helping stray dogs essay

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STRAY DOGS ARE A SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – A PERSPECTIVE

May 08, 2020 Dr. Aparna Srivastava

Most of the population looks at stray dogs as a menace and a threat. Just a few unfortunate events of dog bites are enough to turn people against stray dogs and perceive them all viciously. In all probability, a dog does not bite unless provoked, sick or in pain. In fact, according to a study conducted by The American College of Veterinary Behaviorists published in Psychology Today, sometimes dogs might not even prefer to interact physically. On the other hand, dogs are often expressive and social animals, eager to ‘talk’ to us, provided we hear them out.

As per a news report in Scroll.in, a couple of years back in 2016, citizens in Kerala took matters in their own hands to seemingly solve ‘the stray dog menace,’ resulting in large-scale culling of dogs. That was nothing short of mass murder and definitely not the way to go about solving the issue. In fact, stray dogs have as much a right to live with dignity and peace as we humans do.

Why does the attack & abuse happen ?

People generally attack stray dogs, kill or take away their puppies and call for their mass slaughter if they bite in retaliation. Erich Fromm, a renowned psychoanalyst and social philosopher gave an insight into man’s irrational and brutal behaviour in his famous book, ‘The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness’. He wrote, “Man’s history is a record of extraordinary destructiveness and cruelty and human aggression, it seems, far surpasses that of man’s animal ancestors, man is in contrast to most animals, a real “killer.’”

Prevalent Myths

Animals can’t be trusted

The relationship between humans and dogs has existed since more than 15,000 years. Humans have raised canines to be their friendly and eager companions with an added talent of interpreting the former’s emotions.

According to the National Geographic, a new study reveals that even stray dogs who are untrained, homeless and abused can interpret our body language.

Strays are seen as carriers of rabies

Even though not all dogs have rabies, all dog bites definitely need to be treated - unless the dog had been vaccinated against rabies in the previous year.

Stories about stray dogs biting & mulling

Surprisingly, there are a lot of people who love their own pets but are extremely wary of stray dogs. Their reasons could range from common beliefs that strays are dirty, disheveled and can’t be trusted. Viral stories on social media on how a dog or a pack of dogs were seen brutally mauling a child are a big reason for this kind of a behavior. Sometimes, we just need to stop & analyze these stories and question ourselves before jumping off to conclusions –

Ask yourself question: Why did someone just stand there, watching the incident, shooting such an incident instead of immediately saving the child/victim or informing others about it? The animals unfortunately, would never be able to reveal their side of the reality, thus giving another reason to torture those animals.

Way forward

Implementing a thoughtful & safe Sterilization drive

Municipal bodies across the country need to control the population of stray dogs by implementing sterilization programs. Sterilization drives by the Government have been successful only in a limited way so far because of various reasons. For instance, these drives need to be sensitively handled which means stray dogs must be picked up with kindness, they should be sterilized by experts and there should be proper monitoring of the same by respective panels. These panels must strictly include members from animal welfare societies, resident welfare associations, animal care takers and technical staff.

Respect towards feeders/volunteers  

One needs to understand that by feeding stray dogs indirectly helps with sterilization drives. The feeders or volunteers are able to win the dogs’ trust, making it easier for them to get the dogs vaccinated/ sterilized. People should therefore not try to create hurdles for well-meaning volunteers who feed and look after them, even if they lack compassion towards these creatures. In the ultimate analysis, this gesture which in turn leads to sterilization of dogs and therefore lessening of their numbers helps the society. And of course more importantly, new born puppies do not have to face the brunt of living on the street without food and water and ultimately getting run over by a vehicle.

Cruelty to animals is not done

Let’s not create bad karma for ourselves by being cruel to these voiceless, helpless animals. Hitting or beating them may turn them aggressive in self-defense, resulting in more attacking or biting. Treat them with love and kindness and notice how they will reciprocate the same emotion will be reciprocated unconditionally.

Do not violate Animal Rights

Stray dogs of India have co-existed with humans since the Vedic ages. The localities, in which we live, belong to them, as much as to us. In fact, they had been residing in some areas long before human settlements there. Cribbing about the issue, hating dogs, beating them up or dislocating them does not help anyone or resolve the issue in any which manner.

Some Noteworthy Legal Facts and Provisions in this Matter

• Article 21 of the Constitution of India protects all forms of life, including animal life.
• In addition, Article 51A(g) imposes on all citizens a fundamental duty to have compassion for living creatures. The Supreme Court of India has interpreted Articles 21 and 51A(g) to mean that animals have a right to lead a life with intrinsic worth, dignity and security.
• The Central Government has enacted a law specifically with regard to animals, namely, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. Under the Act, the Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001 (‘ABC Rules’) have been framed and prescribe comprehensive rules relating to stray dogs, amongst others. Under the ABC Rules, stray dogs are to be sterilised, vaccinated and subsequently released into the same area, from where they were captured. The Rules also provide that dogs who are sick are to be treated, prior to their sterilisation and vaccination.
• The Constitution of India gives precedence to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 and the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2001 over state and local laws, such as the Kerala State Municipality Act, 1994, under which Section 438 permits the Secretary to order the “seizure and destruction” of stray dogs in a municipal area. In a recent development, Rule 13 of the ABC Rules provides that “in case of any conflict between the Rules and local laws, the provision that is less irksome to the animal shall prevail.”

Punjab and Haryana High Court Verdict on JUNE 8, 2019

It is important to remember that animals and birds have legal rights, just as humans - as stated by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in an exceptional judgment on Animal Welfare Law on JUNE 8, 2019.  It further declared citizens as “guardians of the animal kingdom” with a duty to ensure their welfare and protection.

 “Live and let live,” Justice Rajiv Sharma asserted in his 104-page order after issuing 29 mandatory directions for the welfare of “animal kingdom”. The directions, after according the status of legal person or “entity” to animals, came in a case where 29 cows were packed in cruel and brutal manner in two trucks for being exported to Uttar Pradesh from Haryana.

