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Essay, Paragraph or Speech on “Hockey – The National Game” Complete Essay, Speech for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Hockey – The National Game

It is not known when and where hockey began. Historical records show that hockey type game was played in various antique civilizations. 4,000-year-old drawings found in the Beni-Hasen tombs, in the Nile Valley (Egypt) depicted men playing this sport. Some other traces show that the Arabs, the Persians, the Romans (a version called paganica), the Ethiopians and the Aztecs were playing a variation of hockey. The first ever evidence of a team sport was found on bases of statues, which were part of the wall built by Themistocles in 478 B.C. The European settlers in Argentina in the 16th century described a somewhat hockey-like game of the Araucatio Indians known as cheuca or ‘the twisted one’ from the twisted end of the stick used by players. In the Middle Ages, games like hockey were played throughout Europe. It was known as cambuca (or comocke or cammock; compare modern camogie) in England, shinty in Scotland, jeu de mail in France, and het kolven in The Netherlands.

Even though many ancient civilizations played hockey in different variations, the modern game of hockey—the field hockey-evolved in the British Isles in the 19th century.

Hockey was introduced in India by British Army regiments and the game soon found favour among the native Indians. The first hockey club in India came up in Calcutta in 1885-86 and soon Bombay and Punjab followed suit.

Making its Olympic debut at the 1928 Amsterdam Games, Indian hockey team cruised home to its first Olympic gold without conceding a single goal. The hallmark of this ruthless domination was the wizardry of Indian hockey legend Dhyan Chand who mesmerized the Amsterdam crowd with his dazzling skills.

From 1928 to 1956, the Indian hockey juggernaut won six straight Olympic gold medals while winning 24 consecutive matches. This was the golden era of Indian hockey when India loomed large in world hockey and produced some of the finest players the game has ever seen. The Indian stranglehold over the Olympic hockey gold came to an end when Pakistan defeated India in the final of the 1960 Rome Olympics.

Field hockey, commonly known as hockey, is a popular sport for men and women in many countries. It is played in open field. Two opposing teams try to drive the ball into the opponents’ net with the help of curved sticks. The team putting the ball in opponents’ net maximum scores the most.

Hockey Tips:

  • A “push” shot is played when the player uses wrists to push at the ball.
  • “Flick” or “scoop” shot is similar to push but it requires an additional wrist action to force the stick through at an angle to lift the ball off the ground.
  • A “hit” is a shot where a back lift is taken and contact with the ball is made quite forcefully.
  • To produce much stronger hit, the stick is raised higher and swung at the ball, known as a “drive.”
  • A term “tackle” is the placing of stick into the path of the ball. To increase tackles effectiveness, players place the entire stick close to the ground horizontally. “Flat” (also known as square) signifies a pass made to either the right or left of the player with the ball at a 90 degree angle. Modern hockey was developed in the British Isles. It became firmly established by the first half of the 19th century.

Hockey Field: The hockey. field is 100 x 60 yard (91.4 m x 55 m) rectangular field. The goal is 7 feet (2.14 m) high and 12 feet (3.66 m) wide. The semi-circle is of 16 yards (14.63 m) from the goal known as the shooting circle (or D or arc). The dotted line is 5 yards (5 m) from the semi-circle. The lines across the field are 25 yards (22.9 m) from each end-line and in the center of the field. The penalty spot or stroke mark is placed 7 yards (6.4 m) from the center of each goal.

Hockey is the National Game of India. Hockey has been played in India for time immemorial. There was a golden period of Indian hockey when hockey stalwarts of India ruled the game. On the international scenario there were no competitors to match the magical hands of Indian hockey players. The mighty and power of Indian hockey made India synonymous with the game. Unmatched excellence and incomparable talent of Indian players became folklore. The ball juggling feats of players like Major Dhyanchand made people to think that Indian players used some kind of black magic. The Golden Era of hockey in India was the period from 1928 – 1956 When India won 6 successive gold medals in the Olympic Games. It has made India stand tall and has proved itself to the world, in spite of being under political suppression.

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Myth Busted: Hockey is NOT the national game of India| Know why

Myth Busted: Hockey is NOT the national game of India| Know why

Our country might have won eight Olympic gold medals in hockey, several world Cups in kabaddi, and the No.1 spot in cricket, but India has no national game.

essay on india's national game

Sports and games are not only intriguing themes and enjoyable pastimes that promote excellent health, but they are also topics of national and international concerns. Many countries have a national sport. For the longest time, it was thought that the national game of India was hockey. Well, this is not at all true. 

Then what is ‘bharat ka rashtriy khel’? Is it cricket or kabaddi? Boxing , tennis or wrestling? The answer is none of the above. India does not have a national sport declared by the government or the law.

While India has many national symbols like a national animal, national bird, national flower, and national fruit, the country does not have a game declared as ‘Bharat ka rashtriy khel’.

In this article, we will be discussing why there is no chosen national sport of India . We will also discuss the factors considered before a nation selects a game as their ‘Rashtriya Khel’. We will look at the incidences when people have approached the court or the government to find answers to hockey or other sports being India’s national game. 

Why Did Indians Believe Hockey To Be The National Sport Of India?

For many years, we have been under the impression that hockey is the national sport of India . It's crucial to comprehend why most Indians perceived hockey as their national play . Hockey is one of the oldest games, legalized in 1925. Indian Hockey Federation approved the sport. India has been one of the best teams globally in this sport. Be it Olympics or world cups, or any other tournaments, our team has done very well in almost every type of field hockey event. India's men's and women's hockey teams have demonstrated the country's sporting prowess to the rest of the world. The sport's success rate and popularity led people to believe that hockey was ‘Bharat ka rashtriy khel’. 

Take A Look At The Indian Hockey Team Achievements In The Olympics

As previously said, India's hockey team has achieved so much that the game of hockey is referred to as the 'bharat ka rashtriy khel.' This section has listed the Indian hockey team’s achievements in Olympics throughout the years. The team has won 12 medals in this sport and has also done admirably in previous years.

Why Cricket And Kabaddi Are Not The National Sport Of India?

Cricket only became popular in India in the 1980s, after hockey had already established itself. Our country's team won their first World Cup in 1983, bringing this sport to prominence. Because of its well-known players and current success rates, cricket has become a household name. Kabaddi is another sport where India has shown brilliant results as well. Kabaddi is immensely popular in various states in our country's northern regions, and its athletes have excelled in numerous sporting competitions. On the other hand, cricket and kabaddi are not India's national sports because they are not widely popular or accessible across the country.

So, Is Hockey The National Game Of India?

In 2012, a 10-year old girl Aishwarya filed an RTI directly to the PMO to know which sport was the national sport of India. This RTI query received a swift response, and it was clarified that the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports had not chosen and declared any game as the ‘bharat ka rashtriy khel’.  

hockey national game of india

Why Does India Not Have A National Game?

The ‘ bharat ka rashtriy khel’ is not hockey, nor is it cricket or kabaddi. India does not have a national sport. A school teacher from the Dhule district of Maharashtra filed an RTI query to know when was hockey declared the national sport of India. In response to the same, the Union Ministry of Youth Affairs stated that there was no one sport selected as ‘Bharat ka rashtriy khel’ as the aim of the government is to encourage all sports. The objective is to promote every sports discipline and ensure that players from each sport get equal chances to do better and bring glory to the nation.  

Know What Happened When Naveen Patnaik Requested PM Modi To Declare Hockey As The National Game Of India

In 2018, the Chief Minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik, wrote to PM Modi to declare hockey as India’s national game. He mentioned that he was surprised knowing that hockey was not the national sport of our country. This appeal was made by him considering the upcoming World Cup that was to be held in the state. 

This instance shows us that not only common people but even our leaders believed hockey to be the national sport of India. This misconception is still very deep-rooted, and often, rumours also spread about this topic on social media and other messaging platforms. It is very typical to be deceived as India does celebrate a National Sports day in August but does not recognise any game or sport in particular. 

When The Supreme Court Of India Rejected The Plea To Recognize Hockey As The National Game Of India

Lawyer Vishal Tiwari filed a PIL to recognise hockey as India's ‘rashtriy khel’. Lawyer Vishal Tiwari asked the court, “If the country can have a national animal, why can’t it have its national game.”He also noted the prominence of cricket as a sport and advised officials to explore hockey because cricket and its popularity were overpowering. The court rejected this PIL, stating, “There should be a drive within people. Players like Mary Kom rise above all adversities. The court cannot do anything.”

Here’s Why It Is Difficult To Declare The National Game Of India

India is a large country with the world’s second-largest population. While one of its most attractive features, the country's diversity, is why selecting a national sport can be difficult. It is hard to pick a national sport or game because there are several factors to consider, and there are so many games and sports practised at various levels across the country.

India is a demographically diverse country with 28 states and 8 Union Territories. Games like cricket are popular in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. States like the seven sisters in the North-East, West Bengal and Goa excel in football. The northern states are doing well in wrestling, hockey and kabaddi. There are many other games popular in different parts of the country, and this is the primary reason it is so difficult to define what the national game of India is . 

On What Basis Can We Choose Bharat Ka Rashtriy Khel?

Bharat ka rashtriy khel is not very easy to choose and declare. There are so many factors that will have to be considered before making such a decision. In the previous section, we discussed how the diversity of our country in terms of culture and demographics influence the sports that are played in various regions. This is one of the major reasons why a national sport has been so challenging to decide upon. Even if a sport had to be chosen and declared the national sport of India, certain factors would influence this decision. The following elements must be considered before choosing a national play. 

  • The success rate of the national team in the sport can help decide the national sport of a country. 
  • Popularity: This factor is partially dependent on the success rate of the teams and the players, as games where the national teams do well are more likely to be popular among common people. 
  • Accessibility to the sport is a significant factor in our country. Sports that are easily accessible and do not need many resources are preferred more by the masses. 
  • Cultural influence: Culture also plays a role in influencing the more popular game. 

Understanding The Importance Of Having A National Game

There are many national symbols like a national flag, anthem, song, bird, animal, flower, fruit, and tree selected by countries worldwide. These symbols emphasise the heritage and identity of the nation. India does not have a national sport or game. That is right, no sport has been declared the Indian national game , and for the most extended period, people wrongly believed that hockey was the rashtriy khel of India. 

Why are national sports or games important for a country? 

‍ A national sport is not just a game but an intrinsic part of the nation’s culture. National games are just another way to help people stay physically active. Having sports being declared the national sport also helps emphasise the relevance and importance of sports among the citizens of the country. Games specified as the national sport of a country change how the citizens of the country identify, interpret and indulge in the game. 

FACT: Field Hockey Is Not The National Game Of India But Of Pakistan

Hockey is a sport brought to India and Pakistan (then India) by the Britishers. The game gained extreme popularity in the sub-continent. Pakistan adopted hockey, often known as field hockey, as their national game in 1948. In this sport, Pakistan is the world champion. Pakistan Hockey Team is one of the best hockey teams in the world. In field hockey, the country has won four World Cups. The Pakistan Hockey Federation, which is the governing body for the sport in Pakistan, administers the Pakistan Men’s National Field Hockey Team.

national game of india

As we end this article on India's national sport, we hope you have gained a better understanding of national play, how national sports are chosen, and why hockey is not considered "Bharat ka rashtriy khel."

In this section, we will be answering some of the most commonly asked questions about the national game of India 2022 .

Which is the official national game of India?

India does not have an officially recognised game as the Indian national sport.

Is cricket the national sport of India?

No, cricket is not India’s national game.

What is the first national game of India?

India does not have a ‘rashtriy khel’. The government or the Supreme Court has not declared any game as the national sport of India.

How many World Cups have been won by the Indian Hockey Team?

The Indian Hockey Men’s Team has won the Hockey World Cup once, and the Indian Hockey Team has won 12 Olympic medals. 

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essay on india's national game

Should Cricket Be the National Game of India

National-Game-of-India

Cricketers are popular and rich, for which they need to pay a huge sum of money in taxes. All this money comes from Cricket. But making it the national game can directly discourage the inclination towards other games. It can even hurt the sentiments of the hockey players. So, should cricket be the national game of india?

IPL happens every year, and you can see people changing their work schedules to watch the IPL matches. It is all about the craze of Cricket, and not for the first time, and Indians can manage their jobs by watching Cricket.

As of now, our country does not have a national game. We knew 'Hockey' as our national game right from our childhood. But the Sports Ministry clarified in 2012 that our country had not announced any national games.

Hockey vs cricket – Real Debate

We have given here information in favour and against of should Cricket be the national game of India.

Should Cricket be the national game of India? What if yes :

·  For the last twenty years, India has been performing excellently. As  cricfann  website suggests that Cricket is the most famous sport in India, and you can see even Children madly passionate about it, and almost all people get deeply involved in the game. In simple words, a cricket critic in each Indian house exists.

·  The BCCI has been marketing and encouraging Cricket. It is the richest cricket board in the world. In addition, it is the richest sports controlling authority in India.

·  No sports authority can manage their game in India like the BCCI. India has won 3 World Cups, 2 Champion Trophies, and many prestigious tournaments.

·  There is money and popularity along with raw passion. In Cricket, even players at the Junior level can earn handsomely, whereas players of other sports don't. It is also one of the motivating factors offering financial security and motivating players to play well.

·  Change resides in the law of nature. If Indians want to change the national game, we welcome the change.

·  People find the game more connected with them. In addition, they also enjoy Cricket more compared to Hockey.

·  Whether you look for the overall craze of Indian citizens for any sport, it is only this game. Indians treat cricketers even as gods.

·  People blame the government for not putting effort into encouraging other support. But no efforts will become lucrative unless local people don't support it.

·  Cricketers have both money and fame. Besides, they have to pay a big sum of money in taxes. All these things come from the game of Cricket.

·  Cricket has the most fame compared to other games in India.

·  Large popular companies invest plenty of money in Cricket.

