorism laws, often laws that expand police powers, reduce due process guarantees, and set out vague and overbroad definitions of terrorism. Many governments latched onto the Bush administration’s “war on terror” arguments to justify their own abuses, particularly the notion that defeating terrorism trumps any countervailing human rights obligations.

Repressive governments, always seeking rhetorical cover for their violations, were quick to adopt the language of counterterrorism to help shield their abuses from critical scrutiny. In Egypt, for example, the Hosni Mubarak government specifically cited the “war on terrorism” and new security laws passed in the United States and elsewhere to justify the 2003 renewal of long-standing emergency powers.

The enjoyment of the rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly has long been partial, and often perilous, for war critics across the world. The war on terrorism has accelerated markedly the squeeze on the exercise of these rights. Independent NGOs, critical media outlets and public protesters across the globe have all borne the brunt of an assault on fundamental freedoms that has been fuelled and “justified” by an increasingly aggressive propaganda drive to depict curtailing of the rights as necessary steps to end terrorism. Several restrictions were imposed by many governments on the name of public security that substantially contributed to limit the rights to freedom of expression and association, the presumption of innocence, freedom of movement, the right to privacy, and the right to leave and return to one’s country. Police officers are given broad discretion without procedural safeguards to fine people who show a “lack of respect” towards them. Government authorities rather than courts have been empowered to impose fines for numerous public order offences (violation of the right to assemble), risking fair trial guarantees. The war on terrorism, hence, led to serious backward steps for freedom of expression and assembly.

Consequent upon war on terrorism is the emergence of unprincipled discriminations between nationals and non-national, among people of different races, ethnicities and genderو as illustrated by the widespread alleged justification of arbitrary detention of the non-nationals in US. This Disparate treatment raises complex issues concerning the human right to non-discrimination. Differential treatment on the basis of nationality, national origin, ‘race’ or religion is only compatible with the right to non-discrimination if there are objective and reasonable grounds for it. However, in the context of the current ‘war on terror’, there are no sufficient justifications for applying powers of preventive detention or trial by special tribunal only to foreign nationals. It is evident through law enforcement methods or immigration policies that people are singled out for special scrutiny based on their national origin, or their ethnic or religious appearance. In the long term, these discriminatory anti-terrorism measures will have impacts beyond their original scope and fundamentally reshape ordinary legal regimes and law enforcement methods.

After the massive terrorist attacks against The World Trade Center, many Muslims and Arab Americans have been persecuted. Muslim men have been characterized as dangerous, violent and highly suspect within the popular imaginary and much of Western media, which has lead to sanctioning of civil human rights violations, largely through detainment, deportation, and surveillance. In fact, the Muslim/Arab communities in the West are feeling the retaliation for something they are not remotely responsible for just because they are of a certain ethnic group.

One of the most condemnable violations, ironically, justified by the war on terrorism, is the massive invasion of privacy by the intelligence agencies. The USA categorically back this violation as a necessary step to access personal details in order to build profiles of terror suspects by data mining. Governments across the world are already collecting and sharing much of information related to personal domain of an individual through bilateral and multilateral agreements covering passenger name records, visa applications and border surveillance systems, among others. Modern intelligence access often involves intrusive methods of surveillance and investigation that are certainly at the expense of some aspects of privacy rights.

Of all the untold mysteries, sexual assault on women and men forms the darkest secrets related to the war on terrorism. Despite not being a traditional armed conflict, sexual violence has been rampant in the global war on terror. Whether in Guantanamo Bay’s detention centre or in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, sexual violence was often used as a tool of torture in interrogation. In Guantanamo Bay’s detention centre, it was reported that female interrogators used sexual torture to break Muslim prisoners into “confessing”. There were several reports and testimonies of released prisoners which reveal that sexual violence and sexual humiliation were used as interrogatory tactics in the detention centres. A former US soldier, Saar, who served at Guantanamo Bay also confirmed the use of sexual torture to coerce and interrogate prisoners. The testimony of a detainee, Jumah Al Dossari to Amnesty International explains that he was “interrogated hundreds of times, beaten, tortured with broken glass, barbed wire, burning cigarettes, and sexual assaults.” A series of photographs that have been kept from public viewing for good reason speak volumes of the kind of violence that prevailed in the prison. Some of these photos reveal an American soldier raping a female prisoner, while some photos show instances of interrogators sexually assaulting prisoners with all kinds of objects including things like a truncheon, wire and a phosphorescent tube. Plenty of instances of rape of female inmates at the hands of soldiers transpired, admitted to having happened even by senior officials of the US.

There have been reports pointing out the cases when Women and girls were raped by soldiers or forced into prostitution. For a long time, the international community has failed to address the problem of sexual violence during armed conflict. However, sexual assaults, which often involve sexual mutilation, sexual humiliation, and forced pregnancy, are quite common. Trafficking of women increased markedly after the commencing o war. It is a form of sexual slavery in which women are transported across national borders and marketed for prostitution. These so-called “comfort women” are another example of institutionalized sexual violence against women during wartime. Sexual violence is also used to silence women who are politically active, or simply inflict terror upon the population at large.

The war on terrorism harmed the educational systems in different ways, resulting at one hand, in the complete degradation of the Iraqi and Syrian education system and, at other hand, substantial damages to the educational institutes in Pakistan. In Afghanistan, where, earlier too, there was no established educational infrastructure, however, war on terrorism also failed to facilitate learning process.

Prior to the war on terrorism, Iraq possessed at its disposal, an appreciable level of educational facilities. Currently, however, its educational system has nearly collapsed. Its universities have lost the prestige that they have been enjoying in the Middle East. In the early years of Saddam Hussein’s regime, the education system in Iraq was well resourced, globally connected, secular and open to women. University education was free and literacy levels rose from 52 percent in 1977 to 80 percent in 1987. However, soon, consequent upon Iraq War, arrived the near collapse of Iraq’s educational system that was the result of the culmination of a process of decline that war on terrorism set in pace. After the U.S. invaded Iraq, museums and university libraries were looted and many of their cultural artefacts and documents destroyed. Iraqi universities were stripped clean not only of cultural artefacts like books but also of the basic infrastructural items. Equally desperate is the fact that the war led to the removal of half the intellectual leadership in academia regardless of whether or not they truly believed in the Baath party (Saddam’s Hussein’s party). Many professors were kidnapped and assassinated during the violence that followed the US invasion. While the exact number of academics killed is difficult to determine, estimates by journalists range between 160 and 380 by 2006. Female students have meanwhile become targets of threats and intimidation by fundamentalist militia groups. In just a decade, Iraq’s universities, reputedly among the best in the Islamic world, were effectively destroyed.

Demolition of social infrastructure like schools, hospitals, electricity and more is also a major factor. Due to “War on Terror”, the victim countries social infrastructures are destroyed whereby it prevents their civilians from enjoying government benefit. According to a 2013 recent publication by Reuters, more than a fifth of Syria’s schools have been destroyed or made unusable in more than two years of conflict, jeopardizing the education of 2.5 million young people. Hitherto, due to demolition of social infrastructure like hospitals, civilians do not get access to shelter and healthcare which makes them become very sick and malnourished. Access to healthcare remains very limited, with 15% of the population without access to even the most basic healthcare services. In areas where fighting continues, militants lack respect for the neutrality of healthcare facilities, making attending these facilities dangerous. Additionally, the “War on Terror” forces citizens to move out of their country due to the dilapidated state of the countries building after the shootings and bombings. Since they have no place to stay and can’t get access to food and safety, the situation compiles them to migrate to other neighbouring countries hence becoming refugees in other to survive

Pakistan has been the front line ally of the US in war against terrorism. With the decision of Pakistan to eliminate terrorism of all forms and hues, there resulted a dramatic escalation of the conflict between militant insurgents and Pakistan’s government. It is difficult to know how many have died in Pakistan since 2001 due to the violence and how many of those are civilians. Most of the fighting is concentrated in the Northwest, near the border with Afghanistan, but the bloodshed not infrequently affects civilians throughout Pakistan. Sectarian conflict targeting the country’s minority Shiites population has been on the rise in recent years.