Justice Sharma ruled that animals, including avian and aquatics, had a right to life and bodily integrity, honour and dignity, and could not be treated merely as property. In the court statement, it was given, “The entire animal kingdom, including avian and aquatic, are declared legal entities having a distinct persona with corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.”

Stressing the need to show compassion towards all living creatures, Justice Sharma asserted animals might be mute but “we as a society have to speak on their behalf”, as per a report by Tribune India.

As per the historic judgment and also as highlighted in The Better India, it would be the duty of the citizens, to ensure the following:

• Animals are healthy and comfortable,
• Well-nourished and in a safe environment,
• Express innate behavior without pain, fear and distress.
• Be entitled to justice, and;
• Safe from being treated as objects or property.

Report abuse

It is unacceptable to remain a mute spectator to animal abuse. In such cases of possible animal abuse, one shouldn’t hesitate to step in, object & report to higher concerned authorities like the police. Since animals are voiceless, we as evolved species need to step forward and protect them to the best of our capabilities.

Allow them to sit or rest in public space around your home

If possible, allow stray dogs to sit in spaces close to your home, if not within your premises. It is indeed unfair when people extend their boundaries illegally by grabbing public land and then prohibit the strays to sit in that space!

Adopt a Stray

Instead of going for fancy & costly breed of dogs, try adopting a stray. They are low maintenance and are as good and dedicated to their family members who adopt them.

The best place to adopt a stray is from either a shelter home or just a roadside. They deserve that chance.  It would be a noble deed as well. However, after adopting them, do not give up or abandon them ever that would be emotionally traumatic for them, leaving them forlorn and disheartened for the rest of their lives.

While strays certainly don’t have the luxury of a cushy life that house pets fortunately have been blessed with, the former is still adaptable to humans and they too respond to human empathy.

Surely a little empathy and respect for another species can reduce a lot of conflict and make the world a happier place. So let’s try and make Mother Earth, a peaceful place for all creatures big and small, with shared thoughts of kindness.

(With gratitude)

• https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/decoding-your-pet/201412/dogs-dont-bite-out-the-blue
• https://medium.com/@kuldeep.kaul/human-stray-dog-conflict-in-india-how-you-can-help-2f9931022065
• https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-in-India-hate-stray-dogs-so-much
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/01/stray-dogs-communication-rabies-health/
• https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/animals-deserve-a-dignified-living.html
• https://www.umangfoundationtrust.org/2018/05/11/be-kind-feed-a-stray/

Stray Relief and Animal Welfare (STRAW) India is a registered nonprofit /non-government organization and its focus is summed up in its motto, Animal Welfare through Education. It promotes empathy and compassion for all living beings and care for the environment by educating young people through its humane education programs and workshops.

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Stray Dogs: Issue And Solution Essays Examples

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Animals , People , Pets , Animal , Rights , Issue , Problem , Care

Published: 05/23/2023

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People and animals have always been divided in the history of mankind. This allowed the first calmly hunt second breeding farms, torture in the name of science. However, today, an uncomfortable question that animals have feelings and intelligence that characterize the personality increasingly stands in front of people. People have always suspected, that the similarities between them and animals is based not only science and religion. However, today, in the terms of globalization, overpopulation occurs not only within human population, but also animal one. Homeless dogs and their attacks on people is indeed a local, but important problem, which will be discussed in this paper. There are actually two diversified opinions regarding this issue – one claims that people should support homeless animals, another one tells that stay dogs should be sterilized. Animals have never had rights, so that there is no need to ascribe rights to them now. Many attempts of local activists have been trying to project a so-called environmental look on this issue, by concluding the fact that people should take care of animals and so on. Moreover, if the dog ‘offended’ a person – that’s a people’s fault. Dog does not bark on good people – is a popular thesis nowadays, so if one does not want to be bitten – one should not come close to the dog. It is a pretty bad solution, but still it could be considered as a good advice. However, the second point of all this talk about animal rights represents the reverse side of democracy. Hence, the next popular advice – is to feed the unfortunate dogs on the street, since they will die without human help. Animal rights activists managed to convince the city authorities that destroying stray animals is not only inhumane, but also futile. Allegedly, nature abhors the gaps, and those animals, which were not managed to be caught, will bear more and more puppies. In order to solve this issue and make it clear to local community, firstly it is needed to present it to people. It could be informal meeting at university campus or wide spreading the advertisements with statistical data concerning the animal attacks on people. The method, which is supposed to be proposed is both ‘on the human side’ and ‘on the animal side’. Sterilizing the dogs happens only through local authorities and this could not be denied, but it could be changed a little bit. The main positive aspect, which is wanted to be populated, is the attention of the population to the problem, an increasing number of people who really care. That’s the main aim of this project. Talking about the problem – is the first step to its solution. It is indeed possible to promote overall increasing number of shelters and volunteers that willing to walk the dogs, to collect food and care products for animals. However, a decisive step for the defenders of animal rights and for complete solution of this problem is to create rules at the legislative level, the introduction of fines for irresponsible behaviour towards the animals, as well as compulsory licensing of owners. Finally, there is one more obstacle to success within this issue. Animal attacks could be neglected in humanistic way only in the first world countries. Unfortunately, developing countries would not promote such a technique, due to the fact that society there has more important problems for the everyday life. Taking care of homeless animals is only a background issue there, so unfortunately this method would not make sense there.

"One At A Time - PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS". Novoiceunheard.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2017.

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How to help a stray pet

If you found a stray dog or cat, here are sensible ways to help without getting in over your head

You're driving your car when you see a dog on the side of the road. With a sinking feeling, you realize they are alone. What should you do?

This is a wrenching scenario for all who care about animals. After all, what if your own pet were standing there? Use our guidelines for providing safe and effective help.

