free essay on psychological development

My Personal Psychosocial Development Essay

Humans develop throughout their lives, from infancy to adulthood and into old age. According to Erik Erikson’s theory, this process of psychosocial development is split into eight stages, each presenting a personal crisis that needs to be resolved (Grison, Heatherton, & Gazzaniga, 2017). Depending on the resolution of these crises, one develops the skills and attitudes needed for further growth (Grison et al., 2017). Using myself as an example, this paper will illustrate how three of these stages can affect and continue to affect a person’s development.

In Erikson’s eight stages of psychological development, the first crisis an infant must resolve is that of trust versus mistrust. I grew up with both my parents; however, since my father was often absent for long periods, I had little contact with him and limited opportunity for bonding. While he was away, my mother had to combine both the household roles of the housekeeper and the bread-winner.

Because of this, she was tired and exhausted most of the time. That meant that though she tried to spend time with me, she rarely had the energy to fully engage and nurture me. Although I was not mistreated or neglected, I never got the opportunity to view the world as a safe and caring place as a result of this lack of attention,. Therefore, I moved to the next stage of development with feelings of mistrust.

I spent my early childhood, and, therefore, the second stage of development, overseas. Adapting to a different culture is always challenging, and in my case, the differences might have adversely affected my development. The host culture had a negative view of nudity, and seeing anyone’s body is considered extremely disrespectful. As such, I had to be fully clothed nearly constantly. This prevented me from becoming comfortable with my body and caused me to see it as something shameful.

My mistrust exacerbated these circumstances, as, despite my mother’s efforts to teach me about it, I could not trust her sufficiently to believe and accept her lessons. Because of this, I grew up with intense feelings of shame and doubt, not only about my body but my thoughts and decisions, as well. These feelings persisted for years afterward, heavily affecting the subsequent stages of my development.

I am currently going through the fifth stage, forming an identity. Although my parents are supportive in pushing me towards my goals and aspirations, I am struggling with finding my place. I’ve had to fill the roles of a student, a daughter, and a mentor. However, trying to excel at all of them is overwhelming and has left me with little time to explore who I am. Because of this, I am confused about my greater role and identity and still trying to determine how these elements combine to form a cohesive whole. The attitudes imparted by each of these roles sometimes conflict with one another, making me uncertain how to relate to others and society at large.

A person’s psychosocial development in the early stages, which primarily depends on his or her caregivers, can have a significant effect on the future stages. As illustrated by my example, challenges faced in infancy and early childhood can lead to uncertainty later in life. Mistrust and doubt developed as a person is growing up can linger for years and cause a difficult identity crisis in adolescence.

Grison, S., Heatherton, T. F., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2017). Psychology in your life (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, inc.

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Protection: Housekeeper Safety and Injury Prevention
Developmental Psychologist Biography: Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson’s Identity Theory
Erik Erickson. Trust versus Mistrust
Erik Erikson Human Development Theory
Erik Erikson's Life and Contributions to Psychoanalysis
Psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
Nudity in the Paintings of the Renaissance
Human Development Theories: Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget
Developmental Stages: 0-8 Years Old
Motor Skills and Their Foundational Role for Perceptual, Social, and Cognitive Development
Personality Development: Initial Assumptions
Developmental Psychology and Behavioral Factors
Parenting Topic in Developmental Psychology

Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective - Fourth Edition

(38 reviews)

Martha Lally, College of Lake County

Suzanne Valentine-French, College of Lake County

Last Update: 2023

Publisher: Martha Lally, Suzanne Valentine-French

Language: English

Formats Available

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Reviewed by Michael Shaughnessy, Professor, Eastern New Mexico University on 1/16/24

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This is a VERY comprehensive book, integrating historical, medical and psychological information as it relates to human growth and development. That being said at 496 pages- it is really a graduate level book- as undergraduates would be overwhelmed with it and its comprehensiveness. It is up to date and chock full of tables and figures and pictures and is well organized and rich and robust with depth.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

From what I have seen the book is accurate, and while I did not read every word of every page of this 496 page book- what I have read seems on target and relevant and unbiased.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

Very timely and relevant- one notices the mention of COVID and it's impact on learning and the growth and development of the human organism. Artificial intelligence will be integrated into this 10 chapter book relatively quickly. At first, when I saw 10 chapters, I thought this would be a superficial summary type of book but it is surprisingly an indepth very comprehensive book- one that might fit into an honors class.

Clarity rating: 5

Clarity is good- but this book would need to be a text for a 16-week course- to allow students to read and reflect and absorb the material.

Consistency rating: 5

Logical rational and reasonable---but the length is overwhelming- students might intially be drawn to the pictures charts and graphs- but this is a graduate level text for a graduate level class- in which the graduate students have plenty of time to read and review and reflect.

Modularity rating: 4

This is a ten-chapter book- but it really delves into each chapter extensively. I was initially happy to see the 10-chapter organization- but each of these chapters is rich and robust and in depth-. I suppose that students could be told to skim over the historical and medical parts and just glance at the charts and graphs and figures- but this is a THICK book- 496 pages- and it deserves a full semester. I would NOT recommend this for a summer class.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

It is easy to reflect on the organization as it covers the human development from birth to death - and does so comprehensively. This is a book for reflective scholars- who want to stop and think about and in class- to discuss all of the issues comprehensively covered.

Interface rating: 5

Charts, graphs, figures---are all clean and neat---font could be larger in SOME places- but BOLD is used for terms and headings- and this is nicely organized.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

Readable, enjoyable, conversational----but time has to be allocated for a real reading of this 496 page tome.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The authors seem to have worked on this- and I have seen a balance here- and I have no concerns or objections.

As I have already mentioned,----this is a book that deserves a full semester---and should not be used in a 4-week summer class or any 8-week approach. This book deserves the time to absorb, think about and reflect on the material that is interwoven with theory and factual knowledge and information. This is a rich robust, but thick challenging book for serious graduate students who really do want to learn more not just about human growth and development- but the human condition !

Reviewed by Kelli Rogers, Assistant Professor Practice, University of Texas at Arlington on 12/12/22

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

This text examines how biological, psychological, and social factors shape people’s lives from conception to death, covering various stages of development and a number of theories relates to these stages. However, there is need for further discussion of atypical development and the influence of various social, cultural, and environmental contexts. There is no glossary, which would be helpful for students who prefer to print the text.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The content parallels other text on lifespan development and course curricula. However, more contemporary research would increased its accuracy. Detailed discussions of risk and protective factors relative to each of the stages of development would provide a more comprehensive perspective. In addition, other issues of diversity (besides just socioeconomic background and culture) should be described.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

This text contains relevant information, however, there are several older references. While this may be appropriate for theoretical and historical discussions of human development, it fails to include updates in science and technology that significantly influences development. In addition, the inclusion of case vignettes would improve relevance and engagement. The text is written and arranged in such a way that necessary updates will be relatively easy and straightforward to implement.

This text is well-organized and easy to read, which makes it ideal for undergraduates. The learning objectives could be more concisely written, as there are several sets of topic-specific learning objectives in each chapter.

Consistency rating: 4

The text appears to be presented in a consistent manner, with regard to terminology and framework. However, the degree of depth to which theories and concepts are covered varies. For example, there are fewer theories discussed in chapters middle adulthood through late adulthood, which may be a reflection of current literature.

Modularity rating: 5

The text consists of 10 chapters, organized by developmental stages and can be easily reorganized and realigned for a variety of course modalities. The text is also easily and readily divisible into smaller reading sections that can be assigned at different points within the course

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The topics in the text are presented in a logical, clear fashion and the layout remain consistent across all chapters. However, some chapter lack a smooth transition between subsections and topics.

The text is free of significant interface issues. The table of contents and external links embedded within the chapters are navigable. The charts and images are readable.

I did not noticed any grammatical errors or issues.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

I would have appreciated more content on issues of diversity and how this significantly impacts various stages of development. Ageism was limited to experiences in late adulthood ad fails to discuss ageism in adolescence. Case study examples of a variety of backgrounds, disabilities and abilities, religions/spirituality, etc., would improve cultural sensitivity and inclusivity. More diverse images and the inclusion of studies of nonwhite populations would be beneficial.

Overall, I found this text to be very comprehensive in covering all of the developmental stages and major theories of development. While the majority of the content is consistent with other texts, supplemental reading materials, documentaries, case vignettes, etc., are necessary to improve relevance, accuracy, and inclusiveness.

Reviewed by Michael Slavkin, Assistant Professor of Psychological Services and Counseling, Marian University on 5/31/22

Each chapter is organized around a developmental level. Pertinent theories and concepts are covered. Details are strong and material is well discussed. read more

Each chapter is organized around a developmental level. Pertinent theories and concepts are covered. Details are strong and material is well discussed.

No accuracy issues were evidenced. The text is error-free and no bias seems to exist. Relevant information and up-to date references.

The textbook is relevant, providing current information that links with the current research in the field. There is a clear arrangement as the text is tied to areas of development. The fact that there are 10 chapters makes the text fairly straightforward to implement over the course of a term.

No clarity issues were found. The text is written in a clear style, and provides good content with limited jargon. Those terms that are new are highlighted for student ease (no glossary is included, but bolded words are used for new terms).

The text is internally consistent, using a clear organizational scheme. There is no issue with framework, and material could be supplemented easily.

The text is divided into 10 chapters, which could be aligned to different course management systems easily. The text is not overly self-referential. It can be organized and aligned with articles or materials relatively easily.

The topics in the text are organized well. The material is clearly stated, and presented relatively easily for review.

No navigation problems or distorted in any way. The text was displayed well.

Clear text with no grammatical issues.

The book does an exemplary job of sharing up-to-date material that supports a strong multicultural and diverse background. Details about exceptionalities, neurodiversity, and cultural/social sensitivity are included.

The text by Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French is a solid overview of lifespan development. Appropriate for psychology, sociology, education, and human services; this would be a strong textbook for use in a variety of programs. Well organized and developed.

Reviewed by Joshua Smith, Psychology Instructor, Dodge City Community College on 2/25/22

This book is well laid out and covers all of the major areas of the lifespan development. The book is hits on all of the major concepts and theories that I would want to teach in an introductory or intermediate lifespan development course. The book does not contain a list of key terms and definitions at the end of the chapters or a glossary. An index at the end of the text would also be helpful.

Content in the text is consistent with other introductory development textbooks. Historical and theoretical information is accurate and contemporary examples are beneficial. The text presents information that is consistent with psychological theory and supported by research in a way that appears free of any overt bias.

The text was updated in 2019, but still contains several older references. Depending on your teaching goals (e.g., theoretical foundations vs. modern applications), the addition of more recent works could be beneficial. Instructors might need to supplement with recent research in some areas. There have been some updates from previous versions, such as the inclusion of social media and its influences on adolescents.

Clarity rating: 4

The text is clear and should be relatively easy for the average undergraduate student to understand. Major terms and concepts are generally defined in context as you read each chapter, but definitional content could be better. A glossary would help with this. It may occasionally be challenging for students to differentiate major theories or concepts from examples and elaborations on those concepts.

The table of contents is very informative and aligns clearly with the layout of each chapter. Chapter layouts are consistent and easy to follow, making the text very easy to navigate. An index at the end of the text would be helpful for students looking for concepts that are not major chapter or sections headings.

The organization and presentation of chapters follows the unfolding of the human lifespan, so reordering the text is not likely to be necessary. Within each chapter, the text is easily divisible into smaller sections for reading or teaching.

Chapters are clear and logically organized. Presentation of chapter topics follows the unfolding of the human lifespan which is appropriate for a lifespan course. Some instructors might choose to reorder subtopics and sections within a chapter which could easily be done.

Interface rating: 4

The interface is smooth. You can click on chapter titles or subsections from the expanded table of contents to be linked directly to that section of the text. However, navigation within each chapter would be more smooth if the bookmark function was used in the left navigation bar to provide point and click navigation to each chapter and section as you read.

I did not notice any grammatical errors during my review.

There is a nice, if small, section on culture and development in chapter one, but this is not detailed. In several areas, the text touches on culture and diversity, and explores their impact on development. For example, the text brings up cultural influences on cognitive development and education, gender and gender identity, parenting behaviors, marriage practices, and many other areas. However, as with many introductory texts the predominant focus is on white-western culture which serves as the normative comparison point for other groups.

