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Essay on Obesity

List of essays on obesity, essay on obesity – short essay (essay 1 – 150 words), essay on obesity (essay 2 – 250 words), essay on obesity – written in english (essay 3 – 300 words), essay on obesity – for school students (class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 standard) (essay 4 – 400 words), essay on obesity – for college students (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on obesity – with causes and treatment (essay 6 – 600 words), essay on obesity – for science students (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on obesity – long essay for medical students (essay 8 – 1000 words).

Obesity is a chronic health condition in which the body fat reaches abnormal level. Obesity occurs when we consume much more amount of food than our body really needs on a daily basis. In other words, when the intake of calories is greater than the calories we burn out, it gives rise to obesity.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school students (Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 Standard), college, science and medical students.

Introduction:

Obesity means being excessively fat. A person would be said to be obese if his or her body mass index is beyond 30. Such a person has a body fat rate that is disproportionate to his body mass.

Obesity and the Body Mass Index:

The body mass index is calculated considering the weight and height of a person. Thus, it is a scientific way of determining the appropriate weight of any person. When the body mass index of a person indicates that he or she is obese, it exposes the person to make health risk.

Stopping Obesity:

There are two major ways to get the body mass index of a person to a moderate rate. The first is to maintain a strict diet. The second is to engage in regular physical exercise. These two approaches are aimed at reducing the amount of fat in the body.

Conclusion:

Obesity can lead to sudden death, heart attack, diabetes and may unwanted illnesses. Stop it by making healthy choices.

Obesity has become a big concern for the youth of today’s generation. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which an individual gains excessive body fat. When the Body Mass Index (BMI) of a person is over 30, he/ she is termed as obese.

Obesity can be a genetic problem or a disorder that is caused due to unhealthy lifestyle habits of a person. Physical inactivity and the environment in which an individual lives, are also the factors that leads to obesity. It is also seen that when some individuals are in stress or depression, they start cultivating unhealthy eating habits which eventually leads to obesity. Medications like steroids is yet another reason for obesity.

Obesity has several serious health issues associated with it. Some of the impacts of obesity are diabetes, increase of cholesterol level, high blood pressure, etc. Social impacts of obesity includes loss of confidence in an individual, lowering of self-esteem, etc.

The risks of obesity needs to be prevented. This can be done by adopting healthy eating habits, doing some physical exercise regularly, avoiding stress, etc. Individuals should work on weight reduction in order to avoid obesity.

Obesity is indeed a health concern and needs to be prioritized. The management of obesity revolves around healthy eating habits and physical activity. Obesity, if not controlled in its initial stage can cause many severe health issues. So it is wiser to exercise daily and maintain a healthy lifestyle rather than being the victim of obesity.

Obesity can be defined as the clinical condition where accumulation of excessive fat takes place in the adipose tissue leading to worsening of health condition. Usually, the fat is deposited around the trunk and also the waist of the body or even around the periphery.

Obesity is actually a disease that has been spreading far and wide. It is preventable and certain measures are to be taken to curb it to a greater extend. Both in the developing and developed countries, obesity has been growing far and wide affecting the young and the old equally.

The alarming increase in obesity has resulted in stimulated death rate and health issues among the people. There are several methods adopted to lose weight and they include different diet types, physical activity and certain changes in the current lifestyle. Many of the companies are into minting money with the concept of inviting people to fight obesity.

In patients associated with increased risk factor related to obesity, there are certain drug therapies and other procedures adopted to lose weight. There are certain cost effective ways introduced by several companies to enable clinic-based weight loss programs.

Obesity can lead to premature death and even cause Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cardiovascular diseases have also become the part and parcel of obese people. It includes stroke, hypertension, gall bladder disease, coronary heart disease and even cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer and colon cancer. Other less severe arising due to obesity includes osteoarthritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and even infertility.

Hence, serious measures are to be taken to fight against this dreadful phenomenon that is spreading its wings far and wide. Giving proper education on benefits of staying fit and mindful eating is as important as curbing this issue. Utmost importance must be given to healthy eating habits right from the small age so that they follow the same until the end of their life.

Obesity is majorly a lifestyle disease attributed to the extra accumulation of fat in the body leading to negative health effects on a person. Ironically, although prevalent at a large scale in many countries, including India, it is one of the most neglect health problems. It is more often ignored even if told by the doctor that the person is obese. Only when people start acquiring other health issues such as heart disease, blood pressure or diabetes, they start taking the problem of obesity seriously.

Obesity Statistics in India:

As per a report, India happens to figure as the third country in the world with the most obese people. This should be a troubling fact for India. However, we are yet to see concrete measures being adopted by the people to remain fit.

Causes of Obesity:

Sedentary lifestyle, alcohol, junk food, medications and some diseases such as hypothyroidism are considered as the factors which lead to obesity. Even children seem to be glued to televisions, laptops and video games which have taken away the urge for physical activities from them. Adding to this, the consumption of junk food has further aggravated the growing problem of obesity in children.

In the case of adults, most of the professions of today make use of computers which again makes people sit for long hours in one place. Also, the hectic lifestyle of today makes it difficult for people to spare time for physical activities and people usually remain stressed most of the times. All this has contributed significantly to the rise of obesity in India.

Obesity and BMI:

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the measure which allows a person to calculate how to fit he or she is. In other words, the BMI tells you if you are obese or not. BMI is calculated by dividing the weight of a person in kg with the square of his / her height in metres. The number thus obtained is called the BMI. A BMI of less than 25 is considered optimal. However, if a person has a BMI over 30 he/she is termed as obese.

What is a matter of concern is that with growing urbanisation there has been a rapid increase of obese people in India? It is of utmost importance to consider this health issue a serious threat to the future of our country as a healthy body is important for a healthy soul. We should all be mindful of what we eat and what effect it has on our body. It is our utmost duty to educate not just ourselves but others as well about this serious health hazard.

Obesity can be defined as a condition (medical) that is the accumulation of body fat to an extent that the excess fat begins to have a lot of negative effects on the health of the individual. Obesity is determined by examining the body mass index (BMI) of the person. The BMI is gotten by dividing the weight of the person in kilogram by the height of the person squared.

When the BMI of a person is more than 30, the person is classified as being obese, when the BMI falls between 25 and 30, the person is said to be overweight. In a few countries in East Asia, lower values for the BMI are used. Obesity has been proven to influence the likelihood and risk of many conditions and disease, most especially diabetes of type 2, cardiovascular diseases, sleeplessness that is obstructive, depression, osteoarthritis and some cancer types.

In most cases, obesity is caused through a combination of genetic susceptibility, a lack of or inadequate physical activity, excessive intake of food. Some cases of obesity are primarily caused by mental disorder, medications, endocrine disorders or genes. There is no medical data to support the fact that people suffering from obesity eat very little but gain a lot of weight because of slower metabolism. It has been discovered that an obese person usually expends much more energy than other people as a result of the required energy that is needed to maintain a body mass that is increased.

It is very possible to prevent obesity with a combination of personal choices and social changes. The major treatments are exercising and a change in diet. We can improve the quality of our diet by reducing our consumption of foods that are energy-dense like those that are high in sugars or fat and by trying to increase our dietary fibre intake.

We can also accompany the appropriate diet with the use of medications to help in reducing appetite and decreasing the absorption of fat. If medication, exercise and diet are not yielding any positive results, surgery or gastric balloon can also be carried out to decrease the volume of the stomach and also reduce the intestines’ length which leads to the feel of the person get full early or a reduction in the ability to get and absorb different nutrients from a food.

Obesity is the leading cause of ill-health and death all over the world that is preventable. The rate of obesity in children and adults has drastically increased. In 2015, a whopping 12 percent of adults which is about 600 million and about 100 million children all around the world were found to be obese.

It has also been discovered that women are more obese than men. A lot of government and private institutions and bodies have stated that obesity is top of the list of the most difficult and serious problems of public health that we have in the world today. In the world we live today, there is a lot of stigmatisation of obese people.

We all know how troubling the problem of obesity truly is. It is mainly a form of a medical condition wherein the body tends to accumulate excessive fat which in turn has negative repercussions on the health of an individual.

Given the current lifestyle and dietary style, it has become more common than ever. More and more people are being diagnosed with obesity. Such is its prevalence that it has been termed as an epidemic in the USA. Those who suffer from obesity are at a much higher risk of diabetes, heart diseases and even cancer.

In order to gain a deeper understanding of obesity, it is important to learn what the key causes of obesity are. In a layman term, if your calorie consumption exceeds what you burn because of daily activities and exercises, it is likely to lead to obesity. It is caused over a prolonged period of time when your calorie intake keeps exceeding the calories burned.

Here are some of the key causes which are known to be the driving factors for obesity.

If your diet tends to be rich in fat and contains massive calorie intake, you are all set to suffer from obesity.

Sedentary Lifestyle:

With most people sticking to their desk jobs and living a sedentary lifestyle, the body tends to get obese easily.

Of course, the genetic framework has a lot to do with obesity. If your parents are obese, the chance of you being obese is quite high.

The weight which women gain during their pregnancy can be very hard to shed and this is often one of the top causes of obesity.

Sleep Cycle:

If you are not getting an adequate amount of sleep, it can have an impact on the hormones which might trigger hunger signals. Overall, these linked events tend to make you obese.

Hormonal Disorder:

There are several hormonal changes which are known to be direct causes of obesity. The imbalance of the thyroid stimulating hormone, for instance, is one of the key factors when it comes to obesity.

Now that we know the key causes, let us look at the possible ways by which you can handle it.

Treatment for Obesity:

As strange as it may sound, the treatment for obesity is really simple. All you need to do is follow the right diet and back it with an adequate amount of exercise. If you can succeed in doing so, it will give you the perfect head-start into your journey of getting in shape and bidding goodbye to obesity.

There are a lot of different kinds and styles of diet plans for obesity which are available. You can choose the one which you deem fit. We recommend not opting for crash dieting as it is known to have several repercussions and can make your body terribly weak.

The key here is to stick to a balanced diet which can help you retain the essential nutrients, minerals, and, vitamins and shed the unwanted fat and carbs.

Just like the diet, there are several workout plans for obesity which are available. It is upon you to find out which of the workout plan seems to be apt for you. Choose cardio exercises and dance routines like Zumba to shed the unwanted body weight. Yoga is yet another method to get rid of obesity.

So, follow a blend of these and you will be able to deal with the trouble of obesity in no time. We believe that following these tips will help you get rid of obesity and stay in shape.

Obesity and overweight is a top health concern in the world due to the impact it has on the lives of individuals. Obesity is defined as a condition in which an individual has excessive body fat and is measured using the body mass index (BMI) such that, when an individual’s BMI is above 30, he or she is termed obese. The BMI is calculated using body weight and height and it is different for all individuals.

Obesity has been determined as a risk factor for many diseases. It results from dietary habits, genetics, and lifestyle habits including physical inactivity. Obesity can be prevented so that individuals do not end up having serious complications and health problems. Chronic illnesses like diabetes, heart diseases and relate to obesity in terms of causes and complications.