Don't cause an accident

You can't help an animal if you become injured in the process. Look in your rear-view mirror before braking, turn on your signal, pull your car completely off the road, turn off the ignition, set the parking brake, and put on the hazard lights. If you have emergency flares, prepare to use them.

Catch them safely

Safety first.

A strange, frightened, and possibly sick or injured animal can behave unpredictably. A sudden move on your part, even opening your car door, can spook them and cause them to bolt—possibly right onto the highway. If the animal looks or acts threatening, or if you feel uneasy about the situation, stay in your car.

If possible, restrain the animal. Create a barrier or use a carrier, leash, piece of cloth, or length of rope to keep the animal in the area. Signal approaching vehicles to slow down if you cannot confine the animal, or divert traffic around them if they appear to be injured and is still on the roadway.

Use caution

Use caution when approaching the animal. Should you succeed in getting close enough to capture them, you stand a good chance of being scratched or bitten.

When moving toward the animal, speak calmly to reassure them. Make sure they can see you at all times as you approach, and perhaps entice them to come to you by offering strong-smelling food such as canned tuna or dried liver.

Lure them into your car

If you are certain you can get help from animal control very soon, try to lure the animal into your car with food, close the door and wait for help. In most cases it isn't a good idea to attempt to drive somewhere with a strange dog unrestrained in your car; they may become frantic or aggressive. Cats may do the same, as well as lodge themselves under the car seat, and it can be dangerous trying to extract them.

Call for backup

If you're not able to safely restrain the animal, call the local animal control agency (in rural areas, call the police). Do so whether or not the animal is injured, and whether or not they are wearing an identification tag. Leave your phone number with the dispatcher, and try to get an estimate of how long it may take someone to respond. If possible, stay on the scene to keep an eye on the dog or cat until help arrives. Make sure you report to authorities precisely where the animal is by using road names, mile markers or landmarks.

Sign up to receive our exclusive e-book full of important information about caring for your pet, including training techniques and answers to frequently asked questions.

Transport to safety

If you are able to transport the animal, take them to the nearest animal shelter. If you plan to keep the animal in the event no owner is found, notify animal control that you have the animal or that you have taken them to a veterinary hospital for treatment. You can usually place a free "found" ad in your local newspaper or on sites like Craigslist. Keep any identification, such as collar or tags.

If you decide to take the animal home

If you decide to try to find the owner yourself, be sure to contact your local animal shelter or animal control office first. This will give you an opportunity to let the appropriate agency know that you have the animal and to provide a description to them, in case the owner contacts them. Also, have the animal scanned for a microchip ; this quick ID check could help you find the owner right away.

Before bringing the animal home, make sure you can keep your resident animals separate; the found animal could be sick, fearful or aggressive with other animals. Once you have them safely at your home, take pictures and create a “found pet” flier to post around the area in which the animal was found. You can also post notices at veterinary hospitals and on websites such as petfinder.com .

If you’ve tried to find the owner without success, but are unable to keep the animal long-term, you can try to re-home the animal yourself .

Be prepared

If you know in your heart that you're a rescuer, why not equip yourself to do the best possible job? Here are some things to have in your car at all times:

• Phone; phone numbers of local animal control, a shelter, and a 24-hour emergency veterinary clinic
• Cat carrier or cardboard box
• Collars and strong leashes for dogs
• Heavy blanket; water bowls and water
• Strong-smelling foods, such as canned tuna or dried liver
• An animal first-aid kit.

Check the laws

To check on any relevant laws in your state, county, or town and contact your local animal control agency, humane society or SPCA Many times the animal you find along the highway will turn out to be un-owned, unwanted, and unclaimed. Even so, the person finding the stray dog or cat does not automatically become the owner or keeper until they ha satisfied certain state and/or local requirements.

In almost every state, the animal is not "owned" by the finder until the holding period for strays (as specified by state or local laws) has expired and the finder has made an attempt to reunite the animal with their original owner and/or has taken steps—obtaining vaccinations, license, collar and identification tag—to prove they are now the owner.

Shelters and agencies

Understand the limitations of shelters and animal care and control agencies. For instance, you can take a badly injured stray dog to animal control and find out that the agency is unable to provide expensive surgery to treat the dog's injuries. In those cases, shelters may euthanize the animals to relieve their suffering. Virtually all animal control facilities have severe budgetary or space limitations and must make painful decisions about how best to allocate their inadequate resources.

Visiting a veterinarian

Before you take an injured animal to a private veterinary hospital for treatment, be willing to assume financial responsibility for the animal. Good care is not cheap, and many veterinarians have many Samaritans in their waiting rooms every year. Anyone who is committed to trying to save injured stray animals should discuss these issues in advance with the veterinarian.

Things to consider

If you're uncertain about whether or not to help or keep an animal you see alongside the road, here's a final word of advice: First, think of what you would want the finder of your animal to do if they happened to find them injured without their collar.

You'd want them to take your pet to a veterinarian, and you'd want them to try to find you. At the same time, be reasonable about how much you can afford to do for that animal if no owner shows up.

Good Samaritans who have never lost a cherished companion animal may conclude that the owner of the found dog or cat callously abandoned them or, at the very least, neglected to keep them safely confined at home. But accidents can happen to anyone. The frantic owner could be looking everywhere for their beloved pet.

Finally, be honest with yourself in answering these questions: Are you willing to add them to your household? And will you be willing to return them to their original home if the owner turns up after you've started to form an attachment? If you answer “no” to these questions, your best option may be to take the animal directly to the shelter or contact animal control for assistance.

For every animal saved, countless others are still suffering. Your donation can create a future where animals no longer have to suffer cruelty and abuse.

Indian social worker Oineetam Oza feeds stray dogs and monkeys biscuits near a Hindu temple in Gauhati, India, on April 23, 2020.

• CORONAVIRUS COVERAGE

Amid the world’s strictest lockdown, people who feed stray dogs are now deemed essential

Millions of India's street animals—including monkeys and cows—are going hungry, but Good Samaritans are venturing outside during the pandemic to feed them.