Sport in India means different types of games played in our country like tribal games and mainstream sports, including Cricket, badminton, and football. The diversity of culture, people, tribe, and its colonial legacy is seen in multiple sporting disciplines in our nation. Cricket has hosted and won multiple Cricket World Cups, making it the most famous sport in the nation.

The game unites our nation in different ways no other thing does. All people forget the differences in language, beliefs, cultures, etc., while watching our national cricket team. After seeing our Indian cricket players, we forget about racism or hypocrisy.

It doesn't matter who belongs to which state or which religion, and we consider them as one team, our India. If you are a kid who grew up in the 90s, you must find cricket something that made a deep inner connection immediately. Cricket takes a major place in your heart where Sachin Tendulkar, Anil Kumble, etc., are famous names of Indian Cricket.

Should Cricket be the national game of India? What if no:-

·   The origin of Cricket is England, and it gained fame in the colonial countries as the English masters used to play. Previously, the fine Englishmen used to bat throughout the day, and locals of the colonies did the job of bowling. Cricket is a sign of the presence of colonialism.

·   India was the champion of Hockey even when we did not get independence. We have got 8 Olympic gold medals in Hockey, the most ever in any sport. India has a glorious past and is trying to restore it. Therefore, if Cricket is made the National game of India, it may overshadow Hockey.

·   Besides, making Cricket the national game of India can discourage the inclination directly towards other games.

·   It can hurt the sentiments of hockey players. Moreover, it will not give any good message to the other sports.

·   No one sees the future. Cricket may be popular now, but other sports can be famous tomorrow. Then, people may want to change the national game.

·   Government, media, and people are responsible for making other games famous. Football and Hockey have fans, but you do not find the proper source to encourage the other games.

·   If we make Cricket our national game, it may seem like we copy British culture entirely.

·   If we change our national game today, there is no guarantee we won't change our national song, theme, flag, pledge, etc. So it is not the point to consider.

·   We should not decide on a game as a national game only because hockey players are not winning many matches or performing not up to expectations.

·   Government should pay attention to Hockey so that it will get popular again.

·   India has ⅙th of the world's population, but still, one game is famous. On the other hand, Russia, China, the USA, and other countries equally give importance to all games.

With 12.3 billion impressions, Cricket has a major contribution to 93% of the total sports content in our nation. We got the magical number while there wasn't any major international cricket competition.

According to a report, 93% of the 766 million viewers watched Cricket. Even the number of impressions for Sports viewership has grown from 43 billion in 2016 to 51 billion in 2018, and the growth is at a CAGR of 9%.

The game has also been stated to have gained 65% of viewership year-on-year, whereas Kabaddi, Wrestling, Football, and other sports have also gained fame.

Final words

Should Cricket be the national game of India? If Cricket becomes the national game of India, it will not get any extra benefit. Besides, it won't have any other impact on the cricket fans. However, if Cricket becomes a national game, it will attract a lot of criticism from many other areas.

Youngsters can get the wrong message from the decision, and it can even hurt the spirit of the game. Therefore, it doesn't make sense to make it our national game.

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Cricket: The Nationalist Game

From the colonial gentleman to the prince to the commoner, the evolutionary saga of Indian cricket

essay on india's national game

I HAVE OFTEN THOUGHT that cricket is really, in the sociologist Ashis Nandy’s phrase, an Indian game accidentally discovered by the British. Everything about the sport seems suited to the Indian national character: its rich complexity, the infinite possibilities and variations possible with each delivery, the dozen different ways of getting out, are all rather like Indian classical music, in which the basic laws are laid down but the performer then improvises gloriously, unrestrained by anything so mundane as a written score. The glorious uncertainties of the game echo ancient Indian thought: Indian fatalists instinctively understand that it is precisely when you are seeing the ball well and timing your fours off the sweet of the bat that the unplayable shooter can come along and bowl you. It is almost, as has also been observed, a pastime in which the Bhagavad Gita is performed in the guise of a Victorian English morality play.

A country where a majority of the population still consults astrologers and believes in the capricious influence of the planets can well appreciate a sport in which an ill-timed cloudburst, a badly-prepared pitch, a lost toss of a coin or the sun in the eyes of a fielder can transform the outcome of a game. Even the possibility that five tense, exciting, hotly contested and occasionally meandering days of cricket can still end in a draw seems derived from Indian philosophy, which profoundly accepts that in life the journey is as important as the destination.

No wonder cricket has seized the national imagination of India as no other sport has. Our cricketers occupy a place in the pantheon rivalled only by gods and Bollywood stars. The performances of our heroes are analysed with far more passion than any political crisis; selectoral sins of commission and omission, especially the latter, can bring teeming cities to a grinding halt. In no other country, I dare say, does a sport so often command the front pages of leading newspapers.

And why not? What could be more important than the thrilling endeavours of a gifted batsman or the magical wiles of a talented spinner, each performing his dharma, the individual doing his duty in a team game, just as in life each Indian fulfils his destiny within the fate of the collectivity?

Cricket first came to India with decorous English gentlemen idly pursuing their leisure; it took nearly a century for the ‘natives’ to learn the sport, and then they played it in most unEnglish ways. I remember being taken by my father to my first-ever Test match, in Bombay in late 1963, when a much weaker English side than the present one was touring. I shall never forget the exhilaration of watching India’s opening batsman and wicketkeeper, Budhi Kunderan, smite a huge six over midwicket, follow it soon after with another blow that just failed to carry across the rope, and then sky a big shot in a gigantic loop over mid-on. As it spiralled upwards Kunderan began running; when the ball was caught by an English fielder, he hurled his bat in the air, continued running, caught it as it came down, and ran into the pavilion. I was hooked for life.

A dapper figure in a silk shirt, all flashing eyes and flashing bat, KS Ranjitsinhji was one of the game’s all-time greats and the first non-White to play for England

essay on india's national game

India has always had its Kunderans, but it has also had its meticulous grafters, its plodders, its anarchists and its stoics: a society which recognises that all sorts of people have their place, recognises the value of variety in its cricket team as well. Cricket reflects and transcends India’s diversity: the Indian team has been led by captains from each of our major faiths, by Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Christians and a colourful Sikh. A land divided by caste, creed, colour, culture, cuisine, custom and costume is united by a great conviction: cricket.

Yes, the British brought it to us. But they did not do so in the expectation that we would defeat them one day at their own game, or that our filmmakers would win an Oscar nomination for an improbable tale about a motley bunch of illiterate villagers besting their colonial overlords at a fictional 19th century match (Lagaan , 2003). Sport played an important role in British imperialism, since it combined Victorian ideas of muscular Christianity, a cult of youthful vigour and derring- do in far-off lands, and the implicit mission of bringing order and civilisation to the unruly East through the imposition of rules learned on the playing fields of Eton. If Empire was a field of play, then to the colonised, learning the rules and trying to defeat the masters at their own game became an inevitable expression of national feeling.

Scholars have demonstrated that one of the reasons why cricket acquired such a hold in Bengal society between 1880 and 1947 was as a way to discharge the allegation of effeminacy against the Bengali male by beating the English at their own game. The educated middle class of Bengal, the Bhadralok, joined the maharajas of Natore, Cooch Behar, Mymensingh and other native states to make cricket a part of Bengali social life as a means of attaining recognition from their colonial masters. At the same time, the British, who saw cricket as a useful tool of the Raj’s civilising mission, promoted the sport in educational institutions of the province.

But cricket quickly took on nationalist overtones. Take an incident from the days of the nationalist movement in Bengal of the 1910s, from the sporting history of Presidency College. Presidency was the principal English-language institution of higher learning for Indians in Calcutta, where sports such as gymnastics and cricket were made compulsory to develop Bengali boys physically in reaction to British colonial stereotypes of ‘manly’ Britons and effeminate Bengalis. When the nationalist resistance in Bengal was gathering momentum, Presidency College lost a cricket match in 1914 to an all-European team of La Martinière College, an unabashedly colonial institution whose students were (and astonishingly still are) divided into ‘Houses’ named for the likes of Charnock and Macaulay. This caused much breast-beating and self-flagellation. The players of the team were publicly criticised: ‘The big defeat of the college team by La Martinière College cannot be forgiven,’ declared the Presidency College magazine.

When Indians became good enough at cricket, the British took care to divide them, organising a tournament that pitted teams of Hindus, Muslims, Parsis and ‘the Rest’ against each other

In a somewhat different way, Parsi cricketers in Bombay undertook the sport for the purpose of social mobility within the colonial framework. The maharajas, the affluent classes and Anglicised Indians, Ashis Nandy points out, ‘saw cricket as an identifier of social status and as a means of access to the power elite of the Raj. Even the fact that cricket was an expensive game by Indian standards strengthened these connections’.

Curiously, this pattern was replicated across the country, not just in the British presidencies but also in the princely states, many of which produced not inconsiderable teams, well financed by the native rulers. Some of these gentlemen played the sport themselves at a significant level of accomplishment; one, KS Ranjitsinhji (universally known as ‘Ranji’ and enviously as ‘Run-get-sin-ji’), was selected to play for England against Australia in 1895, and scored a century on debut, which made him the hero of the Indian public. A dapper figure in a silk shirt, all flashing eyes and flashing bat, Ranji (1872-1933) was one of the game’s all-time greats and the first non- White to play for England. It is fascinating how Ranji, like Oscar Wilde and Benjamin Disraeli, became an English hero without being quite English enough himself. (‘He never played a Christian stroke in his life,’ as one English admirer disbelievingly put it.) Ranji described himself as ‘an English cricketer and an Indian prince,’ but as the Anglo-Dutch writer Ian Buruma observes: ‘As an English cricketer he behaved like an Indian prince, and as an Indian prince like an English cricketer.’

Ranji—cricketing genius, reckless spendthrift, shameless Anglophile—was an extraordinary amalgam of the virtues and defects of both gentleman and prince. When a careless hunter shot him in the eye, Ranji continued the hunt, lost the eye, but made it a point to invite the incompetent hunter for the next shoot. Yet he was almost callously dismissive of the deaths of his Indian subjects, and he obliged his peasantry, in the midst of a crippling drought, to contribute to Britain’s World War I coffers. As his state choked in the grip of famine, Ranji wasted a month’s revenues in a fireworks display for a visiting viceroy. His nephew, KS Duleepsinhji, and another prince, the Nawab of Pataudi, both emulated Ranji in 1930 and 1933 respectively, though by then Indians were beginning to ask why they had taken their talents to the other side instead of playing for the fledgling Indian Test team. (Pataudi did, in 1946, but by then he was past his prime.)

When Indians became good enough at cricket to win the occasional game, the British took care to divide them, organising a ‘Quadrangular Tournament’ that pitted teams of Hindus, Muslims, Parsis and ‘the Rest’ against each other, so that even on the field of play Indians would be reminded of the differences among them so assiduously promoted by colonial rule.

The sociologist Richard Cashman noted that Indian nationalism was less radical, in a cultural sense, than Irish nationalism. In Ireland, the nationalists and Home Rule agitators attacked cricket and other English sports as objectionable elements of colonial culture, and patronised ‘Gaelic sports’ instead. Indian nationalist leaders, on the other hand, ‘attacked the political and economic aspects of British imperialism but retained an affection for some aspects of English culture’. While traditional Indian sports like kabaddi languished in the colonial era, and polo was revived as a sport mainly for the British and a very narrow segment of the Indian aristocracy, cricket was seen as a sport where Indians could hold their own against the English. (This may explain why Ireland still has a very modest cricket team that is yet to earn ‘Test’ status, whereas India in the 21st century is one of the giants of the world game.)

Cricket, of course, flourishes in democratic India far more than it ever did in the days of the Raj. It is played not by the princes to whom the British taught it, but by the sons of India’s middle and lower-middle-classes, the products of a nationalism Ranji despised. While one must concede that the British imparted it to us, today we can more than hold our own with them, and anyone else playing the sport.

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Which is the National Game of India – Hockey or Cricket ?

Which is the National Game of India - Hockey or Cricket ?

Table of Contents

A game became the national game once it gains acclaim which relates the game to the history of a particular country. If a game retains the historical connection, it is eventually being accepted as the life-breath of any particular country. Every country has its own national game. The national games encourage people to know the importance of physical activities and help them to fall in love with any of the games. The national games evoke a feeling of nationalism in the blood of its citizens. National games are of utmost importance. If you are an aspirant who is preparing for any of the competitive exams, you need up to know more about the popular national game of India. Now, are you interested in games and sports? Are you an Indian? If so, how can you skip the national games? Binge on and learn.

People outside India always consider cricket as the national sport of Indicatives of India are taught from an early age that Hockey is the national sport. Hockey is declared the official sport of India. It is the historically strong and dedicated sport of India.  the cricket teams are nowadays attracting the attention of most of the audience and there might be chances for cricket to be the national sport. In the highly competitive sporting world, cricket and hockey occupy the major share.

essay on india's national game

Is Hockey National Game of India?

Hockey is considered the old game of India. Indian Hockey Federation came into being in the year 1925. The first Indian hockey competition was against New Zealand. The first match involved 21 matches. Out of the 21 matches, India won 18 matches and lost 1 match. This victory made the country famous for the hockey team. Hockey soon became a part of Indian history as the national game. The first victory triggered the people in India to engineer themselves in hockey. The game became popular from 1928 to 1956. India won 6 succeeding gold medals in the Olympic games for hockey and the nation considers this time as the golden period of India

National Game of India 2021

The national game of India name is none other than Field Hockey. Based on the popularity of the game and the historical connection of the game with the country, field hockey is regarded as the national game of India. Hockey players are the proudest citizens. They could represent our nation in the name of national games. The national game, namely hockey has a rich legacy. Hockey can evoke a sense of pride in the hearts of the citizens. Grass field or turf is the game ground for hockey. At various International Forums, the performance of the Indian hockey team became remarkable and this is one of the major reasons why hockey is regarded as the national game of India.