Factors Influencing Obesity:

Obesity is not only as a result of lifestyle habits as most people put it. There are other important factors that influence obesity. Genetics is one of those factors. A person could be born with genes that predispose them to obesity and they will also have difficulty in losing weight because it is an inborn factor.

The environment also influences obesity because the diet is similar in certain environs. In certain environments, like school, the food available is fast foods and the chances of getting healthy foods is very low, leading to obesity. Also, physical inactivity is an environmental factor for obesity because some places have no fields or tracks where people can jog or maybe the place is very unsafe and people rarely go out to exercise.

Mental health affects the eating habits of individuals. There is a habit of stress eating when a person is depressed and it could result in overweight or obesity if the person remains unhealthy for long period of time.

The overall health of individuals also matter. If a person is unwell and is prescribed with steroids, they may end up being obese. Steroidal medications enable weight gain as a side effect.

Complications of Obesity:

Obesity is a health concern because its complications are severe. Significant social and health problems are experienced by obese people. Socially, they will be bullied and their self-esteem will be low as they will perceive themselves as unworthy.

Chronic illnesses like diabetes results from obesity. Diabetes type 2 has been directly linked to obesity. This condition involves the increased blood sugars in the body and body cells are not responding to insulin as they should. The insulin in the body could also be inadequate due to decreased production. High blood sugar concentrations result in symptoms like frequent hunger, thirst and urination. The symptoms of complicated stages of diabetes type 2 include loss of vision, renal failure and heart failure and eventually death. The importance of having a normal BMI is the ability of the body to control blood sugars.

Another complication is the heightened blood pressures. Obesity has been defined as excessive body fat. The body fat accumulates in blood vessels making them narrow. Narrow blood vessels cause the blood pressures to rise. Increased blood pressure causes the heart to start failing in its physiological functions. Heart failure is the end result in this condition of increased blood pressures.

There is a significant increase in cholesterol in blood of people who are obese. High blood cholesterol levels causes the deposition of fats in various parts of the body and organs. Deposition of fats in the heart and blood vessels result in heart diseases. There are other conditions that result from hypercholesterolemia.

Other chronic illnesses like cancer can also arise from obesity because inflammation of body cells and tissues occurs in order to store fats in obese people. This could result in abnormal growths and alteration of cell morphology. The abnormal growths could be cancerous.

Management of Obesity:

For the people at risk of developing obesity, prevention methods can be implemented. Prevention included a healthy diet and physical activity. The diet and physical activity patterns should be regular and realizable to avoid strains that could result in complications.

Some risk factors for obesity are non-modifiable for example genetics. When a person in genetically predisposed, the lifestyle modifications may be have help.

For the individuals who are already obese, they can work on weight reduction through healthy diets and physical exercises.

In conclusion, obesity is indeed a major health concern because the health complications are very serious. Factors influencing obesity are both modifiable and non-modifiable. The management of obesity revolves around diet and physical activity and so it is important to remain fit.

In olden days, obesity used to affect only adults. However, in the present time, obesity has become a worldwide problem that hits the kids as well. Let’s find out the most prevalent causes of obesity.

Factors Causing Obesity:

Obesity can be due to genetic factors. If a person’s family has a history of obesity, chances are high that he/ she would also be affected by obesity, sooner or later in life.

The second reason is having a poor lifestyle. Now, there are a variety of factors that fall under the category of poor lifestyle. An excessive diet, i.e., eating more than you need is a definite way to attain the stage of obesity. Needless to say, the extra calories are changed into fat and cause obesity.

Junk foods, fried foods, refined foods with high fats and sugar are also responsible for causing obesity in both adults and kids. Lack of physical activity prevents the burning of extra calories, again, leading us all to the path of obesity.

But sometimes, there may also be some indirect causes of obesity. The secondary reasons could be related to our mental and psychological health. Depression, anxiety, stress, and emotional troubles are well-known factors of obesity.

Physical ailments such as hypothyroidism, ovarian cysts, and diabetes often complicate the physical condition and play a massive role in abnormal weight gain.

Moreover, certain medications, such as steroids, antidepressants, and contraceptive pills, have been seen interfering with the metabolic activities of the body. As a result, the long-term use of such drugs can cause obesity. Adding to that, regular consumption of alcohol and smoking are also connected to the condition of obesity.

Harmful Effects of Obesity:

On the surface, obesity may look like a single problem. But, in reality, it is the mother of several major health issues. Obesity simply means excessive fat depositing into our body including the arteries. The drastic consequence of such high cholesterol levels shows up in the form of heart attacks and other life-threatening cardiac troubles.

The fat deposition also hampers the elasticity of the arteries. That means obesity can cause havoc in our body by altering the blood pressure to an abnormal range. And this is just the tip of the iceberg. Obesity is known to create an endless list of problems.

In extreme cases, this disorder gives birth to acute diseases like diabetes and cancer. The weight gain due to obesity puts a lot of pressure on the bones of the body, especially of the legs. This, in turn, makes our bones weak and disturbs their smooth movement. A person suffering from obesity also has higher chances of developing infertility issues and sleep troubles.

Many obese people are seen to be struggling with breathing problems too. In the chronic form, the condition can grow into asthma. The psychological effects of obesity are another serious topic. You can say that obesity and depression form a loop. The more a person is obese, the worse is his/ her depression stage.

How to Control and Treat Obesity:

The simplest and most effective way, to begin with, is changing our diet. There are two factors to consider in the diet plan. First is what and what not to eat. Second is how much to eat.

If you really want to get rid of obesity, include more and more green vegetables in your diet. Spinach, beans, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, etc., have enough vitamins and minerals and quite low calories. Other healthier options are mushrooms, pumpkin, beetroots, and sweet potatoes, etc.

Opt for fresh fruits, especially citrus fruits, and berries. Oranges, grapes, pomegranate, pineapple, cherries, strawberries, lime, and cranberries are good for the body. They have low sugar content and are also helpful in strengthening our immune system. Eating the whole fruits is a more preferable way in comparison to gulping the fruit juices. Fruits, when eaten whole, have more fibers and less sugar.

Consuming a big bowl of salad is also great for dealing with the obesity problem. A salad that includes fibrous foods such as carrots, radish, lettuce, tomatoes, works better at satiating the hunger pangs without the risk of weight gain.

A high protein diet of eggs, fish, lean meats, etc., is an excellent choice to get rid of obesity. Take enough of omega fatty acids. Remember to drink plenty of water. Keeping yourself hydrated is a smart way to avoid overeating. Water also helps in removing the toxins and excess fat from the body.

As much as possible, avoid fats, sugars, refined flours, and oily foods to keep the weight in control. Control your portion size. Replace the three heavy meals with small and frequent meals during the day. Snacking on sugarless smoothies, dry fruits, etc., is much recommended.

Regular exercise plays an indispensable role in tackling the obesity problem. Whenever possible, walk to the market, take stairs instead of a lift. Physical activity can be in any other form. It could be a favorite hobby like swimming, cycling, lawn tennis, or light jogging.

Meditation and yoga are quite powerful practices to drive away the stress, depression and thus, obesity. But in more serious cases, meeting a physician is the most appropriate strategy. Sometimes, the right medicines and surgical procedures are necessary to control the health condition.

Obesity is spreading like an epidemic, haunting both the adults and the kids. Although genetic factors and other physical ailments play a role, the problem is mostly caused by a reckless lifestyle.

By changing our way of living, we can surely take control of our health. In other words, it would be possible to eliminate the condition of obesity from our lives completely by leading a healthy lifestyle.

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Obesity in America: Cause and Effect Essay Sample

It is clear that the American lifestyle has contributed to the increasing prevalence of obesity. With estimates from the Washington-based Centers for Disease Prevention in the Department of Health and Human Services indicating that one in three American adults is overweight, it is evident that the country is facing an obesity epidemic. To better understand the causes and effects of obesity, research is needed to further explore the issue. For those struggling with obesity, coursework assistance may be available to help them make the necessary lifestyle changes in order to live a healthier life.

Writing a thesis paper on the topic of obesity can be extremely challenging. It requires extensive research and time to adequately cover the subject. However, there are services available that can provide assistance with the writing process. Pay for a thesis allows for the benefit of having an experienced professional provide guidance and support throughout the entire process.

Causes of Obesity

Every phenomenon must have a reason. In order to write a cause and effect essay , you need to analyze the topic carefully to cover all aspects. Obesity is considered to be a complex illness, with a number of factors contributing to its development. These can be:

• hereditary;

As you may have guessed, it is the latter category of causes and effects that we are interested in. At this point, we care about the five ones that have made the biggest contribution.

Product Range

The main cause of obesity is junk food and an unbalanced diet rich in simple carbohydrates, fats, and sugars, plus a bunch of additives. Manufactured, processed, refined, and packaged meals are the most popular. Thanks to advances in technology, Americans have come to mass-produce meals that keep fresh longer and taste better. It takes less time to prepare unhealthy, processed foods in the microwave than it does to cook them yourself.

Lack of a work-life balance, high-stress levels, insufficient sleeping hours contribute to body weight gain. Not only do these factors contribute to this, but failing to take the time to do your homework can also have a negative impact on your physical health. Without a healthy, balanced approach to work, rest, and play, you may find yourself increasingly dependent on a sedentary lifestyle that can lead to overweight consequences. Many Americans work 50, 60, or more hours a week and suffer from a deficit of leisure hours. Cooking processed foods saves them hours and money, even though they end up costing them a lot more – by causing cardiovascular disease. In addition, obese people feel stressed on a regular basis in the United States metropolitan areas. Many of them are simply binge eating under the influence of negative emotions. Chronic overeating leads to a disturbance in the appetite center in the brain, and the normal amount of food eaten can no longer suppress hunger as much as necessary, affecting the body mass.

Food Deserts

The term ‘ food desert ‘ refers to poor areas (urban, suburban and rural) with limited access to fresh fruit, grains, and vegetables – places where it is much easier to access junk food. A grocery shop in a food desert that sells healthy foods may be 10-15 miles away, while a mini-market or cheap shop that sells harmful snacks is close to the house. In such a world, it takes much more effort to eat healthier, form eating habits, and stay slim.

Everyone’s Passion for Sweets

Consuming sweets in large quantities is addictive: the more and easier we give the body energy, the more the brain uses serotonin and dopamine to encourage it – it will make obese people want sweets again and again during the day. Cakes and pastries are fast carbohydrates that easily satisfy hunger and increase body mass. Despite the harm of sweets, obese people experience the need for them to satiate. Sweetened carbonated drinks are one of the main sources of sugar in the American diet. Moreover, some individuals may be more adversely affected by such diets than others: patients with a genetic predisposition to obesity gain body mass faster from sugary drinks than those without it. This leads to childhood obesity.

