Sample of a Short Essay on Electronic Gadgets

Using electronic devices in the classroom is often underestimated. They can bring a lot of benefits if students and professors use them only for studying purposes. Otherwise, if students use their smartphones and laptops only for entertainment, this misuse significantly distracts them from the learning process and makes their devices uselessm, unless they look for “ write my essay for me cheap ” help.

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WritingCheap cheap essay writing service proposes students to read our sample short essay on electronic gadgets. After getting acquainted with this subject, you can understand the methods of using electronic devices in the classroom and how to write a perfect essay by yourself. Impress your teacher with your knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of electronic gadgets in class.

Effects of Electronic Devices on Education Electronic devices include integrated circuits controlled by the electric current; they are mainly used for processing, transfer, and control systems. Education, on the other hand, involves the process of gaining knowledge through an interactive process. Electronic devices affect education positively and negatively; the positive influence concerns enhancing education, and the negative influences affect the entire learning process. Positive Effects Electronic devices enhance education by making the learning resources easily assessable. By using a computer, students can access education information through the Internet. Additionally, there are technology-related projects that help the student be creative, innovative, and inventive (Eggers, 16). It also improves the teacher-student communication; these devices make a classroom a network system where there is a transfer of information from teacher to student and among students. Moreover, they directly help teachers in educating by bringing out the real picture in the process of giving information. For example, documentaries show the practical experience of events in history. Negative Effects The negative effects include making students spend the most time on devices, time that could otherwise be used for studying. Additionally, the information given tends to diminish the necessity of education. Some devices, such as mobile phones, also affect the learning process through interruptions from calls and text messages. Moreover, there is too much information available on electronic devices, and some of it is wrong. Hence, they tend to misguide students (Chen & Yun 6). Finally, these devices also create an opportunity for cheating among students. Conclusion In conclusion, electronic devices positively affect the communication process by making it easier for both the student and the teacher. However, if they are not contained, they change the process negatively. Therefore, there is a need to establish the best approach to ensure that devices have a positive effect, for example, through creating rules about the use of these devices in a classroom. Works Cited Chen, Shengjian, and Yun Lu. “The Negative Effects and Control of Blended Learning in the University.” 2013 the International Conference on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS 2013) . Atlantis Press, 2013. Eggers, William D. Government 2.0: Using Technology to Improve Education, Cut Red Tape, Reduce Gridlock, and Enhance Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.

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What is a community: question & answer you might want to emulate.

In order for us to discuss academic integrity at “xx University”, we must first understand what it means to be part of a community. In simplistic terms, community is defined as a group of people. Usually this group of people share similar values, governance (laws and expectations), hobbies, interests, live in the same area, etc. We are all members of multiple communities. For example, if you live in the residential halls you are a part of your residential community; fraternity and sorority members are part of the Greek community; and we are all members of the “xx University”community.

“xx University” strives to create an environment where students can thrive both in and out of the classroom.

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Electronic Devices in the Classroom

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Debating the Use of Digital Devices in the Classroom

While many parents allow children free reign of the internet at home, it’s a common debate in education circles on how —and if —digital devices should be allowed at school.

Supporters of technology in the classroom say that using laptops, tablets, and cellphones in the classroom can keep students engaged. Technology is what they know. Most students today don’t even remember a time without the internet.

But critics say it’s yet another distraction in the classroom. From social media to texting, allowing digital devices could hinder a student’s performance in the classroom.

Read on to discover the main arguments surrounding the global debate on digital devices and their place in our schools.

Supporters of technology in the classroom say that using laptops, tablets, and cellphones in the classroom can keep students engaged. Technology is what they know. Most students today don’t even remember a time without the internet.  But critics say it’s yet another distraction in the classroom. From social media to texting, allowing digital devices could hinder a student’s performance in the classroom.

Pros of digital devices in the classroom

  • Peace of mind:  Cellphones and smartphones can offer parents a little more peace of mind when their children are at school. Parents know that in an emergency the student can contact them, or vice versa. In addition, more and more cellphones and smartphones contain GPS devices that can be tracked if necessary.
  • Instant answers:  Access to the internet provides instant answers for the curious. This is the search-and-learn environment kids are involved in today. Now, when they want to know “Why do leaves change color,” they are only a search away from an answer. This also gives students the ability to get an answer to a question they may feel uncomfortable asking in class. If a teacher uses a term they don’t understand, they can find the answer discretely, and without interrupting the class.
  • Wider access to information:  With internet access, children can be exposed to a world of creative ideas outside of their bubble. They can learn other languages, teach themselves how to draw, knit, or play chess. They have access to an endless array of options available to help them learn, and gain skills they might not otherwise be exposed to. All of this can be accomplished through a  smartphone, which can be a valuable learning tool , if used correctly.
  • Access to video:  Electronic devices in the classroom can enhance the learning experience by providing instant video access. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is not just something to read about. Man’s first step on the moon, early flight, presidential speeches, bridges being built—they all are made more real and easier to digest in the form of instant video availability.
  • Wide range of music available:  Sure, you might think of kids listening to their pop, hip-hop, and rap music on digital devices, but remember that all music is available. This gives students access to classical, jazz, big band, and early rock ‘n’ roll. Students could have the opportunity to compare and discuss the differences in these styles in a way that is familiar to them.
  • Social learning: Social media can have a negative connotation when you link it to kids. However, there can be an educational aspect. Social learning is a great way for students to share information, thoughts, and ideas on a subject. Properly focused, quieter, and shyer students may blossom in a social learning situation made possible by digital devices.
  • Teacher advancement:  Finding ways to effectively utilize digital devices in the classroom provides teachers with an opportunity to advance their skillset and grow with their students. Many teachers are taking their digital literacy to the next level by earning an  master’s degree in education technology .

Cons of digital devices in the classroom

  • Harmful effects of digital devices:  There are concerns from the EPA about long-term exposure to wireless devices and computer screens . While there is no direct evidence of harmful effects, the EPA discourages too much exposure for students who have video screens in front of their faces or computers in their laps. If students frequently use these devices at home, additional exposure at school could be viewed as harmful.
  • Inappropriate materials:  While schools can limit the availability of websites that can be viewed on their network, students may find links that slipped through the system. There will also be times that students will not be accessing the internet through a monitored network.
  • Distraction from schoolwork:  With the temptation of social media and texting in their hands, students may focus solely on their social life instead of the lesson plan.
  • Child predators:  Child predators are a problem everywhere. Using digital devices at school creates just that much more exposure and potential danger for students.
  • Cyberbulling : This is an increasing issue that’s grown exponentially in recent years. Permitting use of digital devices in the classroom could potentially lead to more of it.
  • Provide a disconnect:  While some believe digital devices make for greater connections for students, there are also those who believe too much time with digital devices disconnects students from face-to-face social activities, family communications, and nature. Digital devices in the classroom could lead to an even greater disconnect.
  • Could widen the gap : Technology spending varies greatly across the nation. Some schools have the means to address the digital divide so that all of their students have access to technology and can improve their technological skills. Meanwhile, other schools still struggle with their computer-to-student ratio and/or lack the means to provide economically disadvantaged students with loaner iPads and other devices so that they can have access to the same tools and resources that their classmates have at school and at home.

Should schools permit digital devices?

Some school districts have seen great improvements by allowing digital devices in the classroom. One thing is clear: if digital devices are permitted, there should be guidelines and rules in place .

Students need to be taught online safety, the use of judgment in determining good quality sources of information, and restraint from personal use in the classroom. In other words, they need to learn all about digital literacy and  digital citizenship .

There are many resources for teaching these concepts, and a great place to start is the International Society for Technology in Education  (ISTE). Their   comprehensive standards  focus on  the skills and qualities students should have in order to be successful in the digital world. ISTE also teamed up with Google and developed an online digital citizenship game called  Interland . It educates kids about digital citizenship in interactive ways. Students learn how to be good digital citizens as well as how to combat hackers, phishers, oversharers, and bullies.

If a school is going to allow and/or encourage the use of digital devices in the classroom, then teachers also need proper support in terms of training, professional development, and curriculum. They can start with curriculum and PD resources such as those provided by   Common Sense Media , but in order to fully utilize them, teachers need time to plan and collaborate. Digital devices should only be used when there are specific goals in mind, focusing on student safety, digital citizenship, critical thinking, collaboration, advancement, and equity.

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Electronic Reading Devices, Their Pros and Cons Essay

Every year the percentage of electronic books and publications increases in different world markets. For example, nowadays e-books represent 13% and 11% of the US and UK publishing markets respectively (“Global eBook…” 24). Such a trend can be explained by many reasons.

Electronic reading devices are portable and offer large storage place. One gets immediate access to huge libraries of content. E-readers, tablets, and phones are interactive; a person may save the required pages, highlight some crucial points, and turn to them when needed. An enormous amount of content is available on the Internet so that almost any information can be found and put on a person’s device (Li et al. 219).

Apart from that, e-publishing reduces production, transaction, and distribution costs. Bookstores may not even depend on physical devices, as one can store book collections in the cloud services (Faustino 118). E-reading facilitates the educational process and makes people more mobile and independent.

However, reading on electronic devices has some disadvantages. Such devices may be expensive and unaffordable for some people (Li et al. 219). The transition to electronic publishing format may increase the digital divide between the developed and poor countries. It is often difficult to arrange physical libraries as too many devices may be required and maintained. Moreover, there may occur problems with managing copyright issues of e-book publications. Electronic devices may also lead to vision loss. Finally, a traditional book or magazine is often much pleasant to read (Faustino 118).

Overall, reading on electronic devices offers vast opportunities both for the publisher and for readers of all ages. Any adverse impacts of those devices and other related problems concerning devices’ cost and availability should be reasonably managed.

Works Cited

Faustino, Paulo. “Book Industry Business, Concentration, Internet and Social Media of Management and Marketing.” Handbook of Social Media Management: Value Chain and Business Models in Changing Media Markets . Ed. Mike Friedrichsen and Wolfgang Mühl-Benninghaus. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. 87-123. Print.

Global eBook. A Report on Market Trends and Developments 2014. Web.

Li, Kam Cheong, Fu Lee Wang, Kin Sun Yuen, Simon Cheung, and Reggie Kwan. Engaging Learners Through Emerging Technologies: International Conference on ICT in Teaching and Learning . Berlin: Springer, 2012. Print.

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IvyPanda . "Electronic Reading Devices, Their Pros and Cons." December 3, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/electronic-reading-devices-their-pros-and-cons/.

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1. children’s engagement with digital devices, screen time.