Another day, another 500 mouths for Sanjukta Lal to feed.

Each day, Lal prepares chicken and rice for scores of street dogs . Then she ventures out, during a nationwide stay-at-home order, to drop off the meals at various places around the southern Indian city of Puducherry.

Lal is one of the animal lovers looking after India ’s 35 million free-roaming dogs , many of which can’t find food during the world's largest lockdown to stop the spread of COVID-19. With shops and restaurants shuttered from March 25 until at least May 18, the canines’ main source of sustenance—garbage scraps—is gone.

Anticipating this problem, the Animal Welfare Board of India issued a letter two days before restrictions went into effect, declared feeding “companion and stray animals is an essential service.” The letter encouraged cities to allow people to feed street animals during the lockdown because without that aid, large numbers of animals would “suffer and die.”

A number of other cities, including Delhi and Jaipur, are issuing "feeder passes" that permit people to leave their houses to care for street animals—such as dogs, cows, birds, and monkeys—mostly on their own dime.

Lal, a volunteer at Bark India Charitable Trust , sometimes stays out until 1 a.m. feeding dogs. Activists like her are doing everything they can, but it’s not enough, she says in a phone interview. “There are dogs who go hungry for about seven days. Then they get one meal, maybe, on the eighth day.”

In Puducherry, formerly Pondicherry, most of the city’s 240,000 residents are staying home. The dogs Lal sees are “more relaxed” and “sprawled all over the streets,” she says—because for once, there are no cars honking at them to move.

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Things aren’t as peaceful in the country’s north. Harshit Sharma has been putting out food for street dogs for a couple of years in Ghaziabad, a suburb of Delhi, India’s second-largest city with a population of over 11 million people. Sharma says that the dogs now are growing more territorial and aggressive. That’s particularly troubling because rabies-infected dogs can transmit it through bites—and India has the world’s greatest number of rabies cases, up to 2 0,000 annually .

Pandemic or no, feeding hungry stray animals is not universally accepted. In the city of Agra, renowned for the Taj Mahal, people have been harassed for feeding dogs at some apartments.

Vineeta Arora, owner of the Agra animal rescue shelter Casper’s Home , says one of her volunteers was “beaten up by a shopkeeper” for feeding dogs too close to a store that was open illegally during the lockdown. Though the government supports individuals caring for animals, those individuals’ fellow citizens may go by their own rules.

Left behind

The crisis comes just as street dogs—which often are “indies,” an affectionate term for native Indian breeds—have experienced a popularity boost , with more people adopting them as pets in recent years.

Now, due in part to unfounded fears that pets will spread COVID-19 to humans , dog abandonments are on the rise around the country. Pet shops and breeding facilities have shut down with animals left inside; the welfare board sent an urgent advisory imploring officials to evacuate such properties. While checking such neglected areas, Arora and her team found pups that had starved to death in a local market.

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Animal rescue workers must also look out for dogs stuck in homes when their owners are quarantined or isolated elsewhere, Arora says. “There was a doctor who was infected by coronavirus,” she explains over the phone, “and his entire family was picked up and taken to a hospital without unlocking the Labrador which they had.”

Authorities rescued that dog after one day. In several similar cases, Arora has placed stranded pups in foster homes.

With 42,000 coronavirus cases confirmed in India, some owners are deserting pets “simply because they don’t feel like it’s safe to have a dog anymore,” Sharma says. “There are, of course, people who just want to get rid of their dogs, and [take] advantage of this corona excuse.”

Sudha Narayanan, founder of Charlie’s Animal Rescue Centre in Bengaluru, gets an average of five calls and two emails per day from people asking to give up their pet—a 30 percent increase over such inquiries before the pandemic.

Narayanan says she tries to talk people out of doing that—but when she hangs up, she has a “bad feeling” that her advice will be ignored.

In Agra, Arora also has counseled owners considering abandoning their pets—and since January, not a single dog has been adopted from her shelter.

Looking forward

Still, activists have found one bright spot. The coronavirus pandemic’s effect on street animals has increased the general public’s awareness of the animals' plight—a gain that animal advocates hope will persist long after the health crisis is over.

In Puducherry, Lal has observed more families leaving extra food outside their door for stray dogs.

And in the Delhi area, various citizens and organizations are so eager to contribute that they end up duplicating efforts.

“There’s a dog in my street and I went to feed him yesterday,” says Sharma. But in his suburb of Ghaziabad, a security guard reported “that the dog is actually not eating anything anymore …

Every person is coming and thinking the dog has nothing to eat, which is why they’re feeding him every two hours.”

Related Topics

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• URBAN WILDLIFE
• PHILANTHROPY
• ANIMAL RESCUE

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Saving India's Street Dogs

Millions of stray dogs live on the streets of India. Most are direct descendants of their feral canine ancestors, a "breed" much older than any AKC (American Kennel Club) breed. With the recent increase in popularity among Indians of full breed dogs, more and more street dogs are abandoned pets or have bred with pet breeds.

Although they are widely feared because some carry rabies, for the most part India's street dogs are not aggressive and will only bite if provoked. Indeed, many are fearful of humans and sadly, the dogs' fears are well founded.

India's street dog population is closely associated with municipal sanitation practices – or neglect thereof. Because these homeless dogs often survive by scavenging rubbish, exposed garbage means more healthy dogs – and more puppies. Ironically, this actually makes the dogs a boon to public sanitation. By scavenging garbage, they reduce perishable waste that could otherwise be a source of contamination for people. And their presence around garbage keeps away other potentially dangerous scavengers, such as rats and mice.

Unfortunately, fear and ignorance have led many Indian citizens and officials to see street dogs as nothing but a nuisance and to seek eradication using inhumane methods such as poisoning and beating. But for every dog killed, another typically comes in to take over that dog's territory. The only scientific method to humanely reduce street dog populations is mass spay and neuters, commonly known as animal birth control (ABC).