The Harm of Tolerance

Every year, the body positive movement is becoming more and more popular all over the world. It would seem that this major trend should have freed us from the problems associated with the cult of thinness and society’s notorious standards. In many ways, a positive attitude towards the body has proved fruitful. For example, the notion of beauty has clearly broadened. Now on fashion shows and magazine covers, you can see not only a girl with perfectly retouched skin and without a single hint of body fat but also an ordinary person with its inherent features: overweight, wrinkles, hair, and individual skin features. In general, all the things that we are all so familiar with in real life.

Does it really make that much sense? Is this a positive thing in terms of the cause and effect topic regarding obesity? In short, opinions are divided. Extremes aren’t easy to overcome. Not everyone manages to do it. Researchers have concluded that due to plus size having become positioned as a variant of the norm, more persons have become obese. Many obese Americans have formed the opinion that it is really quite normal, and they have become oblivious to the damage it does to their health. This is what we are going to focus on next.

Effects of Obesity

We all know that obesity is dangerous to health. However, medical studies show that most adults are unaware of the number of complications and diseases that obesity in America entails. So they are fairly comfortable with becoming gradually fatter. But indifference is replaced by concern when obesity related diseases begin to occur.

For interesting examples of students writing that also reveal the causes and effects of other phenomena, consult the custom essay service offering essays by professionals. In this way, you will realize the importance of highlighting the effects right after the causes.

Is obesity an aesthetic disadvantage, an inconvenience, a limitation in physical activity or is it an illness after all? How does it affect health, and what are the consequences? The visible signs of obesity are by no means the only complication associated with this condition. Obesity creates a high risk of life-threatening diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack, myocardial infarction, and kidney and liver problems. Moreover, it can also lead to disability.

Cardiovascular Disease

This is the most serious and damaging impact on the body and blood vessels in particular. Every extra kilo is a huge additional load on the heart. Obesity increases the risk of heart attacks. Experts from the American Heart Association have developed a paper on the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease, which discusses the impact of obesity on the diagnosis and outcomes of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Childhood obesity aggravates the course of cardiovascular disease from a very early age. The fact that even kids and adolescents are obese is associated with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia.

The result is excessive insulin production in the body. This, in turn, leads to an overabundance of insulin in the blood, which makes the peripheral tissues more resistant to it. As a consequence of the above, sodium metabolism is disturbed, and blood pressure rises. It is important to remember that excessive carbohydrate food intake leads to increased production of insulin by the pancreas. Excess insulin in the human body easily converts glucose into fat. And obesity reduces tissue sensitivity to insulin itself. This kind of vicious circle leads to type 2 diabetes.

Effects on Joints

Obesity increases the load on joints to a great extent, especially if one undergoes little or no physical activity. For instance, if one lives in a megalopolis, where all physical activity consists of getting off the sofa, walking to the car, and plumping up in an office chair at work. All this leads to a reduction in muscle mass, which is already weak, and all the load falls on the joints and ligaments.

The result is arthritis, arthrosis, and osteochondrosis. Consequently, a seemingly illogical situation is formed – there is practically no exercise, but joints are worn out harder than in the case of powerlifters. In turn, according to a study by the University of California, reducing body weight reduces the risk of osteoarthritis.

Infertility

In most cases, being obese leads to endocrine infertility, as it causes an irregular menstrual cycle. Women experience thyroid disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, problems with conception, and decreased progesterone hormone. Obese men are faced with erectile dysfunction, reduced testosterone levels, and infertility. It should be noted that the mother’s obesity affects not only her health but also the one of her unborn child. These children are at higher risk of congenital malformations.

Corresponding Inconveniences

Public consciousness is still far from the notion that obese people are sick individuals. The social significance of the issue is that people who are severely obese find it difficult to get a job. They experience discriminatory restrictions on promotion, daily living disadvantages, restrictions on mobility, clothing choices, discomfort with adequate hygiene, and sexual dysfunction. Some of these individuals not only suffer from illness and limited mobility but also have low self-esteem, depression, and other psychological problems due to involuntary isolation by watching television or playing video games. Therefore, the public has to recognize the need to establish and implement national and childhood obesity epidemic prevention programs.

Society today provokes unintentional adult and childhood obesity among its members by encouraging the consumption of high-fat, high-calorie foods and, at the same time, by technological advances, promoting sedentary lifestyles like spending time watching television or playing video games. These social and technological factors have contributed to the rise in obesity in recent decades. Developing a responsible attitude towards health will only have a full impact if people are given the opportunity to enjoy a healthy lifestyle. At the level of the community as a whole, it is therefore important to support people in adhering to dieting recommendations through the continued implementation of evidence-based and demographic-based policies to make regular physical activity and good nutrition both affordable and feasible for all. It is recommended to cut down on the food consumed.

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Obesity Essay

Last updated on: Feb 9, 2023

Obesity Essay: A Complete Guide and Topics

By: Nova A.

11 min read

Reviewed By: Jacklyn H.

Published on: Aug 31, 2021

Are you assigned to write an essay about obesity? The first step is to define obesity.

The obesity epidemic is a major issue facing our country right now. It's complicated- it could be genetic or due to your environment, but either way, there are ways that you can fix it!

Learn all about what causes weight gain and get tips on how you can get healthy again.

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What is Obesity

What is obesity? Obesity and BMI (body mass index) are both tools of measurement that are used by doctors to assess body fat according to the height, age, and gender of a person. If the BMI is between 25 to 29.9, that means the person has excess weight and body fat.

If the BMI exceeds 30, that means the person is obese. Obesity is a condition that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, and other medical conditions like metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and even some types of cancer.

Obesity Definition

Obesity is defined by the World Health Organization as an accumulation of abnormal and excess body fat that comes with several risk factors. It is measured by the body mass index BMI, body weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of a person’s height (in meters).

Obesity in America

Obesity is on the verge of becoming an epidemic as 1 in every 3 Americans can be categorized as overweight and obese. Currently, America is an obese country, and it continues to get worse.

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Causes of obesity

Do you see any obese or overweight people around you?

You likely do.

This is because fast-food chains are becoming more and more common, people are less active, and fruits and vegetables are more expensive than processed foods, thus making them less available to the majority of society. These are the primary causes of obesity.

Obesity is a disease that affects all age groups, including children and elderly people.

Now that you are familiar with the topic of obesity, writing an essay won’t be that difficult for you.

How to Write an Obesity Essay

The format of an obesity essay is similar to writing any other essay. If you need help regarding how to write an obesity essay, it is the same as writing any other essay.

Obesity Essay Introduction

The trick is to start your essay with an interesting and catchy sentence. This will help attract the reader's attention and motivate them to read further. You don’t want to lose the reader’s interest in the beginning and leave a bad impression, especially if the reader is your teacher.

A hook sentence is usually used to open the introductory paragraph of an essay in order to make it interesting. When writing an essay on obesity, the hook sentence can be in the form of an interesting fact or statistic.

Head on to this detailed article on hook examples to get a better idea.

Once you have hooked the reader, the next step is to provide them with relevant background information about the topic. Don’t give away too much at this stage or bombard them with excess information that the reader ends up getting bored with. Only share information that is necessary for the reader to understand your topic.

Next, write a strong thesis statement at the end of your essay, be sure that your thesis identifies the purpose of your essay in a clear and concise manner. Also, keep in mind that the thesis statement should be easy to justify as the body of your essay will revolve around it.

Body Paragraphs

The details related to your topic are to be included in the body paragraphs of your essay. You can use statistics, facts, and figures related to obesity to reinforce your thesis throughout your essay.

If you are writing a cause-and-effect obesity essay, you can mention different causes of obesity and how it can affect a person’s overall health. The number of body paragraphs can increase depending on the parameters of the assignment as set forth by your instructor.

Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that is the crux of its content. It is necessary to write an engaging topic sentence as it helps grab the reader’s interest. Check out this detailed blog on writing a topic sentence to further understand it.

End your essay with a conclusion by restating your research and tying it to your thesis statement. You can also propose possible solutions to control obesity in your conclusion. Make sure that your conclusion is short yet powerful.

Obesity Essay Examples

Essay about Obesity (PDF)

Childhood Obesity Essay (PDF)

Obesity in America Essay (PDF)

Essay about Obesity Cause and Effects (PDF)

Satire Essay on Obesity (PDF) 

Obesity Argumentative Essay (PDF)

Obesity Essay Topics

Choosing a topic might seem an overwhelming task as you may have many ideas for your assignment. Brainstorm different ideas and narrow them down to one, quality topic.

If you need some examples to help you with your essay topic related to obesity, dive into this article and choose from the list of obesity essay topics.

Childhood Obesity

As mentioned earlier, obesity can affect any age group, including children. Obesity can cause several future health problems as children age.

Here are a few topics you can choose from and discuss for your childhood obesity essay:

• What are the causes of increasing obesity in children?
• Obese parents may be at risk for having children with obesity.
• What is the ratio of obesity between adults and children?
• What are the possible treatments for obese children?
• Are there any social programs that can help children with combating obesity?
• Has technology boosted the rate of obesity in children?
• Are children spending more time on gadgets instead of playing outside?
• Schools should encourage regular exercises and sports for children.
• How can sports and other physical activities protect children from becoming obese?
• Can childhood abuse be a cause of obesity among children?
• What is the relationship between neglect in childhood and obesity in adulthood?
• Does obesity have any effect on the psychological condition and well-being of a child?
• Are electronic medical records effective in diagnosing obesity among children?
• Obesity can affect the academic performance of your child.
• Do you believe that children who are raised by a single parent can be vulnerable to obesity?
• You can promote interesting exercises to encourage children.
• What is the main cause of obesity, and why is it increasing with every passing day?
• Schools and colleges should work harder to develop methodologies to decrease childhood obesity.
• The government should not allow schools and colleges to include sweet or fatty snacks as a part of their lunch.
• If a mother is obese, can it affect the health of the child?
• Children who gain weight frequently can develop chronic diseases.

Obesity Argumentative Essay Topics

Do you want to write an argumentative essay on the topic of obesity?

The following list can help you with that!

Here are some examples you can choose from for your argumentative essay about obesity:

• Can vegetables and fruits decrease the chances of obesity?
• Should you go for surgery to overcome obesity?
• Are there any harmful side effects?
• Can obesity be related to the mental condition of an individual?
• Are parents responsible for controlling obesity in childhood?
• What are the most effective measures to prevent the increase in the obesity rate?
• Why is the obesity rate increasing in the United States?
• Can the lifestyle of a person be a cause of obesity?
• Does the economic situation of a country affect the obesity rate?
• How is obesity considered an international health issue?
• Can technology and gadgets affect obesity rates?
• What can be the possible reasons for obesity in a school?
• How can we address the issue of obesity?
• Is obesity a chronic disease?
• Is obesity a major cause of heart attacks?
• Are the junk food chains causing an increase in obesity?
• Do nutritional programs help in reducing the obesity rate?
• How can the right type of diet help with obesity?
• Why should we encourage sports activities in schools and colleges?
• Can obesity affect a person’s behavior?