I would use this text for my introductory course in developmental psychology.

Reviewed by Elbert Davis, Assistant Professor, Marshall University on 12/17/21

This is a very in-depth textbook on lifespan development. The authors follow the lifespan from pre-birth to death. The theories are introducted in the first chapter, and are again discussed in the relevant developmental stage in future chapters.... read more

The content of the textbook relies on factual information, providing references at the end of each chapter. Author bias was not observed. Errors were not evident.

This textbook would be easy to update. The chapters are broken into many different sections, which is reflected in the table of contents. While lifespan development is not a new concept, the authors included information on transgendered persons, which is not something usually discussed. That was refreshing to see.

The authors introduce jargon and new terminology by highlighting in purple. They also do a great job in breaking up text by using graphics and tables.

The chapters are arranged using the same basic framework, which makes it easier on the reader to know what to expect.

The authors use extensive subheadings to break up the material, as well as images and tables.

The topic of lifespan development makes it easier for organization. The authors started with pre-birth and discussed the various stages of development, inlcuding infancy, childhood, and adulthood, until death.

There was nothing confusing or distorted in the book. Navigation was easy. The subheadings in the table of contents were clickable, making it easy to navigate.

No graamatical errors were evident throughout the book.

Cultural diversity is woven into the chapters, as well as students with learning disabilites.

Reviewed by Lisamarie Bensman, Assistant Professor, Windward Community College on 12/12/21

This text includes all major areas of development that I would expect to find in a developmental text. The index at the beginning of the text is useful for a quick overview of what is in each chapter and can be used to jump to specific sections. There isn’t a glossary, which has its positives and negatives. Glossaries can be super helpful in reminding students of what terminology means, but they can also provide students with an oversimplified idea of those concepts, so for me a glossary is not a deal breaker.

The content in the text is accurate and provides a solid introduction to development. I was particularly pleased with how the authors presented Freud, as they appropriately acknowledged his lasting contributions to development, as well as the limitations of his work, and did so without his presenting his unsupported, unscientific theory of psychosexual development followed by the usual disclaimer. Avoiding this standard but very flawed way that many developmental texts handle Freud set a tone early on that the authors thought carefully about the validity of the content that they included and would present only the most accurate, scientifically supported information. That trend appears to have continued throughout the text (with a few exceptions, please see comments on relevance).

The majority of the content appears to be as current as can reasonably be expected for any text and, in some places, even more current than would be expected (for instance, when I selected this text in 2019 it already included a small section on children in detention centers at the southern US border and the impact separation and stress has on children, as well as the APA’s opposition to family separations). There are a few places, particularly in regards to pregnant individuals in the second chapter and in regards to gender identity that language could be more inclusive and better reflect current research and understanding, but even then, the language and understandings used are not that out of date nor different from how many developmental texts approach these issues (I’m not saying this standard approach is a good thing, merely a common issue).

The writing in this text is clear and easy to follow. The style is a bit more formal than would be my ideal for my particular students, but it’s not overly formal in an off-putting way. The syntax is appropriate for college students of all levels.

The text is consistent in the framework and terminology used. As a developmental text, it follows a standard organizational format for each chapter (after the beginning two foundational chapters and minus the final chapter on death and dying). The authors clearly, consistently, and appropriately reference back to the same theories and concepts throughout each chapter (adding new developmental concepts and removing old concepts, as appropriate). They provide enough context each time that a past theory/concept is presented to remind students what the students already know without giving so much context that students feel like they are re-reading the same information over and over again.

The chapters in the text are a bit lengthy because they cover all areas of development within the chapter’s developmental time period. If desired, smaller sections within each chapter could be assigned using page numbers. But there’s only one link for the whole book, as opposed to separate links per chapter or section, so if you were going to assign sections within each chapter separately, you’d have to first figure out the page numbers and then students would have to navigate to those sections. This isn’t the end of the world, just like navigating to each chapter isn’t the end of the world, but it might be something you or your students find annoying. As this is a developmental textbook, I wouldn’t suggest doing the chapters or sections out of order (I’d say the same for any developmental text).

This text is well organized. It has one chapter per developmental time period with each chapter progressing from physical development to cognitive development and ending with social development. Putting all three areas of development into one chapter does make the chapters long, but students seem to think they have less reading this way than with development textbooks that do three chapters per developmental time period (i.e. one chapter per area). Within each chapter, the topic order makes sense and follows naturally.

Interface rating: 3

The interface for this book is okay. The text and images flow well together. There are no confusing breaks/blank spaces or distorted images. That being said, it’s not the easiest text to navigate. If you know what page you want or remember to use the table of contents at the beginning of the text (which does allow you to jump directly to a section), you’re all set. But if you’re in a chapter and want something else in that chapter, it’s a scroll till you find it or use ctrl-F a lot type situation. On the left-hand side of the .pdf are thumbnails of the pages, but a linked table of contents would be easier. That way, the sections and order of the chapter could be seen at a glance and, if linked, one could jump directly to the desired section.

There are no large grammatical errors of note. For the most part, the text reads well/easily. There are a few hiccups here and there, but nothing overwhelming, nor do the small issues happen enough to be off-putting or undermine confidence in content.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

Based on the reviews, I expected more discussion of culture than I found in this text. Even the ‘issues in development’ section in chapter 1 is missing the question of whether development is universal or particularistic, an overarching question addressed in most developmental classes. That being said, there are some sections throughout the text that do mention the impact of culture. In a related vein, as far as diversity goes, while there is some diversity mentioned, there isn’t as much diversity as needed to reflect real life. Even the images selected skew highly Caucasian in many sections. This lack of diversity made the text less relevant to my students who are extremely diverse and might struggle to see themselves in the images and descriptions given.

Generally, I am satisfied with this text. I am currently finishing my fourth semester teaching with it. Students have reported that they find the book easy to read and engaging enough. I typically describe it as a solid text without the bells and whistles of the new for-purchase textbooks and that my students as a group get more out of this text that they can afford to read than they would out of a flashy, interactive text that few of them can afford to buy. I do recommend this text to other instructors.

Reviewed by Mary Ann Woodman, Adjunct Professor, Rogue Community College on 12/8/21

The content material in this book is very easy to read and well organized. It provides a comprehensive look at the stages of human growth over time including theoretical, methodological and historical approaches to lifespan development. Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood Chapter 4: Early Childhood Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood Chapter 6: Adolescence Chapter 7: Emerging and Early Adulthood Chapter 8: Middle Adulthood Chapter 9: Late Adulthood Chapter 10: Death and Dying Each chapter presents physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial (or social and emotional) development.

The information is historically accurate, unbiased and without error. It includes a balance of history and contemporary theories and concerns. The information in this text appears accurate, error-free, and unbiased. There is a great deal of content in each chapter from birth to death and all stages in between. Within each category of development, physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development is covered along with stories and examples to support the theories. It also contains links to other resources for students to consider as they study.

The book was completed in 2019, so it is up to date, written and arranged in a way that provides for updates in an easy and straightforward manner. An instructor can easily supplement the material with current issues relevant to the material presented in each stage of human development. The bibliography at the end is also helpful.

The authors writing style is lucid, easily accessible with college level terminology. The learning objectives make it easy for student outcomes and instructor assessment. It would be beneficial to include a glossary and make certain the PDF meets standards of accessibility according to federal legislation.

Each chapter is laid out in a developmental structure with sub-headings that make it consistent in framework. There are no inconsistencies in terminology. The bold vocabulary and italic definitions are a desirable feature and the print size very readable.

The text is organized well and additional material could be added without presenting disruption to the reader. Because the content is already 468 pages, a bit much for college students to absorb in one term, it might be wise to condense some of the material if new content is later added.

Birth to death in a linear fashion is the mark of a book focused on Lifespan Development and this one offers physiology, psychology, sociology and research to support the content. It is well organized in chapters with clear subheadings, and very easy to follow.

The images, graphs, charts and visuals support and enhance the written material very well. Many students are visual learners therefore, this component adds a great deal for understanding the concepts. There are no places that distract or confuse the reader.

There are no grammatical errors in this book.

Most of the chapters include cultural sensitivity of race, ethnicity, and gender concerns. There is a fair amount of information focused on family diversity, religious populations, gender roles and inclusivity.

It will be a gift to offer this textbook at our College as the current cost of textbooks has risen to levels quite unaffordable by our students. Much appreciation to the authors for their incredible efforts in providing this resource for Lifespan Development Courses.

Reviewed by Jeongwoon Jeong, Instructor, Fort Hays State University on 10/20/21

The overall text covers comprehensive ideas including basic and advanced concepts of theories. It would have been better if the text included index or glossary. read more

The overall text covers comprehensive ideas including basic and advanced concepts of theories. It would have been better if the text included index or glossary.

The text content is mostly standard and accurate.

The text content is mostly up-to-date and relevant to each subject with different resources.

The text is well written and is to understand; however, it could have better if the text is more clearly separated between subjects and theories

The text is internally consistent in terms of terminology and framework. They also well included tables and images for each theory or framework

I can say that the text has a high readability by including smaller reading sections.

The topics in the text are well organized by theories and others but some sections are not clear whether they are listed headings or sub-headings.

The text included appropriate images but I would recommend to have more vibrant images.

The text contains no grammatical errors.

Since diversity is very important in our society, I hope that the text included more about cultural perspective in each chapter and theories.

Reviewed by Keonya Booker, Associate Professor, College of Charleston on 9/15/21

This textbook analyzes the human lifespan from birth until death. Each chapter includes a discussion about the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that can be expected at every developmental stage. The expanded table of contents lists all sub-headed sections, but a clear distinction between the three aforementioned categories would have been useful. Terms are in bold print and defined for the reader. The addition of a glossary would be helpful for students who wish to have particular terms organized in one place.

Overall, the textbook is accurate. There are few errors that would significantly change the meaningful content of the book. As an introductory textbook, the major theories of development are presented correctly and without bias.

This textbook juxtaposes classic developmental theory (e.g., Sociocultural, Constructivism, Behaviorism) that will not change, with more recent information that may have to be updated. For example, in the late adulthood chapter the leading causes of death in the wake of COVID will likely have to be revisited. It should be easy to make these revisions. Since the last update was in 2019, another version could address this.

The writing was clear and without filler. Jargon is left to a minimum and examples are provided to help the reader understand complex terms. At times there is an overwhelming amount of statistical references, which can result in a sea of parenthetical percentages that may be hard for students to move through.

Each lifespan stage has a section devoted to physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development. The textbook is consistent with respect to its terminology and framework. A list of fully cited references are provided at the conclusion of each chapter.

In its current state, the textbook is in a PDF format. While the table of contents provides page numbers, it would be preferable to have a more reader-friendly searchable function such as hyperlinked headers, or another way to go to a specific part of the text. As it stands right now, the reader has to seek and scroll. Also, each chapter is very dense, some at more than 40 pages. In a typical twice or thrice weekly class schedule, an instructor may have to assign sections and specific pages at a time.

As this is a developmental psychology textbook, the authors presented the human lifespan in a logical fashion. The physiological and social implications of each developmental stage are addressed.

Most of the images added to the reading experience; however, a few were distorted and unclear. Replacing these images would be helpful. The figures and tables illuminated important topical ideas and research findings.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

There were a handful of grammatical errors, some of which were within a bolded, defined term. Another thorough editing of the textbook could eliminate this issue.

The authors presented the qualities of the human experience from multiple cultural perspectives. Beyond racial and gender diversity, attention was paid to LGBTQ+ communities, neurodivergent populations, and those who are differently abled. Research was presented that explored how humans make sense of their worlds in a diverse set of circumstances and from a unique identity perspective. The inclusion of images that depicted various multicultural groups was an important component as well.

Thank you to the authors for providing an open source alternative to a traditionally published textbook. I appreciate the time and effort it took to complete such a large project.

Reviewed by Cebrail Karayigit, Assistant Professor, Pittsburg State University on 4/22/21

This book is comprehensive, and includes chapters on each stage of the lifespan. The book covers not only cognitive domain, but also biosocial and psychosocial development, involving continuity and change. The book also analyze different developmental events from the perspective of the major theories of development (e.g. Erikson, Kohlberg). This book also provides a thorough understanding of the timing and sequence of development throughout the lifespan.