The use of the internet and the adoption of mobile devices like smartphones and tablets is widespread, and digital technologies play a significant role in the everyday lives of American families. This is also true for children, who may begin interacting with digital devices at young ages.

Chart shows children’s engagement with certain types of digital devices varies widely by age

The most common device parents say their young child engages with is a television, with 88% of parents saying their child ever uses or interacts with a TV. Smaller – yet still large – shares of parents say their child ever uses or interacts with a tablet computer (67%) or a smartphone (60%). Some 44% of parents of young children say their child ever uses or interacts with a desktop or laptop computer or a gaming device.

There are substantial age differences in the types of devices parents report their child engaging with. For example, 73% of parents with a child age 9 to 11 say their child uses a desktop or laptop computer, compared with 54% of those whose child is age 5 to 8 and just 16% of those with a child younger than 5. The use of gaming devices follows a similar pattern: 68% of parents with a child age 9 to 11 say their child uses this device, compared with 58% of those with a child age 5 to 8, one-quarter of those whose child is age 3 to 4 and 9% of those with a child age 2 or younger. Similarly, 80% of parents with a child age 5 to 11 say their child uses or interacts with a tablet computer, compared with 64% of parents with a child age 3 to 4 who do this and 35% with a child or a child age 2 or younger.

These differences by the child’s age are less pronounced when other devices are considered. For instance, parents with a child age 9 to 11 are more likely to say their child engages with a smartphone (67%), compared with parents with a child age 5 to 8 (59%) or age 2 or younger (49%). Parents with a child age 3 to 4 fall in the middle – 62% say their child uses or interacts with a smartphone.

Parents of the youngest children are less likely to say their child engages with a television, but majorities of all age groups still report doing so – 74% of parents with a child age 2 or younger say their child uses or interacts with a television, compared with 90% or more of parents with a child in somewhat older age groups.

More than one-third of parents with a child under 12 say their child began interacting with a smartphone before the age of 5

Chart shows many parents say their smartphone-using child began engaging with the phone before age 5

Nearly one-in-five parents of a child younger than 12 say their child has their own smartphone

Chart shows 51% of parents whose young child has their own smartphone say this child got the device between the ages of 9 and 11

There are differences in child smartphone ownership by parents’ education level and the age of the child. Parents with a high school education or less are twice as likely as parents who are college graduates to say their child has their own smartphone (21% vs. 11%). Parents with some college education fall in the middle, with 19% saying their child under the age of 12 has their own smartphone.

Parents with somewhat older children are also more likely to say their child has their own device. For example, 37% of parents of a child age 9 to 11 say their child has their own smartphone, compared with 13% of those with a child 5 to 8, 5% of those with a child 3 to 4 and 3% of those with a child who is 2 or younger.

Among the share of parents who say their child under age 12 has their own smartphone (17%), roughly half (51%) say this child was between the ages of 9 and 11 when they got their own device, and about one-third of parents (35%) say this happened between ages 5 and 8. Much smaller shares of these parents say the same for younger ages.

Chart shows being able to communicate easily, getting in touch with their child are major reasons most parents say child has their own smartphone

Far fewer parents with a child in this age range say that major reasons their child has their own smartphone are to have something to keep them entertained (25%) or because their friends or classmates have a phone (6%). About one-in-ten parents of a child ages 5 to 11 (9%) say that a major reason this child has their own smartphone is to do their homework.

More than a third of parents say their child under the age of 12 uses or interacts with a voice-activated assistant

Chart shows 36% of parents say their child ever interacts with a voice-activated assistant

Roughly one-third of parents of a child age 11 or younger (36%) say their child ever uses or interacts with a voice-activated assistant such as Apple’s Siri or Amazon Alexa. There are differences in a child’s interaction with this type of device by age of the child, race or ethnicity, parent’s level of educational attainment and community type.

Parents who have an older child, between the ages of 5 and 11, are more likely than parents with a child age 3 to 4 or age 2 or younger to say their child uses or interacts with a voice-activated assistant.

Among parents with a child under age 12, those with lower levels of formal education are less likely to say their child engages with a voice-activated assistant – 26% of parents with a high school education or less say their child does this, compared with 38% of parents who have some college education and 42% of college graduates.

White parents are more likely than Hispanic parents to say their child ever interacts with or uses a voice-activated assistant. Those living in suburban locations are also more likely than those living in rural communities to say their child does this.

Chart shows majority of parents say their child uses a voice assistant to play music; fewer use these devices to hear jokes, play games

The use of a voice-activated assistant varies substantially by the age of the child for all but one of these activities – with older children being more likely to use these functions. Fully 78% of parents with a child age 5 to 11 say their child uses a voice-activated assistant to get information, compared with 29% of parents with a child age 4 or younger who say the same.

When it comes to using the voice-activated assistant to hear jokes, more than half of parents (54%) with a 5- to 11-year-old child say their child uses a voice-activated assistant to do this, compared with roughly one-quarter of parents (24%) with a younger child, 4 or younger, who say the same. And more than twice as many parents with a child age 5 to 11 say their child uses a voice-activated assistant to play games compared with parents with a child age 4 or younger (34% vs. 16%). There is no difference by age of child when it comes to parents saying their child uses a voice-activated assistant to play music.

Chart shows about four-in-ten parents say they are at least somewhat concerned about data being collected about their child by voice-activated assistants

A portion of parents say their child younger than 12 uses social media; use varies by age of child, parents’ level of education

Relatively few parents of a child age 11 or younger say that, as far as they know, their child uses social media, though shares are higher for parents of children ages 9 to 11. Despite most social media sites having age guidelines in place, which usually restrict children younger than 13 from joining, some 13% of these parents say their child uses TikTok and 10% say their child uses Snapchat. Just 5% say their child uses Instagram, and even fewer (3%) say their child uses Facebook. Some 7% of parents say their child uses some other social media site. There are differences in child social media use by age of the child and parents’ level of educational attainment.

Parents with a child age 9 to 11 are more likely than parents with a child in younger age groups to say their child uses any of the social media platforms asked about in the survey. For example, three-in-ten parents of a child age 9 to 11 say their child uses TikTok, compared with 11% of parents of a child between the ages of 5 and 8 and 3% of parents of children ages 4 and younger.

Chart shows parents of an older child are more likely to say child uses social media sites

Parental education level is also a factor in their child’s use of certain social media sites. For example, parents of a child age 11 or younger with a high school education or less are more likely than those with a postgraduate degree to say their child uses TikTok (19% vs. 6%). This trend also holds for a child’s use of Snapchat and Facebook.

Parents are more likely to say their child under age 12 uses a social media site if this child has their own smartphone. For instance, 42% of parents who say their child has their own smartphone also say their child uses TikTok, and 31% say their child uses Snapchat. These shares fall to 10% or less across all platforms for parents who say their child does not have their own smartphone.

CORRECTION (Aug. 5, 2020): An earlier version of this report included a chart with a headline that read “Roughly half of parents say their child got their own smartphone between the ages of 9 and 11.” This headline has been edited for accuracy to explain that this was only among those whose child had their own smartphone. The chart, now titled “51% of parents whose young child has their own smartphone say this child got the device between the ages of 9 and 11,” was also edited so that all figures displayed in the bar chart are scaled correctly.

  • When all parents with a child under the age of 12 are considered, 35% say their child began engaging with a smartphone before the age of 5, 15% say this happened between the ages of 5 and 8, and 8% say their child began engaging with this device between the ages of 9 and 11. ↩

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Using Electronic Devices in the Classroom

Educational institutions should not ban students from using electronic devices in the classroom. However, the American teacher Arnold Glass opposes this statement, forbidding his students to use phones during his class. He claims that this will eventually negatively affect their intellectual development, lead to a deterioration of memory and attention (Glass, 2019). Glass states that “exam performance declined dramatically” among his students when they started using gadgets during classes (Glass, 2019, para. 4). There is a high probability of distracting students from their studies, for example, listening to music in the classroom. In his opinion, using gadgets at school can also lead to problems of relationships with peers (Glass, 2019). This is due to the fact that live communication is being replaced by virtual communication. Taking into account all these negative aspects, Glass considers prohibiting the use of mobile phones at school a necessity.

However, Arnold Glass focuses exclusively on the negative aspects of using mobile phones during classes, ignoring the numerous benefits. The use of gadgets helps to increase the motivation of schoolchildren, which is achieved when the teacher has the opportunity to manage learning more flexibly with the help of high-tech electronic devices. They allow to make school activities more interesting. There is the possibility of using a pocket library if a student has an e-book. It frees the child from carrying stacks of heavy books from the library. In addition, the student gets used to the idea that the Internet is not only for entertainment, but is a source of necessary information. At the present stage, there are countless applications that have a wide range of applications and are installed on tablets and smartphones. Therefore, the use of phones should be allowed due to the presence of useful applications that greatly facilitate learning.

Glass, A. (2019). In praise for classroom cell phone bans . The Hill . Web.

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  • English 101

Sample Essay on Electronic

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An electronic device is a device that attains its purpose electronically.It is an equipment that is highly portable. Examples of electronic devices are laptops, iPods and iPads, televisions, mobile phones, and cameras among others.

Advantages of the Use of Electronic Devices to Children and People

Firstly, for kids below preschool age, electronic devices can assist them to inspire their imagination and senses. Some electronic devices like a television may encourage the children’s ability to listen, learn, and speak. Playing games can play animportant role to kids because it encourages their cognitive development and learning of analytical skills. This may assist in building investigative skills, innovative thinking, and foster their creativity. Playing games and watching television may enhance the degree of confidence in a child. It also plays a vital role in developing a good coordination. Additionally, electronic devices serve as a source of entertainment to children through playing games and watching videos.

The use of electronic has made it easier for people to access information.  This is done by using a computer and the internet. Secondly, it improves communication. Presently, the use of smartphones and laptops enables individuals to send e-mails and connect with friends.Additionally, electronic devices serve as a source of entertainment to children through playing games and watching videos.

Conversely, there are various disadvantages of electronics to kids and people. For instance, if kids devote a lot of time on electronic devices, this may have a negative impact on their attainments and studies at school. If children spend most time on electronic, their level of concentration and focus in school work is affected.Addiction to games may also make them to use their time poorly and develop bad eating habits. Presently, electronic devices have several functions like taking photos and playing games. Children that use such devices become addicted because they think there is a lot of fun in using them. Children that spend most of their time on touchscreens may lose interest in other activities for instance, sports.