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Indian Hockey

  • The Hockey Federation was established in India in the year 1925. The first game the Indian hockey participated in was with New Zealand.
  • The Indian hockey team played 21 matches and lost one match. Dhyanchand arose as the legendary hockey player through this game.
  • Indian Hockey team won a gold medal for the country India in the year 1928 Olympic.
  • Indian Hockey Team won six consecutive Olympic Gold Medals between the years 1928 and 1956. Scoring 178 goals, they won 24 matches. They have conceded only 7 in their half of the game.
  • Richard Allen, Rex Norris, Broome Pinninger, Michael Rocque, Frederick Seaman, Dhyan Chand, Michael Gately, William Goodsir- Cullen, Leslie Hammond, Feroze Khan, Santosh Manglani, George Marthins Shaukat Ali, Jaipal Singh, Kher Singh Gill were the members of the prestigious Indian hockey team.
  • After losing 0-1 to the Pakistan Hockey team in the finals of the 1960 Rome Olympics, the Indian Hockey team winning streak ended.
  • In the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and 1980 Moscow Olympics, the team again won the gold medal.
  • Indian Men’s Hockey team was the winner of the Hockey World Cup in 1975 held in Kualalampur, Malaysia.
  • The Indian Women’s Hockey team won a Gold medal in the 2002 Commonwealth Games held in Manchester, England.

National Game of India: Rules

  • the game was once played in two halves,
  • 35 minutes each were provided for teams
  • Many changes were made in 2014
  • The game is divided into 4 halves
  • 15 minutes is now provided for the teams.
  • There is a 2-minute break for every period
  • There is a total of 11 players on each side
  • There are a total of 10 players on the field
  • one person is the goalkeeper.
  • The player should have a hockey stick
  • The hockey game consists of a 150 to 200 cm long slender shaft
  • ending of the shaft consist of the blade.
  • the hockey stick should have a maximum of 737 grams.
  • The ball is made of hard plastic and small.
  • The stick is flat on the playing side
  • The stick is made of hickory wood or mulberry wood.
  • The gamers should hit, dribble and push the ball around the field
  • They should attempt to shoot it past the goalkeeper into the opposite goal post.
  • Holding, kicking or carrying the ball is not allowed for the players
  • The game should begin with a center pass
  • the sides should be revered after the first half.
  • When the scoring shot is taken from within the striking circle, it can be considered a goal
  • the match will be officiated by two umpires on the field
  • The umpires on the field will monitor the play closely
  • any misconduct or rule breaking will not be entertained.

History of National Game of India

Hockey is one of the most ancient games in the world. As it is connected to the history of India it is deemed as the national game. Guiding a ball with the help of a stick is the major attraction of hockey. The process of the play has been in circulation around 1200 years before. This play was popular among people before the start of the ancient games of Olympia in Greece. There are various variations for the same game practised by almost all the people belonging to different clans and races.

Field Hockey was developed by the British. In 1921, the London Hockey association was established. The rules of the games were consolidated in 1921 itself. In 1924, the International Hockey Federation was founded. The British game came to the limelight’s British Raj introduced the game in India. The Indian citizen took extra interest in the games and arouse it to the heights of honour. In India, the first hockey club was established in Calcutta. It happened in 1885. The first hockey association in India was Bengal Hockey which was founded in the year 1908. During the Olympics held in Amsterdam Indians had competed for the first time in 1928.

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Indian Hockey: Achievements

Indian hockey team withstood all the adverse effects and won many awards and recognition in the Olympics. Let’s have a quick glimpse of it.

Cricket and India

The selection of the national games is not a simple Task. The recognition of national games involves various criteria. The national game should represent the culture. It should be a vehicle to understand the true value of our culture and values for outsiders. The national games can teach the team spirit, which in turn shows the spirit of the nation itself. National games are regarded as the intrinsic part of the culture. The national games hold such high prestige and honour by the law-abiding particular nation.

National games are having historical significance and enhance the participation spirit of the citizens across the country. Hockey is known as India’s favourite game. While Cricket has helped greatly in gaining popularity. It has succeeded in collecting as many fans as possible through single matches. All these games have provided a new generation of first-class talents to the entire world. Cricket is the game that provides the best infrastructure and backing for the growth and development of these areas.

India plays a pivotal role in investing in the popularity of the game. Board of Control for Cricket in India sets the best example which is worthy enough to be followed by the governments of other nations. The support and the and system helped in gaining popularity and produced many good playing teams across India. The Indian cricket team has its shining armour and shield to win. According to the survey, the India Men’s National Cricket Team brought 157 test wins, two ODI World Cups, and a Twenty20 World Cup to its crown. The Women in Blue has also won five tests and an ODI World Cup to make tithe Indian citizens proud.

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Why Cricket is Significant?

As technology is stronger and the internet facilitates the worldwide connection of people across the globe, new games are always occupying the scene. But cricket and hockey continue to enjoy the same popularity as usual. Indian cricket team got more fans by the increasing technology boom. Cricket has withstood the adverse times and became an all-time favourite game.

Using smartphones or computers, any citizen can have access to  the Best Cricket Betting Sites in India . This very act on the part of the citizens shows the level and popularity of the games. Indian cricket fans are enthusiastic about utilizing the nuisances of the games by using the popular cricket games. Cricket fans are huge in India. It has its integrity and popularity to be known as the best game of India.

Cricket or hockey?

  • Cricket became a household name in India
  • hockey has been a popular sport for Indians for almost a decade.
  • The Indian Hockey Team has long been considered one of the best in the world.
  • A well established hockey team for India that dominated hockey at the international stage.
  • in 1928, India has won a record eight gold medals.
  • The cultural impact of hockey in the country is worth noting
  • The strong legacy of hockey attracts people
  • If cricket is regarded as the national game, it can hurt the sentiments of the players
  • it can even discourage the inclination towards other games.

Now you know the relevance of cricket in the field of Indian sports and the significance of Hockey in the Indian soil. Check out more interesting facts and general knowledge about India in Entri App.

Read more General Knowledge articles on sports

National Sports Awards 2020 – Download Free PDF

List of Sports Stadiums in the World 2021

Important Sports Cups and Trophies of India 2021

essay on india's national game

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A writer with love for words and passion for learning! Sharing latest exam updates and preparation tips for the aspirants

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Essay on Hockey for Students and Children

500+ words essay on hockey.

Hockey is the national game of India . Also, it is a popular game and an interesting game that many countries play. The game has many rules that need to be followed by each team so that a fair play can be conducted. There are different varieties of this game played across the globe. But, the basic rules remain the same at all places. If we talk about India then the track record of India then it is quite good. Indian has won six gold medals in the Olympics and many consecutive matches.

Essay on Hockey

Origin and history of Hockey

It is an ancient game that is played in India for years. Also, the game is always played with a stick and a ball. Before 1272 BC it was played in Ireland and during 600 BC ancient Greece used to play it. Around the world, there are many variations of the game known by the name ice hockey, field hockey, street hockey, sled hockey, and roller hockey.

Equipment Required for Playing the Game

To play hockey in a safe manner there are various gears and equipment that protect a player from the serious injury. Moreover, this equipment includes helmets, shoulder, pads, neck guards, jockstrap, elbow pads, hockey stick, and a ball or puck.

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Rules of Hockey Game

The field has a fixed dimension and it is in rectangular shape divided into two halves of equal length and breadth. In addition, earlier the game used to be of 70 minutes, which is divided into two halves. But recently a change has been made and now the game consists of 60 minutes that divides into three-quarters of 20 minutes each.

Besides, a team consists of 11 players each. The aim of the match is to hit maximum goals in the opponent team goal post. The team who successfully score more goals wins the match. Also, the dimensions of the stick and the weight of the ball is predefined in the rule books. If on the field they found the dimensions and weight incorrect then the one responsible for false play is eliminated.

Besides, most of the rules of the game are similar to Football and violation of rule has some penalties. There are rules for everything that happens during the math whether it relates to a player or the referee.

Importance of Hockey

The game has much importance in India as it has chosen it as its national game. Also, India has a bright and big deep-rooted history related to sports. In addition, India has many brilliant players that played for the country and it is the oldest known game in the country.

In conclusion, Hockey is the national game of India but it was never declared officially. But, we can make this official by bringing the golden period of hockey back once again. Currently, our hockey team lacks support from the government but with our support they can bring the glory days of hockey back.

FAQs about Essay on Hockey

Q.1 How to start a hockey game? A.1 The game of hockey starts with a face-off in the center of the rink. In this rink, the referee drop the ball or puck and the players of the opposite team have to fight to gain control over the ball or puck.

Q.2 How to score a goal in hockey? A.2 For scoring a goal in hockey the player needs to hit the ball in opponents’ team goal post without committing any foul. If he misses the goalpost then no points are given to her/his team. But for scoring the ball needs to either cross the line or hit the net. Moreover, if it is not successful in doing so then no points will be awarded to his team.

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Essay On Hockey – 10 Lines, Short & Long Essay For Children

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Key Points To Remember: Essay On Hockey For Lower Primary Classes

10 lines on hockey for kids, a paragraph on hockey for children, short essay on ‘my favourite game: hockey’ in english for kids, long essay on hockey for children, interesting facts about hockey for kids, what will your child learn from hockey essay.

Hockey is considered the national sport of our country, and it has been an extremely popular sport in India. When your child writes an essay on hockey in English, they get to look at the sport from a close view. They become aware of the different technicalities of the game. Essay writing improves your child’s thought process and gives structure to their thoughts. It lays the foundation of English grammar and enriches vocabulary. The act of writing also develops your little one’s fine motor skills. You can write an interesting essay on hockey for classes 1, 2 and 3.

Your child needs to remember a few significant points while writing an essay on hockey.

  • In the first step, let your child research the game.
  • In the second step, let them structure the ideas they want to write about the sport.
  • The third step is to note the ideas to form an outline to cover all the points while writing the essay.
  • In the fourth step, let them make short and simple sentences from the pointers.
  • Encourage your child not to get too deep writing about any single idea. It will help them stick to the word count.
  • Help your child write with the flow, making them enjoy every bit of writing the essay.
  • Your little one can write about the importance of Hockey in India, the rules of the game, the legendary players, etc.

Hockey is an extremely important sport in our country. Let us help your child write an interesting essay for classes 1 and 2 in 10 lines on this game.

  • Hockey is the national sport of our country.
  • It is considered the national sport because of its popularity and historical background.
  • Even when cricket was not a popular sport in India, Hockey had stolen many hearts.
  • India has won 6 Olympic awards for Hockey.
  • There are different types of hockey games, though Field Hockey is the most popular.
  • Hockey is an outdoor game.
  • It requires a team of 10 players.
  • The team also has a goalkeeper apart from the ten players.
  • The players undergo a lot of practice and hard work.
  • People play the game with a hockey stick that looks like the letter J, and a ball.

Hockey is considered the national sport of India due to its popularity and outstanding performance. It is an important game.

India has won 6 gold medals at the Olympics in Hockey. Even when cricket was not a popular sport in India, Hockey was a favourite. There are different types of hockey, though Field Hockey is the most popular. It is an outdoor game played in a stadium or on plain grass, requiring a team of 11 players, including a goalkeeper. The sport involves a lot of practice and dedication.

Hockey is an essential sport in our country, and it has been in our country since the olden days.

Hockey is considered the national sport of our country due to its popularity and fabulous performance in the past. India has won 6 gold medals at the Olympics in Hockey. In India, people loved hockey even when cricket was not popular. There are different types of Hockey, namely, Field Hockey, Ice Hockey, Sledge Hockey, and Roller Hockey. Field Hockey is the most popular outdoor game played in a stadium, on plain grass, or on synthetic material. The game requires a team of 11 players, including a goalkeeper. The players need a lot of practice and hard work under the guidance of a professional.

Hockey is a very important sport in our country. Let us help your child write a Hockey essay for class 3.

Hockey is considered the national sport of our country due to its popularity and historical background. The first Hockey club in India was in Calcutta. The sport has a rich legacy in India, and its past performance has been outstanding. India has won 6 gold medals at the Olympics and many more consecutive matches, and there are different types of Hockey, namely, Field Hockey, Ice Hockey, Sledge Hockey, and Roller Hockey. The game’s basic rules are similar in all the forms of the sport. Field Hockey is the most popular. It is an outdoor game played in a stadium, on plain grass, or on a mat-like synthetic material called turf. The game requires a team of 11 players, including a goalkeeper. The team with the higher number of goals win the match. The players need a lot of practice and hard work under the guidance of a professional trainer. The dimension of the hockey stick and the ball’s weight has to abide by the rulebooks. The sport is good for our health. The eyes, brain, and muscles work to hit the ball or the puck. Players of both teams have to be extremely alert on the field. It is a game that involves a lot of interest and excitement and grips the spectators. India has produced a couple of heroes in the game. Dhyan Chand was known as the Wizard of Hockey. Other prominent names are Balbir Singh Sr., Ajit Pal Singh, Dhanraj Pillay, Ashok Kumar, Udham Singh, Baboo Nimal, Mohammed Shahid, Gagan Ajit Singh, and Leslie Claudius. Let us talk about another hero of Indian Field Hockey. His name is Dhanraj Pillay. He is a retired Indian field hockey player, former captain of the Indian national team, and winner of the Arjuna Award for Hockey. Hockey is a popular game in India and beyond our country.

  • What Is The Origin And History Of Hockey?

Hockey emerged in England in the mid-18th century.

2. Why Is Hockey Called The National Game Of India?

Hockey was chosen as the National Game of India because of the golden period during which our country won 6 gold medals at the Olympics and several other awards consecutively.

3. Things Needed For Playing Hockey?

Some equipment that’s required to play hockey: Helmets, neck guards, shoulder pads, elbow pads, jockstraps, hockey sticks, and balls or pucks.

4. How Is Hockey Played And What Are The Rules Of Playing?

A Hockey match starts with a toss. There are two teams with 11 members each, including a goalkeeper. While one team tries to put the ball or puck into the net, the goalkeeper from the other team tries to stop the goal. The team that can make the highest number of goals wins the match.