The content of this is accurate and consistent with most developmental levels. However, there are few things in emerging adulthood section that I do not believe are fully up-to-date (e.g. emerging adulthood has been proposed as a new life stage between 18-29 in recent literature). Emerging adulthood and Early Adulthood could be covered separately and in different chapters.

The book explains how research contributes to the understanding of development. Although information included is mostly relevant to each developmental level, I do not see any focus on how use of social media plays a crucial role in adolescents' and emerging adults' lives.

The information presented is written very clearly, and the book is easy to follow.

The book has a consistent format and structure. The chapters has good internal consistency.

Each chapter could include a separate domain (e.g. cognitive, biosocial, and psychosocial/emotional), so it would make it easy to focus on specific topics across different developmental levels.

While the book has a consistent and logical structure, it would be helpful if the subsections in each chapter were arranged according to specific domain such as cognitive, biosocial, and psychosocial aspect.

Information is presented in a way that makes it easy to read and navigate. The book contains a lot of figures, graphs, and seems like a good fit with the online format.

No major grammatical errors were detected.

Although few chapters focus on diversity (e.g. chapter 1 and 8), it would make it more effective if each chapter included a section that attempt to analyze different developmental events from the perspective of non-Western perspective.

Reviewed by Dr. Charlene Moore-Peterson, Adjunct Professor, Aiken Technical College on 3/16/21

This book covers all areas effectively as it relates to the subject of Lifespan. read more

This book covers all areas effectively as it relates to the subject of Lifespan.

Accuracy is error and is unbiased.

Content in this book is updated and easy and straightforward to implement effectively.

This book provides adequate context.

Great consistency.

This book is easily readily divisible; broken down inyo section is quite helpful.

Well organized.

The text is free of interface issues.

Little to no grammatical errors.

The text is not culturally insensitive and is not offensive in anyway. Culturally appropriate.

Reviewed by Emily Healy, Assistant Professor, Bunker Hill Community College on 2/9/21

This textbook provides a comprehensive look at human growth and development over the lifespan. It begins with an introductory chapter, which looks at theoretical approaches to studying lifespan development, different methodological approaches to... read more

Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood Chapter 4: Early Childhood Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood Chapter 6: Adolescence Chapter 7: Emerging and Early Adulthood Chapter 8: Middle Adulthood Chapter 9: Late Adulthood Chapter 10: Death and Dying

Each chapter and corresponding period of development is treated from different perspectives: physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial (or social and emotional) development.

The information in this text is accurate, error-free, and unbiased. As a survey course, this book is tasked with covering a wide amount of information of the entire lifespan. The book looks at issues of heredity, prenatal development, birth, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, emerging and early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, and death and dying. Within each category of development, physical, cognitive, and psychosocial (social-emotional) development is considered. Furthermore, each period of development includes special topics and categories that are more pertinent to those periods of development. For example, in the chapter on late adulthood, issues of retirement, neurocognitive disorders, elder abuse, and substance use disorders specifically in the elderly populations are treated. By contrast, in the chapter on adolescence, special topics include sexual development, eating disorders, and teenage drivers.

This book is likely to retain a high score in relevance in the coming decades. While it provides a wealth of information specific to each stage of lifespan development, the information is no so specific as though it will become obsolete or outdated quickly. This textbook provides a solid foundation upon which instructors and educators may build in relevant examples from current events. For example, in the chapter on middle and late childhood, while the topic of physical development is discussed and special topics of sports and childhood obesity are treated, an individual instructor can bring in information that is relevant and pertinent to the specific population in which he/she/they are teaching.

This text is written clearly, in an accessible manner, providing both context and working definitions for any technical terminology. The textbook introduces students to technical terminology used in the field of human growth and development in a scaffolded manner, where new concepts are introduced in appropriate context, are then defined. and the concepts are used in examples in order to improve reader comprehension. Each section of the chapter begins with the learning objectives for that particular section. The text utilizes headers and subheaders to clearly denote information organization. Vocabulary words are bolded and set in the text in purple, and definitions are in italics.

The textbook is organized in a consistent manner. Each chapter begins with an overview. Each section of the chapter contains a text box including learning objectives for that section. Each chapter (apart from the first introductory chapter) treats the subject matter from three broad domains or dimensions: 1. Physical development 2. Cognitive development 3. Psychosocial (social-emotional) development

Within the chapters, consistent formatting of headers and subheaders are used. It is a well-organized and highly navigable text overall, which is student-friendly.

On the whole, this text is easily divided into sections. Chapters do not run over into each other, as each chapter begins on a new page. The text also makes use of a consistent, predictable format, which makes it more predictable for the reader. The only drawback to the text that I have found with regard to its modularity is that it would be helpful if the three approaches (physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development) were also set apart. For my own classes, I treat physical and cognitive development on one day (or one week), and psychosocial development on another day (or week), and it is not readily divisible into these sections.

Overall, the organization of this text is clear and predictable. Each chapter is clearly listed, with topics clearly defined. Each section contains a set of learning objectives for that section. In addition, the chapters are organized in a repeating manner, then adding in topic-specific information for that particular stage of development.

The text is easily navigable, and is easily exported as a PDF (in the event that the instructor wishes to break the textbook down chapter-by-chapter for students, such as in an online learning environment where different topics are treated on a week-to-week basis).

The text is very culturally sensitive. Pictures in the text depict a wide array of diverse racial, ethnic, and religious populations (for example: BIPOC, Muslim individuals, etc.). Furthermore, discussions of special topics within chapters are treated from a multitude of perspectives. For example, in the section on religion, a wide variety of faith traditions are treated, rather than singling out one perspective. Furthermore, in the section on family units, different formulations of families (including step- and blended- families, as well as LBGT families) are included.

Reviewed by Jacqueline McMillion-Williams, Adjunct Professor, Bunker Hill Community College on 1/31/21, updated 2/1/21

For a course on developmental psychology, this text provides appropriate coverage of all areas of the lifespan. The table of contents provides an effective index in both short and long form. Key words are bold and defined within the text, but... read more

Accurate information about theory and application with diverse perspectives of the lifespan. Theory presented within a historical context with examples of life lived in a variety of circumstances that influence development.

There is a clear timeline of theory formation, historical context, and application to current society and with recent data. The arrangement of the text, with clear citations and reference information at the end of each chapter allows data to be easily located and updated. This is also true of the use of current slang; reflective of the time and society the text is written within, but also easy to locate and update.

From my perspective, the audience for this book is students and as such, a benefit of this book in comparison to those I have used in the past, is the use of common and approachable language. There is an appropriate use of jargon so the reader can place it in context. Although the text is clearly academic, it tells a clear story about development that engages the reader.

From the beginning, there is a clear framework of development for the reader to follow. Contents of each chapter and use of terminology stays consistent with the framework.

Authors divide the content of the textbook into sections that are logical for a comprehensive overview of the lifespan. Content is easy to divide into weekly readings or modules for student consumption and learning. Teachers could choose to assign in the original order or rearrange content by preference. Simultaneously the sections can be pulled out to be used a supplements for study in other courses on the lifespan such as early childhood, child psychology or adolescence and adult. You could also choose to restructure content to provide individual overviews of each theory.

Authors present topics in a logical sequence as chapters and subtopics are sections of each chapter. This makes the text easy to follow and annotate.

The textbook does not have any interface issues. It has appropriate headings to divide sections. Images and charts are clearly visible in color and black & white. Images are in appropriate locations that provide illustration of information. Alignment with text is complimentary.

I did not locate any grammatical errors in the text.

Text includes culturally relevant and sensitive examples of a variety of backgrounds (race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation) as well as about various aspects of biological, psychological and social influences on normalized development in a manner that may challenge students to rethink what is normal.

My use of this text with students is just beginning. Initial adoption occurred based on a recommendation from other faculty. Overall, the text is more up to date and culturally diverse than past texts I have used for similar and the same course. I would have liked some supplementary materials, but given the electronic format of the text, I have not found it difficult to create my own.

Reviewed by Meagan Docherty, Assistant Professor, Bowling Green State University on 12/15/20

This book is comprehensive, and includes chapters on each stage of the lifespan, as well as an introductory chapter with information on the lifespan perspective, theories, and research. Each chapter includes the major developmental changes and tasks associated with physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development. The table of contents is very detailed, and provides information on subheadings within each chapter.

This textbook is more accurate than others I've looked into using. It provides information on historical research and theory, while also providing a more contemporary perspective, and indicating when findings may be culture-dependent.

I think the content generally appears to be up to date, and includes more contemporary perspectives and recent research findings.

This book is written in a clear, simple style that I think would work well for undergraduate classes. New terms are introduced and explained clearly.

The book appears to be consistent in its approach and framework, including concepts covered and terms used.

With maybe a few exceptions, the text is generally broken up into several subheadings, making it easy to use certain sections on their own or reorganize material if needed.

I think overall the book is organized very well. Other lifespan psychology books tend to break chapters up into subsections for physical, cognitive, and social and emotional development, and it's my impression that undergraduate students appreciate that distinction, so it may help for a later edition of this book to adopt that organization.

Overall I think the book is laid out very well, but some of the charts and images appear to be low quality or dated. I like that there are links to sources embedded in chapters, but overall it does not have the same production quality that undergraduate students may be used to with current e-books.

I did not notice any grammatical errors in my reading of the book.

Overall I think the book does a good job of being inclusive and highlighting different cultural perspectives while being sensitive and appropriate.

I like the material covered in the book, and I think it would provide a good amount of breadth and depth for an undergraduate lifespan course. I think if the production quality was even higher, it would make the book even easier to adopt.

Reviewed by Amy Clinard, Assistant Professor, Bunker Hill Community College on 12/14/20, updated 12/18/20

The Table of Contents itemizes lifespan development just in terms of the stages of the lifespan (infancy, early childhood, etc.) and does not further itemize based on domains which many other textbooks do (physical, cognitive, psychosocial). Although the full table of contents does provide an exhaustive list of specific topics covered within each of those lifespan stages, it might have been better to have those topics itemized by domains.

I very much appreciated the level of accuracy and the unbiased nature of this textbook. It is clear that the authors were deliberate in integrating multiple diverse perspectives into their work. I have not found any major content errors.

This textbook is notably up-to-date and contains many timely, current and important conversations that are not always found in textbooks. It would seem that any necessary updates will be easily implemented as a result.

This textbook is written in a way that is clear, accessibly, and ELL friendly. It clearly identifies, defines and explains psychological jargon and technical terms in a way that is easily understood by the reader.

The text is exceptionally consistent with terminology and framework.

Due to the fact that this textbook only contains a few chapters (based on the stages of the lifespan such as infancy, early childhood, etc.), and is not broken down further into developmental domains (physical, cognitive, psychosocial growth), it can make it slightly challenging to identify and assign smaller reading assignments without referencing specific page numbers.

The topics presented within this textbook flow nicely, and are organized in a logical manner for the reader.

There are no interface issues within this text such as navigation issues, distortions of images, etc. I would add that some of the images included within this textbook are slightly rudimentary (black and white, with limited detail or visual interest) and may benefit from some more interesting components.

There are no grammatical errors within this text.

I would say that this is a major strength of this textbook. In my experience, many other textbooks contain a limited amount of perspectives and/or inclusion of diverse ideas. This particular book is intentional in terms of including diverse perspectives, local AND global issues, and is relevant and meaningful to all students as a result.

Reviewed by Joshua Becker, Professor of Psychology, Greenfield Community College on 6/30/20

The text itself is comprehensive, with each topic organized into logical and interesting sub-topics. The sub-topics are written comprehensively in easy-to-digest paragraphs. There is no glossary or index, however. read more

The information in this text is accurate, current, and relatively bias-free. Good (brief) section in Early Childhood on transgender kids, for example.

This text has a good balance of grand theories and current research. It will (like all texts) require continual revising as new theories emerge and new areas of focus become important for developmental psychologists.

The writing is clear and understandable.

Good internal consistency!

This is a strength of this text. Each subsection can be used on its own, or part of the whole.

Overall, the text is well organized, though I think I would prefer a text that has more layers of organization. This text has 10 chapters, each with numerous sub-headings, but without clear delineations between domains of development.

I did enjoy the interface - though this is essentially one long PDF document, which may be confusing or problematic for some students.

Nice writing!

The text includes weaves in topics related to several lenses of identity, including race, class, sexualities, and gender identity. It does not challenge, however, the enduring structures of oppression in the field of psychology and society at large - though this is probably considered outside the scope of developmental psychology.