Furthermore, kids and individuals that use electronic devices suffer from social isolation. This is because the majority of the individuals and kids spend most of their time playing video games, learning how to apply modern technologies, using social networks and disregard their real life. For example, if one can easily interact and share with more than 100 people online, he sees no reason for making real friends which at a later stage results in loneliness. Individuals that highly use electronic devices can suffer from online fraud.

Electronics are vital to learners because they can utilize mobile computing devices to make notes, access course materials, do several collaborative or independent assignments assigned by their tutors. Students can also use electronic devices like laptops and smartphones to save important information (Brinkley, Alan et al 105). Moreover, electronics prepare students for the future. Because of technological developments, it is clear that the future will be technology-focused. Student who will be technology savvy will not have trouble when it comes to using new technology, competing, and getting jobs. The use of technology in their studies will enable them to develop other skills that are required to handle other innovative processes and devices

The students can search by using the search engines. This can be done through inserting key words that they want to search (Brinkley, Alan et al 96).Secondly, students can use an online library whereby they are required to use their username and password to access any information from the library.

Works Cited

Brinkley, Alan et al. The Chicago Handbook For Teachers: A Practical Guide to theCollege classroom . University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.

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  • Open access
  • Published: 15 February 2024

Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for sustainable wearable electronic devices

  • Jing Hu 1 , 2 &
  • Mingdong Dong 1  

Journal of Nanobiotechnology volume  22 , Article number:  63 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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The widespread adoption of smart terminals has significantly boosted the market potential for wearable electronic devices. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials show great promise for flexible, wearable electronics of next-generation electronic materials and have potential in energy, optoelectronics, and electronics. First, this review focuses on the importance of functionalization/defects in 2D nanomaterials, a discussion of different kinds of 2D materials for wearable devices, and the overall structure–property relationship of 2D materials. Then, in this comprehensive review, we delve into the burgeoning realm of emerging applications for 2D nanomaterial-based flexible wearable electronics, spanning diverse domains such as energy, medical health, and displays. A meticulous exploration is presented, elucidating the intricate processes involved in tailoring material properties for specific applications. Each research direction is dissected, offering insightful perspectives and dialectical evaluations that illuminate future trajectories and inspire fruitful investigations in this rapidly evolving field.

Graphical Abstract

essay electronic devices

Introduction

Flexible and wearable electronics are composed of functional parts, display parts and binding parts, which have the characteristics of wearability, portability and intelligence to perform the specific functions [ 1 , 2 ]. During the past few decades, with the rise of advanced technologies such as the Internet, supercomputing, big data, and brain science, human beings have entered the era of intelligence [ 3 ]. Flexible wearable devices have found extensive applications in detecting human daily activities, monitoring health, diagnosing therapies, and supporting clinical treatments [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. A wearable sensor normally consists of three basic parts: a flexible support substrate, a sensing element, and a signal output unit [ 7 ]. Among them, sensing elements have a pivotal effect on determining the performance and effectiveness of flexible wearable electronics [ 8 ]. The development of multimodal sensors that can simultaneously monitor multiple signals and integrate with self-powered systems, wireless transmission systems, etc. will facilitate the widespread use of wearable sensors in personal health management and home-based diagnosis.

Nanomaterials, which can effectively enhance the contact area between sensors and target molecules. This enhancement significantly improves sensor detection sensitivity, making them invaluable for flexible wearable sensors widely utilized in various applications [ 9 ]. Currently, a wide array of nanomaterials, ranging from zero-dimensional particles to one-dimensional, two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) composite structures, are currently being employed to develop advanced sensors [ 10 ]. Among them, 2D layered materials have an atomically thin planar structure, excellent mechanical flexibility and electrical properties, offer a multitude of surface-active sites, which can perform high-sensitivity and selective response to specific analytes [ 11 , 12 ]. 2D nanomaterials encompass a diverse group of substances characterized by their atomic layer thickness, signifying that their dimensions are minimized to the extreme in one direction while remaining relatively large in the other two dimensions [ 13 ]. It is ideal for building flexible and wearable sensors [ 14 ]. With the continuous development of 2D materials, composite materials with heterogeneous structures can be created by doping various nanomaterials or molecules to further increase the ability of sensors. In addition, flexible wearable sensors with 2D materials are easier to assemble with systems such as self-power supply, wireless transportation, and therapeutic feedback to build integrated monitoring and therapeutic systems [ 2 , 15 , 16 ].

Graphene holds the distinction of being the most common and extensively validated 2D material. Novoselov and colleagues reported the advanced 2D graphene, obtained through mechanical exfoliation from highly oriented cracked graphite, showcasing its distinctive and outstanding electrical properties [ 17 ]. Since then, 2D materials, led by graphene, have experienced rapid development, giving rise to various new materials. The quantum confinement effect in atomic layer imparts unique properties to these 2D materials, setting them apart from their 3D counterparts. Consequently, they have garnered significant interest from both scientific and industrial communities. Apart from graphene, there exists a wide array of 2D materials including: single-element silicene, germanene, stannene, boronene, black phosphorus, transition metal chalcogenides, main group metal chalcogenides, etc [ 18 ]. Indeed, these 2D materials exhibit vastly diverse energy band structures and electrical properties, encompassing a wide spectrum from superconductors, semiconductors to insulators. Simultaneously, they boast outstanding optical, mechanical, thermal, and magnetic properties. By strategically stacking different types of 2D materials, it’s possible to create highly functional material systems. This capability is anticipated to drive applications in high-performance electronic, optoelectronic devices, as well as in energy conversion and storage technologies [ 19 ].

This review first introduces the latest research progress of flexible wearable sensor devices using 2D materials, and displays a comprehensive overview of the diverse applications of 2D materials in wearable devices. Second, we summarize and analyze the integrated system based on 2D material composite flexible wearable sensors. Finally, the review concludes by discussing the existing challenges and prospects for future development of flexible wearable sensors utilizing 2D materials, providing valuable insights and guidance for the research direction of wearable sensors (Scheme 1 ) [ 20 , 21 ].

scheme 1

Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd

A brief introduction of two-dimensional material-based sustainable wearable energy devices. Reproduced with permission [ 20 ]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission [ 21 ].

2D nanomaterials

Graphene, characterized by its honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, exhibits remarkable electron transport capabilities, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility [ 22 ]. Graphene-based flexible wearable sensors have been employed to detect a wide array of physical, chemical and physiological parameters, including pressure, temperature, pH value, cell, DNA, protein and other signals, and have found widespread application in flexible electronics and wearable devices [ 23 ]. Wan et al. used reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO) to develop an all-graphene capacitive pressure sensor (Fig.  1 a). The application of a slight external pressure causes the distance between the upper and lower electrodes to decrease. This change leads to an increase in capacitance, enabling the conversion between pressure and capacitance. The sensor can quickly respond to the external pressure of 0.24 Pa, and achieves an impressive pressure sensitivity of 0.8 kPa −1 even under minimal pressure conditions [ 24 ]. Single-layer graphene has a zero bandgap, which limits its response time and photoelectric efficiency for use in sensors. To improve its electrical properties, surface engineering can be used to introduce functional groups into graphene, thus expanding its potential applications in a variety of fields. Pang et al. innovatively crafted an unique graphene network structure using chemical vapor deposition and chemical etching techniques. The authors utilized this structure to create a highly efficient humidity sensor tailored for applications in human healthcare and activity monitoring (Fig.  1 b) [ 25 ].

figure 1

Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Graphene-based and MoS 2 -based multifunctional textiles. a The structure of prototype pressure sensor arrays created using a rGO electrode and a PET substrate. b A wearable humidity sensor designed around a porous graphene network. c Fibers made of polymers with nanoball-decorated graphene integrated into the composition. d The morphology of graphene integrated into the textile material. e and f Changes in the morphology and structure of isolated monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) crystals, observed at different dissolution time. g , h A flexible and transparent graphene/MoS 2 , depicted in both schematic and optical forms. a Reproduced with permission [ 24 ]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier Ltd. b Reproduced with permission [ 25 ]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V. c Reproduced with permission [ 27 ]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. d Reproduced with permission [ 26 ]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. e , f Reproduced with permission [ 28 ]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. g , h Reproduced with permission [ 29 ]

Graphene-based multifunctional textiles designed for sensing applications are considered ideal devices for health monitoring. Porous fibers, consisting of graphene and adorned with nanoballs, were meticulously crafted using an extended phase-separation process. This method significantly reduced the interconnection between graphene sheets and polymers by minimizing the contact area, as illustrated in Fig.  1 c. The designed structure bestowed the graphene fibers with remarkably high gauge factors, measuring 51 in the 0–5% strain range and 87 in the 5–8% strain range. These values were nearly 10 times larger than similar structures lacking nanoballs. Furthermore, the graphene fibers exhibited a detection of 0.01% strain and remarkable durability, enduring 6000 cycling without deterioration. Due to its cost-effectiveness and swift fabrication process, combined with its outstanding performance and flexibility, the developed sensor exhibits significant potential in the realm of future wearable electronics. Ren et al. also contributed to this field by creating a wearable graphene-based textile utilizing advanced techniques. Graphene was meticulously transferred onto the textile, forming a sandwich-like structure comprising the textile, graphene, and thermal-transfer film, as depicted in Fig.  1 d. This innovative design resulted in a composite. The graphene-based multifunctional textile exhibited an impressive coefficient of determination, reaching as high as 0.993. The graphene-based multifunctional textile demonstrated remarkable stability under continuous pressure, withstanding up to 1000 kPa, and exhibited rapid responsiveness with a quick response time of approximately 85 ms at 4.2 Pa for pressure sensing. When utilized as a physiological electric sensor, graphene-based multifunctional textile showed good detection capability when measuring the signals. Furthermore, this textile can emit specific warning sounds for health monitoring relying on the thermoacoustic effect rather than relying on mechanical vibrations. In summary, this highly linear and multifunctional integrated graphene-based textile, with its compatibility in the manufacturing process, is anticipated to significantly enhance the practical applications of in situ health monitoring [ 26 ].