Through ABC programs, all the dogs within a community or region are sterilized and then released back to their territories. The result: dog breeding stops and their population declines.

Help Animals India funds ABC programs across India and have funded the sterilization of hundreds of thousands of street dogs from partner organizations including, Varanasi for Animals, Karuna Society for Animals and Nature, HOPE and Animal Trust, Just Be Friendly, Sarnath Animal Welfare, Raahat, CUPA, and more.

Another partner, Sarvodaya Sevabhavi Samstha, is a traveling veterinary team that conducts ABC operations across India and educates communities about how to live safely and peacefully with street dogs and other animals. Here's one of their delightful educational videos, co-produced with Help Animals India:

And here's a whimsical look at the ABC team in action:

Developing new ABC operations isn't an easy task. But we're determined to keep expanding these vital programs across the country. Just recently, funding by Help Animals India enabled the Sarvodaya vets to conduct the first ever ABC project in Sarnath, the birthplace of the Buddha. Six months into the program, we witnessed firsthand the transformation in community attitudes as people began caring for the very street dogs they had previously dreaded.

Winning community support for ABC projects where none have existed before can be an uphill battle. To increase the odds of success, we always make sure our ABC projects are managed by qualified people who are up to the challenge. To give an example of the resistance they sometimes encounter, Buddhists typically regard sterilization as tantamount to taking life. As a result, many Buddhist communities in India are very resistant to ABC programs. But thanks to skillful community education by our ABC project coordinators, attitudes are changing and ABC is gaining ground within India's Buddhist enclaves, making their communities safer for dogs – and people, because anti-rabies vaccination is also part of every ABC program.

Rabies is a genuine problem when it comes to India's street dogs. Although the numbers are widely debated, the World Health Organization estimates that rabies kills about 20,000 people a year in India. That's 36 percent of rabies deaths worldwide.

Clearly, controlling rabies is key to winning hearts and minds, not to mention saving lives. The publicly very visible anti-rabies vaccination (ARV) component of our ABC programs helps build community support. When people have less reason to be fearful of dogs, they're less likely to want to destroy them.

People and street dogs can get along. With the generous help of our donors , ABC and ARV programs are slowly making that dream come true where our partners work in India.

Further Reading

• Learn about India's Native Dogs
• Dog rules in India
• Brochure in Hindi and English on how to prevent dog bites and rabies
• India Street Dog Documentary
• Top things to know about adopting a stray dog
• Global resources about street dogs

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‘Stray appetites’: a socio-ecological analysis of free-ranging dogs living alongside human communities in Bangalore, India

Shireen jagriti bhalla.

1 Erasmus University College, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Roy Kemmers

Ana vasques, abi tamim vanak.

2 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India

3 DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India

4 School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Associated Data

Across the developing world, humans and free-ranging domestic dogs share common spaces. The relationship between these dogs and humans can range from one of dependence, to apathy, to conflict. Given the high number of humans attacked by dogs every year in India, and the lack of an effective population control strategy, we seek to provide insights into the conflict and propose alternative population management options based on reducing the carrying capacity of the environment. We used a mixed methods approach to understand both ecological and sociological underpinnings of free-ranging dog-human relationships in Bangalore, India. We conducted a photographic capture-recapture survey of free-ranging dogs to estimate population size and linked it to the availability of potential food sources. We also conducted a qualitative survey to assess attitudes of residents towards the dog population. We found that dog population varied from 192 to 1888 per square kilometre across a gradient of housing densities. The density of houses, bakeries and garbage piles were significant predictors of dog population size. Crucially, as low as 10 to 18% of houses supported the large population of dogs, highlighting the need for residents to act responsibly towards the dogs. Further, we found that garbage, although significant, is a secondary food source to household-maintained dogs. Since on the whole, respondents expressed the desire for a reduction in dog population, we suggest decreasing the carrying capacity of the environment by targeting these three food sources.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11252-021-01097-4.

Introduction

Free-ranging dogs are an integral component of the urban ecology of Indian cities. Current estimates put the total Indian free-ranging dog population at roughly 59 million (Gompper 2014 ). The term ‘stray dog’ in this paper is used synonymously with free-ranging dog (FRD) which is defined by Beck ( 1973 ) as “Any dog observed without human supervision on public property or on private property with immediate unrestrained access to public property” (p. 3). These dogs play several roles in the urban environment. In developing countries, Reese ( 2005 ) found that they keep trash and vermin levels down and provide companionship to people. However, they are also prone to aggression, are noisy, and are carriers of diseases - predominantly rabies. Research on the ecology of free-ranging dogs is essential for informing policy on the management of their populations, in order to reduce the risk of diseases and attacks.

About 20 million people in India are estimated to be bitten by animals every year, 91.5% of which are dogs, and 60–63.6% of those are free-ranging (Sudarshan et al. 2006 ). This amounts to roughly 12 million free-ranging dog bites a year. Hampson et al. ( 2015 ) estimated an annual incidence of 20,847 human deaths to rabies in India, which is roughly 35% of all global deaths due to rabies. This is a decrease from the 30,000 annual deaths reported for the period of 1990–2002. Sudarshan et al. ( 2007 ) attributed this to an absolute increase in the socio-economic (SE) status of the Indian population, greater awareness and better access to treatment. However, other reports have noted that there has been a steady increase in the number of dog bite cases (KIMS 2007 ; Menezes 2008 ). There is a generally acknowledged paucity of data on the subject, and neglect in the management of the disease, indicating a lack of investment by the government in the matter. The disease has been neglected partly because deaths are scattered - three-quarters of rabies deaths occur in rural areas – and it is not seen as a health crisis, unlike other epidemics (Chatterjee 2009 ). Another reason is because there is a lack of coordination and a comprehensive national strategy to tackle the issue, unlike in Sri Lanka and Thailand which have made more significant progress in battling rabies (Sudarshan et al. 2007 ). Recently, however, the Indian media has been picking up coverage of dog-related incidents, and public pressure for more effective control of dogs is mounting.

