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Free Biology notes, exams for form 1, 2, 3 and 4 (KCSE Materials)

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BIOLOGY NOTES

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Biology Paper 2 Question and Answers - KCSE 2020 Past Papers

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THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 231/2 BIOLOGY Paper 2 (THEORY)

Instructions to Candidates

• This paper consists of two sections; A and B.
• Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided.
• In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
• This paper consists of 12 printed pages.
• Candidates should answer the questions in English. For Examiner's Use Only

SECTION A (40 marks) Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.

• State the main nitrogenous waste product of the organism in photograph E. ( 1 mark)
• Give a reason for your answer in a(i) above. (1 mark)
• State why the organism in photograph E is usually found on top of rock surfaces even during hot, sunny days. (b) mark)
• Which of the two organisms would have a higher biomass if both were left in their natural ecosystem.(1 mark)
• Give a reason for your answer in c(i). (1 mark)
• With reference to observable features, explain why the organism in photograph F is usually found in a wider range of habitats.(3 marks)
• Name the syndrome the individual could be suffering from. (1 mark) (a)
• Explain how the syndrome occurs. (4 marks) .
• State how the chemical, colchicine induces polyploidy in plants.(1 mark)
• State one advantage of polyploidy in wheat farming(2 marks)
• 6°C; (3 marks)
• 33°C. (3 marks)
• State two internal factors that affect seed germination( 2 marks)
• Name the eye defect the student was suffering from( 1 mark).
• Explain why the student could not clearly identify his colleague yet could read the book. (3 marks)
• Using a diagram, illustrate how the defect can be corrected.( 3 marks)
• Name the vitamin whose deficiency in the diet results in poor vision.( 1 mark)
• Blood entering the lungs; (2 marks)
• Blood leaving the lungs. (2 marks)
• Name the blood vessel through which blood enters the lungs. (1 mark)
•  Explain why most athletes prefer training from high altitude areas. (3 marks

SECTION B (40 marks) Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7or & in the spaces provided after question 8.

• Plot a graph of ticks against time ( 6 marks)
• 0 and 8 months;(3 marks)
• 10 and 14 months. (3 marks)
• From the graph, determine the average number of ticks after spraying the animals for five months. (1 mark)
• If the animals were allowed to graze in an open field, construct a food chain with five organisms in which ticks are secondary consumers. (4 marks)
• State three methods by which the average number of ticks per animal could have been estimated. (3 marks)
• Explain the role of the liver in blood sugar regulation. (3 marks)
• Describe how human blood is adapted to its function. (17 marks)
• Explain how the presence of chloroplasts in guard cells affect the opening of stomata. (5 marks)
• Describe how various environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis. (15 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (40 marks) Answer  all  questions in this section in the spaces provided.

• Uric acid requires little water to eliminate/ removal of uric acid conserves water/ it's less toxic, poisonous
• It is an octotherm/ poikilotherm/ exotherm
• Occupies lower trophic level/ biomass/ energy decreases up the trophic level
• organism F is eaten by E
• Dorsal-ventrally flattened thus able to penetrate crevices for food & safety
• Has wings to fly
• Antennae for sensory purposes
• Exoskeleton for protection/ water conservation
• Legs for movement
• Klinefeller's syndrome( ignore spelling)
• Prevents spindle formation during cell division leading to cells with extra chromosome.
• Drought/ pest/ disease resistant
• High yields
• Early maturity
• No germination due to low temperature, inactivating enzymes
• Percentage germination highest as temp was most favourable/ enzymes worked their best/ optimum
• Growth hormones
• Myopia/Short(near)-sightedness - reject Short(near)-sighted
• Long eyeball, resulting in rays from colleague (12m away) being focused at point in front of retina. Light rays on book focused on retina

• Blood entering lungs has lower concentration of O 2 and higher concentration of CO 2  since most O 2  has been used up in respiration, yielding more CO 2
• Blood leaving lungs has lower CO 2 levels and higher O 2 levels since it has been purified. volume of nitrogen remains unchanged as it isn't used up during respiration.
• Pulmonary artery
• High altitude areas have low oxygen concentration, thus the body produces more red blood cells, increasing amount of oxygen carried around the body for respiration, making athletes more energetic.