At least 52,000 Pakistanis (combatant and non-combatant) have been killed since 2004 and more than 50,000 have been injured during that period by the various parties to the conflict. This does not include the likely deaths of tens of thousands more combatants — both insurgents and Pakistani government forces. The US began its semi-covert campaign of drone strikes in 2004 to kill Al Qaeda and Taliban forces based in Northern Pakistan. These strikes have killed about 3,000 people, including many civilians, as of March 2014. The arguments about how many of the dead are civilians are nearly as intense as the disputes about the legality of the strikes. Many legal scholars regard them as clear violations of international law.

The burden of war is also evident in the number of Pakistanis who are both internally displaced and who have sought refuge in other countries. Although the exact numbers are difficult to determine, millions of Pakistanis have been pushed from their homes in the last several years.

While acknowledging all the grave consequences of war on terrorism, question emerges, ‘Is there then an alternate to war on terrorism?’ In fact, War both as a response and as a strategy to eliminate terrorism is by no means flawless. While confronting an enemy that transcends borders and does not recognize any define grounds, war at all is not an option. A research conducted by Rand Corporation made systematic examination and comparison of 268 groups using terror tactics in the period from 1968 to 2006. It showed that several approaches have been much more effective than military responses at eliminating future attacks. They include criminal justice responses and attempts to address the well-being concerns of both combatants and the broader populace that might support them. The study found that 40 percent of the 268 groups were eliminated through ‘intelligence and policing’ methods; 43 percent ended their violence as a result of ‘peaceful political accommodation’; 10 percent ceased their violent activity because they had achieved their objectives (“victory”) by ‘violence’; and only 7 percent were defeated ‘militarily’.

Military responses have often created more extensive violent response and terrorism against the civilian population caught between two opposing forces. The wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan have served as an effective recruiting device for new terrorists. For example, contrary to the US government’s rationale that invading Iraq would prevent the country from becoming a safe haven for terrorists, the country has instead become a laboratory in which militant groups have been able to hone their techniques of propaganda, recruitment, and violence against the most highly trained military in the world. The number of terrorist attacks in Iraq rose precipitously following the 2003 invasion and has not returned to its pre-war level.

In addition, wars often create the conditions for additional violent conflicts over the new resources and new political alignments created by an initial invasion or occupation. The civil wars and criminal violence that erupted in both Iraq and Afghanistan are examples of this phenomenon.

Civil societies and media must work for the rights of victims of terrorism and other violence by armed groups, supporting them in their struggle for truth, justice and reparation. They should expose and oppose unlawful detentions carried out in the name of national security or countering terrorism. Moreover, as thousands of people are still going ‘disappeared therefore, media and civil society in this regard have an obligation to run campaign to probe and recover the disappeared persons and for an end to enforced disappearances. Civil societies must continue to demand respect for the absolute prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment. During their struggle to liberate civil rights they should, however, know, that the global legacy of the past years may not be quick to disappear and the example of abuses committed by states through the world, especially by U. S, will not be easily forgotten. Therefore, the struggle against human rights violation must continue, at one hand, at a consistent and steady pace and at other hand, should cover all consequent aspects of the war.

All states must respect human rights in any action they take in the name of national security or countering terrorism. By closing all arbitrary detention centres, shutting down agencies run-prisons, and condemning rather than justifying torture, the government administrations can make enormous strides. Not only should the governments reform their own practices, they should also remedy their impacts on the affected peoples. Constitutional amendments and ordinances that led towards the tightening of the law should be repealed and brought in conformity with the constitution and ensure that these do not violate fundamental rights. Instead of proclaiming repressive laws in the entire country, the governments should invoke emergency powers (nearly in all countries, constitution enshrine emergency powers to the governments) at a limited scale to suspend fundamental rights in selected areas troubled with the conflicts. While countering terrorism, respect should be paid to the universally acknowledged principle that all people are equal before the law. Every person has the right to either be charged and fairly tried, or be released, and not tortured or abused.

All directly-involved governments especially US have a duty to take a fresh look at creating truth commissions in their respective countries that could provide a comprehensive view of the policies and practices behind abuses and the connections across institutions, as well as the human and political consequences of policies and actions. In addition to investigating and determining the facts and holding the architects of these abuses to account, the victims of such serious rights violations should be provided redress.

Since US declaration to wage a war against terrorism, it has substantially been contributing towards the loss of civil liberties. From the rugged mountains of Afghanistan to the fluvial plains of Syria, and from the settled areas of Pakistan to the volatile regions of Iraq, the war in its wake has led countless humans dead. It is continued on a great pace and bringing more and more societies under its enervating influence. Without mitigating acts of terror and strengthening security, war on terrorism, in fact, is espousing fear and creating a sense of repression among certain quarters of the world. Evidently, behind the facade of war on terrorism, International law is widely being disregarded; oppositions are being repressed, not to talk of the humiliation that values and rights have suffered at the hands of imperial regimes. Now, when the war has reached this dark end, it is now or never for all the stake holders to stop and pour over the utility of the war. Evidently, it is nothing short of flaws. It has wreaked so great a havoc that its effects may not disappear quickly. There is a need to protect and promote human rights and every one’s right related to social, civic and political spectrum must be protected.

“We must remember that any oppression, any injustice, any hatred is a wedge designed to attack our civilization” (Franklin D. Roosevelt)

“Injustice any where is a threat to justice everywhere” (Martin Luther King Jr.)

“Only the dead has seen the end of war” (Plato)

About the author

Shahzad Faisal Malik is the administrator of CSSTimes.pk and is responsible for managing the content, design, and overall direction of the blog. He has a strong background in Competitive Exams and is passionate and sharing information with others. Shahzad Faisal Malik has worked as a Graphic Designer/Content Creator at CSSTimes in the past. In his free time, Shahzad Faisal Malik enjoys watching Cricket, writing blogs for different websites and is always on the lookout for new and interesting content to share with the readers of this website. As the website administrator, Shahzad Faisal Malik is dedicated to providing high-quality content and fostering a welcoming and engaging community for readers. He looks forward to connecting with readers and hearing their thoughts and feedback on the website.