I enjoyed the text! I would consider adapting it if I could find ancillary materials.

Reviewed by Kevin Duquette, Assistant Professor, Bridgewater State University on 6/22/20

Very clearly laid out with ten chapters ranging from prenatal to death. Table of contents acts also as an index of sorts, with specific topics within each stage clearly defined and page numbers provided. Could benefit from a glossary (either at the end of each chapter or at the end of the text as a whole) and/or separate index for concepts that are present throughout multiple chapters.

An overall comprehensive view of development with special consideration for culture and diversity. Text also discusses how views have changed over time (e.g., in relation to intellectual disabilities; gender roles, etc.), and uses the most current terms. Text also provides information on many developmental theories (as opposed to pigeonholing information to few), and continually spirals back to these topics to reinforce them. A few small errors (e.g., “tabula rosa” instead of “tabula rasa”, pg. 16), but by and large information is up to date, and clearly explained.

All information is up to date, and uses current citations. Authors also did a great job with citing and providing sources as well so that readers can find additional information on topics from the primary sources. In addition to current parenthetical citations, the writers provide context to let the reader know when the data were taken, which allows a more informed understanding of the numbers provided. Authors show data trends over time that will be easy to update as newer data are published.

One area where there could be additional relevant information would be in regards to substance use, and the recent legalization of marijuana across U.S. states and Canada, and how this legalization may affect understanding and interventions related to marijuana and other substance use.

Writing is very accessible, and clear. Jargon terms are defined as part of the text and the flow of the book as a whole is logical. Main topics (i.e., developmental theories) are revisited and applied to specific life stages with relevant examples to connect to larger themes.

Major concepts are revisited in each chapter, and examples for application of knowledge are given. Further, the formatting itself is consistent, leading to an overall clean and intuitive look. Authors are also consistent with the use of discussion questions for each chapter.

Very well organized. Great use of headings, subheadings, bold, italics, color, and other formatting to break up ideas into intuitive sections. The chapters are broken up logically based on developmental periods. Could have benefited from additional focus specifically on early adolescence considering the importance of this stage of life (relative to others—similar to how the text broke up childhood into early ‘childhood’, and ‘middle & late childhood’)

Clear organization throughout. Good use of boxes, figures, graphs, etc. to enhance understanding and draw readers’ attention to important concepts or illustrations. Logically sequenced chapters and sections.

Very well-organized and good use of images/charts to enhance understanding. Text provides links to images, graphs, references for further reading, which enhances the interactivity of the text. Text would benefit from the ability to “jump” to chapters or sub-sections by clicking on that particular section in the table of contents.

Aside from the aforementioned “tabula rosa” being used instead of “tabula rasa” (p.16), this book reads well and is grammatically sound.

Shows appreciation and consideration of the effect of culture and intersectional identity on development. Provides international perspectives on development as well. The only criticism would be that the vast majority of the images used are of white people.

Solid text. Rivals books that are $100+.

Reviewed by Sandra Gilliland, Associate Professor, Louisiana State University of Alexandria on 4/20/20

This 468 page book covers all of the major stages and domains of development. The book begins with a detailed overview of the field of lifespan development and then goes into great depth on the common issues and areas of interest for each major... read more

The book appears to provide information from various perspectives allowing the student/reader to apply critical thinking to evaluate each topic.

This book was published in 2017, the majority of references are less than 10 years old. The topics are covered with several recent examples but also uses many of the historically popular studies that will remain relevant (for example Harlow's work on attachment).

This was actually my favorite part of the book. I found it very easy to read and feel as though my students would as well.

The book builds on some of the most reputable theories in lifespan development (Piaget, Erikson, Vygotsky).

Modularity rating: 3

I like that each stage of development is covered in separate chapters but it also results in very long chapters. For example chapter 3 is 44 pages long. That is a lot for students to digest so I would need to assign page numbers instead of chapters.

I like the breakdown of chapters into the developmental stages.

The book downloaded as a free PDF, no problems navigating.

No issues with grammar were noted.

Text and images appears to represent a wide arrange of different cultures.

The length of this book is a little intimidating but the content is excellent.

Reviewed by Masami Takahashi, Professor, Northeastern Illinois University on 4/5/20

This is a very comprehensive Lifespan Developmental Psychology textbook (465 pgs). It covers not only psychology but also a fair amount of biology as well, and almost any other topis I can think of including relatively up-to-date research findings. However, one may say that it is good for neither one thing nor the other. Although comprehensive, this book lacks details in theory and data for upper level Developmental Psychology courses for our Psych majors. The book simply scratches the surface of many topics. On the other hand, there is simply too much information for our Gen Ed Human Development. What this means is that the instructors are required to work quite a bit before adopting it for a particular course, at least initially (e.g., finding supplemental readings for our majors, selecting small portions of this textbook appropriate for our Gen Ed students, etc.).

It is accurate for the topics it covers, but the discussions are often limited in details for the Psych majors.

Content is relatively up-to-date. However. with any textbook with cutting-edge research evidence, it is inevitable that that part of the book will require further editing in the near future.

It is clearly written and readable for any level of undergrads.

I noticed several sections with duplication (i.e., cut/paste) that needs editing

For those instructors who are adopting a part of this book (e.g., easy sections for Intro Developmental), it would be helpful if the subsections in each chapter were numbered (2-1, 2-2, etc.) so that they can be specified in the syllabus.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 2

I like the fact that the References are provided not at the end of the book but immediately after each chapter. This allows the readers an easier access to the references if needed. Personally, however, I prefer a topic by topic (rather than chronological) arrangement of the chapters.

There are lots of Figures (mostly photographs from public domains) throughout the book that do not have any caption. I couldn’t tell what these pictures were for.

Good. Readable.

It includes a fair amount of cross-cultural studies

Having presented pros and cons above, would I adopt this book? Yes, I would for my Gen Ed course. That means after thoroughly reading this book, I have to handpick those sections that are general enough for the freshman/sophomore students, specify the pg numbers in syllabus, and align the contents with the exams that I already have for the course.

Reviewed by Linde Althaus, Psychology Instructor, Minnesota State University System on 3/8/20

This book covers all of the age groups covered in a lifespan class, but consolidates some age groups to lengthy chapters. read more

This book covers all of the age groups covered in a lifespan class, but consolidates some age groups to lengthy chapters.

The book appears to be straight-forward and accurate. Several topics could use up-dating and it surprised me that it was last updated in 2019.

The photos seemed dated and some of the topics could be refreshed, but it did not impact my perception of the book as a whole.

Topics were clearly written and were approachable to a reader.

The writing and terminology appears to be consistent throughout the text.

The chapters were long and I feel like it may be difficult to divide into modules. I'm not sure how I would assign the readings in a fully online class if I adapted this text.

This is a book organized from birth to death, which is how I like to teach Lifespan. Someone who teaches a topical approach would struggle using this text.

You have to scroll through the text to find your page. There are not easy ways to jump to various sections of the text. I wanted to read particular sections that I feel are my areas of expertise and I found it cumbersome.

What I read appears correct and well-written.

Some of the pictures are culturally diverse, but I would like more examples and descriptions of other cultures within the text.

I appreciate that this book is available, but I am hesitant to adopt it at the moment. If it was updated, made easier to navigate and more cultural diversity was added, I would definitely switch.

Reviewed by Pamela L. Parent, Associate Professor (Adjunct), J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College on 1/14/20

The text was comprehensive and well-planned. Addresses major concepts and theories with numerous online links to facilitate further inquiry. read more

The text was comprehensive and well-planned. Addresses major concepts and theories with numerous online links to facilitate further inquiry.

Accurate content with good coverage of material. Commendable addition of inclusion of some “nontraditional” areas in developmental psychology.

Good use is made of numerous and diverse live links allowing readers to access various resources.

Written in a clear and coherent manner with some excellent examples. Content was presented in a manner that made it useful to varying levels of learners.

Chapters are well-structured and organized in a clear manner throughout.

Chapters contain logical sections with subheadings. Developmental Psychology lends itself well to a chronological format as used in this text.

Well-organized with consistency in addressing domains. Chapter sections well-segmented.

This text worked well with the online format. Contains numerous helpful graphs, diagrams, etc.

Grammatical errors were not apparent however a few spelling errors that one would hope would have been caught on review - “constructivitst’ and “constrctivist” in the same sentence cluster.

This book consistently incorporated attention to diversity. The unique influences of various cultures on developmental stages was well-addressed.

A comprehensive textbook that works well as an OER. I am intrigued by the possibility of using this as my primary text.

Reviewed by Elizabeth Becker, Senior Instructor II, Eastern Oregon University on 1/4/20, updated 1/15/20

The text covers a wide range of topics related to development, including current trends and issues. read more

The text covers a wide range of topics related to development, including current trends and issues.

The text is accurate and includes a large number of references. It also includes important critiques of major theorists.

The structure of this text will allow it to be easily updated and continue to address important trends and issues.

Educational Psychology texts are often written with dense academic language that makes it a challenge for students to easily process and understand. This OER is written in a way that makes the information more accessible to students and will help keep their interest.

There is a consistent format and structure used throughout the text.

While the overall organization of the text is through chronological age, each chapter addresses many of the same topics in a way that would make it easy to focus on specific topics across different ages/chapters.

The text follows a consistent and logical organization.

The material is presented in a fashion that makes it easy to read and navigate.

No major grammatical errors or patterns were detected.

This text specifically addresses cultural differences related to the topics at hand in a way that is respectful and will help anyone working with a variety of cultures in the classroom.

Reviewed by Amy Hammond, Associate Professor/Dept Chair, Centenary College of Louisiana on 12/30/19

Very comprehensive! All the major concepts and ideas are addressed, although sometimes briefly (as is necessary in a lifespan text). read more

Very comprehensive! All the major concepts and ideas are addressed, although sometimes briefly (as is necessary in a lifespan text).

On the whole, the content is accurate and consistent with most developmental texts. There are elements in the pre-natal development section (particularly around teratogens) that I do not believe are fully up-to-date and provide inaccurate or misleading information.

Content is highly relevant to the topic. While there are some topics that some would consider “supplemental” throughout, there is enough variety that individual instructors can tailor inclusion of these materials as they desire.

Material is presented in a clear and coherent manner throughout the text.

The structure within in chapter reflects consistent approaches to the material. The writing and thoughtfulness is consistently strong throughout.

Organization and structure lend themselves to including or excluding various elements as one chooses. Major sections are easily identified and segmented.

The overall organization is very good for a chronological developmental text. Within chapters, there is a consistent organization of physical, then cognitive, then psychosocial issues and within these sections, when relevant, consistencies in the order of presentation of theories and concepts.

Learning Objectives in each chapter were clear, if exclusively at the lower levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. I found the use of headings within chapters to be difficult to follow. It wasn’t always easy to see which sections where sub-sections of which ideas. Overall, this text is less visually “fun” than the big publisher versions, however, it is full of colorful photos, relevant graphs and diagrams.

Excellent! This text is easy to read, but is still written in an appropriate manner for lower-level college students.

There is excellent coverage of ideas for a United States audience relevant to US-centric concerns (for example, there are very good sections on LGBTQIA issues). However, mention of topics outside a US context are somewhat thin (especially in the first half of the text). To be fair, this reflects weaknesses in the field more generally (which are slowly being rectified). There is more comprehensive consideration of cross-cultural issues in later chapters. The prenatal development section felt somewhat maternal-blaming. While there were some explicit mentions that environmental factors were important, there was strong implication that most things which could go wrong were the “fault” of the mother. Nothing was explicitly stated in this way, but I felt there was too little explicit and implicit acknowledgement of the randomness that can sometimes cause less-than-ideal outcomes during pregnancy and birth.

I am grateful to our colleagues who have worked to put together this excellent resource! And in particular that you have chosen to make it available in a way that invites ongoing use/changes/updates! It allows me to use the many, many, MANY wonderful elements and tweak the few things that are not quite my personal pedagogical approach. I anticipate adopting this text next year!

Reviewed by Sara Fier, Professor, Minnesota State University System-Southwest Minnesota State University on 12/30/19

The book provided good coverage of developmental psychology concepts. There was no index or glossary included, although the fact that the book is in an electronic format makes this less problematic than for a hard copy book. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

The book seemed to present information accurately and presented multiple theories/perspectives on topics without getting too technical/detailed.