SECTION B (40 marks) Answer  question 6 (compulsory)  and either question 7or & in the spaces provided after question 8.

• Decrease number of ticks due to the chemical killing them / ticks not yet adapted/ developed resistance
• Increased number of ticks due to increased resistance
• 28 ± 2
• Grass → Animal → Tick → bird → Vulture ( mark for producer - grass, tick, energy flow, five organisms)
• Mapping various parts of the animals body
• Physical counting
• Sampling the animals
• When blood glucose is high, insulin hormone is produced by pancreas, stimulating liver cells to  convert excess glucose to glycogen [ some glucose to fat]. When blood glucose is low, pancreas secretes the glucagon hormone, stimulating the liver to convert glycogen/ fats to glucose.
• Plasma is the fluid part of blood consisting of dissolved and undissolved substances. The plasma acts as a medium in which various substances are transported in the body. It acts as a medium for various metabolic reactions and plays a role in thermo-regulation/ heat distribution.
• Platelets contain proteins that help in blood clotting( thromboplastin/ thrombokinase), preventing excessive blood loss/ anaemia and also entry of pathogens into the blood stream.
• White blood cells have an irregular/ amoebid shape and protect the body against attacks by pathogens by engulfing them and releasing antibodies against the pathogens. They are numerous and act as the body's defense mechanism.
• Red blood cell are biconcave in shape to increase surface area for difussion of gases/ squeezing through blood capillaries. They lack nuclei to allow for more haemoglobin packing. Haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen and are numerous to increase surface area for oxygen transport through out the body.They have anyhydrase enzyme for loading and offloading CO 2
• Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis. During the day, photosynthesis takes place. Glucose is manufactured , and being osmotically active, it increases the internal concentration of guard cells, making them turgid and bulge outward, opening the stomata.
• ( starch interconversion theory)- Chloroplasts are sites for photosynthesis. When photosynthesis takes place, Co 2  concentration goes up and the pH of the guard cells rise, favouring the conversion of starch to glucose then being osmotically active, it increases the internal concentration of guard cells, making them turgid and bulge outward, opening the stomata.
• Carbon (IV) oxide concentration - being a raw material for photosynthesis, increase in CO 2  levels leads to an increased rate of photosynthesis up to a given optimum beyond where the rate remains the same due to other limiting factors.
• Light intensity/ quality of light - it provides the energy required for photosynthesis/ photolysis. Increase in light intensity increases rate of photosynthesis up to an optimum point, beyond which rate remains the same due to other limiting factors
• Temperature - Low temperatures make enzymes inactive, reducing rate of photosynthesis, as temperature increases, rate of photosynthesis increases up to an optimum. High temperatures beyond optimum denatures enzymes, reducing rate of photosynthesis.
• Water - is a raw material for photosynthesis. It influences the opening and closing of stomata, affecting diffusion of  CO 2 in the leaves.

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BIOLOGY ESSAYS FOR EASY REVISION. 1(a