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Outline:

I. introduction.

A. Definition of terrorism

B. Brief overview of terrorism in Pakistan

C. Thesis statement

II. Historical Context of Terrorism in Pakistan

A. Origins of terrorism in the region

B. Major historical events contributing to terrorism

C. Evolution of terrorist groups and tactics

III. Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan

A. Socio-economic factors

B. Political instability and governance issues

C. Religious extremism and sectarianism

D. External influences and geopolitical factors

IV. Types of Terrorism in Pakistan

A. Domestic terrorism

B. Sectarian violence

C. Insurgency in border regions

D. State-sponsored terrorism allegations

V. Impact of Terrorism in Pakistan

A. Human casualties and displacement

B. Economic repercussions

C. Social and psychological effects

D. Impact on international relations and security

VI. Counterterrorism Efforts in Pakistan

A. Military operations against terrorist groups

B. Intelligence and surveillance measures

C. Counter-extremism policies and initiatives

D. International cooperation and support

VII. Challenges in Combating Terrorism in Pakistan

A. Complexity of the terrorist threat landscape

B. Internal divisions and political obstacles

C. Role of non-state actors and external support

D. Balancing security measures with human rights concerns

VIII. Case Studies of Major Terrorist Incidents in Pakistan

A. Examples of significant terrorist attacks

B. Responses and aftermath of selected incidents

IX. Future Prospects and Recommendations

A. Emerging trends and potential threats

B. Strategies for addressing root causes of terrorism

C. Enhancing counterterrorism capabilities and cooperation

D. Conclusion and final recommendations

Essay: Terrorism in Pakistan

Introduction.

Terrorism, characterized by acts of violence and intimidation to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals, has plagued Pakistan for decades. From domestic insurgencies to sectarian violence and international terrorism, Pakistan has been a battleground for various extremist groups. This essay provides an in-depth analysis of terrorism in Pakistan, examining its historical roots, underlying causes, diverse manifestations, and ongoing efforts to combat it.

Historical Context of Terrorism in Pakistan

Pakistan’s history of terrorism can be traced back to its origins as a nation-state in 1947. The partition of British India led to communal violence and displacement, laying the groundwork for sectarian tensions and identity-based conflicts. Over the years, Pakistan has witnessed the rise of various terrorist groups, including militant factions involved in the Afghan-Soviet war, sectarian outfits targeting religious minorities, and separatist movements in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces.

Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan

Several factors contribute to the prevalence of terrorism in Pakistan. Socio-economic disparities, poverty, and lack of development opportunities exacerbate grievances and provide fertile ground for recruitment by extremist groups. Political instability, corruption, and governance failures weaken state institutions and undermine efforts to address security challenges. Religious extremism and sectarianism fueled by radical ideologies further exacerbate tensions and violence, leading to a cycle of radicalization and conflict. Additionally, external influences, including regional geopolitics and the Afghan conflict, contribute to Pakistan’s security challenges.

Types of Terrorism in Pakistan

Terrorism in Pakistan takes various forms, including domestic insurgencies, sectarian violence, and international terrorism. Domestic insurgencies, such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), target the Pakistani state and seek to establish Islamic law in the country. Sectarian violence between Sunni and Shia Muslim groups has claimed thousands of lives and destabilized communities. Insurgencies in border regions, particularly along the Afghan border, have fueled cross-border militancy and terrorism. Moreover, allegations of state-sponsored terrorism, including support for militant proxies, have further complicated Pakistan’s security landscape.

Impact of Terrorism in Pakistan

The impact of terrorism in Pakistan is profound and far-reaching. Human casualties, displacement, and trauma have devastated communities and disrupted daily life. Economic repercussions, including loss of investment, damage to infrastructure, and decline in tourism, have hindered Pakistan’s development prospects. Socially, terrorism has fostered fear, mistrust, and division, undermining social cohesion and stability. Internationally, Pakistan’s image has been tarnished by associations with terrorism, leading to strained relations with key allies and partners.

Counterterrorism Efforts in Pakistan

Pakistan has undertaken various counterterrorism measures to address the threat posed by extremist groups. Military operations, such as Operation Zarb-e-Azb and Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad, have targeted terrorist strongholds and dismantled insurgent networks. Intelligence and surveillance measures have been enhanced to disrupt terrorist plots and apprehend suspects. Additionally, counter-extremism policies and initiatives aim to promote tolerance, counter radicalization, and rehabilitate former militants. International cooperation, including support from the United States, China, and regional partners, has bolstered Pakistan’s counterterrorism capabilities.

Challenges in Combating Terrorism in Pakistan

Despite efforts to combat terrorism, Pakistan faces numerous challenges. The complexity of the terrorist threat landscape, including the presence of multiple militant groups with varying agendas, makes it difficult to eradicate terrorism entirely. Internal divisions, political obstacles, and corruption within state institutions hamper effective governance and counterterrorism efforts. The role of non-state actors and external support from neighboring countries further complicates Pakistan’s security dynamics. Balancing security measures with human rights concerns remains a challenge, raising questions about the legitimacy and efficacy of counterterrorism tactics.

Case Studies of Major Terrorist Incidents in Pakistan

Numerous major terrorist incidents have occurred in Pakistan, underscoring the severity of the threat and the resilience of extremist groups. From the attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar in 2014 to the bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad in 2008, these incidents have left a lasting impact on Pakistani society and highlighted the urgent need for robust counterterrorism measures.

Future Prospects and Recommendations

Looking ahead, Pakistan faces significant challenges in combating terrorism and maintaining security. Addressing the root causes of terrorism, including socio-economic disparities, political instability, and religious extremism, is essential to long-term peace and stability. Enhancing counterterrorism capabilities, promoting regional cooperation, and addressing grievances through inclusive governance and development initiatives are crucial steps towards mitigating the threat of terrorism in Pakistan.

In conclusion, terrorism remains a persistent threat to Pakistan’s security and stability, fueled by a combination of socio-economic, political , and ideological factors. While significant strides have been made in countering terrorism, challenges persist, requiring sustained efforts and international cooperation. By addressing root causes, strengthening institutions, and fostering inclusive governance, Pakistan can mitigate the threat of terrorism and build a more secure and prosperous future for its citizens.

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v.15(1); 2018 Feb

Terrorism in Pakistan: the psychosocial context and why it matters

Asad tamizuddin nizami.

1 Assistant Professor, Institute of Psychiatry, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; email moc.liamg@imazindasard

Tariq Mahmood Hassan

2 Assistant Professor, Providence Care Mental Health Services, Kingston, Canada

Sadia Yasir

3 Consultant Psychiatrist, Shifa International Hospital, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan

Mowaddat Hussain Rana

4 Director General, Centre for Trauma Research and Psychosocial Interventions, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

Fareed Aslam Minhas

5 Head Institute of Psychiatry, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Terrorism is often construed as a well-thought-out, extreme form of violence to perceived injustices. The after effects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social determinants of the terrorist act. Since ‘9/11’ Pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and the war against it. This special paper helps to explain the psychosocial perspective of terrorism in Pakistan that leads to violent radicalisation. It identifies the terrorist acts in the background of Pakistan's history, current geopolitical and social scenario. The findings may also act as a guide on addressing this core issue.

Most nations are unable to reach a consensus on a legally binding definition of ‘terrorism.’ The term seems emotionally charged and, as such, governments have been devising their own definitions. So far the United Nations has been unable to devise an internationally agreed-upon definition of terrorism. Terrorism is suggested to be ‘the use of intimidation or fear for advancement of political objectives’ (Kruglanski & Fishman, 2006 ). Since the ‘9/11’ incident, Muslim countries in particular feel emotionally threatened with the word terrorism and perceive it as synonymous with the acts of terror carried out by so-called Muslim extremist groups. This is further complemented in the media by the unjust linking of such horrendous terror attacks to Islamic Jihad.