In terms of population control, national law since 2001 stipulates that free-ranging dogs can only be controlled through the Animal Birth Control policy, also called the ABC program (Animal Welfare Board of India 2001 ). This task is delegated to local authorities and involves capturing the dogs, taking them to a pound where they are sterilised and immunised, and returning them to the same locality where they were found. There has been little systematic verification of the success of the ABC program, but there are doubts as to its feasibility because of the high number of dogs that would need to be sterilised for there to be any sizable effect on the population (Belsare and Vanak 2020 ; Totton et al. 2010 ). Coleman and Dye ( 1996 ) published a theoretical model stating that at least 70% of the total dog population would have to be vaccinated in a short period of time to eliminate or prevent rabies on at least 96.5% of occasions. This was echoed in research conducted around the ABC program in Jodhpur, by Totton et al. ( 2010 ) who performed population and demographic studies in 2005 and 2007, before and after the implementation of the ABC program. They found that over the two years, 61.8–86.5% of the free-ranging population was sterilised and vaccinated. They predicted that by maintaining that level of ABC intervention, the dog population would decrease by 69% after 13–18 years and vaccination coverage would stabilise at over 70%. However, there has been no long-term data on any of the ABC programmes, making it difficult to assess the actual success of the ABC strategy (Belsare and Vanak 2020 ).

In the Indian city of Bangalore which is the setting for this study, the ABC programme can reliably be considered unsuccessful. The most recent official free-ranging dog census, conducted in 2019, estimated the number at just over 0.3 million, compared to a human population of around 12 million (Worldwide Veterinary Service Centre, as reported by Sharma 2019 ). The census found that 46% of the free-ranging dogs in the city had not undergone the ABC programme. The report explained that the population had increased sharply from the 0.185 million dogs found in a 2013 census by the city’s administrative body – the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP).

Given the inadequacy of the sterilisation method, interventions premised on reducing the carrying capacity of the environment have been proposed. Totton et al. ( 2010 ) suggested that in addition to the ABC program, we must reduce the available food in the environment to assist in controlling the population. Baquero et al. ( 2016 ) found that the latter is the most effective way to influence dog populations, compared to changing rates of abandonment, adoption, sterilisation and changing the carrying capacity of domestic dogs. This approach has been mildly echoed in several articles and directives which have proposed that the public can contribute to managing the population by not dumping waste in public (Herbert et al., 2012 ; KIMS 2007 ; Reese 2005 ) and by regulating slaughterhouses dumping waste (KIMS 2007 ). However, these directives operate on the assumption that refuse is the primary food source of free-ranging dogs. Meanwhile, other researchers propose that over 80% of free-ranging dogs in urban areas of developing countries depend on ‘reference households’ or ‘reference individuals’ which support the bulk of the free-ranging population through direct feeding (Belsare and Gompper 2013 ; Cliquet et al. 2007 ; Morters et al. 2014 ; Reese 2005 ). Due to the sustained dependence of these dogs on specific houses, they are sometimes referred to as ‘owned’ dogs, despite being allowed to roam freely (Morters et al. 2014 ). The third proposed source is commercial areas which carry high quantities of organic material. Reese ( 2005 ) proposes that in North India there might be enough food sources from ‘food markets, slaughterhouses, temples and roadside restaurants’ to sustain the dogs. Yet, the nutritional dependence on the different food sources has not been quantified, because as Morters et al. ( 2014 ) have stated, quantifying the “uptake of environmental resources is generally not practicable” (p. 1097).

With a focus on further investigating the potential for this line of interventions in Bangalore, we pose the first research question of the study, ‘How can we predict free-ranging dog population sizes based on different types of food sources?’ We seek to identify the role played by garbage piles, households and commercial establishments, respectively.

Given the tight-interconnectedness between humans and free-ranging dogs, Matter and Daniels ( 2000 ) state that the most important determinant of dog population size is the attitude of the relevant communities. Similarly, any interventions that could be based on food sources would involve community-level changes. This requires a more in-depth understanding of community practices and opinions with respect to free-ranging dogs. However, the lack of data on strays extends to public opinion, which is primarily captured in the media, and therefore does not present a comprehensive view of attitudes, limiting the inputs to the framing of policy. While the media often reports opinions of upper-class residents, the perspectives of those who live closer to the dogs and are thereby affected more by them, is lacking. An exception is a paper by Herbert et al. ( 2012 ), who interviewed residents of slums – which see a disproportionate number of rabies cases from dog bites. They found that 66.5% of slum respondents saw free-ranging dogs as a problem, because they bark and create a nuisance (37.3%) and attack and bite people (29.2%). Most respondents felt that the duty of the dog population control is largely that of the governments. The authors suggested that this lack of a feeling of responsibility for the problem could mean that people are not aware of the part they can play by for example, avoiding dumping food waste (Herbert et al., 2012 ).

As Reese ( 2005 ) said, “the success of such control measures depends heavily on an understanding of the dog ecology and the nature of the dog-human bond in the locale under consideration.” (p. 58). Without an understanding of the anthropological context within which interventions might be suggested, possible ecological interventions are limited in their practicability. Therefore, in addition to this paper being an ecological study, in it we aim to build upon the knowledge of attitudes towards dogs, of residents from different socio-economic classes in Bangalore. To do so we pose the second research question ‘What are the differences in opinions on the free-ranging dog-human conflict across socio-economic groups of the Indian urban public? Further, how can these differences be understood?’

Methods - ecology of free-ranging dogs

In order to answer the first research question regarding how different types of food sources can be used to predict the population of dogs, we collected raw data on the distribution of dogs and food sources, and ran a generalized linear analysis with multi-model inference. In this section, the process of data collection, organisation and analysis is described.