Describe the digestion of a starchy meal along the human alimentary canal. S (13 mks) Answer-Starch in food is first broken down in the mouth by action of teeth/ chewing; This increases the surface area exposed enzyme action; saliva contains salivary amylase which breaks down some starch to maltose; saliva has a slightly alkaline pH which is optimum for the enzyme; The food moves down to the oespophagus and stomach; where the acidic pH, due presence of dilute Hcl, prevents further action of salivary amylase; In the duodenum, pancreatic amylase continues digestion of starch to maltose; Pancreatic amylase is produced in the pancrease; and enters the duodenum through pancreatic ducts; the acidic chyme is neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate in bile/ pancreatic juice; Maltose digestion continues in the ileum; whose walls secrete succus entericus/ intestinal juice; which contains enzyme maltase; which breaks down maltose to glucose; (Max 13 marks) (b) Describe the process of urea formation. (7marks) answer Excess amino acids / proteins; are transported to the liver 2. (a) Describe how gaseous exchange occurs in terrestrial plants. (13 marks) Answer Gaseous exchange takes place in a spongy mesophyl During the day air diffuses into large air spaces of spongy mesophyll; through stomata; the Carbon (IV) Oxide in the air diffuses into Photosynthetic cells; in solution form; during photosynthesis Carbon (iv) Oxide is used while oxygen is produced. Oxygen diffuses out of the leaf; through stomata; During the night; air diffuses into the air spaces (of spongy mesophyll), the air dissolves into film of moisture; then oxygen diffuses into the cells; and is used in respiration during which carbon (iv) oxide is produced, the Carbon (iv) Oxide diffuses out of the leaf; through stomata; due to concentration/diffusion gradient; Gaseous exchange takes place through epidermis (of young leaves and stems); epidermis of the root carries out gaseous exchange with air in the soil; some plants have pneumatophores/breathing roots; in which gaseous exchange occurs through lenticels; (found in

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Absorption by Roots, Osmosis, and the Ascent of Sap • Roots and leaves are the main absorbing organs of the plant. ® Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil ® Leaves take in O 2 & CO 2 from the atmosphere • Reasons why plants need water: a) Turgidity-Cell sap in vacuoles lends rigidity to the plant b) Manufacture of food-Water is used as a raw material in photosynthesis along with CO 2 c) Translocation-Minerals absorbed by roots and carbohydrates prepared by leaves are transported in solution form d) Cooling of plant-When excess water is removed (by transpiration), the plant cools • Minerals and their Functions: a) Nitrogen-protein synthesis; growth b) Magnesium and iron-synthesis of chlorophyll c) Potassium-constituent of protoplasm; maintains osmotic balance in the cell; opening and closing of stomata d) Phosphorus-promotes nuclear and cell division e) Calcium-maintains the semi-permeability of the cell membrane f) Sulphur-constituent of amino acid (cysteine) g) Zinc-leaf formation • These minerals are taken in the form of ions/radicals; (Nitrogen absorbed as nitrates) • Functions of Roots: i. Fix the plant in soil ii. Absorb water and minerals from the soil iii. Conduct the absorbed substances through its tissues to the upper parts of plant • Adaptations of Roots: i. Branching nature-provides large surface area ii. Thin, freely permeable cell wall-allows movement of minerals in and out of cell by diffusion iii. Semi-permeable cell membrane-permits entry of water and restricts entry of salts by osmosis iv. Concentration of H 2 O in cell sap-in root hair is less than that of soil-helps in absorption of water by osmosis

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Biology Form 2 Questions and Answers End Term 1 Exam Free

Biology form two past paper questions with marking scheme.

1.   Identify the discipline of biology that deals with the following.

i)          The relationship between organisms and their environment.                          (1mk)

ii)         Study of development of living organisms.                                                        (1mk)

iii)        Study of body functions of living organisms.                                                     (1mk)

iv)        Specialization in the study of chemical changes in an organism.                    (1mk)

v)         Study of microscopic organisms.                                                                          (1mk)

2.   Name the organelles that are in abundance in:-

i)    White blood cells.                                                                                                          (1mk)

ii)   Skeletal muscles.                                                                                                                  (1mk)

iii)  Involved in osmoregulation in amoeba.                                                                    (1mk)

3.   (a) Distinguish between diffusion and active transport.                                               (2mks)

(b) State one role that is played by osmosis in:

            i) Plants.                                                                                                                                 (1mk)

             ii) Animals

4.   Classify the following organisms into their kingdoms                                                  (4mks)

            Organisms                                                                 Kingdom

          a) Maize,Beans                                              

          b) Mushrooms,Yeast                                    

          c) Protoza, algae                                            

          d) Bacteria                                                      

5.   The diagram below shows a specialized cell from a human being.

i. Identify the cell.                                                                                                                (1mrk)

ii. Name the parts labelled A,B, and C.                                                                            (3mrks)

                        A:.