Terrorism has brought an enormous burden on South Asian countries through the adverse impacts on their social, economic, political and physical infrastructure. Pakistan has suffered particularly excessively from the social, economic and human costs due to terrorism (Daraz et al , 2012 ). Surprisingly, Pakistan is portrayed as being on the front line in the international war against terrorism and at the same time has been wrongly labelled as a sponsor of international terrorism. Terrorism in Pakistan is a multidimensional phenomenon and, among many precipitating factors, the psychosocial factors play an important role. This paper attempts to address what we believe are significant psychosocial determinants to terrorism in Pakistan.

Historical developments

Pakistan is a Muslim majority nation in South East Asia with India to its east, Iran and Afghanistan to its west, China and the landlocked Asian countries to its north and the Arabian Sea to its south. Pakistan gained independence from British colonial rule in 1947 and is the only Muslim country with nuclear weapons – a nuclear device was detonated in 1998 – and is thus part of the informally named ‘nuclear club.’ Pakistan is a federation of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Balochistan), a capital territory (Islamabad) and a group of federally administered tribal areas in the north west, along with the disputed area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Pakistan is the world's sixth most populous country with an average population density of 229 people per km 2 (World Bank indicators; http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/urban-population-growth-annual-percent-wb-data.html ). Since independence in 1947, Pakistan has been challenged not only by the trauma inflicted by its colonial occupiers but also by the mass murder of people migrating to the ‘new’ country. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed, looted, raped or burnt alive. At the same time, the stability of this fledgling country was significantly hampered by the lack of resources. Just a few years later, due to political instability and separatist movements and terrorism, the east wing of the country was separated from Pakistan; this paved the way to the creation of a new country, Bangladesh, in 1971 (Wadhwani, 2011 ).

The Soviet–Afghan war, which began in 1979, provided a breeding ground for terrorism in the region. A fundamental change was witnessed that altered the very character of the existing Pakistani society. Withdrawal of the Soviets revealed a Pakistani society that had been forced into one of violence and weaponisation, plaguing Pakistan with so-called ‘Kalashnikov culture’ and ‘Talibanisation’ (Wadhwani, 2011 ).

Pakistan's social landscape has for the most part been plagued with illiteracy, disease, insecurity and injustice. Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan has been intricately linked with the many facets of the ‘war on terrorism.’ Some argue that Pakistan is a breeding ground for terrorist outfits, but it is certain that all of this havoc has resulted in the significant loss of innocent lives as well as loss of economic revenue. These fragile conditions provide a fertile ground for terrorism to grow.

Psychological influence

The act of carrying out terrorist activity does not come from a single moment of inspiration but rather from a complex process of cognitive accommodation and assimilation over accumulating steps. It is wrongly reductionist to label the terrorists as mad or psychopaths (Atran, 2003 ; Horgan, 2008 ). Terrorists’ motivation may involve a deep, underlying quest for personal meaning and significance. Several analyses of such motives have appeared in recent years. There are differences in these analyses regarding the type and variety of motivational factors identified as critical to terrorism. Some authors identified a singular motivation as crucial; others listed a ‘cocktail’ of motives (Sageman, 2004 ; Bloom, 2005 ).

The socioeconomic adversity combined with political challenges were bound to have a detrimental impact on the psyche of the average Pakistani. A terrorist adopts a dichotomous way of identifying their victims, the black-and-white thought that ‘I am good’ and ‘you are evil,’ with no intermediary shades of grey. This thinking leaves no doubt in their minds and they find it easier to kill their opponents with little or no sense of remorse or guilt.

The unmanned army drone strikes killed and maimed thousands of innocent civilians in poor and difficult to access regions of Pakistan. This infuriated people, leading them to take up arms against the perceived aggressors. This triggering of the relatives of the deceased to engage in such activity is the culture of revenge in Pakistan, which unfortunately can last for generations.

Self-sacrifice and martyrdom has been explicitly used in almost all religions and is aggressively exploited by terrorist outfits who groom suicide bombers using the ideology of Islamist martyrdom (Atran, 2003 ). Some have argued that suicide bombers may actually be clinically suicidal and attempting to escape personal impasse (Lankford, 2013 ). In grooming young impressionable adolescents, extremist organisations brainwash these adolescents into believing that the ultimate self-sacrifice by suicide bombing will elevate their stature in the eyes of God and send them straight to heaven. This is associated with massive financial compensations to the deceased family. Terrorist organisations in Pakistan, through this process of brainwashing, have been able to convert young impressionable Muslim adolescents into a ‘suicide bomber in six weeks’ (Nizami et al , 2014 ). In the current scenario of the existing war on terror, this complex process of recruiting young adolescents as suicide bombers seems irreversible.

The contribution of the religious schools

In the West, Madrassas (Islamic religious schools) have gained a reputation of being a sinister influence on young impressionable Muslims. These institutions are not completely regulated and can vary from a single room to large institutions offering schooling and boarding to hundreds of students at a time. A survey of just over 50 000 households in Pakistan found that children in Urdu-medium government schools and madrassas were from poorer households than those in English-medium private schools. The primary reason for parents to send their children to madrassas as opposed to mainstream schools was that these institutions provided a good Islamic education. The second most common reason was that the madrassa provided education that is low in cost along with the provision of food and clothing (Cockcroft et al , 2009 ).

Another survey indicated that in Pakistan only a minority of the religious schools promoted an extremist view of Islam (Bano, 2007 ). An interrogation of 79 terrorists involved in anti-Western attacks found that very few had attended a madrassa. This suggests that terrorist groups may selectively recruit better qualified people for technically demanding tasks (Bergen & Pandey, 2006 ). However, the religious seminaries have been implicated as playing the role of recruitment centres for the suicide bombers (Nizami et al , 2014 ).

In an effort to break this incorrect perception the Darul Uloom Deoband, the largest Islamic seminary in the world, hosted an anti-terrorist conference in 2008. This was attended by 6000 Imams declaring that ‘Islam is a religion of mercy for all humanity. Islam sternly condemns all kinds of oppression, violence and terrorism. It has regarded oppression, mischief, rioting and murder among sins and crimes’ (Press Trust of India, 2008 ). However, it is yet to be ascertained how many religious schools in Pakistan adopted this school of thought. With the revolution in the world of information technology, experts agree that the internet played an important role in the radicalisation and self-recruitment process into terrorist groups. Messages and videos on jihadi websites target the ‘soft spots’ of potential recruits and inflame their imagination (Kruglanski & Fishman, 2009 ).

The link between terrorism and mental disorder

With both mental disorder and terrorism in Pakistan being highly prevalent, it would be a fair assumption that the two may have a causal relationship. Walter Laqueur wrote that ‘all terrorists believe in conspiracies by the powerful, hostile forces and suffer from some form of delusion and persecution mania… The element of… madness plays an important role in terrorism’ (Silke, 2003 ).

However, apart from certain pathological cases, a causal connection between an individual's mental disorder and engagement in terrorist activity could not be established (Daraz et al , 2012 ). However, there can be a connection between an individual engaging in terrorist activity and developing a mental disorder as mental disorders worsen in stress, anxiety and depression.

The adverse impacts of terrorism lead the masses towards anomie and create the tendency towards suicide and mental illnesses (Daraz et al , 2012 ). Poor health, depressive symptoms, risky behaviours in young adults, personality variables, social inequalities, criminality, social networks and international foreign policy have all been proposed to be influential drivers for grievances that lead to radicalisation and terrorism (La Free & Ackerman, 2009 ).