The book covers developmental psychology historical information and developmental basics well. More recent research is incorporated as well. The book's format seems to allow for updates to be easily made.

The book is easy to understand. In some cases illustrative examples help explain concepts that may be new to the reader. The reader would benefit from the use of additional examples.

The book's internal consistency is good, with chapters being organized in a similar format.

Developmental psychology allows for ease of modularity, and this text uses a chronological lifespan format.

The book was organized in the typical developmental psycology chronological format and then further broken down within each chapter by developmental domain: physical, cognitive, social. That was easy to follow. As future editions of the book lead to revisions within each domain, domain-specific organization and transitions can be reconsidered.

Navigation of the book was easy and seemed to work well in the electronic format. No display issues were noted.

Grammatical Errors rating: 3

The book had grammatical/typographical errors comparable in number to published textbooks.

A variety of examples were provided related to diversity of race, ethnicity, and background. Authors should continuously strive to enhance incorporation of these topics into books.

I appreciate the authors making this book available. I look forward to using it as a devopmental psychology text.

Reviewed by Diane Bordenave, Associate Professor, SUNO on 11/9/19

The text covers lifespan development content from birth until death. There is an Table of Contents with chapter sections and page numbers for reference. read more

The text covers lifespan development content from birth until death. There is an Table of Contents with chapter sections and page numbers for reference.

I found no grammatical errors, bias or inaccurate content.

The content of the textbook should become more and more relevant as the country recognizes the importance of understanding and responding to the needs of an aging generation of baby boomers. For the most part, content has been more focused on early childhood and infant development. When comparing the content to older lifespan development textbooks, I did not see many issues where changes in a short period of time were necessary for updating the text. For the most part, issues of development covered here have remained relatively unchanged over time. Particularly in an introductory survey course, more in-depth analysis of changes and consequences such as those resulting from science or technology, are not expected here but can be further explored in graduate or higher level specialized courses on a topic.

The textbook is written at a level appropriate for the students at my HBCU, many of whom are first generation college students. Terminology, when used, is defined. Figures and Tables assist in interpreting the prose.

The terminology and framework in the text is internally consistent and is particularly suited to a lifespan approach. It helps to understand the continuity of life from birth to death and how earlier stages of development impact later ones when the terminology and framework are consistent.

I would have preferred that the text was divided into more chapters than 10 to better align with a typical semester of 15 weeks. Students tend to understand and work better on a chapter by chapter basis than on subsections in my experience.

After a well written introduction, the text presented the chapter is a logical fashion that followed the normal human developmental process from birth to aging/death.

I was able to both view the textbook online and download it and make a copy. I had no interface, navigational or display feature problems in either context. I intend to offer this textbook in an online format.

I found no grammatical errors, and I am a stickler for that in the academic setting.

I teach at an HBCU with mainly non-traditional students so cultural sensitivity is important to me in choosing content. The cover of the textbook is of a diverse family which is immediately welcoming. In the chapter are other culturally diverse images such as in Figure 1.1.

I have adopted this book for my Spring 2020 course CDFS 303 Lifespan Development in the Family. I am happy to give the students the benefit of not having to purchase an expensive textbook, which many of them were unable to do, and still benefit from the readings. I have recommended this book to my colleagues as well.

Reviewed by Sarah McEwan, Assistant Professor, Marian University on 11/4/19

This text addresses all aspects of human growth and development that I cover in my course. read more

This text addresses all aspects of human growth and development that I cover in my course.

This text is accurate up to its published date, 2017.

Published in 2017, so relatively up to date, but there's always few opportunities for updates here and there.

This text is quite user friendly and quick to read.

The text has solid internal consistency.

This book covers all the basics, but just the basics. This text does not contain a lot of additional fluff that other texts contain.

This text was well organized.

No issues with navigation.

I found no grammatical issues.

The text does a fine job covering the basics, but the field of psychology in general has a ways to go to become inclusive.

I chose this text for an accelerated course- I needed a book that accurately and concisely covered all my key concepts, which this did. However, this text did not have as many opportunities/ asides to provide further reading for students interested in specific areas as I have seen in other textbooks. If you are looking for fluff, this is not your textbook. However, I intend on continuing to use this text in my accelerated classes, as it was perfect for a quick overview that my students could manage in a short amount of time.

Reviewed by Allie Chroust, Assistant Professor, East Tennessee State University on 4/21/19

The textbook covers human development across the lifespan. It is presented in the chronological framework. Each chapter provides an in-depth look at that stage of development. However, there is no glossary of key terms or index. Students would... read more

To the best of my knowledge, the information presented within the textbook is accurate. The one area for improvement in relational to accuracy would be the updating some of the sections to use more inclusive terminology (e.g., Children with Disabilities, p. 176).

The textbook is was last revised in 2017. I did come across one or two content areas that should have been updated for the latest edition (e.g., Box 2.3 on p. 50--the Tennessee Law has since been changed; Figure 1.18 p. 2006--it would be very easy to update the years on the basic figure as the years do not relate to any specific study it is simply a schematic of research design).

The textbook is written at a level that lower-level undergraduate students can understand.

Terminology and framework is consistent throughout textbook.

The text is divided into 10 chapters. There are subsections within each chapter if the instructor wishes to break up readings assignments into smaller chunks.

Chronological presentation of human development.

Textbook is easy to navigate within your PDF reader. Tables and Figures are clear. Each hyperlink I tested within the textbook worked properly.

No to minimal grammatical errors.

The textbook does an adequate job describing that human development occurs in variety of contexts, one of those contexts being culture. However, the textbook could provide a more in-depth description of the impact of culture on various developmental concepts. For example, the textbook frequently states, "in some cultures, ...." but, more often then not, textbook does not describe the different patterns of behavior or specify what culture is being referenced.

It is great to have an open textbook aimed at lifespan development however I would like to see a few improvements to make it more competitive against the ebooks for-profit publishers are providing: 1) glossary of terms and/or definitions in the margins 2) improved figures and creation of figure captions 3) inclusion of examples of applications of concepts that show students how the information can be directly applied to various careers 4) hyperlinks within the text--for example if students click on one of the learning objectives at the beginning of the chapter, they are taken to the section of that chapter that addresses that specific objective. 5) inclusion of reading comprehension questions for students to check themselves on before moving on to next section.

Reviewed by Patrick Smith, Associate Professor, Thomas Nelson Community College on 3/21/19

The comprehensiveness of the textbook is interesting, as there are only ten chapters. In other words, the authors pack a great deal of information into each chapter. This book covers all of the requisite topics for an introductory or survey... read more

This is an introductory level textbook, so specific research found in higher level courses would be missing. For the most part, this text covers the basics well, and any inaccuracies are negligible and can be overcome with good discussion.

The thoroughness of the coverage, which is a strength, makes this text very relevant to get a good discussion of actual human development going.

This textbook is very easy to read and follow. Any technical terms and theoretical concepts are well defined and illustrated within an applicable context.

There is no real individual psychological perspectives evident here beyond the basic introduction to this context of human psychology. For this reason, all areas of the human lifespan get fair coverage and presentation.

With a lifespan development course, it is easier to present material that can be discussed as physical, cognitive, or socioemotional. This textbook is divided by stage of life alone. For this reason, it may be difficult to separate chapters into smaller reading sections easily.

The text follows a nice, logical pathway through the human lifespan with a pretty strong connection between stages of development.

Technically, the presentation of the textbook comes without flaw.

There is no consistently evident problem with grammatical errors.

There is a pleasant focus on diversity and inclusion in both the text and the illustrations. There is some attempt to apply the principles discussed beyond the dominant culture of America, without this being forced and artificial.

I would highly recommend this textbook for an introductory, 200-level developmental psychology course. It hits all the right points and is engaging enough to stimulate some good class discussions.

Reviewed by Natalie Danner, Assistant Professor, Western Oregon University, Open Oregon Educational Resources on 3/20/19

This textbook is VERY comprehensive and covers lifespan development from prenatal development to death and dying. There is a very detailed Table of Contents; making it easy to find age groupings, theories, or concepts in development. There is no glossary, which would be helpful to find mentions of a specific term. Overall this textbook covers a great deal of material, without delving into the topic of atypical development.

The developmental theories and definitions were accurate.

Most of the content is still current, and the publication dates for this text is 2017. However there is an emphasis on Howard Gardener's Multiple Intelligence theory in Chapter 5 which has much research against it currently. Rather in the field we now advocate for more of a Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approach or a multi-sensory/hands-on approach to learning. Neither of which are mentioned in the text.

This text would be easy to read and accessible for an undergraduate course in child/adolescent/lifespan development.

Yes, this text is internally consistent.

I plan on using only several chapters of this textbook for a focus on child development ages 3-elementary; chapters 1, 4, and 5. These chapters do make sense on their own and will work as good content for my child development course. However, I wished that the theories that were mentioned, a few in each chapters, either could have all been combined in one chapter, or were easier to pull for individual readings for an online course.

Other than the theories, the book moves in a linear fashion from prenatal development to death and dying. Theories are interspersed in a variety of chapters.

It was easy for me to navigate through the textbook. Images and charts were clear.

This textbook used accurate grammar and writing conventions.

Cultural Relevance rating: 2

The book does not mention cultural diversity, cultural bias, diversity of children and families, and other key topics needed in a child development text. Supplemental material will be needed to focus on this subject.

Reviewed by Laura Lawn, Adjunct Faculty, Chemeketa Community College on 3/5/19

On the whole, the book is very comprehensive, though there were a few places where it could have used a bit more. I did not see much on atypical development outside early childhood years which would be beneficial to include. It would also be nice to see a wider range of cultural studies. The text does not utilize a glossary, but the words are defined in the chapters and you can search the document if using as an e-book to find words which is even easier than a traditional glossary. Though if a student wants to print out the text, a glossary would be helpful.

This textbook is a straightforward discussion of human life span development which, as a field, is always growing. This book is largely current and accurate, but there should be updates as some references are older. Though the information is presented without bias and with references for further research.

The book is current and mostly up to date (as of 2019), though some of the references are a bit old. It worked when the authors were using the original work for a theory but other sources could be updated. For example, the media and development section didn’t touch social media. Including some of the newer studies would increase relevance to the technological age we are in.

The text is clear, easy to read, and understandable while still providing in-depth information. The graphics helped to clarify ideas, especially when explaining or comparing theories.

The look and feel of the text hold consistency through the document. Chapters were presented with continuing themes (such as Erikson’s stages in each life stage) and all work is referenced.

This text is sectioned into logical chunks that can be taught individually or in conjunction with each other. You do not need to read one chapter to understand the following one meaning the book could be taught any number of different ways to match with a variety of courses.

The book is organized into age periods, which is the way I think about the course information, though not the way I have always seen it presented in a text. So, the overall organization matched my thinking quite nicely. This organization also makes it easy to break the text into sections if the entire life span is separated over multiple classes (for example, if someone taught birth through adolescence only).

The text is pleasant to look at with calming colors and a variety of images and graphics that represent cultural diversity. There are no digital or navigational issues with the book.

I did not find any grammatical errors or issues.

The text is not offensive or insulting to any group and handles discussions of differences well. There are some representations of cultures and ages, though this book would benefit from a wider range of faces in images and of experimental studies conducted by / for nonwhite populations.

Reviewed by Francesca Kendris, Associate Professor, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania on 2/27/19

The book is quite comprehensive. It addresses all developmental milestones and the major theories that accompany them. It provides appropriate depth to each topic and offers a thorough explanation of the subject. The book does not possess an... read more

The book is accurate, error-free and unbiased. It is a straightforward presentation of Lifespan material in and objective and researched light. There are references at the end of each chapter to support the context of the text. There are no attempts to persuade the reader into to thinking that there is a correct or incorrect way to think about the material presented in each chapter. It is factual and the facts are supported by multiple references in most cases.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 3

The content is currently up-to-date (as of 2/2019). There are a variety of references provided for the material presented. Some of the references are current and some are rather dated. In some cases the authors went to the original source for a theory or study, which is fine for most clearly presenting the idea; however, at other times the references for material in the text were from the 1980's or 1990's and could soon be or already be considered obsolete. On the bright side, the material is written in such a way that it should not be difficult to up-date this text with more modern references throughout the book.