                        B:.

                        C:.

iii State the functions of the part labeled D.                                                                     (1mrk)

6.   Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow.

Solution A                                                                                  

                                                                                                      Solution B

                                                                                                      Sugar Molecule

i. What physiological process was being investigated                                                   (1mk)

ii. Which solution has higher concentration of free water molecules?                        (1mrk)

iii. Which solution is more concentrated?                                                                        (1mk)

iv. In which direction will osmosis take place? Indicate using the arrow.                (1mk)

v. What does semi-permeable membrane represent in an animal cell                       (1mk)

vi. Name three processes in living organisms that depend on osmosis.                    (3mks)

7.   The table below shows the concentration of some ions in pond water and in the cells sap of an aquatic plant growing in the pond.

a)         Name the processes by which the following ions could have been taken up by this plant.                                                                                                                          (2mks)

            i)          Sodium ions

ii)        Potassium ions

b) For each processes named in (a) (i) and (ii) above, state one condition necessary for the process to take place.                                                                                                          (2mks)

(i)       

(ii)      

8.   a) What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature?                                                 (1mk)

            .

            b)         Give two reasons why classification is important                                              (2mks)

9.   16. The diameter field of view of a light microscopic is 3.5mm. Plant cells lying of the diameter are 10. Determine the size of one cell microns (1mm = 1000µm)                 (2mks)

10. Define the following terms in relation to a cell                                                               (3mks)

            a)         Isotonic solution

            b)         Hypotonic solution

            c)         Hypertonic solution           

11. Explain why plant cells do not burst when immersed in distilled water.                  (1mk)

12. State the role of light in the process of photosynthesis.                                                 (2mks)

13. Name one product of dark reaction in Photosynthesis                                                   (1mk)

14. Explain why the following procedures are important when testing a leaf for starch. (3mks)

(a)  Boiling the leaf in the water

(b) Boiling the leaf in methylated spirit

(c)  Dipping the leaf in hot water after boiling it in alcohol or methylated spirit

15. State three importance of nutrition in living organisms.                                               (3mks)

16. Differentiate between plants and animals in terms of the following characteristics. (2mks)

(i)        Gaseous exchange

(ii)       Nutrition

17. Two fresh potato cylinders at equal lengths were placed one in distilled water and the other in concentrated sucrose solution.

(a)  Account for the change of the length of the cylinder in:

(i)        Distilled water                                                                                                          (1mk)

(ii)       Sucrose solution                                                                                                       (1mk)

(b) (i) What would be the result in term of length if a boiled potato was used?             (1mk)

(ii)Explain your answer in (b)(i) above.                                                                           (1mk)

18. The diagram below shows apparatus used in biological study. 

(a)           Name the apparatus.                                                                                               (1mk)

(b)          State its function.                                                                                                     (1mk)

19. Liver damage leads to impaired digestion of fats. Explain the statement.                 (1mk)

20. In an experiment, a leafy shoot was setup in a photometer and kept in a dark room for two hours. The set up was then transferred to a well lit room for two hours.