Advantages Of Playing Hockey

Hockey keeps the players both mentally and physically fit. It helps to build concentration and stamina.

  • The name ‘hockey’ has come from the French word hoquet (shepherd’s stick).
  • Some people believe the game evolved from the ancient Irish game of hurling.
  • Hockey was originally called Shinty.
  • Mi’kmaq carvers made the first hockey sticks.
  • The first hockey pucks used in field hockey games were pieces of frozen cow dung.

When your child writes an essay on hockey, they come to learn about how important this sport has been for our country. They also learn about the excellent performance of India and the heroes of this sport. They will know how to play the game.

1. How Is Ice Hockey Played?

As the name suggests, people play ice hockey on ice. The players wear ice skates on their feet, and it helps them skate on the ice at a very high speed and play the game. They push, shoot and fire the ball with the hockey stick. They score by flinging the ball into the net while the goalkeeper tries to stop them.

2. Who Are Some Famous Hockey Players Of India?

Dhyan Chand, Balbir Singh Sr., Ajit Pal Singh, Dhanraj Pillay, Ashok Kumar, Udham Singh, Baboo Nimal, Mohammed Shahid, Gagan Ajit Singh, Leslie Claudius, and Dhanraj Pillay at present are some of the well-known hockey players of India.

3. Can You Play Hockey as an Indoor Game?

Hockey is an outdoor game, and it is played on grass, artificial or watered turf, or synthetic fields.

We hope the above blog will help your child write an amazing essay on hockey. Essay writing is an activity that will help your little one even after they grow up, till much later in life.

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National Game of India – Is Hockey the National Game of India?

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Table of Contents

National Game of India: An Overview

India boasts a rich sporting history, often leading many to ask, “ What is the national game of India? ” While many associate hockey with India’s sporting successes , especially during the 20th century, there’s no official proclamation declaring it the national sport . Players like Major Dhyan Chand have left an indelible mark on hockey’s legacy . Meanwhile, sports like cricket and the indigenous game of kabaddi also hold significant places in India’s sports narrative. Each game, whether globally recognized or traditional, reflects a facet of India’s diverse culture and passion for sports .

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The Evolution of the National Game of India

National game of india: history.

India’s sports legacy, intertwined with the question of “what is the national game of India “, has deep roots. While hockey , with its series of iconic victories, especially under the legendary Dhyan Chand at the Berlin Olympics , stands out in modern history, the journey of sports in India is ancient and diverse.

India’s Sports in Ancient Times

Going into India’s past, the Rigveda gives us insights into early sports like chariot racing and archery. Traditional games such as ‘ Kho-Kho’ and ‘ Kabaddi’ , now debated as potential national games, have their origins steeped in ancient Indian culture, showcasing the rich sporting tapestry of the nation.

Influence of British Colonization on Indian Sports

British colonization introduced western sports to the Indian terrain. While cricket became immensely popular, it’s hockey that captured national pride during the British era. The Indian hockey team, capturing six consecutive Olympic gold medals from 1928 to 1956, solidified its position, leading many to search “ is hockey the national sport of India ” on platforms like Wikipedia . This period, also known as the ‘ Golden Era ‘, is a testament to India’s national sports prowess during the time.

The Debate Around India’s National Game

Why does india not have an official national game.

India’s rich sporting heritage, often synonymous with the question “what is the national game of India?”, has been the topic of many debates. While many believe hockey holds the esteemed title, there isn’t an official proclamation to cement its status. This absence has left many asking “ which is the national game of India? ” or “is hockey the national sport of India?”, seeking clarity.

Importance of a National Game to a Country’s Identity

A national game or sport often symbolizes a country’s cultural, historical, and societal values. For India, where sports in India have played a vital role, recognizing a national game can offer a sense of identity and unity. “ National sports of India ” or “ India national sport ” are terms that many search for, highlighting the significance and curiosity around the topic.

Controversies Surrounding India’s National Game

The debate between hockey and cricket, as the potential “Indian national game,” has been persistent. While historical records and international achievements lean towards hockey, cricket’s unrivaled popularity makes many think of it as the unofficial national game. Discussions on platforms like Quora or Wikipedia around “is hockey national game of India” or “why hockey is national game of India not cricket” further showcase the public’s divided opinion on the matter.

Hockey’s Place in Indian Sports

Hockey has long been intertwined with India’s sporting narrative. When people question, “What is the national game of India?”, hockey often emerges as the popular response, though it’s not officially designated as such. So, why is hockey frequently associated as the national sport of India?

The legacy began with India’s unmatched dominance in the sport during the early-to-mid 20th century. The Indian hockey team’s achievements, especially at the Olympics, are monumental. With eight Olympic gold medals to its credit, India stands as the most successful nation in Olympic hockey. Such feats naturally led many to believe that hockey is the national sport of India, even in the absence of an official proclamation.

A significant chapter in Indian hockey is dedicated to Major Dhyan Chand . Often referred to as the “Wizard” of hockey, Dhyan Chand’s prowess on the field was unparalleled. His exceptional skills played a pivotal role in India clinching gold medals in the 1928, 1932, and 1936 Olympics. Every year, the National Sport Day of India, celebrated on the 29th of August, commemorates his birth anniversary, underscoring the sport’s significance and his indomitable contribution to it.

Also Check: Essay on Hockey

Why is Hockey Considered the National Sport of India?

Hockey has a deep-rooted connection with India’s sporting history. Even though it’s not officially recognized as the national game of India, many believe it holds that honor. The origin of this belief stems from India’s unparalleled achievements in hockey during the 20th century, setting benchmarks that few nations could match. The sport has consistently unified diverse communities and cultures of the country, showcasing India’s prowess on the international stage. This widespread admiration and recognition have, over time, contributed to hockey being thought of as the national sport of India.

Indian Hockey Team’s Achievements in Olympics

With a total of eight gold medals in the Olympics, the Indian hockey team has set a benchmark that few nations have matched. Their accomplishments have greatly influenced the national pride and the association of hockey with India’s sports identity.

Major Dhyan Chand: The Legend of Indian Hockey

Major Dhyan Chand remains an eternal figure in the annals of Indian sports. Born on August 29, 1905, he is often fondly referred to as the “Wizard” of hockey due to his extraordinary skills and control over the ball. His exceptional talent was a crucial factor behind India securing gold medals in three consecutive Olympics (1928, 1932, 1936). His unmatched gameplay, combined with his sportsmanship, earned him accolades globally. Even today, Dhyan Chand’s legacy is celebrated with the National Sport Day of India observed on his birth anniversary. His contributions to the sport have played an instrumental role in making hockey synonymous with Indian sports excellence.

Kabaddi: India’s Indigenous Sporting Treasure

Kabaddi, often considered one of the oldest games in India, traces its roots back to the country’s ancient traditions. With its origins believed to be thousands of years old, this sport has been played across the vast expanse of the Indian subcontinent, gaining immense popularity in rural and urban areas alike.

  • Rules of Kabaddi: Kabaddi is a team sport, played between two groups of seven players each. The core objective is for a single player (raider) from the attacking side to tag as many opponents as possible within the opposing team’s territory and return to their half without being tackled. All the while, the raider has to continuously chant “Kabaddi, Kabaddi” without taking another breath.
  • Origin of Kabaddi: The historical roots of kabaddi can be traced back to ancient Indian scriptures and texts, emphasizing its deep cultural significance in India. It’s not just a game; for many, kabaddi carries the weight of tradition, discipline, and centuries-old practices.
  • Modern Evolution: In recent times, the sport has seen a resurgence in popularity, thanks in part to leagues like the Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) that have brought it into the limelight, showcasing the sport to a new generation of fans. Modern kabaddi has evolved with structured teams, strategies, and televised events, making it more accessible and relatable for today’s audience.

Today, while sports like cricket dominate the mainstream consciousness, kabaddi remains a poignant reminder of India’s rich sporting legacy. It stands as a testament to the country’s deep-rooted traditions, blending seamlessly with the pulse of modern India.

Other Significant Sports in India

India has a rich tapestry of sports, woven with traditions and modernity alike. While hockey and kabaddi have significant places in the heart of the nation, there are other games that also define the sporting spirit of India.

Unofficial National Sports of India

Cricket, often labeled the “religion” of India, holds a special place in the hearts of millions. Its immense popularity has made it an unofficial national sport, uniting the country during major tournaments and events. Beyond cricket, sports like badminton, tennis, and wrestling have also carved their niches, with athletes representing India on global platforms and bringing accolades home.

India’s Global Achievements in Various Sports

India’s mark on the international sports map isn’t confined to just one or two games. Badminton stars like P.V. Sindhu and Saina Nehwal have shone on the world stage, winning championships and Olympic medals. In tennis, legends like Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupathi, and Sania Mirza have held the tricolor high with their exemplary achievements. Furthermore, India has also made its presence felt in athletics, boxing, shooting, and archery, with champions like Mary Kom, Abhinav Bindra, and Neeraj Chopra becoming household names.

The realm of sports in India is diverse and vibrant, reflecting the nation’s multifaceted culture and passion. Whether it’s the cricket fields, badminton courts, or wrestling rings, Indian athletes have consistently showcased their prowess, making the nation proud.

The Need for an Official National Game

India’s diverse sports landscape raises a valid question: Is there a need for an official national game? On one side of the debate, having an official national game could bolster national pride and identity. It offers a symbol around which people can rally and foster unity. However, given the diverse sporting interests in India, zeroing in on one game might unintentionally sideline other sports and the passionate communities behind them.

India’s Rich Tapestry of Sports and Cultural Identity

The myriad of sports played in India isn’t just about competition; they’re a reflection of the nation’s vast cultural identity. Whether it’s the traditional game of kabaddi, the global passion for cricket, or the historical significance of hockey, each sport tells a story of India’s past, present, and future. Sports in India are more than just games; they’re experiences that unite different communities, represent cultural nuances, and create narratives of perseverance, triumph, and spirit.

To sum it up, while the debate about a single national game continues, what remains undeniable is India’s love and fervor for sports. The variety of sports celebrated across the country showcases its rich heritage and diverse cultural tapestry, making it a nation truly unique in its sporting endeavors.

In India’s vibrant sports landscape, from the historical prowess of hockey in the Olympics to the indigenous treasure of kabaddi and the global acclaim of cricket, the debate over an official national game persists. Regardless, India’s sporting journey, infused with rich history and diverse cultural narratives, stands testament to its unique identity in the world of sports. While the choice of a single national game remains contested, India’s passion and achievements across various sports remain unmatched.

Also Read: How to Become a Cricketer?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on National Game of India

Which is our national game.

The national game often varies from country to country. For India, field hockey is widely recognized as the national game, although there is no official documentation confirming this status.

Is badminton the national game of India?

No, badminton is not the national game of India. While the sport is popular and has produced renowned players, field hockey is traditionally considered India's national game.

Which is the national game of which country?

Different countries have different national games. For example, cricket is the national game of England, baseball for the USA, and taekwondo for South Korea.

Is hockey the national game of India according to Wikipedia?

According to Wikipedia, field hockey is widely perceived as India's national game. However, the platform also highlights that there's no official document establishing hockey as the national game.

Which is the national game of India?

Field hockey is traditionally considered the national game of India, although there's no official proclamation confirming this.

Where are the national games held in India?

The National Games of India are held in different states, rotating among them to promote a nationwide sporting spirit. The venue changes with each edition.

Is cricket the national game?

Cricket is not the national game of India. However, it holds a prominent place in the country's sports culture. Cricket is considered the national game of England.

Which country's national game is kabaddi?

Kabaddi is traditionally recognized as the national game of Bangladesh. It also has deep roots in the Indian subcontinent.

What is our national game in 2023?

As of now, field hockey remains widely recognized as India's national game, and there hasn't been any official change announced for 2023.

Why is hockey considered the national game of India?

Hockey is considered the national game of India primarily because of the country's historical dominance in the sport, especially during the mid-20th century Olympics. The sport has brought numerous accolades and pride to the nation, leading to its elevated status.

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Largest Compilation of Structured Essays and Exams

Hockey Essay | The National Game of India | History & Importance

December 7, 2017 by Study Mentor Leave a Comment

It is a sport that is fast gaining recognition in this country. Although it was India’s national sport up until 2012, it was barely known throughout the country. In India , cricket has been the dominating sport since times unknown. People follow cricket more than hockey, it is a known fact.

But it is slowly gaining prominence. But what do we really know about Hockey? How many competitions have our team participated in? How many have we won? How many medals does our national team have to its credit? What are the basic rules of the game?

Table of Contents

A brief glimpse

Unlike other games, the origins of hockey as a game, is pretty much unknown. Even the origin of the name of the game is debated around the world. Some believe that Hockey was derived from the French word Hoquet, which means a shepherd’s stave.

But an official reference to hockey was given in the book, Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, where a separate chapter was assigned to Hockey. Games similar to hockey, involving Sticks and projectiles have been depicted in several illustrations from ancient Greece . The world’s origin can also be derived from ‘hocks’ which are rubber stoppers for barrels.

Types of Hockey

hockey essay

There’s a women’s championship too. A Bandy world cup is held every year. Ice hockey is the other prominent form of the game. It is an official sport in the winter Olympics .

It is mainly played in the Western countries. Ice Hockey is pretty famous in Canada , Latvia, Czech Republic , Finland and Slovakia . It is played on ice using skates, hockey sticks and a puck. A puck is a 3 inch diameter circular block of vulcanised rubber. It is the national sport of Latvia and the national winter sport of Canada.

Another prominent form of the game is Field Hockey. Field hockey is played in the European and Asian countries. It is mostly played on a fresh grass, synthetic sand based or water based ground. It is played using hockey sticks and a hard ball. Field Hockey has been a sport in the Summer Olympics. It has been in the summer Olympics since 1908. There are various other forms of Hockey too.