It may well be that individuals with mild depression would be a better target for gradual psychological moulding. Female suicide bombers who are predominantly motivated by revenge as opposed to their male counterparts may have some degree of clinical depression (Jacques & Taylor, 2008 ). Personality traits are useless as predictors for understanding why people become terrorists. However, personality traits and environmental conditions are the contributing factors for terrorism (Horgan, 2008 ). There are protective and modifiable risk factors early on the path towards radicalisation. The benefits of early intervention have far reaching implications for preventing significant depressive symptoms, promoting wellbeing and perhaps social capital (Bhui et al , 2014 ).

By understanding, appreciating and addressing the psychosocial factors contributing to terrorism in Pakistan, one may find long-lasting solutions to the fall out on Pakistan's war against terror. This war has led to a loss of innocent human lives, compounded by the deep psychological scars for survivors which will undoubtedly persist for generations to come. An ongoing, concerted effort to gain peace and security in the region is essential and is the only way to counteract the revenge attacks and further brainwashing of young impressionable youths. These psychological determinants, however, are markedly different than terrorist activities in Western countries, where it seems that a different set of psychological rules apply.

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Sunday 8 October 2017

Terrorism english essay outline for css, pcs, nts and other tests.

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Essays by CSPs | Terrorism The Biggest Threat to Pakistan

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500+ words essay on terrorism essay.

Terrorism is an act, which aims to create fear among ordinary people by illegal means. It is a threat to humanity. It includes person or group spreading violence, riots, burglaries, rapes, kidnappings, fighting, bombings, etc. Terrorism is an act of cowardice. Also, terrorism has nothing to do with religion. A terrorist is only a terrorist, not a Hindu or a Muslim.

Types of Terrorism

Terrorism is of two kinds, one is political terrorism which creates panic on a large scale and another one is criminal terrorism which deals in kidnapping to take ransom money. Political terrorism is much more crucial than criminal terrorism because it is done by well-trained persons. It thus becomes difficult for law enforcing agencies to arrest them in time.

Terrorism spread at the national level as well as at international level. Regional terrorism is the most violent among all. Because the terrorists think that dying as a terrorist is sacred and holy, and thus they are willing to do anything. All these terrorist groups are made with different purposes.

Causes of Terrorism

There are some main causes of terrorism development or production of large quantities of machine guns, atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, nuclear weapons, missiles, etc. rapid population growth, Politics, Social, Economic problems, dissatisfaction of people with the country’s system, lack of education, corruption, racism, economic inequality, linguistic differences, all these are the major elements of terrorism, and terrorism flourishes after them. People use terrorism as a weapon to prove and justify their point of view. The riots among Hindus and Muslims are the most famous but there is a difference between caste and terrorism.

The Effects Of Terrorism

Terrorism spreads fear in people, people living in the country feel insecure because of terrorism. Due to terrorist attacks, millions of goods are destroyed, the lives of thousands of innocent people are lost, animals are also killed. Disbelief in humanity raises after seeing a terrorist activity, this gives birth to another terrorist. There exist different types of terrorism in different parts of the country and abroad.

Today, terrorism is not only the problem of India, but in our neighboring country also, and governments across the world are making a lot of effort to deal with it. Attack on world trade center on September 11, 2001, is considered the largest terrorist attack in the world. Osama bin Laden attacked the tallest building in the world’s most powerful country, causing millions of casualties and death of thousands of people.

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Terrorist Attacks in India

India has suffered several terrorist attacks which created fear among the public and caused huge destruction. Here are some of the major terrorist attacks that hit India in the last few years: 1991 – Punjab Killings, 1993 – Bombay Bomb Blasts, RSS Bombing in Chennai, 2000 – Church Bombing, Red Fort Terrorist Attack,2001- Indian Parliament Attack, 2002 – Mumbai Bus Bombing, Attack on Akshardham Temple, 2003 – Mumbai Bombing, 2004 – Dhemaji School Bombing in Assam,2005 – Delhi Bombings, Indian Institute of Science Shooting, 2006 – Varanasi Bombings, Mumbai Train Bombings, Malegaon Bombings, 2007 – Samjhauta Express Bombings, Mecca Masjid Bombing, Hyderabad Bombing, Ajmer Dargah Bombing, 2008 – Jaipur Bombings, Bangalore Serial Blasts, Ahmedabad Bombings, Delhi Bombings, Mumbai Attacks, 2010 – Pune Bombing, Varanasi Bombing.

The recent ones include 2011 – Mumbai Bombing, Delhi Bombing, 2012 – Pune Bombing, 2013 – Hyderabad Blasts, Srinagar Attack, Bodh Gaya Bombings, Patna Bombings, 2014 – Chhattisgarh Attack, Jharkhand Blast, Chennai Train Bombing, Assam Violence, Church Street Bomb Blast, Bangalore, 2015 – Jammu Attack, Gurdaspur Attack, Pathankot Attack, 2016 – Uri Attack, Baramulla Attack, 2017 – Bhopal Ujjain Passenger Train Bombing, Amarnath Yatra Attack, 2018 Sukma Attack, 2019- Pulwama attack.

Agencies fighting Terrorism in India

Many police, intelligence and military organizations in India have formed special agencies to fight terrorism in the country. Major agencies which fight against terrorism in India are Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS), Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), National Investigation Agency (NIA).

Terrorism has become a global threat which needs to be controlled from the initial level. Terrorism cannot be controlled by the law enforcing agencies alone. The people in the world will also have to unite in order to face this growing threat of terrorism.

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We Still Haven’t Figured Out How to Beat ISIS

A long-exposure photo of crowds of people walking past a pile of bouquets of flowers.

By Christopher P. Costa and Colin P. Clarke

Mr. Costa was the special assistant to the president and senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council from 2017 to 2018. Mr. Clarke is the director of research at the Soufan Group.

For all of the counterterrorism wins that the United States has had in its fight against the Islamic State — and there have been many — we still have not figured out how to defeat it.

A terrorist attack targeting a concert hall in the Russian capital of Moscow on March 22 killed more than 130 people and left many others severely wounded. It served as the latest deadly reminder that the Islamic State — and particularly its Khorasan branch, ISIS-K, which is active in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan — remains a potent threat. It’s a painful lesson Afghans and Americans alike learned in August 2021, when ISIS-K conducted a complex suicide operation that killed at least 170 Afghan civilians and 13 American service members in Kabul, in the midst of a chaotic U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan.

Since the start of the new year, ISIS-K has launched lethal assaults in Iran and Turkey . Several ISIS-K plots in Europe have been disrupted , with arrests in Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands. On Tuesday, four days after the Moscow attack, the ISIS-affiliated al-Battar Media published a message threatening Italy, France, Spain and Britain: “Who’s next?” Both France and Italy have since raised their terror threat levels.

All of these events point to what we now know: Stripping the Islamic State of its self-proclaimed caliphate is not the same as beating it. At its peak, the caliphate was as large as the territory of Britain, stretching from the Levant to Southeast Asia, and boasted over 40,000 foreign fighters from more than 80 countries. Forced from this redoubt, ISIS has reconstituted itself in other countries, going underground in less detectable — but more dangerous — forms.

To stop that threat from reaching America and its allies, the United States must prevent two decades of counterterrorism expertise from atrophying. There are other serious threats that deserve Washington’s attention, including Chinese adventurism and the challenge of artificial intelligence. But to keep Americans safe, counterterrorism must remain a strategic priority — and that includes finding a way to keep eyes on the Islamic State in parts of the world where we no longer have a footprint.