Data collection

The data regarding dog populations and food sources was collected in northern Bangalore, India, spread over the localities of Jakkur, RK Hegde Nagar, Amruthahalli, Sahakar Nagar, Kodigehalli and Thindlu (Fig. S1 ). These were urban areas, characterised by differences in density and socio-economic profile, which were also captured to ensure a representative sampling. Localities were mostly homogenous in SE profile and somewhat spread out over 14.1km 2 of North Bangalore. Sampling units were chosen if nearly the entire unit reflected their SE classification. The clustering of units that can be seen in Fig. S1 , was for ease of sampling.

The spatial scale used in the study was 248*248 m 2 . This was deemed appropriate based on existing data concerning the maximum home range of free-ranging dogs in India, which one study found to be 544 m in diameter (Pal et al., 1998 ). Spatial resolution twice as fine was therefore considered adequate to capture the dynamics of dog distribution in relation to food sources.

QGIS version 3.4.3–1 (QGIS Development Team 2018 ) was used to create the 248*248 m 2 grid map which was imported onto GoogleMyMaps for use while surveying the dogs. 28 units, each with fairly homogenous socio-economic class profiles, were selected for survey.

SE class classification

It is important to note that economic status is difficult to gauge accurately without income data. Moreover, most neighbourhoods experience gentrification at some point and are not entirely homogeneous. But because the sample areas were on the outskirts of the city, the character of a neighbourhood was relatively singular and easy to characterise. The classification was made as follows:

• Lower socio-economic class: small houses with no cars or only company-owned taxis (the resident being the taxi driver) parked outside ( n  = 9).
• Middle class: small independent houses without space for cars. If present, the cars were low-end models and parked out on the street ( n  = 6).
• Upper class: large independent houses with one or more personal cars either in driveways or parked outside ( n  = 8).
• Empty: areas where housing development was just beginning. Largely characterised by sparsely interspersed upper-class houses, makeshift houses of construction workers and empty plots of land ( n  = 5).

Dog population survey

A free-ranging dog population survey was conducted using photographic capture-recapture sampling method (Karanth et al., 2004 ; Tiwari et al., 2018 ). This technique involves repeated sampling of a population, wherein the individuals are recognised in each subsequent sampling not by artificial physical marks but by comparison with pictures from previous sightings. The surveys were conducted by moving at a steady speed on a bicycle through all the streets in the unit area and recording sightings using the mobile application Geopaparazzi. The route followed in each unit was chosen based on the most efficient way to cover every single street and remained the same in each subsequent sampling. In this program for each sighting, an image of the dog was captured along with its location. At the end of each sampling session, a .kmz file was exported for processing on Google Earth Pro which displays the locations of each dog photographed in a sample, along with the images. Four surveys were conducted in each unit over the span of two consecutive days, in the morning between 6 30 and 9 30 and in the evening between 15 00 and 18 00. Only in the case of one unit, the number of samples was three rather than four, because the weather impeded one sampling session. These times allow for enough light for photography and have been found by other authors to produce the highest number of dog encounters (Tiwari et al. 2018 ). The surveys took place between 16 January and 22 January 2019 with 1796 sightings recorded. Of these, 761 individual dogs were identified, with 324 being ‘uniques’ or dogs that were only sighted once in total. The full dataset is presented in Table S1 .

Food source mapping

The routes used in the dog survey were subsequently covered by bicycle again and Geopaparazzi was used to mark the location and nature of each food source present. For the garbage piles, in addition to the location, an image was taken for further analysis. The sources fell into six categories, namely (a) garbage, (b) small roadside shops, (c) bakeries, (d) butcher/fish shops, (e) restaurants, and (f) houses. The last food source – houses – was numbered using the base print of buildings in Google Maps. Since the surveys were conducted in predominantly residential areas and the number of commercial establishments were few in comparison, all the building base prints were counted without checking whether they represented a commercial or residential unit. Likewise, in the entire area surveyed, there were only four small apartment buildings counted, and each was counted as one house since the number of households within were unknown.

The shops, bakeries, meat/fish shops and restaurants were marked as potential food sources as it was hypothesised that dogs would either be able to find food in garbage bins or, in the case of shops and bakeries, might be fed scraps by the proprietors and consumers. The different types of establishments were analysed separately. The food source dataset is presented in full in Table S2 .

Data curation

The dog survey data were imported as .kmz files onto Google Earth Pro and the images from each sampling session were used to map the dogs to each other to identify the number of unique individuals. Each dog was pinned at the first location it was seen and the number of repetitive sightings recorded. Typically, dogs were seen only within one unit, however if they were seen over multiple units, they were coded in the unit they were first sighted in. When the images were unclear, an informed judgement was made based on proximity and knowledge of the dogs. This data were reduced to a list of (a) total number of dogs spotted in a unit and (b) number of dogs that had only been spotted once, i.e., uniques (Table S1 ).

Population estimates

The Application SuperDuplicates online tool was used to make probability estimates of the population based on the raw data (Chao et al., 2017 ). Tiwari et al. ( 2018 ) and Tiwari et al. ( 2019 ) found this to be the most efficient tool for estimating free-ranging populations in urban and rural India. This tool makes use of the number of uniques observed in an area to extrapolate the number of undetected individuals. While it was initially created to estimate species richness, in this study, each dog is considered as a unique species, as done by Tiwari et al. ( 2019 ), to procure a reliable minimum population estimate. The application offers the use of ‘incidence data’ where one inputs the number of observed dogs, the number of uniques (dogs spotted only once) and the number of sampling units (4 for all except 1). The population estimate produced under chao.2est was used as the final population in the analysis (Table S1 ).

Garbage selection and sizing

For a garbage pile to be considered a viable source, it was visually assessed for recent organic matter. This was to distinguish those that could be reliable food sources from garbage piles that were either inactive or created during construction and that contained primarily inorganic matter. Where garbage piles lined a road bordering a sampling unit, they were included in the unit’s analysis. However, garbage piles in neighbouring sampling units were discounted for the sake of clarity.