It has a variety of different formats. A list of some of them is as follows. Air hockey, beach hockey, ball hockey, box hockey, deck hockey, floor hockey, foot hockey, gym hockey, mini hockey, nok Hockey, pond hockey, power hockey, rossall hockey, skater hockey, table hockey, underwater hockey, unicycle hockey and many more.

Like many other games, it consists of two teams playing on a pitch divided into two sides with goals on each side. The goal is to score as many goals before the time is over. Each team consists of 11 players each.

The game is played in two halves of 35 minutes each. There is an interval of 15 to 20 minutes. Ice hockey is played with a puck, and each team tries to shoot the puck in the other team’s goal. In other forms of hockey, it’s usually a ball.

India and Hockey

The period of 1928 to 1956 was the golden period of Indian hockey. Our national team won 6 consecutive medals in the Olympics. It was declared as the national sport at that time. The fall of Indian hockey began after the retirement of Major Dhyan Chand , one the greatest players in field hockey.

Indian hockey team has participated in 24 Olympic events in total, amassing a total of 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medal. Though hockey was the national sport, in 2012, it was officially declared that India does not have a national sport.

Efforts are being made to spread the love for the game, to help it grow as much as cricket. Hockey premiere leagues have been held in India, with many celebrities endorsing the sport. Let’s try our best to embrace this sport and bring it back to its former glory.

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Essay on Our National Game Hockey

Students are often asked to write an essay on Our National Game Hockey in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Our National Game Hockey

Introduction.

Hockey is our national game and holds a special place in our hearts. It is a game of skill, speed, and strategy that brings people together.

History of Hockey

Hockey has a rich history in our country. It was introduced during the British rule and quickly became popular.

Importance of Hockey

Hockey is more than just a game. It teaches us teamwork, discipline, and perseverance. It also promotes physical fitness and mental agility.

In conclusion, hockey is a beloved national game. It is a symbol of our national pride and unity.

250 Words Essay on Our National Game Hockey

Hockey, the national game of India, is a sport that combines grace, speed, skill, and toughness. It’s a game that requires a high degree of coordination and teamwork, which makes it an exciting spectacle. It’s not just a game; it’s a symbol of unity and pride for our nation.

Historical Significance

Hockey has a deep-rooted history in India, tracing back to the British colonial period. India’s dominance in the sport during the early 20th century, particularly at the Olympics, earned it the status of our national game. This period witnessed the golden era of Indian hockey, with India winning six consecutive Olympic gold medals from 1928 to 1956.

The Game and Its Influence

Hockey is more than just a game; it reflects the spirit of teamwork and unity. The game teaches us the importance of discipline, dedication, and determination. It’s a fast-paced game that demands physical fitness, strategic thinking, and precise execution.

Challenges and Future

Despite its historical significance, hockey in India has faced numerous challenges. Lack of infrastructure, inadequate funding, and dwindling interest among the youth are some of the major issues. However, recent successes in international tournaments have rekindled hope and enthusiasm for the sport.

To ensure the future of hockey in India, it’s essential to invest in grassroots development, improve infrastructure, and promote the game among the younger generation.

In conclusion, hockey is not just our national game but also an integral part of our cultural heritage. It’s a symbol of our national pride and unity, and its revival can bring about a new era of sporting glory for India.

500 Words Essay on Our National Game Hockey

Introduction to hockey: our national game.

Hockey, our national game, is not merely a sport but a reflection of our national spirit and pride. The game’s roots in India can be traced back to ancient times, with references found in historical texts and scriptures. Today, hockey is synonymous with India’s athletic prowess on the international stage.

The Historical Significance of Hockey

The history of hockey in India is as rich and diverse as the country itself. The British introduced the modern form of the game to India in the late 19th century. However, the sport quickly transcended its colonial origins, becoming a symbol of national unity. The Indian Hockey Federation was established in 1925, and just a year later, India made its debut at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam. The golden era of Indian hockey began in 1928 when India won its first Olympic gold medal, marking the start of an unprecedented streak of six consecutive gold medals.

The Game and Its Rules

Hockey is a game of agility, precision, and strategy. Played between two teams of eleven players each, the objective is to score by hitting, pushing, or flicking the ball into the opponent’s goal using a hockey stick. The game is divided into four quarters of 15 minutes each, with a 15-minute half-time break. The team with the most goals at the end of the match wins.

The Current Scenario of Hockey in India

In recent years, Indian hockey has seen a resurgence. The men’s team won a bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, their first Olympic medal in 41 years. The women’s team, too, has shown remarkable progress, reaching the semi-finals at the same event. The Hockey India League, a professional league for field hockey in India, has also played a significant role in promoting the sport at the grassroots level.

The Challenges and Way Forward

Despite its historical significance and recent successes, hockey in India faces several challenges. These include a lack of infrastructure, inadequate funding, and a dearth of quality coaching at the grassroots level. To overcome these challenges, a multi-pronged approach is required. This includes increased investment in infrastructure, talent scouting at a young age, and the promotion of the sport through media and educational institutions.

Hockey, our national game, is a testament to our nation’s resilience and tenacity. It is a sport that has brought glory to our nation and unified us in times of triumph and defeat. As we move forward, it is crucial that we invest in the future of this sport, nurturing it at the grassroots level, and ensuring that it continues to be a source of national pride. The game of hockey, much like our nation, is a story of struggle, perseverance, and ultimate triumph. We must ensure that this story continues to be told and celebrated.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Essay on Hockey – Exploring India’s National Sport

Hockey, known as the national sport of India, holds significant popularity throughout the country. When young writers embark on an essay about hockey in English, they gain an up-close perspective of this captivating sport. This exercise enhances their thinking process while providing structure and grammar skills. Moreover, writing sharpens their fine motor skills. Let’s delve into creating an interesting hockey essay suitable for grades 1, 2, and 3.

Key Points to Remember: Essay on Hockey for Lower Primary Classes

To compose an essay on hockey, your child should keep a few key points in mind:

  • Begin by researching the game comprehensively.
  • Organize thoughts and ideas before putting pen to paper.
  • Create a brief outline covering all the important aspects of hockey.
  • Write clear and concise sentences based on the outline.
  • Encourage your child to avoid excessive focus on any single idea, enabling them to meet the word count.
  • Emphasize the importance of an engaging flow to truly enjoy the writing process.
  • Possible topics to explore in the essay include the significance of hockey in India, the rules of the game, and profiles of legendary players.

10 Lines on Hockey for Kids

Hockey holds immense importance in our country, making it an ideal topic for a concise essay suitable for grades 1 and 2. Here are 10 lines to captivate young minds:

  • Hockey stands proudly as our national sport.
  • Its status as the national sport stems from its historical background and undeniable popularity.
  • Even before cricket captured India’s heart, hockey had already stolen its fair share.
  • India has achieved remarkable success in hockey, securing 6 Olympic awards.
  • While various types of hockey exist, field hockey remains the most popular.
  • Recognized as an outdoor game, hockey requires a team of 10 players.
  • The team also includes a dedicated goalkeeper alongside the ten players.
  • Players undergo rigorous training and dedicate significant effort to excel in the sport.
  • Hockey is played with a unique stick resembling the letter J and a ball.
  • People of all ages enthusiastically participate in the game, fostering a sense of unity and camaraderie.

A Paragraph on Hockey for Children

Hockey, widely regarded as India’s national sport, holds an esteemed status due to its historical significance and exceptional performance. This game serves as an important aspect of our cultural landscape.

India has achieved glorious success in hockey, securing 6 gold medals at the Olympics. Even before cricket’s ascent to popularity, hockey reigned supreme in the hearts of Indian sports enthusiasts. Although several variations of hockey exist, field hockey remains the most preferred choice. Played in outdoor stadiums, grassy fields, or on synthetic surfaces, this game requires a team of 11 players, including a goalkeeper. The sport demands dedication and relentless practice to master its techniques and tactics.

Short Essay on ‘My Favourite Game: Hockey’ in English for Kids

Hockey holds a deep-rooted significance in our country, dating back to ancient times.

Revered as our national sport, hockey gained prominence due to its historical legacy and remarkable achievements. India’s triumphs include 6 gold medals at the Olympics. Even when cricket struggled to gain a foothold, hockey won the hearts of millions. Variations of the game exist, such as field hockey, ice hockey, sledge hockey, and roller hockey. Among these, field hockey stands as the most admired outdoor game, played in stadiums, on grassy fields, or on synthetic surfaces. A team of 11 players, including a goalkeeper, is required to engage in this exhilarating sport. Players undergo rigorous training and tirelessly strive to attain excellence under professional guidance.

Long Essay on Hockey for Children

Hockey commands great respect in our country, earning the esteemed distinction of being India’s national sport. With its rich historical background and remarkable achievements, hockey holds a cherished place in our culture.

The first hockey club in India was established in Calcutta, marking the beginning of a historic journey. India has secured an impressive haul of 6 gold medals at the Olympics. Various forms of hockey, including field hockey, ice hockey, sledge hockey, and roller hockey, offer diverse experiences for players and fans alike. While specific rules differ, the essence of the game remains consistent across these variations. Field hockey, in particular, has emerged as the most embraced form.

Played outdoors in stadiums, on grassy fields, or on synthetic turfs, field hockey demands the collaboration of a formidable team of 11 players, guarded by a vigilant goalkeeper. The ultimate objective is to outscore the opponent, with victory hinging on the team that secures the highest number of goals. Achieving mastery in hockey requires dedicated practice and unwavering devotion under the tutelage of experienced coaches. Players must adhere to rulebooks, ensuring the dimensions of the hockey stick and the weight of the ball remain within specified limits.

Hockey presents numerous health benefits, as it engages various physical faculties such as eyesight, mental alertness, and muscular coordination. The game captivates spectators, providing exhilarating moments of anticipation and excitement. India has produced numerous hockey heroes who have etched their names in history. Legends like Dhyan Chand, Balbir Singh Sr., Ajit Pal Singh, Dhanraj Pillay, Ashok Kumar, Udham Singh, Baboo Nimal, Mohammed Shahid, Gagan Ajit Singh, and Leslie Claudius have brought immense pride to our nation.

Let us now turn our attention to a remarkable field hockey hero, Dhanraj Pillay. A former Indian field hockey player and captain of the national team, Dhanraj Pillay boasts an impressive career and has garnered accolades, including the Arjuna Award for Hockey. Hockey’s popularity extends beyond India’s borders, captivating players and fans in various corners of the world.

Answering FAQs about Hockey

1. How Is Ice Hockey Played?

As the name suggests, ice hockey is played on frozen surfaces. Players glide across the ice on skates at high speeds, wielding their hockey sticks with skill and precision. The objective is to score goals by propelling the puck into the opponent’s net while the opposing goalkeeper remains vigilant in defense.

2. Who Are Some Famous Hockey Players of India?

India has produced a glorious lineup of hockey stars. Dhyan Chand, Balbir Singh Sr., Ajit Pal Singh, Dhanraj Pillay, Ashok Kumar, Udham Singh, Baboo Nimal, Mohammed Shahid, Gagan Ajit Singh, and Leslie Claudius are prominent names that have carved their legacy in the annals of Indian hockey.

3. Can Hockey Be Played Indoors?

Hockey is primarily an outdoor game, commonly played on grass or synthetic turfs. While it thrives in open spaces, it may not be suitable for indoor play.

Through exploring the world of hockey in their essays, children gain valuable insights into the sport’s significance for our nation. They develop an appreciation for India’s achievements and the game’s celebrated heroes. Additionally, this exercise equips them with a basic understanding of how to play hockey.

Get inspired by the captivating sport of hockey and enjoy the process of writing!

Hockey Image

1Hindi

भारत का राष्ट्रीय खेल हॉकी पर निबंध Essay on National game of India in Hindi

भारत का राष्ट्रीय खेल हॉकी पर निबंध Essay on National game of India in Hindi

एक खेल की लोकप्रियता के आधार पर या उस देश के ऐतिहासिक संबंधों के आधार पर  किसी खेल को देश का राष्ट्रीय खेल का दर्जा दिया जाता है। हॉकी खेल हमारे देश में एक लंबे समय से खेला जा रहा हो इसलिए यह हमारा राष्ट्रीय खेल है और इस खेल से कई ऐतिहासिक कहानियाँ भी जुड़े हुए हैं। देश के राष्ट्रीय खेल के रूप में एक खेल को निर्दिष्ट करने का सबसे स्पष्ट कारण यह है कि वह खेल उस देश के लोगों के दिलों में गर्व का कारण होना चाहिए।

मैदान हॉकी को भारत का राष्ट्रीय खेल माना जाता है। यह खेल या तो एक घास के मैदान पर या साफ़ मैदान पर खेला जाता है, खासतौर पर यह मैदान एक चटाई की तरह होता है। विभिन्न अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंचों पर हॉकी में भारत का प्रदर्शन 1920-1950 के दशक के दौरान अभूतपूर्व था और संभवत: यह खेल देश में राष्ट्रीय खेल के रूप में स्वीकार किया गया।

Table of Content

इतिहास History

यह शायद आज के समय में खेला जाने वाले सबसे प्राचीन खेलों में से एक है। ग्रीस में ओलंपिया के प्राचीन खेलों की शुरूआत से पहले लगभग 1200 साल पहले छड़ी की सहायता से एक गेंद का मार्गदर्शन करके यह खेल खेला जाता था। यह खेल दुनिया में पुराने समय से खेला जा रहा है।

वर्तमान समय में इस खेल का उल्लेख 1527 से मिलता है, जब स्कॉटलैंड में गॉलवे के नियमों ने ‘हॉकी’ के खेल को प्रतिबंधित किया था। तब यह केवल छड़ी और छोटी सी गेंद की सहायता से खेला जाता था। मैदान हॉकी के खेल का वर्तमान स्वीकृत संस्करण ब्रिटिश द्वारा 19वीं शताब्दी में एक लोकप्रिय स्कूल खेल के रूप में विकसित किया गया था। 1921 में लंदन हॉकी संघ की स्थापना हुई थी और नियमों को समेकित किया गया था। 1924 में अंतरराष्ट्रीय हॉकी महासंघ की स्थापना मुख्य रूप से दुनिया में ब्रिटिश खेल के रूप में की गई थी।