The book is very clear and written in easily understandable terms. Everything is defined and explained in a thorough manner for most undergraduate readers. Yet, it is sophisticated enough that I am planning on adopting it for my graduate human development course. This is because while it defines most terms and explains most theories, it does so in such a way that it provides enough depth to substantiate the theory or term presented.

This book is presented in order of development from pre-birth to old age and dying, touching upon milestones and developmental considerations along the way. It is internally sound and all work is referenced and themes are carried from chapter to chapter. For example, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages are presented in each chapter, as well as physical aspects of development. As noted earlier, all terminology is supported by referenced material which addes to the structural integrity of this text.

The book is readily divided up into different modules. One chapter is not dependent upon the next for a thorough understanding of each stage of development. The book could be assigned in any order without difficulty or too much self-referencing.

The book is organized in the most logical fashion for a developmental textbook: from birth to old age. It breaks down into the following chapters: An introduction; Heredity, Prenatal Development, Birth; Infancy & Toddlerhood; Early Childhood; Middle & Late Childhood; Adolescence; Emerging and Early Adulthood; Middle Adulthood; Late Adulthood; Death & Dying. It is free from technical jargon and presents material in a logical and understandable manner.

The images and diagrams in the text represent diverse populations in terms of age, gender, race and LGBTQA populations. The images and diagrams enhance the text and are pleasing to look at.

The book has excellent grammar and is free from typographical errors.

The text is not culturally offensive and the pictures are very diverse. The text itself makes good references and is inclusive of the LGBTQA populations. There are not too many other diverse populations represented, apart from age and gender. There are some considerations given to racial and ethnic differences but not enough. The book would benefit from more multicultural references.

Reviewed by Dan Bacon, Lecturer, San Diego State University on 2/22/19

The courses I teach primarily cover birth through middle childhood, so my review focused most heavily on chapters 1-5. The text is comprehensive in that it covers a wide range of topics you would expect in such a book. However, it may be improved by providing more depth in many of the areas. Even for use in a broad survey course, it would be nice to have more examples to help students understand the basic concepts they are reading about. For example, when covering longitudinal research, I might expect the author to mention an example of landmark longitudinal research in the field. There are certainly some examples (e.g., mentions Piaget when discussing case studies), but not to the degree I'm accustomed to in other textbooks. This text would also benefit from a glossary. While an eText allows students to search for terms easily, for those students who print the pdf (for preference or issues of accessibility), a glossary would be helpful.

A few errors stood out, and makes me imagine there are others in areas outside my expertise that I did not catch. One small example is the author lacks accuracy in stating: "Although the behaviorists were incorrect in their beliefs that it was not possible to measure thoughts and feelings". This is a misunderstanding and oversimplification of Skinner's analysis of public versus private events. Skinner, and other subsequent radical behaviorists, welcomed the scientific analysis of private events, and noted each individual is the observer of their own thoughts. The view that private events have no place in science was that of Watson and the methodological behaviorists. Being a half century past the shift to radical behaviorism, it may be time to start representing the field of behaviorism more accurately.

Mostly relevant with many 2016 citations. As a 2017 publication however, I would have expected the author to use more up-to-date data in some areas. For example, the author referenced a 2012 CDC publication with autism prevalence data from 2008 (1 in 88 children in US). It would have been more relevant to use 2016 publications which showed CDC prevalence rates were then 1 in 68 children in the US. With that said, the text is written in a way that could be easily updated (2018 publication of CDC numbers estimate the prevalence of ASD to be 1 in 59 in US).

I believe students would enjoy the clarity of this text, in terms of its concise writing. This text does a nice job of avoiding jargon, or clearly explaining the terminology when it is used. Where I think it could improve is in providing some additional examples to illustrate some concepts. Additional figures or links to videos might really benefit readers in their ability to quickly digest material.

There seems to be a clear framework that is easy to follow across all chapters. The text is easy to navigate in terms of its internal consistency.

This text could be used in a modular fashion. I could easily see taking chapters 1, 4 & 5 to use in my course on early and middle childhood. One area that adversely impacts modularity, which I touch on in the organization section as well, is how the book covers individuals with disabilities. For example, discussion of ASD is self contained in the chapter on early childhood. While the author briefly touches on the ability of adults with autism to live and work independently, this would be missed if using a modular approach of only assigning the chapter on adulthood.

As is typical of many other human development texts, the author does a nice job of consistently referencing hallmark theories (e.g. Erikson's stages of development) across the chronological chapters. This allows for the reader to build upon prior knowledge, but is done in a way that doesn't limit modularity too much. One area for improvement would be looking at atypical development and individuals experiencing disabilities across all chapters. Discussions of lifelong disabilities, such as Down syndrome, tended to be concentrated in early chapters, without touching on how individual's lives might be impacted in adulthood. This tends to be a problem with other human development texts as well, where atypical development is treated more as a token issue, often as a standalone chapter.

Images and charts are all clearly displayed in the pdf. While navigation could be improved by including links to more outside sources, or the ability to easily jump between chapters and topics by clicking on the index, there are no significant interface issues. I think users of eTexts have come to expect them to be a little easier to navigate through internal links between chapters or to a glossary (if it had one).

Grammatical errors did not strike me as an issue when reading this text.

While no text is perfect, as described by some other reviewers, I found myself wanting a greater focus on diversity. It would have been nice to see a focus not only on issues of race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation, but also on topics like military culture, immigrant culture, and disability culture.

Overall, I found this to be one of the strongest OER options for human development I've come across, at least for an undergraduate survey course. It is easy to think about topics that could be enhanced, such as cultural perspectives, but I think it is worth remembering that there is a finite amount of content that can be covered in one semester. No one text can meet the needs for all courses in developmental psychology or human development, but I thank the authors for creating and sharing something that likely fits the needs for some course very well.

Reviewed by Jennifer Parta-Arno, Psychology Instructor, Minnesota State on 2/7/19

Overall I found this text to be very comprehensive in covering all of the developmental stages and topics that I have used in other textbooks. It has a good layout of information that is for the most part relevant and up to date. read more

Content Accuracy rating: 3

I found at least one instance of out of date information- in Chapter 2 it discusses the law that went into effect in Tennessee that women who use drugs while pregnant can be charged, however that bill was allowed to sunset in 2016 and that is no longer the case so this is outdated information. Hopefully this OER text will be reviewed regularly and updated.

I noticed that in discussing Children and The Media in Chapter 4 there is but a brief paragraph or two and it only pertains to tv not social media or any devices such as smartphones or tablets which are a huge topic of developmental discussion. Also, I do not see any mention of social media and it's influence on teens in the chapter on adolescence. Would need to provide up to date and supplementary materials.

Yes I found the text and writing to be very precise, clear and easy to comprehend for students. Didn't seem to be too much terminology and if used it was defined pretty well.

Yes the layout and structure in which material/theories were covered was consistent throughout the text. The reader knows what to expect in terms of presentation and formatting.

There are quite a few sub-headings and divisions or modulations within the chapters. It isn't the easiest to "pull out a chunk of material" because of the pdf formatting. Would prefer linking to different sections.

I found the text to be fairly well organized.

I just have to say I am not a fan of the pdf format. I have used several other OER texts and they all have the ability to link to different sections within the text or chapters and you can present by Chapter instead of directing someone just to a certain page/chapter. As a hardcover book that is fine, however, I think that online users are expecting more functionality. Also, there aren't any links to supplemental videos, articles or activities which is another aspect that needs improvement.

Grammar was fine.

I appreciated the section on cultural differences in end of life decisions in the final chapter. Also, the section on gay and lesbian elders was refreshing to see included and something that is not currently in a text I use. I liked that!

Overall it is an ok option if you just essentially want an ebook, however as I stated above I think other OER resources have a lot more functionality than this text which is in a pdf format. Not very user friendly and wouldn't be my first choice to use for my students.

Reviewed by Lori Waters, Lecturer - Adjunct Faculty, Leeward Community College on 1/24/19

The research and experiment chapter was easily readable, attractive and enticing. Good, solid, well rounded text. I will highly recommend this text. read more

The research and experiment chapter was easily readable, attractive and enticing. Good, solid, well rounded text. I will highly recommend this text.

The content is accurate. A bit of bias is felt. However, due to readers biases the authors did a good job of masking biases with good solid research that was sited and created unbiased accurate content.

Graphics and photos are helpful and are nicely relevant and certainly adds great clarity. The text easily blends the valid content and includes relevant updates that flow nicely. Organized to easily create new updates. Epigenetics could have been more thoroughly covered.

The text is written with excellent clarity with a simplification of jargon that makes material easy to grasp quickly.

The text is consistent, with topics flowing together and broken up into easily readable subheadings, and tables/graphs/charts/images all flowing nicely. Terminology is consistent.

Good modularity which is consistent throughout the text. Subheadings are clear, easy to read and flow nicely to the eye. Self-referential is not present. Text is easily divisible into smaller reading sections that make it easy to grab topics out of their context. Modularity is also well balanced with the flow, fluidity and relatedness of previous subunits. Especially good flow for online reading and easy page accessibility.

It is easy to page up and down and clearly see the logical organization, again especially as an online pdf. The organization is excellent!

The charts, images, photos and graphics are free of distractions regarding interface issues. They are nicely placed and spaced throughout the text and fall appealingly on the page. Easy for the eye to track and to organize.

The textbook is grammatically correct.

Love the picture on the cover! Great start. Excellent examples that are culturally relevant, especially in the “classroom” section of chapter 5 and remain consistently exceptional throughout the text.

I will use this textbook the next opportunity I have to teach Human Development with the option of choosing which text to use!!!!

Reviewed by Glinda Rawls, Associate Professor, Western Michigan University on 12/14/18

Much of the content presented in the chapters is standard for most lifespan development textbooks. read more

Much of the content presented in the chapters is standard for most lifespan development textbooks.

I did not notice many errors, however there were places in the the textbook where the authors clearly presented their bias. For example, in chapter 4 when discussing childhood disciplinary practices the authors only discussed the harmful affects of corporal punishment; however, there are other scholars who have highlighted the benefit of such disciplinary practices especially among different cultural groups. Both perspectives should have been presented.

In some areas, the content was not up to date. For example, in chapter 10 which contains information about death and dying the authors only mentioned that in 1997 Oregon had laws which facilitate dignity in dying where patients can choose to die on their own terms. However, since 1997 I believe there are three states (California, Colorado, and Hawaii) and Washington DC who all have passed these laws. This needs to be updated in the textbook. Also in chapter 8 the authors really did not discuss how women are delaying marriage and child-bearing along with the content related to marriage. And the information on marriage could have included more topics related to cultural diversity because African American women tend to have the highest rates of being single than other ethnic groups. This was left out of the textbook. Another omission was in discussing maternal mortality. The authors only cited PID as the cause for infertility but PCOS and endometriosis are two other conditions which could contribute to infertility in women. So the authors should update this too.

The textbook was written in clear and uncomplicated way. The information presented in this textbook is succinct and brief which may make undergraduate students more apt to read this textbook. It was very simple and easy to read.

I really liked how the authors used Erickson's lifespan development across several chapters. I have used other lifespan development textbooks that followed this same format. This consistency allowed the reader to have easy access to the theory so that they could apply it to various stages of development.

Each chapter had several subheadings and headings. The material was arranged in such a way that the content flowed very well. The subheadings made sense and were relevant to the larger headings.

The chapters followed the normal stages of development and were well organized.

I am not sure if this would be possible but it would be helpful if the reader could click onto the chapter and just pull it up. Since the document is in a pdf format, the reader has to scroll up and down if they wanted to move back and forth in the textbook. This was a bit cumbersome.

I did not notice any grammatical errors.

The authors made an effort to include cultural diversity and LGBT issues in the textbook. I certainly applaud their efforts, but in some ways things fell a little short in this area. For example, issues of adverse childhood experiences was not mentioned. Social issues like poverty, childhood homelessness and incarcerated parents were also omitted. It seems as though the book could also benefit from including some sociological perspectives to deepen their attempts to include diversity. They also did not include all types of families in chapter 5. They did not include trans-racial adoption or multicultural families where the parents are of different races. So the area of cultural diversity could be enhanced.

Overall this textbook would be useful in a undergraduate course. The instructor would definitely have to supplement the materials to include content that is not only up to date but also includes more sociological perspectives in understanding lifespan development.