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are typically denoted by the chemical formula MX 2 , where M signifies a transition metal, and X represents a chalcogen atom [ 30 ]. Examples of TMDs include molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), vanadium disulfide (VS 2 ), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ), and similar compounds [ 31 ]. TMDs have a wide band gap greater than 1 eV and excellent electrical properties, belong to the category of 2D materials frequently employed in wearable sensors [ 32 ]. Atomically thin MoS 2 nanosheets have excellent flexibility, biocompatibility, and electrical properties, TMDs represent the most promising materials within their category and find extensive applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, and biosensors [ 33 ]. Chen et al. developed an implantable multifunctional sensor using monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) through an in-situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process in phosphate buffered saline solutions. The process involved varying temperatures and pH levels to achieve the desired sensor configuration (Fig.  1 e, f). The MoS 2 -based bioabsorbable sensors created have the capability to monitor various parameters, including pressure, temperature, strain, and acceleration. In addition, the sensor is biodegradable and can be completely degraded within a few months, avoiding side effects in biomedical applications [ 28 ]. Park et al. harnessed the semiconducting and mechanical properties of MoS 2 to create a large-area tactile sensor. This sensor exhibited an impressive pressure detection range from 1 to 120 kPa, surpassing the sensing capabilities of human skin. Moreover, it demonstrated multi-point high-sensitivity detection, allowing for precise identification of object shapes by simultaneously monitoring external pressure at multiple stages [ 34 ].

TMDs-based composite materials as substrates can improve the quantum yield of flexible wearable sensors, optimize the selectivity, and sensitivity of the sensors. Park et al. employed a selective synthesis method, utilizing laser beam annealing, to grow a WS 2 layer on the MoS 2 layer. They constructed a strain sensor using the WS 2 /MoS 2 heterojunction material. Consequently, this sensor configuration proved effective in stably monitoring the movement of the human wrist [ 35 ]. Using the MoS 2 /graphene heterostructure as a foundation, Lee et al. prepared a high-performance strain sensor. When subjected to mechanical strain, the piezoelectric ion charges induced by the strain in MoS 2 cause a shift in the Fermi level of graphene, altering the corresponding Schottky barrier in the graphene/MoS 2 junction. This innovative design resulted in a sensor with an exceptionally high gauge factor, reaching 5.8 × 10 5 . Notably, the value is 500 times greater than conventional metal/MoS 2 junction strain sensors, as illustrated in Fig.  1 g, h [ 29 ].

Transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes)

The general formula for MXene materials is M n+1 X n or M n+1 X n T x (n = 1 ~ 3), where M stands for early transition metals like Ti, Zr, V, Nb, or Mo, etc., X represents C or N, and T x represents surface functional groups like -OH, -O, -F, etc. [ 36 ] MXene exhibits outstanding electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and chemical stability. The properties of MXene can be significantly improved through appropriate surface modification techniques, thereby expanding the potential applications of MXene in wearable sensors [ 37 ]. Recently, MXenes, a novel addition to the 2D materials family, have garnered significant interest owing to their remarkable conductivity (reaching up to ~ 10 5  S cm −1 ), high pseudo-capacitance (up to 1600 F cm −3 ), robust mechanical properties, and excellent hydrophilicity. These characteristics position them as highly promising materials for wearable energy devices. However, creating MXene electrodes that possess optimal electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties simultaneously remains a significant challenge. This difficulty stems from their inherently weak interlaminar interactions and small particle size [ 38 ]. Zhang et al. introduced a self-healing Ti 3 C 2 MXene/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) supramolecular elastomer, facilitated by intermolecular interactions, demonstrating exceptional mechanical strength, stability, and electrical sensitivity (Fig.  2 a). The raw material utilized was D-asparagine from Liliaceae plants, modified through carboxyl and hydroxyl esterification. Additionally, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from forest plants was grafted onto PDMS macromolecules containing amino groups via imine bonds formed through a Schiff base reaction. This Ti 3 C 2 MXene/PDMS elastomer exhibited self-healing capabilities at room temperature, attributed to the presence of hydrogen and imine bonds. Following healing, the material's mechanical and electrical properties were almost entirely restored. The uniform dispersion of MXenes within the polymer system resulted in excellent electrical conductivity and sensitivity to changes in stress state. Notably, the mended material successfully monitored both large and small movements of human muscles [ 39 ]. Ren et al. developed a highly sensitive Mxene-based sensor for large-scale image comprising 1250 pixels. The sensor exhibited remarkable performance characteristics due to the synergistic energy level alignment and near-infrared resonance properties between Ti 3 C 2 and perovskite. Notably, the sensor demonstrated high responsivity at 84.77 AW −1 , specific detectivity of 3.22 × 1012 Jones, and an extensive linear dynamic range (LDR) of up to 82 dB across a broad wavelength spectrum from visible to near-infrared (Fig.  2 b, c) [ 40 ].

figure 2

Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd

Multifunctional textiles fabricated by Mxene and other 2D nanomaterials. a The Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene utilized for wearable sensors. b , c Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets of MXene–perovskite image sensor arrays and the channel width of the MXene electrodes. d Wearable strain sensor based on MXene nanocomposites with a tile-like stacked hierarchical microstructure. e G-hBN sensing device corresponds to the electronic transport and illustrates the stable geometry structure. f and g Schematic representation of highly uniform ZnO nanoarray on h-BN/Cu paper and the magnifying morphology of ZnO nanoarray. a Reproduced with permission [ 39 ]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. b , c Reproduced with permission [ 40 ]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. d Reproduced with permission [ 41 ]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd. e Reproduced with permission [ 43 ]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. f , g Reproduced with permission [ 44 ]

MXene can be combined with other functional materials to leverage the synergistic advantages between these materials, resulting in the development of high-performance flexible wearable sensors. For instance, Chao et al. dispersed MXene and polyaniline fiber (PANIF) layers onto an elastic rubber substrate, creating a wearable MXene/PANIF strain sensor with a laminated structure. This strain sensor demonstrated the ability to detect a wide range of human motions (up to 80% strain) with an exceptionally low detection limit (0.1538% strain), high sensitivity [up to 2369.1 for the gauge factor (GF)], and exhibited excellent reproducibility and stability. As illustrated in Fig.  2 d, the sensor can be affixed to the skin to monitor human respiration, pulse, and knuckle motion. It boasts a wide strain sensing range, an incredibly low detection limit, high sensitivity, and outstanding cycle stability [ 41 ]. Li et al. introduced a pure Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene aerogel fiber through a straightforward dynamic sol–gel spinning process followed by supercritical CO 2 drying. These MXene aerogel fibers showcased a unique oriented mesoporous structure and possessed electrothermal/photothermal dual-responsiveness owing to their high electrical conductivity and excellent light absorption capabilities. The amalgamation of these features positions MXene aerogel fibers as highly promising materials for applications in flexible wearable devices, smart fabrics, and portable equipment [ 42 ].

Other 2D nanomaterials

2D materials like black phosphorus (BP) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have found applications in flexible wearable sensors [ 45 ]. BP boasts a simple manufacturing process, a large specific surface area, excellent electrical properties, and high carrier mobility. However, BP is prone to instability and oxidation when exposed to environmental oxidants, necessitating efforts to enhance its stability in sensors [ 46 ]. Introducing a passivation layer is a common method to improve BP sensor stability [ 47 ]. However, this approach often reduces sensor sensitivity, limiting BP's application in high-performance sensors. Furthermore, there are ongoing debates about the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of BP, which restrict its use in flexible wearable sensors.

h-BN, with its excellent biocompatibility, high specific surface area, and efficient photoelectric conversion properties, stands as a key contender for wearable sensors [ 48 ]. In their work, Fabio et al. constructed a flexible sensor for the quantitative monitoring of NO and NO 2 gas molecules, showcasing exceptional selectivity and sensitivity through the h-BN/graphene heterostructure (Fig.  2 e) [ 43 ]. Additionally, Liu et al. introduced a novel approach, utilizing a 2D h-BN atomic layer film as a pre-orientation layer to achieve high orientation consistency directly on the surface of polycrystalline Cu paper (Fig.  2 f, g) [ 44 ]. Leveraging the atomically smooth, dangling bond-free surface and hexagonal lattice properties of h-BN, this method holds promise for various applications. The elucidation of the nucleation, orientation, and stress release mechanisms of h-BN pre-guided ZnO nanocolumn arrays provides crucial theoretical insights and technical guidelines for the application of h-BN and other 2D materials in pre-guided layers. Furthermore, a novel h-BN/ZnO nanocolumn/h-BN sandwich structure, along with a Schottky dielectric interface, was developed. This innovation led to the creation of a flexible and transparent piezoelectric nanogenerator thin film device, a breakthrough where the dielectric layer thickness was reduced to an atomic monolayer. Remarkably, this device showcased an exceptionally high-power generation density of 169 mW cm −2 . It was effectively employed in harvesting mechanical energy from human body movements such as walking and running, as well as in smart portable chargers. This achievement highlights the tremendous potential of flexible and transparent piezoelectric nanogenerators in the realm of future wearable self-powered electronics.

2D nanomaterials for sustainable wearable energy devices

2d nanomaterials for sensing.

Sensors play a pivotal role in wearable electronic devices, and the future trajectory emphasizes their miniaturization and refinement [ 49 ]. Currently, the market offers a wide array of sensors, among which inertial measurement devices, particularly accelerometers, are prevalent. Accelerometers are capable of tracking specific movement data, direction, strength, or speed of motion. For instance, in a mobile phone or tablet, when the device is rotated (input), the accelerometer processes this motion and adjusts the screen orientation accordingly (output). In the realm of sensors, 2D materials find extensive applications, particularly in electrochemical biosensors, gas sensors, and piezoresistive sensors. This prevalence is due to the unique structure and adjustable pore size of 2D materials, which enhance the detection performance of various substances. Flexible piezoresistive sensors, a vital component of wearable devices, consist of flexible substrates and conductive sensitive materials [ 50 ]. Graphene, renowned for its exceptional electrical conductivity and bending strength, finds extensive application in such sensors. Yang et al. pioneered the development of a flexible electronic skin for pressure sensing, utilizing graphene films. The image of the graphene-based sensor is illustrated in Fig.  3 a. The electronic skin comprises 4 × 4 tactile sensing units, encompassing three distinct layers: the lower substrate (constructed from polyimide substrate), the pressure-resistance layer (comprising graphene/polyethylene glycol film), and the upper layer made of polydimethylsiloxane. The underlying principle of this sensor involves leveraging the pressure-resistance effect exhibited by graphene materials. When pressure is applied, the C-C bonds within the graphene film may be fractionated or broken, leading to a change in the film's resistance. Through this mechanism, the electronic skin can measure normal stress within the range of 0–500 kPa, accurately replicating the appearance of the object being sensed [ 51 ]. In addition, Sengupta et al. developed a compressible piezoresistive sensor using graphene-PDMS foam for personalized healthcare applications (Fig.  3 b). Graphene nanosheets integrated into the PDMS foam's porous structure, forming a nanomaterial network. The sensor displayed remarkable stability through 36,000 cycles of compressive loading, making it suitable for human motion detection and personalized health monitoring [ 52 ].