Health Related Topics for Research Paper

If you are writing a research paper, you can explain the cause and effect of obesity.

Here are a few topics that link to the cause and effects of obesity.Review the literature of previous articles related to obesity. Describe the ideas presented in the previous papers.

• Can family history cause obesity in future generations?
• Can we predict obesity through genetic testing?
• What is the cause of the increasing obesity rate?
• Do you think the increase in fast-food restaurants is a cause of the rising obesity rate?
• Is the ratio of obese women greater than obese men?
• Why are women more prone to be obese as compared to men?
• Stress can be a cause of obesity. Mention the reasons how mental health can be related to physical health.
• Is urban life a cause of the increasing obesity rate?
• People from cities are prone to be obese as compared to people from the countryside.
• How obesity affects the life expectancy of people? What are possible solutions to decrease the obesity rate?
• Do family eating habits affect or trigger obesity?
• How do eating habits affect the health of an individual?
• How can obesity affect the future of a child?
• Obese children are more prone to get bullied in high school and college.
• Why should schools encourage more sports and exercise for children?

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Topics for Essay on Obesity as a Problem

Do you think a rise in obesity rate can affect the economy of a country?

Here are some topics for your assistance regarding your economics related obesity essay.

• Does socioeconomic status affect the possibility of obesity in an individual?
• Analyze the film and write a review on “Fed Up” – an obesity epidemic.
• Share your reviews on the movie “The Weight of The Nation.”
• Should we increase the prices of fast food and decrease the prices of fruits and vegetables to decrease obesity?
• Do you think healthy food prices can be a cause of obesity?
• Describe what measures other countries have taken in order to control obesity?
• The government should play an important role in controlling obesity. What precautions should they take?
• Do you think obesity can be one of the reasons children get bullied?
• Do obese people experience any sort of discrimination or inappropriate behavior due to their weight?
• Are there any legal protections for people who suffer from discrimination due to their weight?
• Which communities have a higher percentage of obesity in the United States?
• Discuss the side effects of the fast-food industry and their advertisements on children.
• Describe how the increasing obesity rate has affected the economic condition of the United States.
• What is the current percentage of obesity all over the world? Is the obesity rate increasing with every passing day?
• Why is the obesity rate higher in the United States as compared to other countries?
• Do Asians have a greater percentage of obese people as compared to Europe?
• Does the cultural difference affect the eating habits of an individual?
• Obesity and body shaming.
• Why is a skinny body considered to be ideal? Is it an effective way to reduce the obesity rate?

Obesity Solution Essay Topics

With all the developments in medicine and technology, we still don’t have exact measures to treat obesity.

Here are some insights you can discuss in your essay:

• How do obese people suffer from metabolic complications?
• Describe the fat distribution in obese people.
• Is type 2 diabetes related to obesity?
• Are obese people more prone to suffer from diabetes in the future?
• How are cardiac diseases related to obesity?
• Can obesity affect a woman’s childbearing time phase?
• Describe the digestive diseases related to obesity.
• Obesity may be genetic.
• Obesity can cause a higher risk of suffering a heart attack.
• What are the causes of obesity? What health problems can be caused if an individual suffers from obesity?
• What are the side effects of surgery to overcome obesity?
• Which drugs are effective when it comes to the treatment of obesity?
• Is there a difference between being obese and overweight?
• Can obesity affect the sociological perspective of an individual?
• Explain how an obesity treatment works.
• How can the government help people to lose weight and improve public health?

Writing an essay is a challenging yet rewarding task. All you need is to be organized and clear when it comes to academic writing.

• Choose a topic you would like to write on.
• Organize your thoughts.
• Pen down your ideas.
• Compose a perfect essay that will help you ace your subject.
• Proofread and revise your paper.

Were the topics useful for you? We hope so!

However, if you are still struggling to write your paper, you can pick any of the topics from this list, and our essay writer will help you craft a perfect essay.

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As a Digital Content Strategist, Nova Allison has eight years of experience in writing both technical and scientific content. With a focus on developing online content plans that engage audiences, Nova strives to write pieces that are not only informative but captivating as well.

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How Obesity Affects Our Health Essay

Introduction, works cited.

The way the human body regulates weight is complex and interacting. There are biological, behavioral, and environmental factors included. Bodyweight is the result of how the body regulates energy intake, expenditure, and energy storage; collectively this is called energy balance (Hill 752). Obesity in terms of body mass index is 30 or more. Health risk factors begin to increase with a BMI of 25 (Schneider 272). In simpler terms, obesity is a 20% or more increase in body weight above the normal range expected as a result of fat accumulation. Obesity is a major risk factor in high blood pressure (hypertension) and certain types of diabetes (type II).

Many articles, found in the literature, explain other medical problems associated with obesity like heart disease and joint diseases (arthritis). However; the social and psychological effects of obesity received little attention (Brown 225-228). The aim of this thesis is to discuss the causal effect of obesity on hypertension, diabetes (type II), and the socio-psychological impact of obesity using a cause-effect perspective.

The association between obesity and hypertension is well documented, although the exact relationship remains unclear. Obesity activates some biochemical-hormonal mechanisms which play a role in raising blood pressure (Davy and Hall 803-813). Also, obesity is associated with increased cholesterol levels which play a role in increased blood vessels rigidity (arteriosclerosis) and accordingly hypertension. Al Atat and others (823-854) showed that control of obesity contributes to control 48% of hypertension in whites and 28% in blacks.

Studies that confirmed obesity plays a role in type II diabetes are many. Data collected by Wannamethee and Shape (1266-1272) recommend reducing the risk of type II diabetes by prevention weight gain and encouraging weight loss in obese individuals. Genuth (198-201) conducted a similar study in the UK. They suggested that most type II diabetes patients were obese or have been obese at one time in their lives. Linda and colleagues (371-377); analyzed data from the 1997-2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

They concluded that between 1997 and 2003, the incidence of diagnosed diabetes has increased among US adults. The presented data suggested that obesity is a major cause in increasing the incidence, and the incident cases of diabetes are becoming more obese.

Obesity has socio-psychological impacts on the individual (Obesity Education Initiative):

• Social unacceptability: The general impression in the US, as well as most western societies, is that; people (especially women) should be thin, and being fat is a sign of poor self-control. This creates negative attitudes about the obese that are sometimes translated into a kind of discrimination.
• Psychological disorders and obesity: Community-based studies, in the US, did not show significant differences in psychological status between obese and nonobese. In European studies, on the other hand, studies suggest an impact of obesity on emotional status.
• Overeating disorder (Binge): It means eating larger amounts of food than most people would eat in a discrete period of time (2-3 hours) with a sense of lack of control during these periods. It occurs in 20-50% of individuals who seek specialized obesity treatment.
• Body image: It is sensing one’s own body size and image and the emotional response to this image. Obese people are usually not satisfied and preoccupied with their body image and avoid social appearance. In fact, body image dissatisfaction may be a major driving cause towards treating the obesity condition.

Conclusion: Obesity is a challenging problem that needs innovative ways to tackle. Unlike smoking, where passive smokers may direct the society effort towards advertising, legislating for, and encouraging smokers not to smoke; individual eating at Mc Donald’s does not cause harm to anybody else. Therefore; the society driving force is missing. Alternatively, a great way to change eating habits is to go to public schools and start with the generations to come. Encouraging exercise (energy expenditure) is useful in health terms as well as helping those who lost weight not to regain what they lost.

Hill, James. O. Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity: An energy balance prospective. Endocrine Reviews. 27(7) (2006): 750-761.

Schneider, M. Introduction to Public Health (2nd ed). Pp. 225-228. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett. 2006.

Brown, S. P. Clinical Exercise Physiology. Introduction to exercise science .. Pp. 212-234. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001.

Davy KP; Hall JE. Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 286(5) (2004):R803-13.

El Atat F. Aneja A. Mcfarlane S. Sowers J. Obesity and hypertension . Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 32(4) (2003):823-54.

Waanamethee, S.G. and Shaper, A.G. Weight change and duration of overweight and obesity in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 22(8) (1999): 1266-1272.

Genuth, S. Implications of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study for Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes . Obesity Research 8 (2000):198-201.

Linda, S. Geiss, M.A. Liping, P. Cadwell, B. Gregg, E.W. et al. Changes in Incidence of Diabetes in U.S. Adults, 1997–2003. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(5) (2006): PP. 371-377.

Obesity Education Initiative. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in adults: The evidence report . National Institutes of Health. Web.

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Essay on Obesity

Students are often asked to write an essay on Obesity in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Obesity

Understanding obesity.

Obesity is a health condition where a person has excess body fat. It’s often measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI).

Causes of Obesity

Obesity can be caused by eating too much and not exercising enough. Also, genetics and lifestyle can play a role.

Effects of Obesity

Obesity can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

Preventing Obesity

Eating a balanced diet and regular physical activity can help prevent obesity. It’s important to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Also check:

• Paragraph on Obesity
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250 Words Essay on Obesity

Introduction.

Obesity represents a significant public health issue worldwide, posing detrimental effects to physical health and psychological well-being. It is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat, often resulting from a combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

The primary cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and expended. This disparity is often fueled by unhealthy diets rich in fats and sugars, and a sedentary lifestyle. Genetics also play a critical role, affecting how the body metabolizes food and stores fat.

Implications on Health

Obesity significantly increases the risk of various diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Additionally, it can lead to mental health issues like depression and lower quality of life.

Prevention and Management

Preventing obesity requires a multi-faceted approach. It entails adopting a healthier diet, increasing physical activity, and creating supportive environments that promote healthy choices. Management of obesity often involves similar strategies, though in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary.

In conclusion, obesity is a pressing global health concern that requires immediate attention. It is crucial to promote healthier lifestyles and create supportive environments to combat this epidemic. The battle against obesity is not only about individual responsibility but also about societal commitment to fostering healthful living.

500 Words Essay on Obesity

Obesity, a complex and multifaceted health issue, has become a global epidemic. Characterized by excessive body fat, it poses a significant risk to an individual’s health, leading to numerous chronic illnesses. This essay will delve into the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to this growing health crisis.

The primary cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and expended. This is often due to a combination of excessive dietary intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. However, it is important to recognize the role of socio-economic factors. The availability of high-calorie, low-nutrient food, urbanization, and sedentary lifestyles have all contributed to the rise in obesity rates.

Health Consequences

Obesity significantly increases the risk of various health problems. It is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and some cancers. Moreover, obesity can lead to psychological issues, including depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

Socioeconomic Impact

The socioeconomic impact of obesity is profound. It places a heavy burden on healthcare systems due to the high cost of treating obesity-related diseases. Furthermore, obesity can lead to reduced productivity and increased absenteeism in the workforce, affecting economic growth.

Prevention and Control

Preventing and controlling obesity requires a multifaceted approach. At the individual level, this includes adopting a healthy diet and regular physical activity. However, individual behavior is shaped by the broader socio-environmental context. Therefore, public health interventions are crucial. These may include policies to regulate food advertising, promote active transportation, and ensure access to affordable, nutritious food.