यह खेल ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा राज के दौरान पेश किया गया था। भारत में पहली हॉकी क्लब 1855 में कलकत्ता में स्थापित किया गया था। बंगाल हॉकी भारत में पहली हॉकी संघ है और यह 1908 में स्थापित किया गया था। भारत ने 1928 में पहली बार एम्सटर्डम में आयोजित ओलंपिक में भाग लिया था।

प्रत्येक 35 मिनट के लंबे समय तक खेल दो हिस्सों में खेला जाता था, लेकिन 2014 में नियम बदल दिए गए थे,  इसमें प्रत्येक 15 मिनट के 4 भाग शुरू किए गए थे। हर अवधि के बाद 2 मिनट के ब्रेक होता था।

मैदान में 11 खिलाड़ी होते हैं, जिनमें से 10 मैदान पर रहते हैं और एक गोलकीपर होता है। प्रत्येक खिलाड़ी के पास एक हॉकी की छड़ी होती है, जो 150-200 सेमी लंबा पतली होती है। हॉकी स्टिक का अधिकतम वजन 737 ग्राम होता है। गेंद छोटी होती है जो कठोर प्लास्टिक से बनी होती है।

छड़ी का खेलने वाला भाग चपटा होता है और आम तौर पर यह शहतूत की लकड़ी से बनाया जाता है। खेल का मुख्य उद्देश्य निशाना लगाना है और गेंद को मैदान के चारों ओर अंदर रखा जाता और गोलकीपर के गोल में गेंद को डालने का प्रयास करते है। मैदान में दो अंपायर होते हैं और किसी भी दुर्व्यवहार या नियम तोड़ने के लिए वे खेल की निगरानी करते हैं।

विरासत Heritage

1925 में भारतीय हॉकी महासंघ की स्थापना हुई थी और भारतीय हॉकी ने अपनी पहली अंतर्राष्ट्रीय यात्रा न्यूजीलैंड में खेली थी जहां उन्होंने 21 मैच खेले थे, जिनमें 18 जीते थे, 1 में हार हुई और दो में दोनों टीमों की बराबरी हुई और मैच आकर्षित रहा। इस खेल ने खिलाड़ी मेजर ध्यानचंद को, उदय के रूप में चिह्नित किया।

ओलंपिक खेलों में भारतीय हॉकी टीम का प्रदर्शन राष्ट्रीय गौरव का केंद्र बिन्दु बन गया। पहले वर्ष में, 1928 में, भारतीय हॉकी टीम ने देश के लिए ओलंपिक स्वर्ण पदक जीता था। 1928 और 1956 के बीच, भारतीय हॉकी टीम ने लगातार छह ओलंपिक स्वर्ण पदक जीते, लगातार 24 मैचों में 178 गोल किये, जबकि उनके अर्ध में केवल 7 का योगदान रहा।

ओलंपिक टीम के सदस्य रिचर्ड एलन, ध्यान चंद, माइकल गेटली, विलियम गुडसर, कलिन, लेस्ली हेम्मोद, फिरोज खान, संतोष मंगलानी, जॉर्ज मार्थिंस, रेक्स नोरिस, ब्रूम पिंगिंगर, माइकल रोक्के, फ्रेडरिक सिमन, शौकत अली, जयपाल सिंह, खेर सिंह गिल थे। इसे भारतीय हॉकी का स्वर्ण युग कहा जाता था। 1970 के रोम ओलंपिक में भारत की जीत समाप्त हुई जब टीम फाइनल में पाकिस्तान हॉकी टीम से 0-1 से हार गई।

टीम ने 1964 में टोक्यो ओलंपिक और 1980 के मास्को ओलंपिक में स्वर्ण पदक जीता । कई छोटे-छोटे कांस्य पदक भी जीते। 1980 के बाद , ओलंपिक में भारतीय हॉकी टीम का प्रदर्शन खराब हो गया है और वे किसी भी पदक को घर वापस नहीं ला सके हैं। 1975 में कुआलालंपुर मलेशिया में हुये खेल में भारतीय हॉकी टीम हॉकी विश्व कप का विजेता थी। भारतीय महिला हॉकी टीम ने 2002 में मैनचेस्टर, इंग्लैंड में हुए राष्ट्रमंडल खेलों में स्वर्ण पदक जीता था।

हॉकी सचमुच भारत का राष्ट्रीय खेल – विवाद Controversy

लंबे समय के लिए, ओलंपिक खेलों में अपने शानदार प्रदर्शन के चलते हॉकी को भारत का राष्ट्रीय खेल माना जाने लगा था लेकिन अगस्त 2012 में, युवा मामलों तहत केंद्रीय मंत्रालय ने घोषणा की। भारत में कोई ऐसा खेल नहीं है जिसे आधिकारिक रूप से अपने राष्ट्रीय खेल के रूप में नामित किया गया है। लखनऊ की 10 साल की एक लड़की, ऐश्वर्य पारेषर यह जानना चाहती थी कि हमारे राष्ट्रीय खेल को किस वर्ष में नामित किया गया।

तब (आर टी आई) के जवाब में सरकार ने देश के राष्ट्रीय खेल के रूप में हॉकी को अपनाया। युवा मामलों के केंद्रीय मंत्रालय ने कहा कि उनको हॉकी को राष्ट्रीय खेल घोषित करने वाले कोई आधिकारिक जनादेश नहीं मिले हैं। यह बात कई लोगों के लिए एक सदमे के समान थी क्योंकि खेल को भारत सरकार की वेबसाइट पर देश के राष्ट्रीय खेल के रूप में व्यापक रूप से स्वीकार किया गया था।

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Live streaming, Khelo India University Games 2024 - where to watch, full schedule

Around 4,500 athletes from some 200 universities will compete at the fourth edition of the KIUG. Watch live!

KIUG 2024

The Khelo India University Games 2024 officially gets underway on Monday with the seven Northeastern Indian states - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Nagaland and Tripura - hosting the multi-sport event for the first time.

The KIUG 2024 will be the fourth edition of the Khelo India University Games, which is part of the Indian government’s Khelo India initiative.

The multi-sport event operates in a team championship format, wherein the medals earned by individual athletes or teams contribute to the overall medal tally of their respective universities. Upon the event's conclusion, the university securing the highest count of gold medals is declared the winner.

At KIUG 2024, medals will be on offer in 20 sports with around 4,500 athletes from over 200 Indian universities competing for medals.

Various venues across Assam will host a majority of the events. Meanwhile, weightlifting will be held in Arunachal Pradesh, archery in Tripura, men’s football in Mizoram, men’s boxing in Sikkim, wrestling in Nagaland and yogasana events will take place in Tripura.

The opening ceremony of the Khelo India University Games 2024 will be held at the Sarusajai Sports Complex in Guwahati on Monday while the closing ceremony will be held on February 29.

Chandigarh’s Panjab University were the inaugural KIUG winners at the 2020 edition in Odisha. They are also the defending champions, having won it last year in Uttar Pradesh. Karnataka’s Jain University won the 2021 edition, held in Bengaluru. 

Where to watch Khelo India University Games 2024 live in India

Live streaming of the Khelo India University Games 2024 will be available on the Prasar Bharati Sports YouTube channel . KIUG 2024 will be telecast live on the DD Sports TV channel in India.

KIUG 2024 sports list

Archery , athletics , badminton , basketball , boxing, football, fencing, hockey , judo, kabaddi , mallakhamb , rugby, shooting , swimming, table tennis , tennis, volleyball , weightlifting, wrestling and yogasana

Khelo India University Games 2024 schedule

India

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  • Open access
  • Published: 20 February 2024

National and regional prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in India: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

  • Neha Mantri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-1274 1 ,
  • Akhil Dhanesh Goel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6156-7903 2 ,
  • Mamta Patel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4659-3687 1 ,
  • Pritish Baskaran 2 ,
  • Gitashree Dutta 2 ,
  • Manoj Kumar Gupta   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5367-5795 2 ,
  • Vikas Yadav 3 ,
  • Madhukar Mittal   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6919-5614 4 ,
  • Shashank Shekhar 5 &
  • Pankaj Bhardwaj   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9960-3060 6  

BMC Public Health volume  24 , Article number:  527 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

47 Accesses

Metrics details

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is frequently misdiagnosed during pregnancy. There is an abundance of evidence, but little is known regarding the regional prevalence estimates of GDM in India. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide valuable insights into the national and regional prevalence of GDM among pregnant women in India.

We conducted an initial article search on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ShodhGanga searches to identify quantitative research papers (database inception till 15th June,2022). This review included prevalence studies that estimated the occurrence of GDM across different states in India.

Two independent reviewers completed the screening of 2393 articles, resulting in the identification of 110 articles that met the inclusion criteria, which collectively provided 117 prevalence estimates. Using a pooled estimate calculation (with an Inverse square heterogeneity model), the pooled prevalence of GDM in pregnant women was estimated to be 13%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 9 to 16%.. In India, Diabetes in Pregnancy Study of India (DIPSI) was the most common diagnostic criteria used, followed by International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) and World Health Organization (WHO) 1999. It was observed that the rural population has slightly less prevalence of GDM at 10.0% [6.0–13.0%, I 2 = 96%] when compared to the urban population where the prevalence of GDM was 12.0% [9.0–16.0%, I 2  = 99%].

Conclusions

This review emphasizes the lack of consensus in screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), leading to varied prevalence rates across Indian states. It thoroughly examines the controversies regarding GDM screening by analyzing population characteristics, geographic variations, diagnostic criteria agreement, screening timing, fasting vs. non-fasting approaches, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility, offering valuable recommendations for policy makers. By fostering the implementation of state-wise screening programs, it can contribute to improving maternal and neonatal outcomes and promoting healthier pregnancies across the country.

Peer Review reports

Manifestation of glucose intolerance in pregnancy, often, named Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is emerging as a major public health problem. The World Health Organization 1999 report provides a fundamental definition which states “Gestational diabetes is a carbohydrate intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy” [ 1 ]. Nevertheless, there has been substantial debate over how to characterize glucose in pregnancy, which has complicated clinical work and research over the past three decades. Additionally, it may start at the same time as pregnancy, which increases the risk of it going undetected and having adverse maternal and neonatal complications [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ].

In 2015, the International Diabetic Federation (IDF) reported that 1 in 11 people worldwide have diabetes, with 75% of them residing in low and middle-income countries [ 7 ]. There is a huge variation in the prevalence of GDM globally from 10.1% (Eastern & Southeastern Asia) to 13.61% (Africa) depending on screening strategies, diagnostic criteria, and the background population’s ethnic composition [ 8 , 9 ]. South East Asia region had 6.9 million live births being affected by hyperglycemia in pregnancy; with an estimated prevalence of 24.2% [ 10 ]. India, being the largest populous country in the world, shows the prevalence of GDM in the ranging from 3 to 35% [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].

Currently, the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of India advocates for universal screening using a single non-fasting 2-h 75 g OGTT, with 2 h value > 140 mg/dL being diagnostic of GDM [ 16 ]. The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria are based on the findings of the large-scale Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study and hence popular globally, [ 17 ] but its drawback is argued to be the large number of false-positive cases due to lower fasting cutoffs and hence adding to the burden of GDM [ 18 , 19 ]. In addition, diagnosing the Indian population by international studies can be inconclusive as the HAPO study lacked Indian representativeness in its findings [ 17 ].

To solve the inconsistencies in diagnosis and management of GDM, a technical and operational guideline has been developed under the aegis of the Maternal Health Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India in February 2018 [ 20 ]. However, subsequent studies have shown high variability in the prevalence, from rates as low as 0% in Manipur to 42% in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh [ 21 , 22 ]. A variety of factors may contribute to this variability, including differences in the genetics and population across India, as well as differences in screening practices.

A pan India prospective study (2021) conducted by FOGSI and DIPSI shows about one-third of the pregnant women are diagnosed with GDM during the first trimester and over a quarter of them have a history of fetal loss in the previous pregnancies [ 23 ]. Hence, GDM is a topic of considerable controversy when it comes to its screening, diagnosis and its cost-effectiveness.

With this aim, we conducted a systematic review to estimate the national and regional prevalence of GDM in pregnant women to foster the implementation of programs state-wise effectively. This analysis aims to investigate how various factors, such as different screening criteria, geographical locations (urban versus rural areas), techniques used for blood collection, and the timing of screening during pregnancy (early versus late), might influence the observed prevalence of GDM in pregnant women in India.

Methodology

Study protocol.

This Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis is written in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines [ 24 ] and is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (Ref.no. CRD42022335011).

Search strategy

We framed our research question using the PICO(S)(T) methodology (Population-pregnant women; Intervention-nil; Comparison-nil; Outcome-GDM; Study design-cross-sectional in India).

We performed searches in PubMed and Scopus using selected keywords. These results were supplemented by relevant studies from Google Scholar and ShodhGanga—Indian thesis repository ( https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ ). The last day fir performing the search was 15th June 2022. No date or language restrictions were imposed. The cross-references of the included studies were explored for additional studies. Keywords were identified by iterative discussion among reviewers, and a search query was developed separately for each database. The controlled descriptors (such as MeSH terms) and Boolean operators were used to develop a robust search strategy. (See Additional file 1 : Search Strategy).

Eligibility criteria

The studies reporting the prevalence of GDM in pregnant women in India were included.

Inclusion criteria

Community or hospital-based studies.

Original published articles and short communications.

Studies providing the prevalence of GDM

Studies conducted in India

Type of studies: cross-sectional studies.

Exclusion criteria

Overviews, editorials, other review papers, or method protocols without results

Molecular or genetic studies, animal studies, Invitro studies.

Studies that did not differentiate between GDM and type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes

Studies that reported risk factors, associated biomarkers, or outcomes of GDM without reference to GDM prevalence

Studies which have not reported screening methods

Experimental studies

Three authors independently examined search results for inclusion. Disagreements, if any, were settled by consensus with a fourth author.