Reviewed by Jamie Nordling, Assistant Professor, Augustana College on 11/18/18

The book content matches what I currently teach. read more

The book content matches what I currently teach.

I did not find any big errors. They do discuss how the Attachment Q-Sort is a solid, contemporary way to measure attachment, but there are issues with this method.

I did not notice any issues with relevance.

The prose is clear and easy to understand.

Consistency rating: 3

There are some topics that are not discussed enough (e.g., temperament), and some topics that are not even developmental in scope that are covered in too much detail (e.g., components of memory).

There are subheadings.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

There are several chapters that seem choppy (i.e., the sections stand alone and are not well connected).

I had no issues.

Nothing stood out.

Culture is covered, but I believe it could be covered even more.

Overall, I believe this textbook provides a good overview on human development. The writing is well-suited for introductory students.

Some of the concepts that were included that stand out in a positive way include: (a) a good description of how the field has changed from just looking at childhood to looking at the whole lifespan; (b) the use of the multidimensional, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, multicontextual, and plastic approach to development; (c) the inclusion of a description about archival data/secondary analysis, because a lot of developmental data is longitudinal; and (d) the theories of aging (i.e., why do we age).

Some of the more minor issues include: (a) There were some structure issues. I think some of this could be solved by including more clear headings or including an outline of the topics that would be covered in each chapter. It does feel a little like, “Here’s everything you need to know about this age,” without good transitions or an understanding of how topics are related to one another. Students may struggle with processing all of the information as it is presented. (b) There were some citation issues. I want students to have good models for their own writing. There were several sections of the book that made claims about research findings without a single citation. As examples, SES was linked to poor health and various other outcomes (p. 11) without a single citation. Also, the section on genetics (Ch. 2) does not have enough citations to support the claims stated. This citation issue was not found in every chapter – some sections were better than others—but it happened enough to where I took notice. (c) I would ideally like more discussions of culture; however, the book does talk about some aspect of culture in every chapter. (d) There were some topics that were discussed in too much detail given that the topics are not inherently developmental. For example, the authors go into a lot of detail about the different types of memory in chapter 4 (e.g., discusses rehearsal, different types of declarative memories) and into a lot of detail about sex in chapter 7 (e.g., phases in sexual response cycle, role of the hypothalamus, STIs). (e) And there are some topics that, while they may be developmental, are described in more detail than I have seen before in a developmental textbook. For example, (a) there was more detail than other books on prenatal development, pregnancy, and childbirth;(b) I have never seen as much detail about Piaget’s theory in any textbook (not even a child development book that has more time to focus on Piaget); (c) there was a lot of detail on sports and sports involvement, and (d) the sections on childhood issues (e.g., genetic disorders, childhood disabilities, communication disorders) were too detailed given that they seemed more biological or medical than psychological. Note that I am not saying that these issues do not have psychological components, but rather that that is not the way they are presented. They’re presented simply as biological/medical descriptions. (f) There were also some topics that were not detailed enough. My biggest area of complaint in this area relates to temperament. The authors spent too much time focusing on Thomas and Chess, which we know is an outdated view, and spent very little time talking about contemporary approaches to temperament or children’s personality.

Some of the more major issues include: (a) One of the things that bothers me about this textbook is that there are VERY few critical thinking questions that lead students to think deeply about the material. Of course, these questions can be addressed in the classroom, but the book does not include any real aspects of active learning. (b) I wish the textbook had more “science” built into it. The introduction sets up the field as scientific, but there is often little discussion about how the scientific method is essential to the findings presented. Chapter 3 stands out as doing this better – there is more incorporation of research methods, study findings, and some issues with measurement – but other chapters were deficient (c) Relatedly, given that I am teaching my lifespan course in a psychology department, we talk about how developmental psychology is much more than understanding the “whats” and the “whens” of development. We really are aiming to uncover the “hows,” “for whoms,” and “under what conditions”. Essentially, I want my students to better understand mechanisms. This book, compared to about five others that I have either used or previously reviewed, seems to talk more about the “whats” and “whens”, and in my opinion, these are less psychological. For example, topics like (a) when to introduce solid foods, (b) toilet training tips, (c) healthy eating, and (d) how to choose between preschool programs seem more suited to students who are taking a child development course in high school rather than students who are pursuing the scientific study of human development. I realize that this may have been the goal of the authors – perhaps they wanted their textbook to have flexibility for different types of courses. For me, this takes away from the messages that I tell my students.

Will I use this book in my course? In short, I have not decided yet. As noted above, the content that I normally expect my students to know (except for temperament!) is present within this textbook. However, students are not going to be asked to use their critical thinking or scientific literacy skills in this book as much as other books.

Reviewed by Lisa Dunkley, Assistant Professor, East Tennessee State University on 10/23/18

The text is comparative to other texts in the field. However, disability inclusive issues across the lifespan would add for a more comprehensive outlook. read more

The text is comparative to other texts in the field. However, disability inclusive issues across the lifespan would add for a more comprehensive outlook.

Book has used prominent literature to support context.

Information included is relevant to each topic area and today's society.

Book is easy to follow and undergraduate level students will be able to comprehend the information included in the text.

Consistent with related texts.

Book is organized into sections that make it easy to break up reading the content.

The book has a good flow and is easy to understand. Flow is consistent with others in the field.

Images included are appropriate however more vibrant images would make for a more user-friendly book.

None observed.

Book is not culturally insensitive. However more references to other cultures would make for a more inclusive book.

The book is easy to follow and navigate. Information is consistent with for sale texts in the field.

Reviewed by Christopher Belser, Assistant Professor, University of New Orleans on 6/19/18

Overall, the text covers a wide array of topics within this subject, but the degree of depth to which these topics are covered varies. Career development isn’t introduced until the section on emerging adulthood. Research dating back 50+ years... read more

Overall, the text covers a wide array of topics within this subject, but the degree of depth to which these topics are covered varies.

Career development isn’t introduced until the section on emerging adulthood. Research dating back 50+ years discusses career development in the context of childhood and adolescence. Not including career development is a disservice to the career development programming that has been done and continues to be done in K-12 settings.

The textbook covers many of the theories of human development, but does not introduce all of them in the first chapter. Only a select few are covered in this introduction; other theories are introduced in later chapters in the point in the lifespan during which this theory becomes most salient. This is problematic, as the stages are not firmly restricted to these age bands. A review of all theories in the beginning would be helpful to the reader. The book does not cover some theories (e.g., Spiritual development).

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are not covered at all, and the research has been around for 20 years. Any discussion of human development that does not include this research is incomplete.

Other topics (e.g., sexuality, gender identity) are presented in greater detail than other texts I’ve seen. The discussion of grief models, especially refutations of the Kubler-Ross model, are excellent and represent modern research.

The information presented in the text appears to be accurate, with the exception of a few areas that need to be updated with contemporary research.

The text does not include contemporary research on Adverse Childhood Experiences, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology. This contemporary research has enhanced or refuted many long-held theories and must be represented in any discussion of human development

The information presented is written clearly and in a way that is easy to understand and comprehend.

The book appears to be presented in a consistent manner, with regard to terminology, framework, and layout. The authors were not consistent with the depth to which topics are covered; this may be an indication of the authors areas of interest and areas for development.

The book is chunked very well. The chapters are broken down in a rational manner and each chapter includes many smaller sections with headings.

The book is chunked very well. The chapters are broken down in a rational manner and each chapter includes many smaller sections with headings. The authors were not consistent with the depth to which topics are covered; this may be an indication of the authors areas of interest and areas for development.

The book has a very good look. The table of contents is navigable, and there are links to sources embedded within. The graphics, tables, and charts are clear and readable.

The authors use correct grammar and have edited the book well for mechanical and grammatical errors.

The book presents cultural information more completely in some areas and more incompletely in other areas. This is an area of the text that could use additional fine-tuning. Stereotype threat introduced in the section on age, although the research emerged from discussions of race and ethnicity. The book covers sexuality and gender identity in more depth than other texts I’ve used.

Based on the current edition of the text, I cannot say that I would use this book over a traditionally published text without having to provide many additional readings to supplement incomplete areas. At best, there are chapters from this text I could see assigning to supplement additional readings.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development
Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 4: Early Childhood
Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood
Chapter 6: Adolescence
Chapter 7: Emerging and Established Adulthood
Chapter 8: Middle Adulthood
Chapter 9: Late Adulthood
Chapter 10: Death and Dying

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Developmental Psychology, also known as Human Development or Lifespan Development, is the scientific study of ways in which people change, as well as stay the same, from conception to death. You will no doubt discover in the course of studying that the field examines change across a broad range of topics. These include physical and other psychophysiological processes, cognition, language, and psychosocial development, including the impact of family and peers.

About the Contributors

Martha Lally is an Instructor in the Psychology department at the College of Lake County.

Suzanne Valentine-French is an Instructor in the Psychology department at the College of Lake County.

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Understanding Developmental Psychology

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Change is inevitable. As humans, we constantly grow throughout our lifespans, from conception to death. The field of developmental psychology explores the behavioral, emotional, physical, and cognitive changes that happen as people age.

Psychologists strive to understand and explain how and why people change throughout life. While many of these changes are normal and expected, they can still pose challenges that people sometimes need extra assistance to manage.

The principles of normative development help professionals spot potential problems and provide early intervention for better outcomes. Developmental psychologists can work with people of all ages to address roadblocks and support growth, although some choose to specialize in a specific age group such as childhood, adulthood, or old age.

What Is Developmental Psychology?

Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime.

Those who specialize in this field are not just concerned with the physical changes that occur as people grow; they also look at the social, emotional, and cognitive development that occurs throughout life.

Some of the many issues developmental psychologists assist with include:

Cognitive development during childhood and throughout life
Developmental challenges and learning disabilities
Emotional development
Language acquisition
Moral reasoning
Motor skill development
Personality development
Self-awareness and self-concept
Social and cultural influences on child development

These professionals spend a great deal of time investigating and observing how these processes occur under normal circumstances, but they are also interested in learning about things that can disrupt developmental processes.

By better understanding how and why people change and grow, developmental psychologists help people live up to their full potential. Understanding the course of normal human development and recognizing potential problems early on can prevent difficulties with depression, low self-esteem, frustration, and low achievement in school.

Developmental Psychology Theories

Developmental psychologists often utilize a number of theories to think about different aspects of human development. For example, a psychologist assessing intellectual development in a child might consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development , which outlined the key stages that children go through as they learn.

A psychologist working with a child might also want to consider how the child's relationships with caregivers influences his or her behaviors, and so turn to Bowlby's theory of attachment .

Psychologists are also interested in looking at how social relationships influence the development of both children and adults. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development are two popular theoretical frameworks that address the social influences on the developmental process.

Each approach tends to stress different aspects of development such as mental, social, or parental influences on how children grow and progress .

When to See a Developmental Psychologist

While development tends to follow a fairly predictable pattern, there are times when things might go off course. Parents often focus on what are known as developmental milestones, which represent abilities that most children tend to display by a certain point in development. These typically focus on one of four different areas:

Physical milestones
Cognitive milestones
Social/emotional milestones
Communication milestones

For example, walking is one physical milestone that most children achieve sometime between the ages of 9 and 15 months. If a child is not walking or attempting to walk by 16 to 18 months, parents might consider consulting with their family physician to determine if a developmental issue might be present.

While all children develop at different rates, when a child fails to meet certain milestones by a certain age, there may be cause for concern.

By being aware of these milestones, parents can seek assistance, and healthcare professionals can offer interventions that can help kids overcome developmental delays.

These professionals often evaluate children to determine if a developmental delay might be present, or they might work with elderly patients who are facing health concerns associated with old age such as cognitive declines, physical struggles, emotional difficulties, or degenerative brain disorders.

Developmental psychologists can provide support to individuals at all points of life who may be facing developmental issues or problems related to aging.

Developmental Psychology Stages

As you might imagine, developmental psychologists often break down development according to various phases of life. Each of these periods of development represents a time when different milestones are typically achieved.

People may face particular challenges at each point, and developmental psychologists can often help people who might be struggling with problems to get back on track.

Prenatal Development

The prenatal period is of interest to developmental psychologists who seek to understand how the earliest influences on development can impact later growth during childhood. Psychologists may look at how primary reflexes emerge before birth, how fetuses respond to stimuli in the womb, and the sensations and perceptions that fetuses are capable of detecting prior to birth.