In conclusion, obesity is a complex issue with far-reaching consequences. It is driven by a combination of individual, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Therefore, addressing this problem requires concerted efforts at multiple levels. By implementing comprehensive strategies that promote healthy lifestyles and create supportive environments, we can combat the obesity epidemic and improve public health.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Effects of Chronic Social Stress on Obesity

Karen a. scott.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2170 East Galbraith Road, E 212, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA

Susan J. Melhorn

University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 925 Ninth Avenue, Box 359780, Seattle, WA 98104, USA

Randall R. Sakai

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has markedly increased during the past few decades. Stress has been suggested as one environmental factor that may contribute to the development of obesity. In this review, we discuss the role that exposure to chronic stress may play in the development of obesity, with particular attention to the effects of chronic psychosocial stress. Of particular importance is the effect that social stress has on dietary preference, food consumption, and regional distribution of adipose tissue. We present evidence from human and animal studies that links sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity with visceral obesity, and that stress tends to alter the pattern of food consumption, and promotes craving of nutrient-dense “comfort foods.” Lastly, we discuss the visible burrow system, a model of chronic social stress used in our laboratory to assess the effects of social subordination on behavioral and metabolic profile.

Introduction

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically risen over the past few decades. Although the rate of increase has begun to slow (at least temporarily) in the United States, approximately two thirds of the population is overweight, and nearly one third is obese [ 1 ]. Initially thought to be a problem of a small number of wealthy nations, it is now clearly a global issue [ 2 ]. Although overeating and sedentary lifestyle are the most frequently cited suspects, there are likely many other contributors to the surge in obesity and obesity-related illness, including cultural, industrial, and genetic factors [ 3 , 4 ]. The “thrifty gene” hypothesis put forth by James Neel would suggest that from an evolutionary standpoint, the genetic propensity to gain weight and adiposity was adaptive —in times when food was scarce and energy demands great, it was important for the body to use nutrients efficiently and to store any excess energy for future states of negative energy balance [ 5 ]. However, John Speakman [ 6 ] hypothesizes that genes promoting obesity have always been maladaptive. He proposes that our ancestors lived in an environment that would weed out disadvantageous genes at either end of the metabolic spectrum. He notes that nearly 10% of fossilized hominids from the Pliocene era show evidence of predation [ 6 ], and that genes promoting obesity would also be selected against, as carrying excess weight would impair the ability to escape. Following the development of tools, the use of fire, and more organized social structures, humans were less vulnerable to predation. Therefore, he has proposed that this “release from predation” has allowed maladaptive genes promoting obesity to be passed down through generations in evolutionary drift [ 7 ].

Regardless of whether genes promoting obesity were ever adaptive or maladaptive, both hypotheses highlight the importance of gene × environment interactions. The disparity between the environment and lifestyle of our ancestors and that of today clearly plays a role in the development of obesity [ 5 , 8 , 9 ]. Other factors likely confer resilience or vulnerability to metabolic dysfunction. Stress has long been associated with changes in dietary preference, food intake, weight gain, and fat accrual, although specific mechanisms are less well understood. Importantly, psychological stress is linked to visceral deposition of fat, which is associated with greater health risks [ 10 – 13 ]. In this review we outline the stress response and how its derangement can negatively affect metabolic health through changes in feeding behavior and metabolic function. We review evidence from humans and animal models, with a focus on chronic social stress studies ongoing in our laboratory.

The Stress Response in Health

Stress is generally defined as a real or perceived threat to homeostasis [ 14 ]. Although often thought of as a negative thing, the stress response is critical to survival, as its function is to help the organism adapt to challenge and maintain homeostasis [ 15 ]. When one experiences acute stress (eg, a threat from a predator), the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is rapidly activated, followed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The ANS governs visceral functions such as respiration, heart rate, maintenance of blood pressure, hormone release, and digestion. Acute activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) following stress exposure is often referred to as the “fight or flight” response. The SNS increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate, and activates catabolic pathways. Catecholamines bind to β-adrenergic receptors of adipocytes, inducing lipolysis via hormone-sensitive lipase. This frees nonesterified fatty acids from adipocytes and releases them into the circulation. Glycogen is hydrolyzed and gluconeogenesis is stimulated to provide glucose to tissues requiring large amounts of energy (primarily the brain, and skeletal and cardiac muscle) necessary to cope with the threat to homeostasis [ 16 ]. SNS activation inhibits the effects of insulin, and functions not necessary for immediate survival (eg, digestion, growth, and reproduction) are suppressed during this period.

Stress also triggers the HPA axis through activation of the parvocellular cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). This results in the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin into the hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation. CRH stimulates the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, which binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex, inducing the release of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata (primarily cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rats and mice), the end product of the HPA axis [ 17 , 18 ]. Glucocorticoids bind to corticosteroid receptors, glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid, which are, for the most part, intracellular receptors. Glucocorticoids are lipophilic and can therefore pass through cell membranes to bind with GR within the cytosol, forming a complex with other proteins. After binding, GRs translocate to the nucleus of the cell, where they act as transcription factors, binding to positive or negative glucocorticoid response elements to activate or repress gene expression. Similar to catecholamines, glucocorticoids increase lipolysis and gluconeogenesis and antagonize the anabolic actions of insulin by inhibiting both its release from pancreatic β cells, as well as its signaling abilities [ 19 ], allowing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to be shunted to the tissues that need them most.

In healthy individuals the stress response is short lived. Activation of the SNS is rapidly counterbalanced by the parasympathetic (“rest and digest”) branch of the ANS. The HPA response is terminated via negative feedback loops; glucocorticoids act on receptors at the level of the PVN and pituitary to inhibit the production and release of CRH and ACTH. Indirect negative feedback from limbic structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus also contributes to termination of the HPA axis response. Although the stress response is necessary for survival and adaptation, pathology can arise when it is prolonged. In vulnerable individuals, exposure to chronic stress can adversely affect numerous aspects of health [ 8 , 9 , 15 ].

How Can Social Stress Contribute to Obesity?

It seems counterintuitive that prolonging the stress response could result in obesity; mounting a stress response is an energetically costly activity and it serves to mobilize energy stores for immediate use. This is true for acute stress, but periods of chronic stress exposure promote acquisition and/or redistribution of energy stores. Although certainly a subjective measure, most people consider themselves “stressed,” and most frequently report that the source is social in nature. Common psychosocial stressors include low socioeconomic status, personal conflicts with friends and family, stressful work environments, lack of adequate social support, poor self-esteem, trying to balance home and work life, or caring for a sick loved one [ 8 , 20 – 22 ]. Because these are chronic types of stressors, they contribute to increased weight gain and visceral adiposity. Socioeconomic status is strongly related with disease and mortality, and has been dubbed “the status syndrome” by Marmot [ 23 ]. In the United States, poor citizens have significantly poorer health than the rich. Lack of, or inadequate, health insurance and access to health care certainly contributes to the particularly wide gap among Americans, but disparity is still observed in countries with universal health care. The gap is observed despite accounting for lifestyle differences, and Marmot [ 23 ] asserts that this is likely due to the psychological effects of low status—one’s relative status and perception of control and integration within society. Although social hierarchies are inherent in human society, the magnitude of the health disparity between the affluent and poor may be ameliorated by addressing inequalities, improving access to health care and supportive resources, providing a greater sense of control, and participation with society [ 24 ].

In addition to the metabolic effects, stress can also affect appetite and influence dietary preference. These effects are not always consistent—many people report that they tend to gain weight when they are stressed, whereas others report loss of appetite. Differences may reflect the type of stressor, its duration or severity, genetic predisposition, and learned coping style [ 25 , 26 ]. Another factor is pre-existing weight: men and women that are overweight or at the upper limits of “normal” weight are more likely to gain weight in response to stress than those that are of lower weight. It is believed that elevated insulin levels observed in heavier individuals are responsible for greater weight gain in response to stress [ 27• , 28 ]. Many people who increase food intake in response to stress report craving foods high in fats and sugar. This “comfort food” effect is thought of as non-homeostatic feeding and is proposed to activate brain reward systems and dampen stress responses. For some obese patients, overconsumption of palatable foods is thought of as a form of addiction. Imaging studies have revealed dysregulation of dopaminergic reward circuitry, similar to that observed in drug addiction [ 26 , 29• ]. Chronic social stress, access to highly palatable, energy-dense foods, and little need for physical activity set the stage for the development of overweight and obesity.

Chronic Activation of the Stress Response

Effects of chronic sympathetic activation on metabolism.

Chronic SNS activation has generally been associated with the development of obesity [ 30 – 32 ]. If SNS activation increases metabolism, mobilization of energy stores, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis, it would seem to make sense that obesity would be associated with lowered SNS activity [ 16 ]. Differences are most likely a consequence of the method by and time of assessment. Most studies agree that basal SNS activity is elevated in those with metabolic disorders. However, there is some disagreement about what happens in response to challenge, such as insulin administration or cold stress [ 16 , 33 ]. Studies suggest that although basal SNS activity may be chronically elevated, the response to stress is blunted. It is hypothesized that these high levels of basal catecholamines induce downregulation or desensitization of adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue. This, in turn, inhibits lipolysis upon activation of the SNS, and leads to insulin resistance. Spraul et al. [ 31 ] found that increased SNS activity, as measured by muscle sympathetic nerve activity, was directly related to body composition. Others have demonstrated that men with low job status have lower heart rate variability, indicating enhanced sympathetic activity [ 34 ]. But is SNS hyperactivity a cause or consequence of obesity? Recent studies have indicated that heightened sympathetic activity may precede overweight and obesity in individuals. Elevated resting and ambulatory heart rate have been directly related to overweight and obesity in follow-up examinations of hypertensive patients [ 35 ]. Similarly, a prospective study of healthy, nonobese males found that those with elevated plasma norepinephrine gained more weight over a 5-year period [ 36 ].

HPA Axis Hyperactivity

Chronic activation of the HPA axis has been associated with numerous pathologies, including metabolic disorders. In fact, many of the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome are shared with those of Cushing’s syndrome, caused by hypercortisolism. These include the preferential deposition of adipose tissue in the midsection, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance [ 37 – 39 ]. Although an acute stress response promotes mobilization of energy stores for use, chronic glucocorticoid exposure has the opposite effect, promoting energy storage as fat, and preferentially within the abdomen. For example, chronic variable stress or administration of exogenous corticosterone increases body weight, mesenteric fat pad weight, leptin levels, and adipocyte size of rodents [ 13 , 40 ]. The overall effects of glucocorticoid exposure differ by tissue type. Chronic glucocorticoid exposure increases the expression and activity of lipoprotein lipase within adipose tissue depots, facilitating fat storage, and this predominates within visceral adipose tissue since visceral depots express more GR than subcutaneous depots. The stromal vascular cells of visceral adipose express higher levels of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD-1), an enzyme that regenerates glucocorticoids from their inactive metabolites, further augmenting local glucocorticoid action in abdominal fat [ 41 , 42 ].