After the terrorist attacks by Al Qaeda of Sept. 11, 2001, the American public was told to brace itself, that the war on terror would be a generational one. The United States made some profound blunders in the decades-long fight that followed, and eventually, Washington turned its national security focus to different geopolitical threats . But neither of those facts obviated the need to remain committed to countering transnational terrorism. By pulling back troops and intelligence assets from active conflict zones, the United States has allowed groups like ISIS-K to rebound. It’s not the time to let up, or predictably, we will find ourselves facing a resurgent adversary.

The Islamic State is nothing if not resilient . Aggressive Western military campaigns helped dismantle the caliphate and have in recent years severely curtailed the operations of ISIS militants in other countries, including the Philippines and Syria. Rather than disappear, they have gone on to rebrand, enlist new fighters under the same banner and plot new attacks. Some have reappeared in other countries, better trained and harder to find and protect against. Some are intent on committing acts of terrorism like those we’re witnessing now, traveling across borders to infiltrate target countries.

How did a jihadist group operating from a remote region of Afghanistan manage to expand its networks and begin planning external operations with such global reach?

Part of the answer is that we left. Before the United States withdrew, ISIS-K was far more constrained, particularly its ability to launch external attacks. In a 2020 agreement between the United States and the Taliban signed in Doha, Qatar, the Taliban agreed to prevent terrorist groups from using Afghan soil to threaten the United States and its allies. In return, Washington agreed to fully withdraw its forces from the country. The stipulation to prevent terrorist groups from using Afghanistan as an operating base was primarily relevant to the Taliban’s longstanding, cozy relationship with Al Qaeda. The Taliban and ISIS-K, on the other hand, are mortal enemies and have been fighting each other since ISIS-K started operating in the country in 2015, at the apex of the Islamic State’s so-called caliphate.

So while the Taliban, once in power, may have intended to combat ISIS-K and keep its militants in check, its success has been mixed at best. Taliban fighters were highly effective insurgents but are proving to be far less effective in their still new counterinsurgent and counterterrorist role. They have made modest progress in eliminating ISIS-K commanders and reclaiming some territory from the group, but Islamic State militants still operate along Afghanistan’s borders — and still retain the capacity for spectacular attacks.

Precisely because the Taliban has enjoyed some success in limiting ISIS-K’s attacks within Afghanistan, the group has deliberately focused its energy on an “ internationalization ” agenda, including shifting resources to build a robust external attack network. ISIS-K now maintains a vast network of extremists it can tap into, spread across volatile regions such as the Caucasus and Central Asia. Thousands of Central Asians have joined the Islamic State, with many Uzbeks and Tajiks holding leadership positions, especially in ISIS-K. Militants from Central Asia now form the backbone of ISIS-K’s external operations cadre. “In the past year, the Afghan affiliate has planned 21 external plots or attacks in nine countries, compared to eight plots or attacks in the previous year and just three between 2018 and March 2022,” notes a report by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Put simply: The Taliban is unable to contain the ISIS-K threat alone. The time has probably passed for trying to unseat the Taliban by discreetly supporting Afghan opposition groups like the Panjshiris of the National Resistance Front , who oppose Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Now it’s time for diplomacy. Washington and its allies could engage the Qataris or the Saudis to provide incentives for the Taliban to ramp up their pressure on ISIS-K, share intelligence and, perhaps in time, walk away from their past pledge to unconditionally support Al Qaeda and provide the group with safe haven. Maybe the Taliban has learned from Mullah Omar’s fateful refusal to hand Osama bin Laden over to the United States after the Sept. 11 attacks. Maybe not.

Either way, it’s unrealistic to expect the Taliban to be a reliable counterterrorism partner in an international effort to defeat ISIS-K. But some level of cooperation, however unappealing, is necessary. The human intelligence so critical in counterterrorism can only be gathered on the ground. With no American footprint left in the country, our counterterrorism interests would be better served with intelligence derived from Taliban security and intelligence operations directed against ISIS-K — a mutual enemy. The cooperation should remain limited to information sharing and should not extend to training or the provision of equipment.

Intelligence history is replete with examples of marriages of convenience between intelligence services for sharing threat information, even between adversarial countries. Although a “ shadow war ” has played out between Iran and the United States for decades, the United States still reportedly shared threat warnings on an impending terrorist attack with the Iranians in January. Washington did the same with Moscow two weeks before the ISIS-K attack on the concert hall.

Of course, coming to any kind of agreement with the Taliban is a deeply complicated and controversial endeavor. Even a highly restricted relationship with the Taliban would be distasteful and fraught with ethical dilemmas, given the regime’s human rights record.

But it’s been considered before . And the alternative is worse: a devastating attack directed at Americans overseas or at home.

Christopher P. Costa was a career intelligence officer and was the special assistant to the president and senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council from 2017 to 2018. Colin P. Clarke is the director of research at the Soufan Group, an intelligence and security consulting firm based in New York City.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

Islamophobia: Causes and Consequences | Essay for CSS, PMS

April 8, 2022
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CSS Solved Essays | Islamophobia: Causes and Consequences

The essay is attempted by Dr Aimeen Mehmood on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches to his students, who have consistently been qualifying their CSS, and PMS essays. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns.

Introduction

Islamophobia has emerged as the most threatened phenomenon in recent years.
Anti-Islamic laws and Muslim massacres and discriminations are the norms, threatening international peace.
The shattered Muslim community and insensitive media are the most significant factors causing Islamophobia.
The collective efforts of the Muslim world and regulated media are the need of the hour to tackle the bulwark.

Understanding the term “Islamophobia.”

Negative behaviour, including hostility, violence, rejection, exclusion, and discrimination toward Islam and Muslims
Fear against Islam, Muslims, and their sacred customs

Current Situation of Islamophobia

Ongoing hijab controversy
Ever rising Anti-Muslim campaigns for Political gains
Persecuting and Alleging Muslims for hate crimes
Profaning and vandalizing mosques regularly

Consequences of Islamophobia

Social Consequences

Intensifying attacks on Muslims and their Holy places
Deteriorating international Peace and Harmony

Political Consequences

Validating anti-Muslim laws and policies
Threatening the global democracy

Economic Consequences

Exploiting Muslim World in the international market
Discriminating immigrated Muslims in career opportunities

Causes of Islamophobia

Lack of unity among the Muslim countries
Lack of direct interaction between the Muslim world and the Western World
Misinterpretation of the Core of Islam
The misconception of Jihad and its limitations
The vested interest of Political Parties
Biased role of International media-Information Warfare

Suggestions to tackle Islamophobia

To unite Muslim Ummah to tackle anti-Islamic Ideology
To Increase direct contact of the Western World with Muslim countries
To clarify the proper understanding of Islam
To organize awareness campaigns to elucidate the role and limitations of Jihad
To call out Islamophobic political moves for vested interests via International laws
To ensure the positive and unbiased participation of media and social networks
To secure the effective role of international organizations mainly OIC, in fighting stereotypes

Critical Analysis Conclusion

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One of the most contentious phenomena impacting the Muslim world in recent years is none other than Islamophobia. From rhetoric violence to brutal murders, Muslims worldwide are facing the challenges of social, political, religious, and cultural discrimination at different levels of society due to unfounded hostility toward Islam. Recent insights from several European countries affirm the inevitable consequences of Islamophobia on Muslims. For instance, laws and policies have been introduced in France, Belgium, and India, banning Hijab and religious minarets’ construction. However, although Europe is considered a bastion of Islamophobic racism, the sight of racism amongst Muslims and racist policies pedalled by Muslim governments are equally responsible for exaggerating the anti-Muslim hysteria. Moreover, the Muslim civil society has always been reluctant to engage adequately with wider society in fighting extremism and injustices across the board and to address the reprehensible actions and rhetoric of extremists within the community. The other reasons behind the pervasive anti-Muslim ideology that notably surged after the events of 9th September 2011- are the clash of civilizations, poor understanding of Islam, information warfare, the vested interest of the political groups, and the outsized influence of the extremist media. Nonetheless, the bulwark of Islamophobia can be shattered with collective foresighted efforts through media, international peace organizations- mainly the Organization of Islamic Community- and awareness campaigns. The following essay deals with the causes, consequences, and possible remedial measures to tackle the issue of Islamophobia.