figure 3

Copyright 2019, the authors

2D nanomaterials for sensing. a Illustration of the structure of the electronic skin. b 3D graphene-PDMS composite foams possess a lightweight and squeezable nature. c Schematic of fabricating mGN-EcoFlex film. d Overview of the fabrication of rGO-cellulose nanofiber hybrid filler. a Reproduced with permission [ 51 ]. Copyright 2019, the authors. b Reproduced with permission [ 52 ]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. c Reproduced with permission [ 53 ]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. d Reproduced with permission [ 54 ]

To enhance sensor performance, graphene can be combined with other conductive sensitive materials to leverage a synergistic effect [ 55 ]. However, achieving uniform dispersion in polymers is challenging, restricting graphene's application in sensors. To overcome this challenge, graphene is often functionalized to yield graphene oxide, which contains numerous oxygen groups. This modification enhances its compatibility with other hydrophilic organic materials. Subsequently, chemical methods are used to reduce graphene oxide, improving its uniform dispersion in polymers and enabling broader applications in sensors. Wang et al. used magnetically rGO@nickel nanowire fillers as the sensing layer of flexible sensors, demonstrating a high sensitivity of 1302.1 kPa −1 (Fig.  3 c). When self-installed at the tip of the tweezers, the sensor can monitor tube pressure at different frequencies and amplitudes [ 53 ]. Wu et al. employed rGO as a conductive filler, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as a dispersant and structural support, and waterborne epoxy as a polymer matrix to create flexible composite sensors with a piezoresistive effect (Fig.  3 d). The results revealed that the composite sensors established a stable enhanced conductive network, leading to significant changes in the mechanical properties and electrical resistivity of the composites. The resulting composite film demonstrated remarkable characteristics: it could endure substantial deformation (over 55% strain), exhibited a gauge coefficient ranging from 34 to 71, and maintained stable piezoresistive properties within a strain range of 4% [ 54 ].

While there have been numerous studies on utilizing graphene in flexible sensors, its lack of a bandgap limits its advancement in sensor applications. However, other 2D transition metal sulfide nanomaterials (such as MoS 2 , WS 2 , etc.) have a moderate carrier mobility, which make up for the performance of graphene in this field. As a non-toxic and environmentally friendly 2D semiconductor material with tunable bandgap, MoS 2 has been proved to have excellent performance. There are still relatively few reports on piezoresistive sensors. Yang and colleagues developed an advanced pressure sensor by incorporating MoS 2 -PDMS as a conductive active layer, along with layered micro-network veins serving as an isolation layer (Fig.  4 a). The device exhibited remarkable features and demonstrate excellent stability [ 56 ].

figure 4

Copyright 2022, the authors

2D nanomaterials for sensing. a Fabrication of the 1 T MoS 2 -PDMS foam pressure sensor. b Structure of MXene/LDPE bilayer films. c The microstructure change of O-MXene sensor. d The performance of the pressure senor of MXene. a Reproduced with permission [ 56 ]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. b Reproduced with permission [ 57 ]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. c , d Reproduced with permission [ 58 ]

Liu and colleagues developed a multifunctional actuator by combining MXene and low-density polyethylene through a simple drop-casting technique [ 59 ]. In this approach, the 2D MXene layer efficiently absorbs electrical energy, transforming it into thermal energy. Subsequently, this thermal energy heats the actuator, causing the thermoplastic low-density polyethylene to expand [ 60 ]. Furthermore, the actuator demonstrates the ability to function as a walking robot, achieving speeds of up to 16.52 mm min −1 . This study introduces a groundbreaking approach to broaden MXene applications, especially in contexts like the ongoing COVID-19 situation, where non-contact solutions are essential. The actuator can serve as a light-controlled (or thermal) switch, seamlessly integrated into circuits. This innovation finds utility in applications demanding non-contact solutions, even in extreme scenarios (Fig.  4 b) [ 57 ]. In recent years, researchers have extensively explored Ti3C2Tx-type MXene for constructing flexible pressure sensors known for their high sensitivity. This interest stems from MXene's metal conductivity, excellent hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. However, during the chemical wet preparation of MXene, the transition metals’ unstable valence states lead to varying degrees of oxidation, raising questions about irreversible oxidation’s impact on electrical conductivity and sensing capabilities. Addressing this, Ma and colleagues introduced a groundbreaking paper-based MXene piezoresistive pressure sensor. Through a combination of experimental analysis and density functional theory, they delved into the impact of in-situ oxidation degree on the sensor's sensitivity. The study revealed a remarkable sensitivity for the partially oxidized MXene-based paper sensor. Additionally, MXene paper-based sensing elements outshine their polymer counterparts by being easily degradable and environmentally friendly. These MXene-based sensors exhibit promising applications (Fig.  4 c, d) [ 58 ].

2D nanomaterials for medical health

The human body is mainly composed of soft, movable tissues, with neural tissue being the softest and most viscous. This mechanical mismatch between tissue organs and traditional hard, bulky medical devices can easily cause damage to neural tissue [ 61 , 62 ]. To tackle this concern, soft bioelectronic devices have been engineered with mechanical properties closely resembling the human tissue. These devices can prevent unnecessary mechanical damage from implants while forming tight and robust contacts with curved and moving organs, making them suitable for long-term implantation in living organisms. 2D materials with atomic-scale thickness are ideal candidates as electronic building blocks for creating high performance bioelectronic devices [ 63 ]. For instance, graphene is able to be bent and wrinkled without altering its original electrical properties, a feat not achievable with traditional electronic materials. The reduced device thickness and increased device softness and flexibility minimize the mechanical stress of the implantable device on the target tissue. Soft biomedical devices based on 2D materials can fit perfectly to the human body without eliciting an immune response [ 64 ]. For instance, soft neural implants made from graphene exhibit remarkably low stiffness. This characteristic enables them to reduce mechanical damage to neural tissue while seamlessly integrating with the brain in a conformal manner. Ultrathin graphene-based biosensors have also been successfully implanted on curved teeth, facilitating the detection of bacterial content at the level of single-cell. Moreover, the human body releases diverse biological fluids containing vital biochemical substances that offer valuable insights into metabolism and chronic diseases. Biosensors play a pivotal role in monitoring these biochemical levels by detecting alterations in electrical signals provoked by the presence of biochemicals on the sensor surface. To achieve accurate diagnosis, these biosensors must have high sensitivity for detecting trace substances. Typically, sensitivity is contingent upon the specific surface area of the biosensor, increased surface areas resulting in larger electrical signal changes caused by the adsorption of biochemical substances. As 2D materials are atomically thin, biochemicals adsorbed by the receptors induce significantly signals than conventional bulk materials, resulting in higher sensitivity for biosensors based on 2D materials. For instance, a wearable graphene-based glucose sensor exhibits exceptional sensitivity, enabling the detection of glucose concentrations as low as 10 μM, while MoS 2 -based humidity sensors showed the sensitivity up to 10 4 (Fig.  5 a) [ 65 ]. In 2022, Bao et al. researched and designed a flexible and stretchable neurochemical biosensor based on 2D graphene, crafted through laser patterning of a metal-complexed polyimide. The sensor synergized the outstanding mechanical properties of 2D graphene with its versatile chemical sensing capabilities. This unique combination allows it to detect the dynamics of multiple neurotransmitters in both the brain and gut [ 66 ].

figure 5

Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society

2D nanomaterials for medical health. a Diagram of MoS 2 FETs array on a soft PDMS substrate with magnified MoS 2 channels. b Graphene-based electronic/optoelectronic devices for transdermal drug delivery and thermal therapy. c Resistance changes of MoS 2 tactile sensor during cycled experiments. d Versatile cell-culture platform equipped for monitoring, printing, and therapy. a Reproduced with permission [ 65 ]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. b Reproduced with permission [ 67 ]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley and Sons. c Reproduced with permission [ 70 ]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons. d Reproduced with permission [ 71 ]

Absolutely, transparency is a vital characteristic for materials employed in soft bioelectronics. Opaque wearable electronics, when affixed to the skin, may lead to discomfort visualization. This potential interference emphasizes the need for using transparent or non-opaque materials in these devices to maintain clear visualization and ensure accurate surgical procedures. Fortunately, 2D materials possess atomic-level thickness, which gives them transparent characteristics, allowing most of the incident light to pass through the material rather than being absorbed (Fig.  5 b) [ 67 ]. A variety of graphene-based bioelectronic devices, including, pH sensors, cell sensors, and tumor, have recently been designed and prepared [ 68 ]. Thanks to their transparency, surgeons can treat the colon cancer. Additionally, wearable graphene and MoS 2 based strain gauges can be used to quantitatively analyze the status of daily body movements (Fig.  5 c) [ 69 , 70 ].

Biocompatibility is crucial for the long-cycle life wearable bioelectronic devices. Implantable devices can consistently monitor biological signals with high accuracy by measuring changes in impedance. To avoid chronic immune responses, every material that makes up a bioelectronic device should be biocompatible. 2D materials exhibit excellent biocompatibility and establish intimate contact with biological tissues (Fig.  5 d) [ 71 ]. For example, graphene-based devices achieved high-quality biosensing and stimulation by building a good interface with tissues. Graphene electrodes have been combined with cell sheets, creating a biocompatible interface for physioelectric sensing. Moreover, a biodegradable sensor utilizing MoS 2 monolayer has been developed for constructing a transient system. This MoS 2 -based biodegradable sensor is capable of monitoring intracranial strain, temperature, pressure, motion, and eventually disappears in the hydrolysis of the organism, with extremely low toxicity and no side effects [ 28 ].

2D nanomaterials for display

Electronic skin, an ultra-thin electronic device capable of simulating the sense of touch, stands apart from conventional hardware due to its soft, flexible nature. It can be shaped into various forms, making it adaptable for diverse applications. For instance, it can function as a coat, such as on the surface of a robot, and it can also be used in human prosthetic surgery that encounters severe skin trauma (such as burns or skin diseases). This new type of artificial skin can sense changes in external pressure, temperature, etc., and send signals to our brains through circuits, resulting in a near-real sense of touch [ 72 ]. Recently, the advancement of artificial electronic skin has achieved certain results, it must be sensitive to multiple signals such as humidity and pressure while applied to simulate, restore or even replace the skin of the body. The demand for functionally integrated device arrays has attracted more and more attention. The traditional working mode of artificial electronic skin is mostly based on contact sensing, that is, the magnitude of the mechanical stimulus can be judged by the change of the electrical signal after the external stimulus and the sensor are in contact with each other. This working mode will inevitably make the working process much slower. There is a risk of cross-infection when people operate the same equipment, especially in a pandemic device, therefore, non-contact operation mode is preferred to minimize the risk [ 73 ].