Does Social Stress Cause Human Obesity?

Numerous epidemiologic studies have linked social stress with obesity and metabolic disorders. However, it is difficult to determine whether stress contributes to the development of metabolic dysfunction or is a result of metabolic dysfunction itself. Because of the difficulties associated with long-term studies, many rely on measures taken over a short period of time, metabolic response to acute stressors, or retrospective studies. However, some recent studies have looked at psychosocial factors and metabolic function over longer periods of time. Beginning with baseline measures taken in the mid- to late 1980s, health data have been regularly collected from a large group of UK civil servants, in what is referred to as the Whitehall II Studies. One recent follow-up found that men and women who reported long-term conflicts within, or lack of support from, their closest relationships were more likely to have had an increase in waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) over the study period [ 43 ]. Others studying the Whitehall II cohort have found associations between chronic stress and other factors associated with metabolic syndrome, such as elevated basal sympathetic activity or prolonged sympathetic response to stress [ 21 , 34 ]. Similarly, a recent Finnish study conducted over a 6-year period found that adults self-reporting psychological distress had a significantly higher likelihood of developing the metabolic syndrome by study end [ 44 ].

A particularly troubling issue is the number of children and adolescents who are classified as overweight or obese. Recent estimates indicate that approximately 17% of children in the United States are obese [ 45 ]. It is already well established that childhood obesity often persists into adulthood, and recent studies suggest that childhood overweight and obesity are associated not only with poor health in adulthood, but shortened lifespan [ 46 ]. As in adults, the nutritional and social environment likely plays a large role in pediatric obesity. Although we are all exposed to social stressors, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to their deleterious effects on health [ 47 ]. Adolescence is a period of development associated with the desire for more independence from family, which can lead to conflict. Desire for acceptance from peers can lead to significant social pressure. It is also a period in which the brain is still developing and attitudes about food and coping behaviors are learned. Although the overall rise in childhood obesity has slowed, it has not for those from disadvantaged backgrounds [ 48 ]. Low income has been associated with higher risk of childhood overweight and obesity in several studies [ 47 , 49 – 52 ]. Stamatakis et al. [ 53•• ] contend that there is in fact a growing divide between the upper class and those with a lower socioeconomic status.

Animal Models of Stress

Because of obvious technical and ethical constraints, there are limitations to stress studies in humans. Clearly, it is not ethical to purposefully subject humans to chronic social stress. It takes decades to conduct prospective studies of long-term social stress on human health. For these reasons, animal models can help to elucidate mechanisms by which stress impacts physiology. It is of great importance to thoughtfully consider the model that is used; it should be ethologically relevant to the animal, and should also translate to the human condition. Although in the past it was assumed that all stressors were generally the same, we now realize that psychological and physiologic stressors can utilize very different neural circuitry [ 54 , 55 ]. Therefore, studies of social species in a social environment may be most useful in modeling the human condition. Numerous species have been used to study stress effects, including nonhuman primates, rodents, and zebrafish.

Nonhuman primates have provided invaluable insight into the effects of social stress; since they are most closely related to humans, they share many physiologic and neuroanatomical features. Female nonhuman primates have a reproductive cycle that more closely resembles that of humans, and many nonhuman primate species also form dominance hierarchies, allowing for the investigation of sexually dimorphic effects of social subordination. Nonhuman primates also share many of the same genetic polymorphisms as humans that have been associated with vulnerability or resilience to disease. Their average lifespan is considerably shorter than humans, but much longer than those of rodents, which makes them ideal for longitudinal studies. Although less closely related to humans than nonhuman primates, rats and mice still share many similarities, which are supported by a rich literature of behavior and comparative anatomy and physiology. Because of their size and shorter lifespan, they require far fewer resources (time, space, and economic) and can provide valuable information over a shorter period of time than nonhuman primates. A particular strength of rodent models is the wide variety of strains available. Rats and mice have been selectively bred for particular traits such as coping style, susceptibility to disease, and diet-induced obesity [ 56 – 58 , 59• , 60 ]. Additionally, the ability to look at the effects of down- or upregulation of gene expression via spontaneous mutations, transgenics, and the use of viral vectors yields invaluable information on genetic vulnerability or resilience to disease [ 61 – 65 ]. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) may also help us to elucidate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underpin behavioral or coping strategies. These social fish have a well-documented behavioral repertoire and share similar neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems and basic neuroanatomy to those in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. A particular strength of the zebrafish is that its genome has been fully sequenced, and a number of mutant models are available for study [ 66 ]. For instance, zebrafish with a mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1a ( fgfr1a ) gene engage in more exploration of a novel environment, spend more time in proximity to a novel object, and exhibit more aggressive behaviors toward a “conspecific” (reaction to its own reflection in a mirror). This single mutation appears to influence the temperament or coping style of the zebrafish [ 67 ]. It appears that the gene affects behavior through its influence on histamine expression, which is reduced in the fgfr1a mutant fish. Restoring histamine to normal levels resulted in behavior similar to that of wild-type zebrafish. It is also possible to study the effects of social stress in zebrafish, as dominance is established when males are pair-housed [ 68 ].

Social stress in animals affects food intake, food preference, and body composition. Subordinate (SUB) nonhuman primates exhibit behavioral and physiologic symptoms of stress, including depressive-like behaviors and increased HPA axis and SNS activity. Sexually dimorphic effects on fat deposition exist in both humans and nonhuman primates, and can therefore facilitate study into the mechanisms by which males are more vulnerable to developing visceral obesity. In male cynomolgus macaques, social instability (generated by frequently changing the composition of social groups) results in increased coronary artery atherosclerosis and deposition of abdominal adipose tissue [ 69 , 70 ]. Males with the greatest heart rate responses to stressors (a measure of sympathetic activation) also have the most severe atherosclerosis [ 69 ]. SUB female rhesus macaques consume more calories than dominant (DOM) females when provided with a standard diet. When provided with a choice between the standard diet and a highly palatable high-calorie diet, both DOM and SUB females preferred the high-calorie diet, but the SUB females continue to consume more than the DOM females. When provided with a moderate-fat diet, SUB female cynomolgus monkeys are more likely to centralize fat stores than DOM females [ 71 , 72 ]. Similarly, SUB male mice consume more high-fat diet than DOM males, and have improved caloric efficiency, leading to weight gain and elevated plasma glucose and free fatty acids.

Access to and consumption of palatable food and drink appears to ameliorate or prevent some of the behavioral and physiologic effects of stress. In the previously mentioned study, consumption of the high-calorie diet was associated with a decrease in aggression and anxiety-related behaviors in SUB female cynomolgus monkeys [ 73 ]. Male rats provided daily access to a small amount of sweetened solution have a blunted HPA axis response to acute stressors such as restraint [ 74 , 75• ].

The Visible Burrow System

Our laboratory examines the effects of chronic social stress on metabolism using the visible burrow system (VBS), which is used to create a semi-natural, ethologically relevant habitat for socially housed rats. It consists of a series of tunnels and chambers, meant to simulate burrows formed by wild rats, and an open surface area exposed to a 12:12 light cycle ( Fig. 1 ). When males and females are housed within this system, males form a dominance hierarchy. SUB males exhibit signs of social stress including lower testosterone, elevated corticosterone, adrenal hypertrophy, thymic involution, hypophagia, and weight loss over the 2-week housing period [ 76 – 79 ]. At the end of this period, both DOM and SUB males lose fat mass, but SUB males lose a greater proportion of subcutaneous to visceral adipose tissue than DOM males. SUB males also lose a significant amount of lean tissue. Upon removal and a 3-week recovery period of single housing, SUB males are hyperphagic and accrue a significant amount of adipose tissue, preferentially stored in visceral depots [ 77 , 80 , 81 ]. This suggests increased visceral adiposity, despite the finding that the body weight does not return to that of DOMs and CONs (controls; singly housed males) during a 3-week recovery period. This is similar to a recent cross-sectional study of men that found that although self-reported stress scores did not correlate with BMI, they were directly related to body composition [ 82 ]. In the VBS, body compositional effects are enhanced by multiple cycles through VBS and recovery [ 81 , 83• ]. On the surface, the VBS model differs from animal and human models in that the most socially stressed animals lose weight. However, this may be an effect of the severity of the social stress within the burrow. The release and recovery from this stress is likely responsible for the rapid recovery of weight and preferential deposition of visceral fat. When SUBs come out of the VBS, they have elevated glucocorticoids, low testosterone, and upregulation of orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides, which most likely contributes to this phenotype. Much of our recent research has focused on the mechanisms by which this preferential fat gain occurs. Two recent studies have focused on the roles of pattern of food ingestion and nutrient trafficking during and following subordination stress.

Illustrates the visible burrow system with food intake monitoring equipment

Stress-Induced Changes in Feeding Behavior

One area of interest is how feeding patterns are altered during VBS housing and recovery. Others have demonstrated that the manner in which one consumes food can affect weight gained and/or body composition, even when the total caloric intake is the same [ 84 – 86 ]. Monitoring food intake of group housed animals is not an easy task; continuous video recording allowed us to determine when each rat was at a feeder, but it was not suitable for studying how much food was consumed or the microstructure of meals. In collaboration with AccuScan Instruments (Columbus, OH) and the University of Cincinnati (UC) Biomedical Engineering Department, we have modified a meal pattern system (Dietmax ID, AccuScan Instruments) with which to study the meal patterns of males within the VBS ( Fig. 1 ). Prior to the study, each male is implanted with a small microchip that can be read by scanners located above feeding cups within the VBS. The food cups sit upon scales connected to an analyzer which records, with a timestamp, all changes in cup weight (Dietmax ID System). This allows us to determine where and when each rat fed, in addition to the amount of food consumed. The UC Biomedical Engineering Department has developed a program in which these data can be analyzed to determine meal patterns for each animal; the number of meals taken, size of individual meals, duration of meals, and intermeal interval, a measure of time taken between meals. A more thorough explanation of the meal pattern equipment can be found in a recently published study by Melhorn et al. [ 83• ]. The food intake of DOMs and SUBs decreases significantly during the first day of VBS housing, as the dominance hierarchy is established. However, DOMs rapidly return to their basal food intakes. The reduction in food intake of SUBs persists through the duration of VBS housing, and occurs through a reduction in both the size and number of meals. This reduction occurs voluntarily; food is readily available in each chamber and the open surface area. The temporal pattern of food intake of SUBs is markedly altered. Whereas DOMs and CONs consume the bulk of their meals during the dark period (since rats are a nocturnal species), SUBs take meals throughout the 24-hour period, including many during the light period [ 83• ].