(a)  What was the aim of the experiment?                                                                              (1mk)

(b) Explain the results which would be expected in each of the two experiment conditions?                                                                                                                                                 (3mks)

21. Name two structures for gaseous exchange in aquatic plants.                                     (2mks)

22. The diagram below represents a model used to demonstrate breathing in mammals.

(a)      Name the mammalian structure represented by the parts labelled D and E.   (2mks)

(b)      What is the effect of contraction of the part labelled E during breathing in a                       mammal?                                                                                                                               (3mks)

23. The scientific name of a rat is RATTUS NORVEGICUS.

       (i) Write thr name correctly.                                                                                              (1mk)

       (ii) Identify the genus and species names.                                                                      (2mks)

e) State two roles of the red blood cells                                                                            (2mks)

24.       The diagram below shows circulation of blood in a mammal.

a) Name the type of circulation represented above                                                       (1mk)

b) Give reason for your answer                                                                                         (1mk)

c) Name  the blood vessel labeled A, B, C ,D                                                                   (4mks)

d) Name other two types of blood vessels beside capillaries                                       (2mks)

f) Name the three types of immunity                                                                               (3mks)

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Free Biology Essay Examples & Writing Tips

Don’t know what to write about in your essay on biology? Looking for good biology essay examples for inspiration? This article has all you need!

A biology essay is a type of academic paper that focuses on a particular topic of biology. It can discuss animal life, cycles in biology, or a botanic subject. You will need to demonstrate your critical thinking skills and provide relevant evidence to support your perspective.

On this page, you will find examples of biology essays. You will also find here tips and topics prepared by our experts . They can assist you in nailing your short or extended essay.

Areas of Research for Biology Essays

If you’ve been assigned to write a biology essay, you probably know which area of research you have to choose. However, it might be beneficial to explore other available scopes. It’s useful for both interdisciplinary study and the cases when you are free to pick your area of research. In this section, let’s figure out what you can study in biology.

Here are biological areas of research you should be familiar with:

• Cancer Biology studies this type of disease to prevent, detect, diagnose and cure it. The ultimate goal of such biologists is to eliminate cancer.
• Cell Biology is a branch that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. Here, biologists study healthy and sick cells to produce vaccines, medication, etc.
• Biochemistry is an application of chemistry to the study of biological processes on cell and molecular levels. It is a cross-discipline between chemistry and biology. The focus is on the chemical processes of living organisms.
• Computation Biology is a study of biological data that develops algorithms and models to understand biological systems. Here, scientists either work for institutions or research for private enterprises.
• Genetics is an area that focuses on the study of genes and genetic variations for health benefits. It looks at the way DNA affects certain diseases.
• Human Disease is an area within which scientists study different diseases. The field covers cancer, developmental disorders, disease genes, etc.
• Immunology is a branch of biology that focuses on immunity. Immunologists look at the way the body responds to viruses as a way to protect the organism.
• Microbiology studies all living organisms that are too small for our eye to see. It includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms.
• Neurobiology is the study of the nervous system. Biologists examine the way the brain works and look into brain illnesses.
• Stem Cell and Developmental Biology seeks to examine how the processes behind stem cell’s ability transform cells. The biologists in this area use the power of stem cells to model human illnesses.

Essay on Biology: Writing Tips

Want to know how to start a biology essay? Wondering about the best way to write your essay on biology? Then check out the following tips.

When you’re writing about biology, pay attention to the following features:

• Introduction . Just as in any other form of academic writing, the first section of your paper introduces the subject. Here, explain why your ideas are relevant to biology as a science.
• Thesis Statement. The final one or two sentences of the first paragraph should include your original hypothesis and experiment. You will be proving them in the main body. You do not have to include the results as the reader will encounter them later. If you’re struggling with this part, try our thesis generator .
• Main Body. In this part, write about all the experiments in detail. Often, teachers require to include visual aid to prove your point. For Zoology, Anatomy, Botany, it is pretty easy to find some photos and illustrations.
• Conclusion. Here, restate your thesis. Reemphasize the most critical aspects described in the main body. You can do it by using our summarizing tool . The goal of this last paragraph is to leave an everlasting impression on the reader.

Thank you for reading our article. We hope you found it helpful. Share it with your class peers who also study biology. Additionally, have a look at the biological essay examples below.

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