Due to the size advantages of 2D materials and their flexibility and easy attachment to different substrates, the artificial electronic skin based on 2D nanomaterials not only has multifunctional sensing functions similar to skin, but also has high sensitivity, fast response time, multi-working Patterns and other performance far exceed human skin [ 74 ]. Professor Jun’s research team developed a multifunctional and high-performance graphene-based substrate by attaching conductive RGO sheets to flexible and porous PDMS substrate for stress-sensing electronic skin. The PDMS substrate was prepared by steam-etching and modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and a GO coating was dip-coated, based on the introduction of Cu 2+ as a cross-linking point to achieve GO. The controllable multi-layer construction of the sheet, and finally the selective reduction using steam, obtained different patterned RGO/porous PDMS flexible electronic sensor devices. The graphene bioelectrodes exhibited exceptional stretchability, enduring mechanical stress through 5000 cycles of stretching and releasing. Additionally, the graphene strain sensors demonstrated high sensitivity, covering a broad sensing range of up to 40% strain. The construction method of the flexible electronic skin is simple and cost-effective, eliminating the need for complex processes like vacuum sputtering, making it convenient for large-scale preparation (Fig.  6 a) [ 75 ].

figure 6

Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons

2D nanomaterials for display. a Porous RGO/PDMS films and devices designed to be stretchable and conductive, serving the purpose of electronic skin. b Illustration depicting active-matrix sensors utilizing 2D MoS 2 materials as their foundation. c MoS 2 resistance change rates indicating human respiratory humidity under various motion states. a Reproduced with permission [ 75 ]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. b , c Reproduced with permission [ 76 ]

Zhao et al. used graphene and molybdenum disulfide devices to design a multi-modal artificial electronic skin based on comprehensive 2D materials, which enabled non-interference and high-sensitivity real-time monitoring of external strain, humidity and other signals (Fig.  6 b, c). This technology was effectively employed in a human respiratory signal monitoring system, showcasing ultra-high sensitivity (over 400 for strain and approximately 104 for humidity sensing), high stability (lasting for more than 1000 cycles), and quick response. In particular, non-contact mode is proposed to provide an early warning of the position signal of an approaching object, thus effectively avoiding the risk of cross-infection when multiple people use the device in the contact mode. This achievement offers a novel concept for the further application of sensors utilizing 2D materials in artificial prosthetics, flexible smart wear and other fields, thus enabling safe and efficient use [ 76 ]. In conclusion, despite the numerous scientific issues that remain to be addressed, the future of electronic skin looks promising.

2D nanomaterials for energy

Capacitors, supercapacitors and batteries represented the area of energy storage devices have been widely investigated, which are designed perfectly meet the demands posed by portable/wearable electronics. 2D nanomaterials 2D nanomaterials commonly demonstrate robust covalent bonds within their plane and weaker van der Waals interactions perpendicular to the plane. They boast substantial specific surface areas and find extensive application in energy storage, thanks to their excellent electron transport, optical, thermal, and other unique properties [ 77 ]. They possess adjustable chemical and physical characteristics, making them ideal for high-performance electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, capable of high-performance operation [ 78 ]. The quantum confinement effects and surface interactions in atomically thin 2D material nanosheets are closely tied to the atomic layers. These properties vary significantly based on the material's atomic thickness, showcasing the unique behavior of 2D nanomaterials at the atomic scale. For instance, some bulk materials are indirect bandgap semiconductors, but their monolayer nanosheets are direct bandgap semiconductors, and the number of atomic layers leads to significant changes in their properties, such as enhanced photoluminescence [ 79 ]. Unlocking 2D materials can lead to changes in a series of properties including bandgap, electrical conductivity, thermoelectric properties, photovoltaic properties and superconductivity, and to obtain new heterostructures or binding properties. The expanded interlayer distance significantly diminishes the Vander Waals interaction, emphasizing the distinctive features of single-layer characteristics. Moreover, a larger interlayer spacing results in a higher number of accessible catalytic active sites. This enhancement greatly augments the performance of 2D materials in various energy storage systems such as Li-ion batteries, Zn-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Additionally, it benefits other energy conversion devices like solar cells and thermoelectric devices, leading to improved efficiency and functionality [ 2 ].

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent a crucial advancement in energy storage technology, experiencing rapid development owing to their extended lifespan, high energy density [ 80 ]. Researchers have primarily concentrated on designing and synthesizing innovative electrode materials for rechargeable LIBs due to their pivotal role in determining the electrochemical performance. The focus lies in developing materials with both high lithium storage capacity and excellent conductivity [ 81 ]. 2D materials with expanded interlayers possess an open structure that enhances the storage and efficient transport of ions and electrons. This characteristic significantly enhances the performance of batteries when utilized as electrode materials for LIBs. Additionally, increasing the interlayer distance is advantageous as it reduces strain, resulting in improved efficiency of the battery system [ 82 ]. As an illustration, envision a fiber-shaped LIB intricately woven into fabric, capable of powering electrochemical analysis and facilitating wireless data transfer. Despite their prevalence in the wearable energy sector, existing lithium-ion battery technologies are predominantly planar, bulky, and rigid [ 83 ]. Zheng et al. introduced a groundbreaking innovation: the inaugural prototype of all-solid-state planar lithium-ion microcapacitors. These microcapacitors were constructed and specifically designed for flexible and wearable electronics. Employing a layer-by-layer filtration technique with graphene nanosheets exfoliated by electrochemically method, the researchers successfully created asymmetric interdigital microelectrodes featuring a planar geometry. The resulting microcapacitors exhibited remarkable flexibility, maintaining stable performance even when subjected to bending and twisting. Furthermore, they demonstrated superior integration, marking a significant advancement in the realm of flexible energy storage device [ 84 ].

Supercapacitors (SCs) emerge as a promising solution to energy storage challenges, given their high energy density, rapid charging and discharging capabilities, and stable performance [ 38 ]. To align with the evolving needs of portable electronic devices, flexible and even planar supercapacitors are developing rapidly. The 2D layered structure material becomes a potential choice. Capacitors made of 2D materials as electrode materials have good mechanical properties, not only can be curled and folded arbitrarily, but also will not cause significant performance loss. When 2D oxide materials are applied to electrolytes, almost all electrons can participate in the reaction, which has great potential in SCs [ 85 ].

Zhu et al. developed a unique 3D-nanostructured electrode comprising TiO 2 nanotube array, MnO 2 nanosheet, and polypyrrole, capable of functioning in acidic conditions (Fig.  7 a–c). The constructed electrode was used to assemble an asymmetric supercapacitor, showcasing impressive performance metrics: a high energy density, a robust power density, and excellent cycling stability, retaining over 80% of its capacity after 20,000 cycles. The impressive cycling stability was attributed to the protective role of the polypyrrole shell surrounding the internal MnO 2 . This shell acted as a barrier, restricting the dissolution of MnO 2 during the discharge process [ 86 ].

figure 7

2D nanomaterials for energy. a Scheme of TNAs@MnO 2 nanosheets@PPy. b The morphology of TMP. c The CV curves of designed TMP. d Morphology of MXene/rGO/carbon hybrid electrode. e Mechanical performance of composite films. f The flexibility of composite films. g Performance of prepared supercapacitors. h Scheme of supercapacitors. i The energy storage performance of reported supercapacitors. j Specific capacity of MXene/GO/LDH nanocomposite at various current densities (insert: Conducting mechanism). a – c Reproduced with permission [ 86 ]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V. d – g Reproduced with permission [ 87 ]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. h , i Reproduced with permission [ 88 ]. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry. j Reproduced with permission [ 89 ]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd

According to reports, 2D MXene materials are excellent substrates for creating supercapacitors. This is because they contain functional groups such as -F, -OH, or -O, which enhance the interaction of positively charged monomers and enable the polymerization of conductive polymers [ 90 ]. Zhang et al. introduced hybrid electrodes for wearable supercapacitors using Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene. They transformed 2D MXene sheets into a sturdy, interconnected cellular structure, and added rGO as a conductive binder through strong π-π stacking between the sheets. This hybrid MXene foam demonstrated excellent compressibility and electrochemical performance, making it suitable for wearable applications (Fig.  7 d–g) [ 87 ]. To enhance the performance of SCs, researchers blend conductive polymers with 2D MXene materials to make flexible SCs, which gained significant interest because it improve the charge transfer, leading to enhanced energy densities. For instance, Jian et al. developed a 3D MXene/polypyrrole composite electrodes using an in situ chemical polymerization. The created 3D structured composite promoted electron and ionic transport, resulting in symmetric SCs with a high specific capacitance. Additionally, these SCs exhibited remarkable reliability and maintained approximately 86.4% retention for 5000 cycles cycling. This development offers the potential for preparing high-performance composite devices based on 2D MXene [ 91 ].

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is a class of 2D materials with great potential for preparing high-performance flexible SCs [ 92 ]. To meet this energy requirement, Liang et al. introduced a high-performance flexible supercapacitor designed for wearable storage devices. This supercapacitor features Co-Ni LDH nanosheets as the positive electrode. The deposited Co-Ni LDH nanomaterial on the pregnant woman cloth, given full play to the porous and flexible characteristics of 2D materials. The prepared supercapacitors exhibited impressive attributes, including remarkable power density and energy density, excellent flexibility, and stability. These characteristics make them suitable for serving as energy storage devices [ 93 ]. Amin et al. created hierarchical morphology of Ni/NiCo-LDH nanotube networks, forming a self-supporting electrode for SCs. The resulting 3D core–shell structure combined the benefits of the Ni network core, including outstanding conductivity and rapid electron transfer, with the advantages of 2D NiCo-LDH nanosheets, such as increased reactive sites. The results demonstrated that the structure can endow SCs with high volumetric energy density (Fig.  7 h, i) [ 88 ].

To leverage the diverse characteristics of 2D nanomaterials, researchers prepared sandwich-structured 2D MXene/GO/LDH composites by integrating 2D nanomaterials. Chen et al. prepared a sandwich-like MXene/GO/LDH nano matrix for high performance supercapacitor, demonstrating distinctive structure that delivers exceptional performance (Fig.  7 j). Owing to its heterogeneous structure, avoiding the issues of the stacking of MXene. Additionally, it prevents the collapse of LDH morphology, significantly enhancing LDH's specific capacity. Meanwhile, GO serves as a thin layer, coating the surface of nanocomposite supercapacitor with a precise structure, expediting charge transfer, and increasing the electron density of the materials. As a result, he combined effect of various composites enhances the active sites and boosts the electrode’s electroactivity in redox reactions. This improvement enables the asymmetric supercapacitor to achieve a high specific energy while maintaining a remarkable capacity retention [ 89 ].