Study selection

A reviewer independently conducted searches on all information sources from various databases and uploaded to Rayyan QCRI online software [ 25 ]. Rayyan QCRI helped in ensuring a systematic and comprehensive search and selection process. A fourth reviewer managed Rayyan QCRI software, who identified and removed the duplicate citations. Three authors independently screen titles and abstracts with turned “blind” function on. The discrepancies between the three reviewers were discussed with a fourth author for making a consensus to select the articles. Full-text copies of all selected studies were obtained to find more details. We documented the reasons for the exclusion of studies explored as full text. The study inclusion process is presented using the PRISMA flowchart. The reference management software Mendeley Desktop ( https://www.mendeley.com ) for Windows was used to store, organize, cite, and manage all the included articles.

Data extraction

After selecting eligible studies, we obtained full-text articles for all included studies. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction of relevant information. Data were extracted regarding author, year of publication, study location, site (hospital- or community-based or data-based), study type, trimester, sample size, diagnostic criteria, and prevalence of GDM. We recorded investigators’ definitions of GDM and screening and diagnostic criteria used for GDM.

When a study reports the prevalence of GDM in the same population using multiple diagnostic criteria, the most recent and up-to-date criteria was selected in the following sequence-.IADPSG/ WHO 2013 > DIPSI> WHO 1999 > ADA > NICE> Carpenter and Coustan > NDDG> O’Sullivan and Mahan’s Criteria as framed after the iterative discussion.

Bias reporting

The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed independently by two investigators using the AXIS tool which critically appraises study design and reporting quality as well as the risk of bias in cross-sectional studies. We assessed bias using the AXIS Tool for Prevalence Studies in our systematic review [ 26 ]. The AXIS tool has 20 components assessing the quality of the studies with special focus on the presented methods and results based on a combination of evidence, epidemiological processes, experience of the researchers and Delphi participants. The components included in this checklist are addressing study objective, design, sample size, sample population, sample frame, selection process, non-responders, risk factors and outcome measured, appropriateness of statistical methods, consistency of results, discussion justified, limitation of the study, ethical approval and any conflict of interest or funding received.

Data synthesis and analysis

The prevalence of GDM from different studies were pooled together using the Inverse variance heterogeneity method. Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 Statistics. High heterogeneity in the study was analyzed using sub-group analysis and sensitivity analysis. MetaXL software was used for data synthesis [ 27 ]. Publication bias was determined using DoI plot and LFK index.

On searching PubMed ( n  = 1883), Scopus ( n  = 345), Google Scholar ( n  = 92), and ShodhGanga—reservoir of Indian theses ( n  = 73), a total of 2393 articles were identified related to GDM (see Fig. 1 : PRISMA flowchart) Thus, the full texts of 140 articles were assessed for eligibility. During this process, a total of 13 authors were contacted for full-text via email, out of which ( n  = 11) responded. Remaining 2 articles were included based on only abstract and in data extraction sheet, missing data were reported. Thus, a final 117 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis for the analysis. (See Table 1 : Data Extraction Sheet).

figure 1

PRISMA Flowchart

A total of 13 studies were found to report the data in separate studies which was part of a large study. The studies by Punnose J et al. 2018 [ 28 ] and Punnose J et al. 2021 [ 29 ] and Agarwal MM et al. 2018 [ 30 ] was conducted in the same population ( n  = 36,530) during the time period January 2006–December 2016 and was also reported in multiple publication. Thus, data from these studies were considered as one data and the study with the longest time period (Punnose J et al. 2018) was included in the review. Similarly, a study was conducted in the South Indian pregnant women ( n  = 304) during July 2011 to August 2012 by Nayak PK et al. 2013 [ 31 ] and Mitra S et al. 2014 [ 32 ] and was reported as separate studies. Thus, we included the Mitra S et al. 2014 with the complete data for the analysis. Similarly, a project “Women in India with GDM Strategy (WINGS)” was carried out in Tamil Nadu between January 2013 and December 2015 in Pregnant women ( n  = 1459) and were reported as two separate studies by Bhavdharini et al. (2016 and 2017). We considered them as one data and included Bhavdharini et al. 2016 in our study.

Likewise, studies, namely, Rajput R et al. 2012, Tripathi R et al. 2012, Kumar CN et al., C R et al. 2014, Bhattacharya et al. 2002, Balaji V et al. 2006, Balaji V et al. 2012, and Seshiah V et a 2007, were reported as separate studies using data from a large study and hence, were excluded from the analysis.

Five studies were added using suffix (A, B and C) as they reported the prevalence of GDM using different sub-sets of population, but were otherwise reported in the same study. Taneja et al. 2020 in Punjab used the same criteria of screening GDM in women at different gestational age (26 to 28 weeks and after 34 weeks) [ 33 ]. These were considered as 2 separate studies and labelled as Taneja (A) and Taneja (B) respectively. Similarly, a study was conducted by Siddique et al. using ADA criteria in Saket, Muzzaffarpur and Bhilai area on different subset of population [ 34 ]. These studies were also considered as three different studies and labelled as Siddique (A), (B) and (C) respectively. Also, a community based study was conducted in urban, semi-urban and rural area of Chennai city on a different sub-set of population [ 35 ]. These were considered as three different studies and labelled as Seshiah V et al. 2009 (A), (B) and (C) respectively.

A total of 19 articles utilized a combination of criteria to estimate the prevalence of GDM [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].

The variation in diagnostic criteria during estimation of Glucose in pregnant women pose a challenge in data extraction. Thus, the most recent and up-to-date criteria was selected in the following sequence-IADPSG/ WHO 2013 > DIPSI>WHO 1999 > ADA > NICE> Carpenter and Coustan > NDDG> O’Sullivan and Mahan’s Criteria as framed after the iterative discussion by the subject experts.

Diagnostic criteria

A variety of diagnostic criteria were used in a total of 117 studies included in the review. (See Table 2 : Different GDM Screening criteria).

DIPSI (29 prevalence estimates) [ 23 ] was the most common diagnostic criteria used, followed by IADPSG / WHO 2013 (38 prevalence estimates) [ 53 ], WHO 1999 (24 prevalence estimates) [ 54 ], and ADA (11 prevalence estimates) [ 55 ]. Other criteria used were Carpenter and Coustan Criteria (6 prevalence estimates) [ 56 ], NDDG (1 prevalence estimate) [ 57 ], NICE (1 prevalence estimate) [ 58 ], and O’Sullivan and Mahan’s criteria (1 prevalence estimate) [ 59 ]. There was no clear description of study criteria used in 6 studies [ 33 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ].

Capillary versus venous blood

A total of 6 prevalence estimates used capillary blood glucose (CBG) or glucometer measurements rather than venous plasma glucose (VPG) [ 30 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ]. Three studies use capillary blood followed by venous blood glucose estimation [ 12 , 48 , 69 ]. In 3 studies, a comparative assessment of capillary and venous blood glucose estimation was done on the prevalence of the GDM in the pregnant women [ 70 , 71 , 72 ].

Two-step versus one-step procedure

A total of 93 studies ( n  = 93) uses one-step procedure to estimate the prevalence of GDM, whereas, only 19 studies ( n  = 19) used two-step procedure for the diagnosis of the GDM in the study population. There was no clear description of study criteria used in 5 studies.

Risk of Bias

We assessed the Risk of Bias using the AXIS tool [ 26 ]. Overall, 117 studies were included in the Risk of Bias assessment using the AXIS tool. A horizontal bar graph showing the Risk of bias tool result for each component is given in Fig. 2 Risk of Bias.

figure 2

Risk of Bias Assessment

Majority of the study components revealed a low risk of bias namely, objective of the study, appropriateness of the study design, study population defined, appropriateness of sample frame, risk factors measured according to the objectives and with the appropriate study tool, accuracy of choice of statistical methods, measures of replicability of the study, description of the basic data, results internally consistent, all results presented and justification of discussion and conclusion.

There was no clear description of response rate bias in 48 studies. Also, there was no description of Ethical consent in 22 studies. Only 9 studies reported funding, but there was no clarity of 28 studies on their funding sources keeping them in unclear risk of bias.

A high risk of bias was revealed in the sample size justification in 57 studies. Further, the results from 90 studies lacks generalizability to the general population marking them with high risk of bias. There was no description about non-responders and their information in 87 studies revealing the high risk of bias. Many studies ( n  = 63) which did not discuss their limitations were categorized as having high risk of bias.

Prevalence estimates of GDM in pregnant women in India

The final 117 studies were used for prevalence estimates of GDM in pregnant population in India. A total of 106 studies were conducted in a hospital-based setting and 11 were community-based studies.

We found a pooled estimate (with an Inverse square heterogeneity model) of the prevalence of overall GDM in pregnant women was 13% [95% CI, 9–16%, n  = 117 studies] with the heterogeneity of the studies high at 99% which restricts the generalizability of the findings ( Fig. 3 Forest Plot depicting the pooled prevalence of GDM in India) The possible reasons could be studies varied widely in population type, geography, as well as the diagnostic method used. (Table 3 Sub group Analysis) The publication date of the studies ranged from 1989 to 2022.

Geographical Zones

figure 3

Forest Plot depicting the pooled prevalence of GDM in India

India has a union of 28 states and 8 Union territories, divided as “North,” “South,” “East,” “Central” or “West” based on the Inter-state council secretariat classification of geographic regions of India [ 73 ]. Therefore, region-wise subgroup analysis was also conducted to get estimates of the prevalence of GDM. North region includes Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Chandigarh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. States like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadara and Nagar Haveli comprises West Region of India. South India includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. East and North-eastern states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura. Central Zone of India includes Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

The prevalence of GDM varies across the 5 zones of India. The highest prevalence of GDM was found in North region followed by South India. Areas of low prevalence include West, Central and Eastern zone of India. One of the confounding factors behind low prevalence could be lesser studies conducted in these zones to estimate the prevalence. (Fig. 4 Map of India showing the prevalence of GDM in 5 different zones of India).

figure 4

Map of India showing prevalence of GDM in 5 different zones of India

The pooled prevalence of GDM in North Zone was found to be 16.1% [95% CI, 9.9–22.7, I 2  = 98.9%, n  = 31 studies]. The maximum weightage (36.53) was by a study from Punnose J et al. conducted in 2018 [ 28 ].

Similarly, the pooled prevalence of GDM in West Zone was found to be 7% [95% CI, 3.3–11.2, I 2  = 98.9%, n  = 17 studies]. The maximum weightage (50.24) was by a study from Naik RR et al. 2019 [ 74 ].

In Central Zone , the pooled prevalence of GDM was found to be 12.0% [95% CI, 4.3–21.1, I 2  = 99.29%, n  = 13 studies]. A study by Jain R et al. conducted in 2016 has a maximum weightage of 66.55 [ 75 ].

The pooled prevalence of GDM in South Zone was 12.6% [95% CI, 7.8–17.8, I 2  = 98.38%, n  = 47 studies]. The maximum weightage was held with study by Jeeyasalan L et al. conducted in 2016 [ 63 ].

In East and North-eastern Region , the pooled prevalence of 11.5% was found. [95% CI, 5.3–18.4, I 2  = 97.34%, n  = 9 studies]. The maximum weightage (27.27) by a study done by Hussain et al. in 2020.) [ 76 ].

Urban versus Rural Studies

A total of 92 studies were conducted in urban areas, 8 studies in semi-urban areas and 17 studies in rural areas. The pooled prevalence in the rural population was 10.0% [6.0–13.0%, I 2 = 96%, n  = 10 studies], whereas, the pooled prevalence of 12.0% [9.0–16.0%, I 2  = 99%, n  = 88 studies] was found in the urban population. A study conducted by Seshiah V et al. in 2009 included the study participants from urban, semi-urban and rural areas of Tamil Nadu [ 35 ].

Diagnostic and Screening criteria

With the subgroup-analysis using diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of GDM using WHO 1999 criteria was 12.0% (9.0–16.0%), I 2 = 97% studies, n  = 57 studies] which was slightly less than the prevalence of GDM with DIPSI criteria [ 23 ] 13.0% [3.0–24.0%, I 2 = 99%, n  = 29 studies] The IADPSG/ WHO 2013 criteria detected a higher prevalence of GDM as 17.0% [12.0–22.0%, I 2  = 99%, n  = 38 studies], while, ADA criteria pooled a lower prevalence of 7.0 [4.0–10.0%, I 2  = 86%, n  = 11 studies]. There was prevalence range of 13.0% [3.0–24.0%, I 2  = 99%, n = 9 studies] was using other criteria like C&C criteria, NICE, NDDG and O′ Sullivan Criteria.

Small study effects

We evaluated the small study effects like publication bias using the DOI plot and LFK index. There was no asymmetry in the National pooled estimate [LFK index = − 0.67] and Zonal estimate except for the North zone and West zone. (See Fig. 5 : DOI Plot for Publication bias).

figure 5

DOI plot for publication bias

Plethora of studies discussing the GDM prevalence in India are published, but there is a scarcity of studies discussing the regional estimates of GDM prevalence in India. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Katherine T Li et al. quantitatively examined the prevalence of GDM across India based on 64 studies up to the year 2016 and explored the prevalence of GDM which ranged 0 to 41.9% [ 77 ].

This systematic review and meta-analysis included 110 studies reporting the prevalence of GDM ranging from 9 to 16% in pregnant women in India. We found a pooled estimate (with an Inverse square heterogeneity model) of the prevalence of overall GDM in pregnant women was 13% [95% CI, 9–16%] with the heterogeneity of the studies high at I 2  = 99%. The possible reasons behind this heterogeneity could be studies varying widely in population type, geography, study duration and the diagnostic method used. Our study also highlighted the discrepancy in prevalence estimates due to different screening criteria, gestational age of screening, capillary versus venous blood estimation and one-step versus two-step procedure used for diagnosing GDM.