Developmental psychologists may also look at potential problems such as Down syndrome, maternal drug use, and inherited diseases that might have an impact on the course of future development.

Early Childhood Development

The period from infancy through early childhood is a time of remarkable growth and change. Developmental psychologists look at things such as the physical, cognitive, and emotional growth that takes place during this critical period of development.

In addition to providing interventions for potential developmental problems at this point, psychologists are also focused on helping kids achieve their full potential . Parents and healthcare experts are often on the lookout to ensure that kids are growing properly, receiving adequate nutrition, and achieving cognitive milestones appropriate for their age.

Middle Childhood Development

This period of development is marked by both physical maturation and the increased importance of social influences as children make their way through elementary school.

Kids begin to make their mark on the world as they form friendships, gain competency through schoolwork, and continue to build their unique sense of self. Parents may seek the assistance of a developmental psychologist to help kids deal with potential problems that might arise at this age including social, emotional, and mental health issues.

Adolescent Development

The teenage years are often the subject of considerable interest as children experience the psychological turmoil and transition that often accompanies this period of development. Psychologists such as Erik Erikson were especially interested in looking at how navigating this period leads to identity formation .

At this age, kids often test limits and explore new identities as they explore the question of who they are and who they want to be. Developmental psychologists can help support teens as they deal with some of the challenging issues unique to the adolescent period including puberty, emotional turmoil, and social pressure.

Early Adult Development

This period of life is often marked by forming and maintaining relationships. Critical milestones during early adulthood may include forming bonds, intimacy, close friendships, and starting a family.

Those who can build and sustain such relationships tend to experience connectedness and social support while those who struggle with such relationships may be left feeling alienated and lonely .

People facing such issues might seek the assistance of a developmental psychologist in order to build healthier relationships and combat emotional difficulties.

Middle Adult Development

This stage of life tends to center on developing a sense of purpose and contributing to society. Erikson described this as the conflict between generativity and stagnation .

Those who engage in the world, contribute things that will outlast them, and leave a mark on the next generation emerge with a sense of purpose. Activities such as careers, families, group memberships, and community involvement are all things that can contribute to this feeling of generativity.

Older Adult Development

The senior years are often viewed as a period of poor health, yet many older adults are capable of remaining active and busy well into their 80s and 90s. Increased health concerns mark this period of development, and some individuals may experience mental declines related to dementia.

Theorist Erik Erikson also viewed the elder years as a time of reflection back on life . Those who are able to look back and see a life well-lived emerge with a sense of wisdom and readiness to face the end of their lives, while those who look back with regret may be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.

Developmental psychologists may work with elderly patients to help them cope with issues related to the aging process.

Diagnosing Developmental Issues

To determine if a developmental problem is present, a psychologist or other highly trained professional may administer either a developmental screening or evaluation.

For children, such an evaluation typically involves interviews with parents and other caregivers to learn about behaviors they may have observed, a review of a child's medical history, and standardized testing to measure functioning in terms of communication, social/emotional skills, physical/motor development, and cognitive skills.

If a problem is found to be present, the patient may then be referred to a specialist such as a speech-language pathologist, physical therapist, or occupational therapist.

A Word From Verywell

Receiving a diagnosis of a developmental issue can often feel both confusing and frightening, particularly when it is your child who is affected. Once you or your loved one has received a diagnosis of a developmental issue, spend some time learning as much as you can about the diagnosis and available treatments.

Prepare a list of questions and concerns you may have and discuss these issues with your doctor, developmental psychologist, and other healthcare professionals who may be part of the treatment team. By taking an active role in the process, you will feel better informed and equipped to tackle the next steps in the treatment process.

The three major developmental psychology issues are focused on physical development, cognitive development, and emotional development.

The seven major stages of development are:

Infant development
Toddler development
Preschool development
Middle childhood development
Adolescent development
Early adult development
Older adult development

The principles of developmental psychology outlined by Paul Baltes suggest that development is (1) lifelong, (2) multidimensional, (3) multidirectional, (4) involves gains and losses, (5) plastic, and that developmental psychology is (6) multidisciplinary.

Four developmental issues that psychologists explore are focused on the relative contributions of:

Nature vs. nurture : Is development primarily influenced by genetics or environmental factors?
Early vs. later experience : Do early childhood events matter more than events that happen later in life?
Continuity vs discontinuity : Is developmental change a gradual process or do changes happen suddenly and follow a specific course?
Abnormal behavior vs. individual differences : What represents abnormal development and what can be considered individual variations in development?

Keenan T, Evans S. An Introduction to Child Development . 2nd ed. SAGE; 2009.

Erikson EH. (1963).Childhood and Society. (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
Erikson EH. (1968).Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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In this piece I will explain the development of psychology since the 19th century and the main schools of thought that have contributed to it.

The science of psychology was developed from other common areas of study such as philosophy; as deliberated by the Ancient Greeks, Biology; where evolution and physiology were examined and Physics from which psychology took its scientific methods and principles. It was not until the 19th century that psychology was considered a scientific discipline on its own. In 1879 the worldâs first lab specialising in psychology opened in Leipzig, Germany. Its founder, the scientist Wilhelm Wundt focused on simplifying the workings of the mind by mapping out thought processes and recording thoughts. This process is referred to as Introspection and it was key to Wundtâs school of thought which was coined âStructuralismâ. Wundt is often titled as the founding father of structuralism, however many argue that this label should be awarded to Wundtâs student Edward Bradford Titchner who first used the expression to define his studies.

One of the most popular and researched approachs in psychology is the psychodynamic approach. It originated from the studies of Sigmund Freud and his collaborations with like minded people such as Josef Breuer and Jean-Martin Charcot. The psychodynamic theory is based around childhood experiences and how they interlink with irrational adult behaviour and mental illness. Freud developed many ideas, his main being the Psychosexual Stages and the Tripartite theory of the mind. Freud stated that the mind was made up of three separates parts. The Conscious; thoughts that we are fully aware of, including memories and impulses. The Pre- Conscious; thoughts, memories and impulses just under the conscious âsurface âthat can remembered if prompted in the correct way. Freud stated that the final part of the mind was the Un-Conscious, which is not possible to access unless under psychoanalysis. This part of the mind consists of our wishes, conflicts, desires and childhood experiences and traumas and the repression and denial of these experiences. Freud felt that through Free Association, Dream Analysis and Freudian Slips some access to the un- conscious could be allowed. Freud stated that an individuals personality was made of three different areas, the Id, the Ego and the Superego, these parts were said to be in constant battle with each other. Whichever part wins determines the personality of the individual and this is crucial in understanding behaviour. According to Freud and the psychodynamic approach, development of an individuals personality is caused by childhood experiences and relationships. Often childhood traumas and the denial and repression of these situations add to the development of the person and manifest themselves in anxiety, depression and other negative mental states. The psychodynamic approach states that a persons behaviour is controlled by animalistic emotions, such as the sexual and aggressive urges. Freud felt that if these urges were not satisfied then energy would amount inside the mind manifesting itself in stress and anxiety. Freud would use free association and dream analysis to treat this stress and tension.

This treatment can be seen at work in the case study of âLittle Hansâ where Freud treated a small boy via correspondence with his father. Freud encouraged the analysis of the boys dreams and conversations with his parents. Through this method Freud was able to understand âLittle Hansâs phobia of horses and connect it to an Oedipus Complex and fear of castration.

The psychodynamic approach was instrumental in drawing attention to the new science of psychology and the psychological causes for mental illness. However Freuds ideas were criticized for being too vague and assumptions were often made based on concepts that were problematic to test.

The second approach of psychology to be studied was the Learning Theory or Behaviourist Approach. The learning theory states that we are all born as a âblank slateâ, all behaviour we develop is learned from people or situations around us. Behaviourist psychologists felt that only outwardly observed behaviour could be studied as it was not possible to read a individuals mind. These observations were seen as more scientific and therefore findings were seen as more accurate. The behaviourist approach was researched by psychologists such as Edward Thorndike and Ivan Pavlov who routinely used animals as test subjects. It was through the behaviourist research with animals that the theory of operant and classical conditioning was explored. For example in proving his theories for operant conditioning B.F Skinner used rats and puzzle box. In classical conditioning a person associates a neutral stimulus with something like food, then whenever the neutral stimulus is produced the subject expects the food to follow. However Skinner felt this theory was too simplistic to explain all learning in human behaviour. His use of the rat seeking out food in a puzzle box helped examine the cause of an action to be carried out and the outcome of the action therefore supporting his theory of operant conditioning. Due to the learning theories scientific and researched style it has almost never gone out of favour. It is routinely used in this day and age, often in desensitisation and dealing with phobias. However due to the lack of interest in the inward workings of the mind many cognitive psychologist feel that behaviourism misses out the internal thoughts associated with learning and development. It is also felt by many that the behaviourist use of animals in experimentation is not particularly ethical.

The Cognitive Approach studies the internal workings of the mind and how these workings contribute to development, learning and behaviour. It is the main school of psychological thought followed today. The approach was first studied in the late 50s and 60s, in the 1970s with development of computers psychologists started comparing the mind to a processor. Psychologist believed, unlike in the behaviourist theory, that internal mental processes were important in understanding how behaviour developed. It was felt that like computer processors the mind could process, organise and effectively use information it absorbed. The cognitive approach is used often used in modern psychology and medical practice. For example in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Cognitive Restructuring Therapy or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is often applied. During treatment therapist help their patients to understand that the obsessive urges of their OCD are irrational thoughts known as Cognitive Distortions. Therapist can use a type of treatment called Exposure and Response Prevention where the patient is encouraged to confront their obsessional fears without trying to make things better by carrying out their compulsion. Through therapy patients can recognise their obsessions and finally rationalise them.

Nowadays we recognise that the Cognitive Approach can over simplify the workings of the mind. We know the limits to computers and can see the human mind is much more complex and intricate in comparison.

The fourth and final approach to psychology is the Biological Approach. It is the most recent and up to date psychological study made and is sometimes referred to as the Physiological Approach. As the name suggests, it concerns the physical internal workings of the mind. The more that is known about human anatomy and the anatomy of the brain the more is learnt about how biological factors affect behaviour. The brain is investigated during laboratory experimentation and observation. Scientists are able to research in to the mental processes by observing the live brain during CT scans. Through making correlations between family members it is possible to work out if genes play a part in mental illness, learning and behavioural development. Psychologists researching in to schizophrenia have made many developments in understanding the condition by carrying out CT scans on identical twins. It has been found that in examples of twins where one individual suffers from the disorder that their brains do not entirely mirror each other. Scientists have found that in schizophrenics the ventricles of the brain are often enlarged although it is not yet known if the schizophrenia causes the enlargement or if the abnormality causes the condition.

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Psychology Essay Examples

Psychology is a fascinating field that delves into the complexities of human behavior, emotions, cognition, and more. An essay example in psychology serves a crucial purpose in offering insights into the application of psychological theories, research methods, and analysis of human experiences. It provides readers with a tangible illustration of how psychological concepts can be explored and discussed in written form. A psychology essay example effectively illustrates theoretical concepts, such as theories of personality, cognitive development, or social behavior. It demonstrates how these theories can be applied to real-life scenarios, making the abstract ideas more relatable and understandable for readers. Essay examples in psychology often showcase how research methods are employed to investigate various psychological phenomena. Readers can see how experiments, surveys, case studies, and observations are conducted to gather data and draw meaningful conclusions. Psychology essay examples involve critical analysis of research findings, theories, or concepts. This analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of different approaches and encourages readers to think critically about psychological research and its implications. Writing Tips for Essays About Psychology:

Clear Thesis: Begin with a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or point of your essay. Evidence-Based: Support your arguments with relevant research findings, empirical evidence, or case examples. Structure: Organize your essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point and connect logically to the next. Analysis: Engage in critical analysis and evaluation of psychological theories, research, or concepts. Discuss strengths, weaknesses, and implications. Cohesiveness: Ensure that your essay flows smoothly, with coherent transitions between paragraphs and ideas. References: Properly cite your sources using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.

A psychology essay example serves as a valuable tool for demonstrating the practical applications of psychological concepts and research methods. By studying and analyzing these examples, readers can gain insights into how to effectively convey complex psychological ideas through written essays and deepen their understanding of the field.

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