The rise of wearable electronics has led to a growing need for flexible energy storage devices [ 96 , 97 ]. Flexible LIBs offer higher energy density, but their inherent safety concerns and potential environmental issues have hindered their wide applications; Flexible supercapacitors have the advantage of outstanding power density, yet their limited energy density and short discharge duration hinder their practical use. Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted increasing attention in wearable electronics, due to their noteworthy features of high theoretical capacity and affordability [ 98 ]. Among them, the aqueous Zn/MnO 2 battery with ZnSO 4 /MnSO 4 as the electrolyte has the advantages of wide electrochemical window, high specific capacity, low cost, environmental protection and simple fabrication, and is considered to be one of the most potential candidate in flexible ZIBs [ 99 ]. For instance, Li et al. fabricated a hierarchical core–shell structure composed of well-aligned nanowire arrays. This structure was achieved by in-situ growing TiN and V 2 O 5 on the surface of plasma-treated carbon nanotube fibers through a hydrothermal method (Fig.  8 a). Benefiting from the synergistic effect of TiN's inherent high conductivity, good interfacial buffering effect, and the high capacity of sheet-like V 2 O 5 , the aqueous ZIBs exhibited outstanding performance, demonstrating excellent flexibility and integration capabilities. Additionally, ZIBs displayed good cycle stability with a capacity retention of 90.6% after 3500 cycles (Fig.  8 b) [ 94 ].

figure 8

Copyright 2010, the authors

Emerging wearable electronic devices. a Schematic illustration of the structure of zinc-ion batteries. b The CV of the zinc-ion batteries. c Wearable device prototype including solar cells module housing and flexible battery housing. d State-of-Charge of the wearable device. a , b Reproduced with permission [ 94 ]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. c , d Reproduced with permission [ 95 ]

Electrochemical catalysis can be viewed as the process of converting electrical energy into chemical energy [ 100 ]. Similarly, a solar cell transforms light energy into electrical energy by utilizing the photoelectric or photochemical effect [ 101 ]. Carbon nanomaterials demonstrate remarkable electrical conductivity and strong light absorption capabilities, resulting in effective photodegradation and photocatalysis process. These qualities also render them ideal for use in solar cells (Fig.  8 c, d) [ 95 ]. Researchers have developed solar cells according to Schottky junctions within graphene nanosheets and Si. The graphene nanosheet film serves a dual purpose: it acts as a transparent electrode with exceptional light transmission and functions as a Schottky junction layer for separating electron–hole pairs and facilitating hole transport. As a result, the photogenerated carriers are separated, causing holes and electrons to diffuse to both ends of the graphene and silicon, respectively [ 102 , 103 ].

2D nanocomposite flexible fabric materials for wearable electronics

Throughout the ages, clothes have always been necessary to wear, which can be beautiful embroidered silk, ragged clothes, night walks in brocade clothes, comfortable in warmth and coldness. A piece of clothing, from the basic function of sheltering from the wind and cold, to the obsession with beautiful things, the perception of success and fame, and finally evolves into people's ultimate demand for health. With the popularization of 5G technology, electronic fabrics are fundamentally changing daily lives by interacting with the human body and the environment [ 104 , 105 , 106 ]. Clothes, as a new type of carrier, can continuously obtain human physiological information, bringing disease prevention and health protection into the era of personalized precision medicine [ 107 ]. One of the keys to the advancement of flexible wearable devices like e-textiles is the stable operation of the power supply. Wearable fabrics range from professional sportswear to everyday apparel [ 108 ]. The difficulty lies in creating electronic clothing that is as comfortable, soft and washable as other traditional clothing. Interconnects and electronics must be robust and unobtrusive. This requires: insulated, robust, and waterproof reliable terminals; flexible, clothing-based antenna and transceiver solutions; insulated wires that are elastically conductive; small, dryable batteries; and materials that are wrinkle- and curl-resistant [ 109 ].

Over the past few decades, significant strides have been taken in the fields of flexible SCs and LIBs to cater to the demands of wearable bioelectronic devices [ 111 ]. In terms of industrial scale-up, Peng's research team has successively carried out methodological research on continuous battery assembly and packaging, and finally realized the continuous and stable preparation of high-performance fiber LIBs (Fig.  9 ) [ 110 ]. The capacity of the fiber LIB increases linearly with the length. Considering its total mass, a 1 m-long fiber LIB boasts an energy density exceeding 80 Wh kg −1 , enabling it to power commercial wearable devices like heart rate monitors for over 2 days continuously. At the same time, the fiber battery fabric can work normally under harsh conditions such as bending, dynamic deformation, high and low temperature (− 20–60 °C), puncture and washing, showing good application potential. The research team further obtained a high-performance and high-safety large-area battery fabric through the textile method, and carried out some functional demonstrations in real application scenarios, allowing for safe and stable wireless charging of a smartphone kept in the wearer’s pocket. The whole process lasted for 40 min, and no obvious heating phenomenon occurred, showing good safety. In addition, the research team integrated the fiber LIB and fiber sensor with the display fabric.

figure 9

Copyright 2021, Springer Nature

Scalable production of 2D nanocomposite flexible fabric materials. a The maintained loading weight of fibre electrode as the electrode length increasing. b Magnified photograph of lithium-ion fibre batteries with a length of 1 m. c Illustration showing of lithium-ion fibre batteries textile for the applications for charging a mobile phone. d The applications of wearable textile for powering and displaying. Reproduced with permission [ 110 ]

During exercise, the fiber sensor measures sodium and calcium ion levels in sweat. It sends this data to a chip, which then transmits the signal to the screen. This provides the possibility for the application of smart medical care in the future. The challenge in the electronic wearables market is to create devices that can provide useful data to help improve our lives. Whether worn on the wrist, head or feet, wearables must be stylish, durable and easily rechargeable [ 109 ].

Conclusions and outlook

In this article, we have discussed recent advancements in sustainable wearable energy devices using 2D nanomaterials. It is evident that research activities and published work around the world have seen a rapid increase. Numerous promising applications in health, medical care, energy, smart city, sports, and other fields have been explored and demonstrated. In summary, 2D nanomaterials exhibit ideal traits for flexible sensor components in wearable devices, including a substantial specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and exceptional mechanical properties. The article reviews the applications of various 2D nanomaterials in flexible wearable devices, detailing their sensing properties and mechanisms. Meanwhile, this article covers several main applications of 2D nanomaterials based sustainable wearable energy devices, such as medical health, motion detection and electronic skin, and energy and its composite material for flexible fabrics. The results show that MXene and graphene, among 2D nanomaterials, possess excellent electrical conductivity, flexibility, and mechanical stability, and their morphology and structure can be adjusted, making 2D nanomaterials great promise for the advancement of flexible sensors. The vigorous development and practical application of next-generation flexible electronics based on 2D nanomaterials are still very promising. The development of fiber-based smart textiles is very important for the realization of mass manufactured and widely used wearable electronic devices in the future, however, there is still a long way to go to. Despite notable advancements in creating flexible piezoresistive nanomaterials, there are still unresolved issues in their application for wearable energy devices.

Challenges in 2D material production for flexible wearable devices:

The primary hurdle in the realm of 2D materials revolves around the economical and uniform production of defect-free 2D thin layers. It is difficult to synthesize 2D sensing materials in a tunable manner. For example, preparing 2D nanosheets with a specific size, surface functional group modification, and arbitrary spatial distribution is difficult. Existing methods, while effective, are either time-intensive or costly, lacking scalability for large-scale preparations of flexible wearable energy devices. A critical need persists for technologies enabling the cost-efficient, uniform production of these layers, vital for the advancement of flexible energy solutions.

Developing high-performance 2D nanomaterials for flexible piezoresistive sensors:

Among the plethora of 2D nanomaterials, only a handful find application in flexible piezoresistive sensors. It is crucial to concentrate on creating high-performance 2D nanomaterials designed specifically for these sensors. Enhancing the properties of these materials is essential, ensuring their seamless integration into flexible piezoresistive sensors for optimal performance, thereby expanding the scope of their applications.

Conformity and accuracy in soft body wearables:

The human body, inherently soft, contrasts starkly with current rigid wearable sensors, leading to mechanical mismatches in Young’s moduli. This rigidity impedes the establishment of conformal contact, causing dislocation during body movements and compromising data accuracy. Maintaining precision in biometric information is paramount; inaccuracies could render the data unusable for health assessments. Overcoming this challenge requires the development of flexible sensors that can seamlessly adhere to the body's contours, ensuring accurate and reliable data acquisition.

Expanding wearable design and comfort:

Contemporary “wearables” are confined to conventional gadgets like wristbands, watches, glasses, and earrings. This limited design spectrum imposes constraints, leading to discomfort and awkward wearability. These rigid devices not only limit sensor positions but also curtail the duration for which readings can be obtained comfortably. Innovations in wearable design, including the exploration of novel form factors and materials, are imperative. Embracing flexible and ergonomic designs will not only enhance user comfort but also augment the usability and acceptance of wearable technologies in diverse contexts.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22208287). The authors greatly acknowledge the European Union’s Horizon Europe program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions—Staff Exchanges (SE) grant agreement No 101086227-L4DNANO.

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Hu, J., Dong, M. Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for sustainable wearable electronic devices. J Nanobiotechnol 22 , 63 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-02274-7

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Advantages and disadvantages of electronic devices

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Fully explain your ideas

To get an excellent score in the IELTS Task 2 writing section, one of the easiest and most effective tips is structuring your writing in the most solid format. A great argument essay structure may be divided to four paragraphs, in which comprises of four sentences (excluding the conclusion paragraph, which comprises of three sentences).

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In many countries around the world, rural people are moving to cities, so the population in the countryside is decreasing. Do you think this is a positive or a negative development?

Some people think all university student should study whatever they like. others believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, such as those related to science and technology. discuss both these views and give your own opinion., since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of endangered species has increased significantly and we have witnessed more mass extinctions in this period than in any other period of time. what problems arise from this and how can they be tackled, many countries aim to improve their living standard by economic development, but some important social values are lost as a result. do you think the advantages of economic development outweigh the disadvantages, with the development of social media, more and more youngsters are being allowed unsupervised access to internet in order to meet and chat with friends which can lead to potentially dangerous situations. what solutions can you suggest to deal with this problem.

What to know about packing electronic devices for a flight

QUESTION: I’m going to be traveling with a lot of electronic devices for my family; what’s safe to put in my checked bags?