Which diagnostic criteria is suitable for Indian pregnant women?

The most commonly used criteria were DIPSI followed by IADPSG/WHO 2013 and WHO 1999. With descriptive analysis, we found that the WHO 1999 criteria detected a high prevalence of GDM as compared to IADPSG and DIPSI which almost detected the pooled prevalence of 12–13%.

Das Mukhopadhyay et al. did not find any significant difference between the prevalence rates of GDM among DIPSI and IADPSG criteria [ 52 ]. But he concluded that DIPSI being simple in execution and patient friendly is close to the international consensus. In a study by Singh et al. in 2021, it was observed that DIPSI was only 37.1% sensitive as compared to IADPSG criteria [ 51 ]. Contrary to these findings, Seshiah et al. found a high concordance between DIPSI and IADPSG criteria [ 78 ]. The low sensitivity of DIPSI has been reported by studies such as Mohan et al.2014 [ 41 ]. and Herath et al. [ 79 ]. Sensitivity of DIPSI is quite low, hence to be used as screening and diagnostic tool at the same time is still questionable. This is the dire requirement of our country to have a better sensitive method for diagnosing GDM so that patients do not escape diagnosis (false-negatives cases) detected by DIPSI which later on crunch out the health system.

Indeed, in 2013, the WHO embraced the IADPSG criteria, replacing the earlier 1999 criteria. The DIPSI criteria were formulated based on the 2-hour post-glucose (PG) values of the WHO 1999 criteria, primarily focusing on the simplicity of assessing the 2-hour PG value independently. It’s important to note that the Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) parameter from the WHO 1999 criteria is considered outdated now, indicative of diabetes [ 53 ].

Further, IADPSG recommendation necessarily requires estimation of plasma glucose in three blood samples after administrating 75 g oral glucose load. Pregnant women resent this procedure, as they are pricked three times and feel too much of blood is drawn. Whereas, DIPSI criterion requires one blood sample drawn at 2-h for estimating the plasma glucose Future studies should compare the outcomes of the GDM cases diagnosed by different criteria as this would provide the final answer as to which criteria is more suitable for Indians.

Does sensitivity and Specifity of the diagnostic test matters?

A study by Mohan V et al. in 2014 compared the IADPSG, DIPSI and WHO 1999 criteria shows that the non-fasting OGTT has poor sensitivity compared to both the WHO 1999 criteria (27.7%) and the IADPSG criteria (22.6%) [ 41 ]. Thus, the current DIPSI guidelines of doing a single-step non-fasting OGTT using the 2-h VPG cut point of 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) to diagnose GDM would miss 72.3% of women with GDM diagnosed by the WHO 1999 criteria and 77.4% of women with GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG criteria. Similarly, a study by Tripathi R et al. 2017, a two-hour 75 g non-fasting DIPSI test was done and followed by OGTT [ 40 ]. Using OGTT as per the WHO 2013 /IADPSG criteria as gold standard, the sensitivity of 75 g non-fasting test was low. With this low sensitivity, about one quarter of women with GDM were missed. Missing such a large number is not acceptable for a diagnostic test, especially as GDM is associated with both maternal and perinatal complications. On contrary, in the study population, Seshiah V 2012, utilized both DIPSI and IADPSG criteria to ascertain the prevalence of GDM, which were 13.4 and 14.6% respectively [ 43 ].

Which is appropriate- early screening or risk-based screening?

There is a debate regarding the timing of screening for GDM, whether it should be done during the first prenatal visit or during the recommended period of 24–28 weeks of gestation. On the question of when to screen for GDM, a descriptive analysis by Li et al. 2018 showed that a substantial percentage of patients (11.4–60% of GDM cases) develop GDM in the first trimester, but that a similarly large percentage of patients (16–40% of GDM cases) are missed at the first visit [ 77 ]. Conducting the screening at later stages of pregnancy is linked to increased risks of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Many studies on GDM also suggest that early screening and dietary control of GDM can promote the curtailment of maternal and perinatal morbidities [ 80 , 81 ]. Additionally, Raets et al. demonstrated that there is need for clear guidelines and criteria concerning early screening for GDM [ 82 ]. In line with the Flemish consensus of 2019 on screening for GDM, this review recommend to universally screen for diabetes in early pregnancy [ 83 ].

Therefore, the review findings indicates an early screening with an OGTT test at 24 weeks coupled with diet counselling and postpartum testing in pregnant women can improve perinatal outcomes [ 75 ]. However, this may not be a logistically feasible or cost-effective strategy for all patients, and screening may need to be risk-stratified in Low or Middle Income Country (LMIC).

How should pregnant women come for GDM screening- fasting or non-fasting?

In their study, Supraneni et al. conducted a comparative analysis of the diagnostic effectiveness of different fasting plasma glucose levels and the one-hour 75 g OGTT in diagnosing GDM [ 84 ]. The study found that fasting plasma glucose levels above 92 mg/dL exhibited better diagnostic effectiveness, but there was no significant difference when compared to the results obtained from the one-hour 75 g OGTT in distinguishing between pregnant women with and without GDM.

Additionally, the researchers observed that utilizing the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) cutoffs for fasting and one-hour 75 g OGTT demonstrated good diagnostic properties in the study population. By implementing an exit strategy based on a positive result at either the fasting or one-hour mark, it was estimated that the need for further testing could potentially be reduced in approximately one in five pregnant women. However, accessing antenatal care in a fasting state posed challenges in rural settings, as highlighted in a 2014 study by Mohan et al. [ 41 ]. On the other hand, the DIPSI (Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India) guidelines suggest that the GDM test can be conducted at any time during pregnancy, regardless of food intake [ 85 ]. Nevertheless, the DIPSI approach faces difficulties in effectively screening pregnant women for GDM due to low sensitivity and underdiagnosis [ 86 ].

Based on the findings of the review, it is clear that a significant need exists for well-designed and unified programs aimed at effectively managing GDM cases. Implementing such programs would be instrumental in reducing the escalating burden of diabetes in India.

Capillary versus venous blood – does it affect estimation?

There is contradictory evidence reporting varying results and conclusions regarding the accuracy and agreement between blood glucose estimation using venous plasma glucose (VPG) and capillary blood glucose (CBG) methods for diagnosing GDM.

The study by Balaji V in 2012 involving a significant number of cohorts indicated that the Accu-Chek glucometer, a CBG measurement device, provided accurate results that aligned well with laboratory measurements of VPG [ 72 ]. Similarly, another study reported that CBG values provided the closest approximation to VPG values in healthy individuals without diabetes or GDM [ 66 ]. On the other hand, Jadhav DS conducted a hospital-based clinical study in 2017 comparing VPG and CBG estimation using a glucometer based on the DIPSI criteria found a satisfactory level of agreement between the two methods with equal sensitivity. Additionally, the CBG estimation by glucometer demonstrated a small number of false positive cases due to its high specificity (99.46%) [ 70 ].

Indeed, it is interesting to note that in some studies, the capillary blood glucose (CBG) and venous plasma glucose (VPG) values were found to be similar at 1 hour (9.9 mmol/L vs. 9.6 mmol/L) and 2 hours (7.9 mmol/L vs. 7.7 mmol/L) after the glucose load [ 87 ]. These findings suggest a fair agreement between CBG and VPG measurements during the 2-hour OGTT test for (GDM.

However, it is worth mentioning that other studies have reported a slight difference between VPG and CBG values, ranging from 0.28 to 0.5 mmol/L (5–9 mg/dL) specifically at the 2-hour mark, although the difference is relatively small [ 88 ]. These discrepancies in findings may be attributed to several factors, including the specific population under study, the glucose measurement methods used, and the performance characteristics of the glucose measurement devices employed [ 89 ]. The accuracy and agreement between CBG and VPG measurements can vary across different studies and settings.

A recent study by VidyaM Sree et al. demonstrated an excellent diagnostic accuracy (99.77%) of CBG estimation using a one-step OGTT based on DIPSI criteria for GDM in an Indian population. This study highlighted the feasibility and reliability of capillary blood estimation for GDM screening, particularly in countries with limited resources [ 71 ].

This review led to the conclusion that capillary blood estimation is a feasible and reliable method for screening GDM In countries with limited resources as this approach requires less technically trained manpower and equipment. It is important for further research to explore and address these differences in order to establish standardized guidelines and protocols for the diagnosis and management of GDM, particularly in terms of blood glucose estimation methods.

Cost-effectiveness and feasibility- what should be preferred?

The prevalence of GDM varies across different states in India, highlighting the country’s diversity. Even if a universally applicable, feasible, diagnostically accurate, and cost-effective test for GDM is discovered, the gravity of the problem remains consistent.

Supraneni et al. discovered in his study that the IADPSG criteria have good specificity, positive likelihood ratio and post-test probabilities for GDM in their study population [ 87 ]. However, the cost involved for performing IADPSG recommended procedure is high, as this procedure requires three blood tests compared to one blood test of DIPSI.

“DIPSI as one-step screening and diagnostic procedure for assessing GDM in pregnant women which is less time-consuming, economical and feasible” as stated by Mounika E et al. in her study conducted in south Indian Population [ 47 ]. But, the large extent of false negatives is a major limitation of DIPSI test which cannot be overlooked. Swaroop N et al. used one-step DIPSI criteria in his study and found it to be effective but larger studies are required to further validate its importance [ 90 ].

Thus, this review suggests that ideally, and whenever feasible, a single-step 75-g OGTT using the IADPSG criteria should be done in the fasting state as this is the accepted criteria worldwide and would help to bring about international standardization. However, in countries with less resources, DIPSI criteria may be used as a backup option in certain situations where it would be cost-effective without compromising the clinical equipoise: (a) inaccessible areas where pregnant females are not able to visit healthcare facility in fasting state in morning (b) epidemiological studies where fasting sample is unavailable (c) where OGTT is not feasible in some pregnant females due to certain specified reason.

Strength of the review

Our review raises a valid point regarding the challenges of implementing a universal screening program for GDM in India. We have taken into account unpublished literature from the Indian database ShodhGanga to gather comprehensive information about the current scenario of GDM in different zones of India. We have made efforts to contact authors to obtain full-text articles or any necessary information for our analysis, ensuring maximum data inclusion.

The review highlights the need for policymakers to reach a consensus on a universal screening test for diagnosing GDM in pregnant women, considering various key factors. These factors include the variation in diagnostic criteria, such as fasting or non-fasting, one-step or two-step approaches, and the use of capillary or venous blood estimation. Additionally, the review considers the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test, the cost-effectiveness of the screening method, and its feasibility in real-world settings.

We also conducted an analysis to assess publication bias. However, since we have included prevalence studies, the results can be generalized to the population regardless of any bias. Furthermore, we performed a sub-group analysis to provide an overview of the current pooled prevalence of GDM in different geographic zones of India.

The authors suggest that implementing a uniform approach nationwide may not be practical. Instead, they propose adopting a more focused and region-specific strategy to maximize resources and efficiently detect and address cases of GDM.

Overall, our review aims to provide evidence-based insights and encourage policymakers to develop consensus guidelines for GDM screening in India. By considering the diverse factors and conducting thorough analyses, we hope to contribute to the formulation of effective strategies for GDM diagnosis and management across the country.

Limitations

Although we comprehensively searched four databases, we may have included a few more databases to include more GDM-related studies. Further, analyzing the risk factors involved in the prevalence of GDM was not in the scope of our review. Further, some studies did not provide detailed information about their population type, their GDM screening methods, trimester or the distribution between multiple different screening methods that were used. It is imperative to acknowledge the absence of a standardized screening strategy, which introduces a significant limitation to our analysis. Furthermore, we recognize the potential influence of evolving diagnostic criteria on variations in GDM prevalence. To address this concern, it would be beneficial to incorporate a comparative analysis of GDM prevalence across different regions, focusing on studies that employ consistent diagnostic criteria such as DIPSI or IADPSG (WHO 2013). Additionally, we acknowledge that differences in prevalence may be attributed to assessments conducted in distinct time periods. As a means to enhance the comprehensiveness of our review, we highlight the importance of exploring studies that specifically examine trends in GDM within a given population in India over time.

This review emphasizes the growing concern of GDM as a public health issue, particularly in resource-constrained settings like India, where the prevalence of GDM varies significantly among states. Numerous studies conducted in India have revealed poor agreement among existing diagnostic criteria for GDM. To enable prompt diagnosis and enhance the management of GDM in India, it is crucial to incorporate a diagnostic tool that is feasible, cost-effective, and reliable. Such a tool should seamlessly integrate with the existing public healthcare system and benefit the target population. Large-scale population-based studies are necessary to address the conflicts in GDM diagnosis and provide evidence-based criteria that are applicable to the Indian population. By tailoring the screening program based on regional variations, healthcare authorities can better allocate resources and implement interventions focused on areas with higher GDM prevalence or other risk factors.

Availability of data and materials

Available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes in Pregnancy Study group of India

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group

Hyperglycemia and Adverse pregnancy outcomes

Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India

Low-or-Middle Income Country

Oral Glucose Challenge Test

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Mantri, N., Goel, A.D., Patel, M. et al. National and regional prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in India: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 24 , 527 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18024-9

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    भारत का राष्ट्रीय खेल हॉकी पर निबंध Essay on National game of India in Hindi. एक खेल की लोकप्रियता के आधार पर या उस देश के ऐतिहासिक संबंधों के आधार पर किसी खेल ...

  24. Khelo India University Games 2024: Get schedule and watch live

    The Khelo India University Games 2024 officially gets underway on Monday with the seven Northeastern Indian states - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Nagaland and Tripura - hosting the multi-sport event for the first time.. The KIUG 2024 will be the fourth edition of the Khelo India University Games, which is part of the Indian government's Khelo India initiative.

  25. National and regional prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in

    This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide valuable insights into the national and regional prevalence of GDM among pregnant women in India. We conducted an initial article search on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ShodhGanga searches to identify quantitative research papers (database inception till 15th June,2022).