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Commonly referred to as Islamophobia, the term is not without debate, as clearly discussion abounds concerning its origins and definition. The term was first coined in the late 90s to draw attention to harmful rhetoric and actions directed at Islam and Muslims in Western liberal democracies. In literal meaning, Islamophobia is the hatred for Islam. However, the twelfth observatory report of the Organization of Islamic Council explains Islamophobia as “A fear, or more precisely, an excessive fear, against Islam, against Muslims, as well as against anything associated with the religion, such as Mosques, Islamic Centers, Holy Qur’an, Hijabs, etc.” Thus, Islamophobia, in general, is a phenomenon that deals with negative behaviour, including hostility, violence, rejection, exclusion, and discrimination towards Islam and Muslims.

Currently, Muslims worldwide are witnessing massacres, killings, discrimination, hate speech, and the destruction of mosques and Islamic centres. Recent reports are heaped with such incidences. In India, for instance, a girl is harassed for wearing a hijab to the education institution. In France, a mosque is profaned or vandalized every three weeks. In Britain, a Muslim is punched and called a terrorist in front of her petrified daughter. In the Netherlands, the fascist Geert Wilder’s party wins many seats to sign an alliance with the anti-Islamic liberals. Sweden Democrats party chairman Jimmie Akesson warns Islam is “Our biggest foreign threat since World War Two.” In Poland, the mainstream media and some politicians aggressively attack the small community of Muslims, depicting them as the new folk devil. The list goes on, but, to put it briefly, extremist activities toward Muslims are rising continuously, and they continue to haunt Muslims throughout the world.

Socially, the increasing Islamophobia has threatened Muslims’ lives and the religious places-mosques-. The extremists use soft targets to manifest their hatred for Islam. From the legitimized destruction of the Babri Masjid in India to the terrorist mass shootings at Christchurch mosque in New Zealand, Muslims are being oppressed, targeted, and subjugated worldwide. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the number of anti-Muslim hate crime incidents has increased to 257 yearly. Further, more than one-fourth of American Muslims surveyed by several public opinion polls reveal personal experiences of Islamophobia or know someone who has experienced it. The killing of Muslims on such a huge level without any apprehension of being punished has destroyed the peaceful living of immigrants and Muslim students in the West. Moreover, they are also facing restrictions in practising religion. And all those who condemn the anti-Islamic moves are declared radicals and are frequently challenged and criticized, and their status as victims is denied. Therefore, the anti-Islamic prejudice has not only instilled a sense of fear and Xenophobia toward Muslims and the Muslims towards the West but also deteriorated international peace and harmony.

Furthermore, many countries like France, Belgium, and India have declared Islam legally a false religion and legalized anti-Muslim activities in their states. For personal political gains, world leaders like Donald Trump- the former US president, Netanyahu- The former Israel Prime Minister, and Emmanuel Macron- the French President, have initiated political campaigns to portray Muslims as a threat to society and ban the religious symbols of Islam. According to the Organization of Islamic Council (OIC) report, more than Ten European States have banned the freedom of exercising Islam as a religion, practising Hijab in public places, and constructing minarets in mosques. Additionally, the ever-rising legal policies against Muslims by the world democratic powers are a question of their own promulgated norms of their governments. To cut it short, Islamophobia is causing existential threats to the Muslims living under Anti-Muslim leaders and hindering the evolution of democracy across the world.

Besides social and political discrimination, Islamophobia is also posing the challenges of economic discrimination against Muslims around the world. The Muslims living in European countries are forced to emigrate from their long remained hometowns as Islamophobia rises. They are not provided opportunities for jobs and business. They have no place in the governmental departments. Above all, they are not allowed to run street ventures on local grounds. Olivier Esteves, a professor of British Studies at the University of Lille and a researcher, says, “People who wear visible signs of religious belonging, such as a beard or hijab (headscarf), often find it impossible to access the job market in France.” Thus, more than eighty per cent of the Muslims in the western states- most of them are well-educated- cannot find jobs and resultantly suffer from a high level of unemployment rate because they have Muslim-sounding names. The discrimination is not limited at Intra states markets. Still, it expands to the international Markets where the Muslim countries are looked down upon and kept from trade opportunities and even the free market business. Thus, Islamophobia is disturbing the economic status of the Muslim World despite being rich in natural and young human resources.

Since the phenomenon of Islamophobia comes with dreadful impacts at the global level, it has originated overnight. There are multiple factors responsible for the widespread anti-Islamic attitude of the world. Predominantly, the lack of unity among the Muslim states is the most significant cause responsible for the exaggerated Islamophobia in the world. After the 9/11 attacks, when the Western world initially targeted Muslims, no Muslim country has come forward to clear the status of Islam and Muslims before international forums. Instead, they have been busy fueling or settling internal disputes. For instance, both Iran and Saudi Arabia always have aggressive policies against each other, and one has always been busy suppressing the other and vice versa. Additionally, as many Muslim countries believe in having been supported by the west in one way or another, they hesitate to interact with the western world, particularly on the issue of Islamophobia. Consequently, the issue is not addressed on serious grounds at any international peace conference or platform, and the opinion of the Islamic world remains sidelined. Although the UNGA has passed the resolution to counter Muslim hatred, how far is it going to implement is still a question mark as no previous resolution of the United Nations against Muslim massacres is known to have been implemented in any region of the world.

Another critical factor responsible for aggravating Islamophobia is the misinterpretation of Islam as a way of life. Since most British nationals and the general public are unaware of the true nature of Islam, they are brainwashed by Islam’s enemy mindsets. For instance, Shahram Hadian- an Iranian-born pastor who converted from Islam to Christianity- tried to inculcate his point in the youth against Islam with statistics and scripture. Further, the world is unaware of the Islamic teachings of Jihad, its need, and its limitations. As a result, the ignorant non-Muslims are made to believe Islam is an extremist religion that exhorts its followers to kill humanity. Additionally, some terrorist attacks by the So-called Islamists have added fuel to the fire. Hence, Islam is the religion of peace and kindness, and it does not allow harming a single person on the land, which has been buried under widespread misconceptions.

Together with Muslims’ disunity and misinterpreted concepts of Islam, the vested interests of the politicians both in the Islamic and Western world have aggravated the prevalence of Islamophobia in the world. The anti-Muslim campaigns are run for political gains. Recent studies show that Islamophobic attacks and hatred in Western countries are relatively higher near the elections. For instance, Muslims have increasingly been portrayed as a threat to French society under Emmanuel Macron’s presidency. Likewise, the Muslim world- Particularly Turkey- following the footsteps of the West is, known to be involved in anti-Muslim politics to prove itself a secular state. World leaders have been exploiting Islam to strengthen their position in liberal Politics. According to Esteves- a British researcher, “It is dog-whistle politics to talk about Muslims without sounding Islamophobic.” Thus, if the world politics on Islam remains to be continued, it would be the biggest hurdle in alleviating the threat of Islamophobia from the minds of the general public too.