When SUBs are removed from the VBS and allowed to recover in individual cages, they are hypercorticosteronemic and hyperphagic. SUBs consume fewer meals, but the meal size is significantly greater than CONs, a pattern associated with preferential adipose gain, as noted previously. They also continue to consume more meals during the light period during the first week of recovery, which may further contribute to weight gain during recovery, as disrupted sleep or reverse feeding represent additional stressors associated with sympathoadrenal hyperactivity–altered metabolic profile and obesity [ 40 , 87 , 88 ]. Although DOMs regain adipose tissue during a 3-week recovery period, SUBs have a much more exaggerated gain in adiposity, which is most pronounced during the first week of recovery [ 83• ].

Stress-Induced Changes in Glucose Trafficking

Glucose trafficking may play an important role in body composition changes during and in recovery from social stress. Epidemiologic studies have found that psychosocial stressors correlate to poor glycemic control [ 82 , 89 ]. We have recently begun to examine the effects of social stress on glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression of SUB rats during VBS housing and following a recovery period. GLUT4 is an insulin-dependent glucose transporter located in adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. Insulin stimulates translocation of GLUT4 from vesicles within the cytosol to the plasma membrane, and enabling glucose uptake into the cell. Chronic activation of the stress response is associated with insulin resistance, impairing GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake. GLUT4 expression is highly regulated by glucocorticoids and transcription can be directly modulated by local glucocorticoid levels. Our preliminary data indicate that DOM males have an increased ratio of plasma membrane (translocated, active) to whole membrane (cytosolic) GLUT4 protein in skeletal muscle, compared with CONs and SUBs, suggesting a mechanism by which DOMs preferentially gain lean tissue in recovery. We find that SUBs are not glucose intolerant at the end of VBS housing, despite elevated corticosterone levels. This is most likely due to increased physical activity within the burrow, which has been shown to increase muscle GLUT4 translocation and insulin sensitivity; offsetting the suppressive effects of elevated glucocorticoids [ 90 ]. We are currently looking at GLUT4 expression in different adipose depots of DOMs, CONs, and SUBs. Although many studies report that elevations in glucocorticoids inhibit insulin sensitivity in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, others have found that elevations can enhance insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes [ 91 ]. Increased adipose gain in SUBs during recovery suggests that there may be an upregulation in adipose GLUT4 expression, or an enhancement of translocation from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane, augmenting glucose uptake.

Conclusions

Obesity and its associated health risks have risen dramatically in the past few decades. Sedentary lifestyle and easy accessibility to highly palatable nutrient-dense foods creates an environment that promotes overweight and obesity. Chronic social stress, often arising from poor interpersonal relationships, job or unemployment stress, poor self-esteem, and low socioeconomic status has been associated with obesity and its associated illnesses. Chronic activation of the SNS and HPA axis contribute to a anabolic state that promotes fat storage within visceral depots, which increases the risk of dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other facets of the metabolic syndrome. Stress can also enhance weight gain and fat deposition through changes in feeding behavior. Chronic stress is known to alter the pattern of food intake, dietary preference, and the rewarding properties of foods.

Animal models, such as colony housing of rodents and nonhuman primates have provided invaluable insight into the mechanisms by which obesity may arise from social stress exposure. Although the ideal model to study effects of stress on humans is, of course, humans, ethical and logistical issues often preclude such studies. Human responses to social stress also vary widely among individuals, and it is impossible to completely control for aspects of individual personal experience. For these reasons, ethologically relevant animal models of social stress can fill an important void in understanding how social stress may contribute to obesity.

Of course, there are some aspects that cannot be modeled in animals. Some emotions experienced in response to social stress such as shame, guilt, and self-consciousness are considered by most to be unique to humans. Therefore, it is important to consider animal studies as a complement to studies in humans that may provide insight into the neural mechanisms and genetic factors that underlie stress-associated illness. This in turn may facilitate the development of interventions that may prevent and/or treat stress-related metabolic dysfunction.

Disclosure Conflicts of interest: K.A. Scott: is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant MH088230; S.J. Melhorn: none; R.R. Sakai: has been a board member for Physiology & Behavior ; has been a grant reviewer for the National Science Foundation; is employed by the University of Cincinnati; is supported by NIH grant DK068273, and a grant from the Department of Defense; and has received travel/accommodations expenses covered or reimbursed from the National Science Foundation.

Contributor Information

Karen A. Scott, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2170 East Galbraith Road, E 212, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.

Susan J. Melhorn, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 925 Ninth Avenue, Box 359780, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.

Randall R. Sakai, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2170 East Galbraith Road, E 212, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.

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IELTS Causes and Effects Essay: Obesity in Children

This causes and effects model essay is about  obesity in children.

You specifically have to talk about the  causes  (reasons) of the increase in overweight children, and explain the  effects  (results) of this.

Here is the question:

The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased by almost 20% in the last ten years.

Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend.

Thinking about Coherence & Cohesion

This particular essay is organized as follows:

• Body 1: Causes
• Body 2: Effects

Of course it is also possible to have a 3 body paragraph essay. For example

However, remember not to write too little on one part.

For example, if you wrote one very short paragraph about 'causes' with little support and most of your essay on 'effects', you may then be seen to have not fully answered both parts of the question.

Another possible way of organizing it is to put each cause and its effect within a separate paragraph:

• Body 1: Cause 1 - Effect
• Body 2: Cause 2 - Effect

If you do this though, each particular cause must relate to that specific effect.

Example Child Obesity Essay

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Causes and Effects Essay - Model Answer

Over the last ten years, western societies have seen close to a 20% rise in the number of children who are overweight. This essay will discuss some reasons why this has occurred and examine the consequences of this worrying trend.

The main cause of this problem is poor diet. Over the last decade there has been a prolific increase in the number of fast food restaurants. For example, on nearly every high street there is a MacDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut. The food in these places has been proven to be very unhealthy, and much of the advertising is targeted at children, thus ensuring that they constitute the bulk of the customers of these establishments. However, it is not only due to eating out, but also the type of diet many children have at home. A lot of food consumed is processed food, especially with regards to ready-made meals which are a quick and easy option for parents who are working hard.

The effects of this have been and will continue to be very serious. Firstly, there has been a large increase in health related diseases amongst children, especially diabetes. This debilitating illness means a child has to be injected with insulin for the rest of their life. Not only this, very overweight children often experience bullying from other children, which may affect their mental health. The negative stigma of being overweight may also affect self-esteem.

To sum up, it is evident that there are several causes of obesity amongst children, and a variety of negative effects. Society must ensure steps are taken to prevent this problem from deteriorating further.

(275 words)

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Childhood Obesity: Causes and Effects

Introduction, feasible solution, concluding thoughts.

It is impossible to deny that good health is one of the most significant phenomena for people. When some health issues affect an individual, he or she suffers from compromised well-being, denoting that it is impossible to live fully-fledged lives. That is why it is of importance for people to take care of their health, and one should draw attention to this activity as early as possible. The rationale behind this statement is that problems that develop during childhood are more likely to result in adverse consequences in the future. This description refers to childhood obesity, which is a dangerous and widespread phenomenon. According to the World Health Organization (2021), this term stands for “an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health” (para. 2). Body mass index (BMI) is typically measured to assess whether a young individual has weight issues. In particular, children of 5-19 years old are considered having obesity if their weight is higher than two standard deviations above the accepted average value (World Health Organization, 2021). This explanation and the statistical value above ensure that the problem is severe and requires specific attention.

Simultaneously, additional statistical data proves that the issue is widespread. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2022), 19.7% (14.7 million) of children and adolescents in the USA suffered from the issue in 2017-2020. This statistical value demonstrates that it is impossible to overestimate the need to prevent the problem. Thus, childhood obesity has many causes and effects, which denotes that parents and teachers should make children with obesity engage in regular physical exercise in school and at home to solve the problem.

A comprehensive approach should be utilized to determine what causes lead to childhood obesity. According to a scholarly and peer-reviewed article by Deal et al. (2020), there are many risk factors, and one can classify them into three groups based on the periods when they occur. These are prenatal, neonatal and infancy, as well as childhood and adolescence stages. Firstly, a child can be subject to obesity for a number of reasons, including parents’ obesity, exposure to antibiotics, maternal smoking, and diabetes (Deal et al., 2020). This information demonstrates that children’s health is formed until they have come into being.

Secondly, the first months of life can also contribute to the problem under analysis. Weight gain can occur if birth weight is over four kilograms, antibiotics are used for a long period, or a diet is full of added sugars (Deal et al., 2020). Thirdly, it is reasonable to consider the processes during childhood and adolescence since they can be impactful. In particular, these causes can be social, physical, and nutritional. Among social factors, poverty is the most influential one because it stipulates that children live in physically and emotionally disadvantaged conditions that promote obesity (Deal et al., 2020). Additional causes are more specific and include food insecurity and family stressors. As for physical factors, it is challenging to determine which one is the most impactful. This statement denotes that high screen time, poor sleep, and insufficient exercise contribute to the spread of the problem (Deal et al., 2020). Finally, an excessive intake of fat and sugar is a significant nutritional cause (Deal et al., 2020). This information reveals that many processes and phenomena result in the fact that a child suffers from excessive weight.

In addition to that, I can incorporate a few examples from my experience that prove the statements above. I know a guy who has not engaged in any sports activity during his life. Now, he suffers from being overweight and tries to solve the issue. Another example refers to my neighbors who gave birth to their daughter a few years ago. The family is in compromised economic conditions, which denotes that they do not have sufficient money to follow healthy diets. This scenario results in the fact that their child started gaining weight and currently suffers from the problem.

Other scholars utilize a narrower approach to find a cause of childhood obesity. In particular, Han et al. (2020) conducted a scientific study to determine whether proximity to fast food could lead to childhood obesity. According to the authors, they have found credible evidence demonstrating that obesity rates were higher among those children who lived closer to fast food locations (Han et al., 2020). Some critics can state that this suggestion is not appropriate because fast food restaurants are widespread almost in every state, but it is challenging to argue with facts. This finding is significant because it demonstrates that environmental factors can be critical in causing the problem under analysis. The authors stipulate that children tend to attend such locations on their way home from school. It is not reasonable to underestimate this evidence because it reveals that fast-food chains and various franchises are harmful to children and, therefore, dangerous for the future of the entire nation.

The information above has represented different approaches to defining the causes of childhood obesity. On the one hand, Deal et al. (2020) relied on a comprehensive analysis and identified multiple risk factors that contribute to the problem collectively. On the other hand, Han et al. (2020) stated that a single aspect could be a significant cause. Even though the study by Han et al. (2020) offered valuable and credible conclusions, it seems that a comprehensive approach is more appropriate. Childhood obesity is a complicated problem, and it is challenging to believe that limiting children’s access to fast-food restaurants can completely solve the issue. This strategy can reduce the prevalence, but harmful food can come from other sources. That is why it is challenging to deny that many essential aspects contribute to the spread of childhood obesity.

Since a significant part of the US population suffers from the health issue under review, it is reasonable to look at what effects it brings. The focus on potential consequences is needed because it can demonstrate whether urgent responses are required to protect people. As for childhood obesity, it is possible to divide its effects into two groups. They are physical and psychological causes, and each of the groups should receive sufficient attention.