ANSWER: Flying with numerous electronic devices is commonplace these days and the larger your family, the more there is to take into consideration.

The primary determinant of what is safe to check is today’s most common battery technology: Lithium Ion (Li-ion).

The dangers

There are a variety of reasons why packing any Li-ion battery in checked baggage can be hazardous, including fire risk and thermal runaway that could lead to an explosion. These situations can be caused by dramatic changes in pressure or temperature as well as puncture or if something causes an electrical short in the battery.

Not only are there greater risks in the cargo hold, but should something happen during a flight, it’s not something that can easily be dealt with.

Check your devices

Old or malfunctioning batteries are a danger whether you check or carry on the device, so if you have known battery issues, such as excessive heat or visible bulging, do not take them on a flight until you’ve had the device serviced.

FAA restrictions

The Federal Aviation Administration permits devices with lithium batteries installed in checked bags as long as they are powered off and can’t be accidentally powered on.  This means the device must be fully powered off and not in sleep mode.

This includes popular items such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, smartwatches, baby monitors, webcams, action cams, e-readers, portable music players, fitness trackers and battery-powered toothbrushes as long as they are fully powered down.

Loose batteries and battery packs

All spare batteries or external battery packs must be put in carry-on baggage only and should be stored in a manner that prevents accidental shorting of the battery. This also applies to rechargeable Li-ion AA, AAA, C and D batteries as well as e-cigarettes and personal vaporizers.

Storing spare batteries loosely in a bag with coins, hairpins, or metal pens can be hazardous, so make sure you put them in a protective bag or place electrical tape over the contacts.

Make sure you unplug any cables from external battery packs or power banks to prevent an accidental short of the connected cable due to unexpected impact.

If you travel with luggage that has a power bank installed, remember to remove it before checking your bag.

The FAA rules limit batteries in carry-on bags to 100-watt hours (Wh) per battery with a total limit of 160 Wh per passenger.

If the device or battery does not have the Wh listed on it, you can calculate it by multiplying the battery’s voltage (V) by its capacity in ampere-hours (Ah): (V) x (Ah) = (Wh) .

If your device lists the capacity in milliampere-hours (mAh), divide it by 1,000 to get ampere-hours (Ah) for the above equation.

Airline restrictions

Each airline may have additional restrictions, especially if it’s an international flight, so be sure to check the airline’s website for more specific guidelines.

My advice is to never check anything that’s important or that contains sensitive personal information as there’s also the danger of lost or stolen luggage once it leaves your control.

Ken Colburn is founder and CEO of Data Doctors Computer Services, datadoctors.com. Ask any tech question at facebook.com/DataDoctors or on Twitter @TheDataDoc .

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  3. Electronic Devices, Communication and Education

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  4. Electronic Gadgets

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  6. (PDF) Introduction to Electronic Devices

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  1. Sample of a Short Essay on Electronic Gadgets

    Electronic devices include integrated circuits controlled by the electric current; they are mainly used for processing, transfer, and control systems. Education, on the other hand, involves the process of gaining knowledge through an interactive process.

  2. The Importance Of Electronics In Modern Life

    Flexible prices and money-back guarantee. Place Order. The benefits of electronics in our lives have saved people a lot of time, effort and money, because they mostly use savings systems. It made people's lives easier, smoother and more vibrant, and reduced distances between nations, such as the use of mobile phones and personal computers.

  3. Electronics

    Jan. 24, 2024, 3:02 AM ET (Yahoo News) Combining two types of molecular boron nitride could create a hybrid material used in faster, more powerful electronics electronics, branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices.

  4. Essay On Electronic Devices

    Essay On Electronic Devices. 1. Introduction 1.1 The Purpose Statement The purpose of this report is to conduct a study on personal electronic devices and to investigate the feasibility of introducing the use of electronic devices in secondary schools in Malaysia by studying the positive and negative impact and the challenges faced as well as ...

  5. Essay On Electronic Devices In Education

    Essay On Electronic Devices In Education 864 Words4 Pages In modern times many men, women, and children depend on electronic devices. Whether it is to set an alarm to wake them up for work or to send a text to stay in touch with family, many people depend on electronic devices.

  6. Essay on Electronic Gadgets: Meaning, Advantages, and ...

    Electronic Gadgets - Meaning Electronic gadgets are specialized electronic devices that require a form of electric power to operate. Examples of these gadgets are video games, television, computers, PSP games, phone apps, mobile phones, and tablets. These devices are results of invention and technological developments. Young people and children tend are active consumers and users…

  7. Electronics

    Examples of common electronic devices include smartphones, computers, television sets, cameras, radios, and home appliances. Table of contents 📘 Free essay examples for your ideas about Electronics 📚 Essay topics examples and ideas on Electronics 🏆 Best Essay Topics on Electronics ⚡ Simple & Electronics Easy Topics

  8. Electronic Device Essay Examples

    Essays on Electronic Device 11 samples on this topic On this site, we've put together a directory of free paper samples regarding Electronic Device.

  9. Electronic Device Use: How It Affects the Well-being of Children and

    researchers aimed to examine the relationship between electronic device use. and the well-being of children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17. Well-being is defined as the psychological health, physical health, sleep quality, and academic performance of children and adolescents. It is also defined as the.

  10. Essay On Importance Of Electronic Devices In Life

    The importance of electronic devices in the life of each person. Human life is a continuous line from the past, through the present, into the future. People can plan the future only by relying on the experience of the past. The human future directly depends on the upbringing of children in the present. Now, at the beginning of the 21st century ...

  11. Electronic Devices in The Classroom

    Words: 1495 (3 pages) Download. Please note! This essay has been submitted by a student. Electronic devices in the classroom can be a source of distraction for oneself and for others, and they also can be used in a way that shows lack of respect. They can also be helpful as aids for learning because they make taking notes more efficient and ...

  12. Essay about Should Electronic Devices Be Used in School?

    Electronic devices should be allowed in school because it increases students organization. To continue, electronic devices are mostly used for educational purposes in school. In most schools electronics are mostly used for researching and playing learning games/apps like First In Math. Researching can be for a persuasive essay and for projects.

  13. Debating the Use of Digital Devices in the Classroom

    Article continues here While many parents allow children free reign of the internet at home, it's a common debate in education circles on how —and if —digital devices should be allowed at school. Supporters of technology in the classroom say that using laptops, tablets, and cellphones in the classroom can keep students engaged.

  14. Electronic Reading Devices, Their Pros and Cons Essay

    E-reading facilitates the educational process and makes people more mobile and independent. However, reading on electronic devices has some disadvantages. Such devices may be expensive and unaffordable for some people (Li et al. 219). The transition to electronic publishing format may increase the digital divide between the developed and poor ...

  15. Positive and Negative Impacts of Electronic Devices on Children

    Electronic devices and games may encourage cognitive learning and the development of analytical skills. This may, in turn, help children build innovative thinking and investigation skills, strategic thinking, and creativity. Using computers may improve manual dexterity. Mastering games builds confidence and develops hand-eye coordination.

  16. The Importance of Electronic Devices in Our Society

    Personal Devices Electronic technology has found its place in almost all facets of life: cooking, cleaning, moving from point A to point B, and interacting. In particular, the Internet allows anybody with access easy entry into a world of open information and gateways useful for essentially...

  17. English Essay Electronics in Society

    Open Document In today's society, electronics are what our lives are controlled by and based on. Without electronics, our lives would be at a standstill and nothing would get done fast enough. Almost everyone one owns some type of electronic in order to make their lives easier, regardless of the negative affects it can have on society.

  18. 1. Children's engagement with digital devices, screen time

    The use of the internet and the adoption of mobile devices like smartphones and tablets is widespread, and digital technologies play a significant role in the everyday lives of American families. This is also true for children, who may begin interacting with digital devices at young ages. In March, Pew Research Center asked parents a series of questions about their children under the age of 12 ...

  19. Free Essay: electronic devices

    265 Words 2 Pages Analyze This Draft electronic devices View Writing Issues File Tools Filter Results Electronic Devices Society depends a lot on technology nowadays, they can obtain a lot of information in just a little device. Now some people read books in tablets or iPad, not in the real books. Some things are so different like they used to be.

  20. Using Electronic Devices in the Classroom Essay Example [Updated]

    1. 📚 Topics: Classroom. Educational institutions should not ban students from using electronic devices in the classroom. However, the American teacher Arnold Glass opposes this statement, forbidding his students to use phones during his class. He claims that this will eventually negatively affect their intellectual development, lead to a ...

  21. The Importance Of Electronic Devices

    1500 Words | 6 Pages Technology convergence has improved in the terms of phones, game consoles or social interaction. It has become a perfect tool in the business sector and as well as entertaining people. Technology convergence makes our lives easier and makes our world becomes a global village.

  22. Sample Essay on Electronic

    Sample Essay on Electronic. An electronic device is a device that attains its purpose electronically.It is an equipment that is highly portable. Examples of electronic devices are laptops, iPods and iPads, televisions, mobile phones, and cameras among others.

  23. Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for sustainable

    The widespread adoption of smart terminals has significantly boosted the market potential for wearable electronic devices. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials show great promise for flexible, wearable electronics of next-generation electronic materials and have potential in energy, optoelectronics, and electronics. First, this review focuses on the importance of functionalization/defects in 2D ...

  24. Advantages and disadvantages of electronic devices

    Advantages and disadvantages of electronic devices - IELTS Writing Essay Sample IELTS Writing Correction Service / Writing Samples / Band 6 Advantages and disadvantages of electronic devices # devices There is a ever-increasing of technology and those devices paly an important part of each person life.

  25. Electronic Nicotine-Delivery Systems for Smoking Cessation

    QUICK TAKE E-Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation 01:58. Electronic nicotine-delivery systems — also called e-cigarettes — are battery-powered devices that reproduce many features of tobacco ...

  26. What to know about packing electronic devices for a flight

    What to know about packing electronic devices for a flight Scottsdale investigating claim Axon tried to intimidate city official over HQ expansion Colorado sues to block Kroger and Albertsons mega ...

  27. Russia seen as highly unlikely to put a nuclear warhead in space

    The space-based weapon U.S. intelligence believes Russia may be developing is more likely a nuclear-powered device to blind, jam or fry the electronics inside satellites than an explosive nuclear ...

  28. Exclusive: Russia attempting to develop nuclear space weapon to ...

    Russia is trying to develop a nuclear space weapon that would destroy satellites by creating a massive energy wave when detonated, potentially crippling a vast swath of the commercial and ...