Above all, the biased role of international media has contributed the most to instilling Islamophobic perception. The world is living in the age of information warfare, where particular events are aggravated. Recent history is full of events when the media highlighted Islamophobic incidents to spread hate for the Muslim Community. Any bearded man responsible for any suspicious activity is regarded as a terrorist attack. Contrarily, the violent acts performed by non-Muslims are justified as a mishap. To put it briefly, if the media had been unbiased in publishing news regarding all attacks post 9/11, the idea of Islamophobia would have been diminished by now.

Nonetheless, Islamophobia can be tackled by foresighted steps to alleviate anti-Semitism- hatred towards Jews- and Hispanophobia- hatred toward Spanish. First and foremost, the Muslim ummah needs to be united on the cause of Islamophobia. Since unity is the prerequisite for developing relations and enhancing cooperation among nations, the Muslim world should gather at a common point to address the world against Anti-Islamic Ideology so that Islam enemies should apprehend before initiating any hatred move toward Muslims. Within the community, the Muslim countries are also to foster a balanced neutral environment, eliminating Westernphobia. Second, there needs to be more direct interaction between the Muslim World and the Western world to remove misconceptions.

Third, the world is to know the true meaning of Islam as the religion of peace, happiness, and kindness. For this purpose, more awareness campaigns and peace talks are to be conducted at the international level, particularly in the Western countries where Islamophobia is the most prevalent. Moreover, Muslims living in the Western world is to manifest true kindness based on the teachings of Islam in their everyday activities. It can not only change the attitude of the world towards Muslims but also transform the perception of Islam in the minds of the general public. Fourth, seminars need to be held to clarify the concept of Jihad in Islam. Finally, the world needs to be explained that Islam does not exhort its followers to initiate any kind of war. As it is clearly depicted in the Holy Quran [2:190], “You may fight in the cause of GOD against those who attack you but do not aggress. GOD does not love the aggressors.”

Fifth, international peace organizations like United Nations are to call out insensitive hyper-nationalist groups that are using Islamophobia to win their vested interests. Although the UN has passed a resolution against Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim hatred urging tolerance and neutrality, the organization has not made any strict laws against anti-Islamic politics. Thus, Laws against Islamophobic moves are the need of the hour if the bulwark of Islamophobia needs to be dealt with. Sixth, the positive and unbiased participation of the media can do wonders in building the positive approach of Islam in the minds of the international public. Through the constructive discussions and social activities in the screen era, Islam hatred could be alleviated from the world in no time.

Last but not least, the Organization of Islamic Council (OIC) – the collective voice of the Muslim world to ensure and safeguard their interest in economic socio and political areas- with its power of fifty-two countries, need to play its role efficiently. It should develop an international Islamic channel where all Muslim countries- keeping their grudges behind- should cooperate to stand firm against Islamophobia. That is the only way to eliminate the Islamopbhobic ideology and protect the rights of Muslims across the world.

Critically, despite the centuries’ worth of glorious Muslim contribution to Europe’s culture, art, innovation, science, and philosophy, Islam in the west is portrayed as an evil, extremist, and violent religion whose disciples tend to spread harm to the followers of other’s religions. And the trend is continuously increasing even in the highly democratic world of the twentieth century. It has demolished the status of the Muslim community and deteriorated the peace of the world. Therefore, it is high time the threat needs to be taken seriously or it would- if allowed to spread unabated- leave none unaffected.

In a nutshell, the rising tide of Islamophobia has led the world towards social, cultural, and religious turmoil, posing an existential threat to global peace and harmony. It is an indisputable fact that far from it being an abstract intellectual exercise, Islamophobia is a reality today. Its manifestation is in the rampant attacks on Muslims in the West at different levels of society. However, along with the Western discriminative framework, the Muslim community is equally responsible for the prevailing Islamophobia worldwide. As it is clearly stated in the Holy Quran [13:11], “God does not change the condition of a people until they change their inner selves” Therefore, the Muslim community, through international organizations- like OIC, need to play its role in tackling the anti-Muslim threats so that the real picture of Islam could be manifested, the global peace could be restored.

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Terrorism essay
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Terrorism Essay for Students and Teacher
500+ Words Essay on Terrorism Essay. Terrorism is an act, which aims to create fear among ordinary people by illegal means. It is a threat to humanity. It includes person or group spreading violence, riots, burglaries, rapes, kidnappings, fighting, bombings, etc. Terrorism is an act of cowardice. Also, terrorism has nothing to do with religion.
Terrorism and its Perception Shaped by the Mass Media
1- Introduction. Terrorism is the use of violence for political, religious, or ideological purposes, and mass media is a diverse array of platforms that reaches a large audience, shaping their opinion and attitude, having a complex and multifaceted relationship between both. The extensive media coverage of every terrorist incident is displayed ...
Terrorism Essay
This is outstanding essay for outstanding students. 1000 Words Terrorism Essay. Terrorism Essay is very much important from Examination Point of View. Download this Essay in PDF form at the bottom of Page. You can also write this essay when you are asked to write about Terrorism in India, Bangladesh or anywhere in World etc. Terrorism Essay
Opinion
Mr. Clarke is the director of research at the Soufan Group. For all of the counterterrorism wins that the United States has had in its fight against the Islamic State — and there have been many ...
Artificial intelligence: Its Merits and Demerits
CSS, PMS Essays | Artificial intelligence: Its Merits and Demerits | Best for CSS, PMS Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, and Essay Papers. The essay is attempted by Iqra Ali on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches to his students, who have consistently been qualifying their CSS, PMS essays. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan's top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and ...
Islamophobia: Causes and Consequences
The essay is attempted by Dr Aimeen Mehmood on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches to his students, who have consistently been qualifying their CSS, and PMS essays. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan's top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students.

Essay on “Terrorism” for CSS, PMS, and All Judiciary Examinations

Essay on “Terrorism”

Differences between Terrorism and Insurgency

Goals and Motivations of Terrorists

Types of Terrorist Incidents

Kidnappings and Hostage-Takings

Armed Attacks and Assassinations

Arsons and Firebombings

Other Types of Terrorist Incidents

Types of Terrorism

Civil Disorders

Political Terrorism

Non-Political Terrorism

Quasi-Terrorism

Limited Political Terrorism

Official or State Terrorism

Responses to terrorism

Specific types of responses include

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CSS Essay | War on Terrorism is Contributing towards Growing Abuse of Human Rights (CSS 2015)

War on Terrorism is contributing towards Growing Abuse of Human Rights (CSS 2015)

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Outline:

II. Historical Context of Terrorism in Pakistan

III. Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan

IV. Types of Terrorism in Pakistan

V. Impact of Terrorism in Pakistan

VI. Counterterrorism Efforts in Pakistan

VII. Challenges in Combating Terrorism in Pakistan

VIII. Case Studies of Major Terrorist Incidents in Pakistan

IX. Future Prospects and Recommendations

Essay: Terrorism in Pakistan

Historical Context of Terrorism in Pakistan

Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan

Types of Terrorism in Pakistan

Impact of Terrorism in Pakistan

Counterterrorism Efforts in Pakistan

Challenges in Combating Terrorism in Pakistan

Case Studies of Major Terrorist Incidents in Pakistan

Future Prospects and Recommendations

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