On the one hand, physical consequences are more evident and straightforward. Since an organism is forced to deal with excessive weight, some of its processes witness additional challenges that lead to specific problems. According to Deal et al. (2020), adverse effects impact neurological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems performance. Thus, specific consequences are versatile, and they include hypertension, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, asthma, orthopedic disorders, stroke, and certain cancers (Deal et al., 2020). This information demonstrates that it is impossible to underestimate the role that obesity plays for every child who deals with it. Since many systems are impacted negatively, children with an excessive weight typically request medical services more often. This state of affairs results in a higher financial burden for their parents. Moreover, Deal et al. (2020) indicate that childhood obesity can result in health issues that will finally lead to adult mortality. Thus, various scholars and healthcare professionals highlight the danger of physical consequences that can be brought by the issue under analysis.

On the other hand, childhood obesity can result in psychological or mental consequences. The given condition makes children understand that they are different from others and limits their abilities. For example, it is not a rare occasion when children with obesity have difficulties finding friends. That is why it is not surprising that many mental health issues arise as consequences. In particular, they are depression, stress, eating disorders, low self-esteem, and poor health (Chu et al., 2019). It is impossible to deny that these conditions harmfully impact young individuals and their development. If a child deals with depression at school, it is likely that this person will be subject to harmful effects of the same mental condition being an adult. In fact, many psychological problems find their origin in childhood, which justifies the fact that many scholars draw their attention to these phenomena. Children with obesity are suitable subjects for such studies because these individuals are subject to various harmful effects.

Simultaneously, examples from my life can help understand why the issue is a big problem. I know a few children with this condition, and all of them feel depressed and isolated. As for adults, they can also experience some difficulties having romantic relationships. Among people with obesity whom I know, each individual has other health problems that have emerged because of their extra weight. That is why it is impossible to underestimate the negative effects of the phenomenon.

This information demonstrates that childhood obesity is associated with multiple adverse consequences. Since the problem is associated with excessive weight, it is not surprising that significant physical health problems are prevalent. Obesity creates many difficulties, meaning that people and their organisms are forced to spend more energy dealing with this body condition. That is why it is not a rare case that children with obesity are subject to multiple comorbidities. Simultaneously, it is not reasonable to ignore subtle consequences that refer to psychological issues. Mental health problems are also important because they can significantly affect children’s development. Depression, anxiety, difficulties finding friends, and even social isolation are sometimes closely linked to childhood obesity. It is now impossible to state which group of effects is more significant or harmful because all of them negatively affect children and their well-being. The impact even becomes higher when multiple issues influence a single child.

The information above demonstrates that a timely and appropriate response is required. Since the selected problem affects many children, various stakeholders should find a solution to the issue. Thus, parents, teachers, and other involved individuals should join efforts to determine what specific intervention can protect children’s health. According to the available scientific data, subjecting young individuals to regular physical exercises can be considered a feasible solution.

One should admit that it is possible to use different methods to implement the suggested intervention, and school-based exercises seem a suitable option since children and adolescents spend much time at school. Consequently, they can use it profitably and engage in the sports activity. Duncombe et al. (2022) have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs in combating childhood obesity. That is why the researchers have located and analyzed 54 credible studies that, in turn, focused on the impact of physical exercise on various health outcomes. In particular, Duncombe et al. (2022) have focused on the effects of running, cycling, jumping, throwing, and other activities and identified that they contributed to various improved consequences. In particular, they are reduced waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body mass index (Duncombe et al., 2022). Teachers should be actively involved in this intervention, meaning that physical education lesson plans should be changed to ensure that children with obesity are engaged in those activities that can address their condition.

This intervention should be implemented at a state level, which denotes that state health departments should develop exercise guidelines for schools. These recommendations should specify what exercises are appropriate for children based on their abilities. Thus, teachers can rely on these guidelines to ensure that the suggested interventions are suitable for children and provide the latter with positive impacts that can lead to losing weight.

Simultaneously, schools are not the only environments that are suitable to address the problem under analysis. Children and adolescents also spend much time at home with their parents, and it is reasonable to ensure that the latter participate in addressing the problem. According to Bülbül (2020), it is useful to subject children with obesity to various exercise types, including aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening, bone strengthening, and extension. Specific exercises include running, cycling, weightlifting, walking, team sports, and gymnastics (Bülbül, 2020). Since these activities do not require specific skills and specialized equipment, young individuals can easily do them at home or outdoors.

The only requirement is that children should allocate 20-60 minutes a few times a week to exercise regularly. However, one should state separately that young individuals are unlikely to engage in systematic exercises because they do not have sufficient motivation. That is why parents should control their children and ensure that they practice regularly. This statement denotes that state health departments should create exercise plans and distribute them among teachers and parents. In this case, adults will join their efforts to help children lose weight. Consequently, the responsibility is placed on adults since they should better understand the importance of this intervention and deliver this information to their sons and daughters.

The identified evidence demonstrates that there are many interventions that can help reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity. On the one hand, school-based responses are effective because children and adolescents spend much time in these establishments. That is why physical education lessons should be restructured to ensure that students with the given condition engage in appropriate activities that help them lose weight. On the other hand, home-based interventions are also required to solve the problem. Parents are expected to make their children participate in regular exercises at home and outdoors. However, one cannot state which approach is the most effective. That is why it could be better to ensure that a versatile approach is utilized, meaning that home and school-based interventions are used simultaneously. As has been mentioned, specific exercise plans will provide these adults with recommendations on how they can make reasonable contributions to solving the problem. It is possible to expect that if children engage in physical exercise in school and at home, better outcomes can be reached.

The report has comprehensively analyzed the issue of childhood obesity and made a few reasonable conclusions based on scientific evidence. It has been found that versatile behaviors and conditions can be considered contributing factors, while the condition leads to multiple adverse effects. Thus, the paper has devoted a sufficient section of the paper to discussing a feasible solution. According to the available literature, a suitable and effective option is to make children with obesity involved in regular physical exercise. This intervention requires the efforts of many stakeholders, including parents and school teachers, because it can be implemented in school and home-based environments. In practice, such interventions can be practiced in physical education lessons, at home, and outdoors. Suitable activities include cycling, running, jumping, team sports, walking, and weightlifting. It is challenging to state which approach or which activity is the most effective. That is why a reasonable strategy is to solve the problem comprehensively.

Bülbül S. (2020). Exercise in the treatment of childhood obesity . Turk Pediatri Arsivi , 55 (1), 2-10.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Childhood obesity facts . 

Chu, D. T., Nguyet, N. T. M., Nga, V. T., Lien, N. V. T., Vo, D. D., Lien, N., Ngoc, V. T. N., Son, L. H., Le., D.-H., Nga, V. B., Tu, P. V., To, T. V., Ha., L. S., Tao, Y., & Pham, V. H. (2019). An update on obesity: Mental consequences and psychological interventions. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13 (1), 155-160.

Deal, B. J., Huffman, M. D., Binns, H., & Stone, N. J. (2020). Perspective: Childhood obesity requires new strategies for prevention. Advances in Nutrition, 11 (5), 1071-1078.

Duncombe, S. L., Barker, A. R., Bond, B., Earle, R., Varley-Campbell, J., Vlachopoulos, D., Walker, J. L., Weston, K. L., & Stylianou, M. (2022). School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS ONE , 17 (5), e0266427.

Han, J., Schwartz, A. E., & Elbel, B. (2020). Does proximity to fast food cause childhood obesity? Evidence from public housing . Regional Science and Urban Economics, 84 , 103565.

World Health Organization. (2021). Obesity and overweight .

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Causes of Obesity

Food, activity, and sleep, social determinants of health (sdoh), illnesses and medications, what can be done.

Obesity is a complex disease that occurs when an individual’s weight is higher than what is considered healthy for his or her height. Obesity affects children as well as adults. Many factors can contribute to excess weight gain including eating patterns, physical activity levels, and sleep routines. Social determinants of health , genetics, and taking certain medications also play a role.

Eating and physical activity patterns, insufficient sleep and several other factors influence excess weight gain.

The conditions in which we live, learn, work, and play are called social determinants of health (SDOH). It can be difficult to make healthy food choices and get enough physical activity if these conditions do not support health. Differences in SDOH affect chronic disease outcomes and risks, including obesity, among racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups as well as in different geographies and among people with different physical abilities.

Places such as childcare centers, schools, or communities affect eating patterns and activity through the foods and drinks they offer and the physical activity opportunities they provide. Other community factors that influence obesity include the affordability of healthy food options, peer and social supports, marketing and promotion, and policies that determine community design.

Genetic changes in human populations occur too slowly to be responsible for the obesity epidemic. Yet variants in several genes may contribute to obesity by increasing hunger and food intake. Rarely, a specific variant of a single gene (monogenic obesity) causes a clear pattern of inherited obesity within a family. [1] , [2]

Some illnesses, such as Cushing’s disease, may lead to obesity or weight gain. Drugs such as steroids and some antidepressants may also cause weight gain. Research continues on the role of other factors such as chemical exposures and the role of the microbiome.

Eating Patterns

• Healthy eating follows the 2020-2025  Dietary Guidelines for Americans . It emphasizes a variety of vegetables and fruits, whole grains, a variety of lean protein foods, and low-fat and fat-free dairy products. It also limits foods and beverages with added sugars, solid fats, or sodium. See Healthy Eating for Healthy Weight .
• Managers of worksites and public facilities can improve the nutritional quality of food and beverages available in those settings. See Food Service Guidelines Implementation Toolkit .

• Physical Activity
• The  Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that children aged 3 through 5 years should be physically active throughout the day. Children aged 6 – 17 years need at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. Adults need 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity a week.  See Physical Activity for Different Groups .
• Communities can create or modify environments to make it easier for people to walk or bike to everyday destinations. See Community Strategies .
• Newborns need 14 to 17 hours of sleep per day. That amount decreases with age; teenagers need 8 to 10 hours of sleep per day, and adults need 7 or more hours of sleep per day. See How Much Sleep Do I Need?

Social Determinants of Health

• State early care and education systems can promote standards that address nutrition, infant feeding, physical activity, and screen time. See Early Care and Education .
• Communities, programs, initiatives, and public health practitioners can work to together to remove barriers to health and achieve health. See what governments, states, communities, health care providers, and everyone can do.
• Bouchard C.  Defining the genetic architecture of the predisposition to obesity: a challenging but not insurmountable task .  Am J Clin Nutr  2010; 91:5-6.
• Choquet H, Meyre D.  Genetics of obesity: what have we learned?   Curr Genomics . 2011;12:169-79.

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• Breastfeeding
• Micronutrient Malnutrition
• State and Local Programs
• Prevent Type 2 Diabetes
• Prevent Heart Disease
• Healthy Schools – Promoting Healthy Behaviors
• Obesity Among People with Disabilities

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