The viable garbage sources were recoded by size since there were large differences in that regard. Garbage piles that measured between 2*2m 2 and 4*4m 2 (typically found in empty plots between houses) were counted as 1 unit. Larger piles (typically found on the side of busy roads) were coded proportionally, therefore a garbage pile three times the size of a single unit was counted as 3 units. Finally, as with the other food sources, the number of garbage units in each sample area was tallied as can be seen in Table S2 .

Data analysis

Differences between neighbourhoods.

Two one-way ANOVAs were conducted to analyse the differences between mean population of free-ranging dogs as well as mean number of houses in neighbourhoods of different socio-economic classes. This was done with IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (IBM Corp. 2016 ) using the data collected.

Estimating percentage of houses that feed strays

Percentage of houses that feed strays was estimated using the following formula:

Number of dogs and number of houses were taken from the data collected per sampling unit, while the number of dogs fed per house was taken as 1.4. This number is based on figures produced by Morters et al. ( 2014 ). They found that in two villages in Johannesburg, South Africa as well as one in Bali, Indonesia, the average number of free-ranging dogs maintained by a single household was 1.3, and 1.7 in another village in Bali, producing an average of 1.4 overall. Since the average was sufficiently consistent over these widely different geographic and cultural contexts, we used this figure in our calculation.

Generalized linear model analysis

Generalized linear models were constructed to analyse the weight of different food sources in predicting free-ranging dog populations. Since the response data had a count distribution which was overdispersed (μ of population  = 35.54, σ2 of population  = 593.37), the GLMs were conducted in the form of negative binomial models with a log-link function. The analysis was performed in R 3.6.3 (R Core Development Team 2016 ). Model selection was carried out using the ‘MuMIn’ package (Bartoń 2016 ).

Prior to running the analysis, the predictor variables were re-scaled by centering in order to account for the differences in range of values across variables. Additionally, the predictor variables were checked for multicollinearity. The variable ‘shops’ was removed from the dataset since the VIF exceeded the threshold value (VIF = 7.677). The adjusted dataset has low multicollinearity (VIF < 5).

Model selection inference

Six alternative hypotheses were constructed to explore potential relationships between various food sources and FRD populations. The hypotheses and the rationale behind them are detailed in Table ​ Table1. 1 . Model selection and inference was applied by using the Akaike Information Criteria AIC c, corrected for small sample size ( n  = 28). Akaike weights were used to evaluate the relative likelihood of the models. McFadden pseudo R 2 is also presented to show the improvement of each model from null models.

Hypothesised GLM models included in analysis including predictor values and explanation of each hypothesis

In order to assess the relative importance of predictors in the best models, the Sum of Weights approach outlined in Burnham and Anderson ( 2002 ) was used. The AIC weights of the models where the predictor was present were summed up. In order to use this method, the number of models containing each predictor must be equal, so one model was added to this step to balance the set. The details are presented in the results.

Methods – Differences in people’s attitudes

Participants.

A sample of residents of northern Bangalore were surveyed about their attitudes towards free-ranging dogs. The interviews took place in two sessions determined by when the lead researcher was in the city. The first was in-between the 13th and 26th of August 2018, and included the online survey with 37 respondents, as well as 42 interviews on the street. The second was in-between the 20th and 23rd of January 2019, and included 22 on-street interviews.

The participants were sampled from five socio-economic categories, namely Upper, Upper Middle, Middle, Lower Middle and Lower. Whereas in the ecological survey the categories were determined by the general socio-economic character of the neighbourhood, here respondents were assessed individually. The lead author subjectively assigned the categorisation based on a combination of questions regarding the job of the main earner of the family, neighbourhood, ownership of a car or two-wheeler and type of house. A more reliable method would be to obtain the income of the household but due to the sensitive nature of the question, and the possibility that including it might have lowered the response rate or been answered untruthfully, the indirect method was used instead.

The upper-class respondents were mostly residents of a gated residential complex that the lead author grew up in. They were contacted by means of an email and answered the survey through Google Forms. The remaining respondents were recruited through convenience sampling in the street in various neighbourhoods that included or adjoined the areas where the dog surveys were conducted. The interviews were conducted in different localities to capture geographic variation in responses. Further, some respondents were residents and others were passing through to their places of work. They were verbally asked the questions and their answers were recorded in the Google Forms document by the interviewer. One limitation of this methodological disparity is that it could account for longer and more deliberate answers being given by the first set of respondents, since they could spend more time on it while those in the street typically did not talk for long. Additionally, the respondents on the street were mostly spoken with in Kannada, which was then translated into English.

The ethnographic research was conducted by way of a survey which produced both quantitative and qualitative data (Survey questions available in ESM  1 ). The items on the survey related to the categories (a) Demographics, (b) Socio-economic class, (c) Opinion about free-ranging dogs and (d) Contact with (free-ranging) dogs. The quantitatively analysable questions that were used in the results were:

• To what extent do you agree with the following statement: There is a stray dog menace that needs to be solved by the city administration. 1–5 Likert scale from ‘Disagree strongly’ to ‘Agree strongly’.
• Do you think stray dogs should be removed from our cities? ( a) Yes (b) No (c) Maybe (d) Other.
• Do you feed stray dogs? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No, but I support those who do.

In addition, there were three opportunities for respondents to elaborate, which generated qualitative data that was used to explain the quantitative trends produced.

In order to analyse the results quantitatively, the responses to two questions needed to be recoded. First, the replies to the question ‘Do you think stray dogs should be removed from our cities? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Maybe (d) Other’ , were recoded as Yes = 1, Maybe = 0.5, No = 0.

For respondents who did not give a clear ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, their answers were recoded into ‘yes’ or ‘no’ based on their longer opinion answers. Those with responses akin to, ‘we should not remove them all, but we should have fewer’ or ‘we should find a way to coexist’ or ‘only remove some – the dangerous ones’ – were recoded into ‘no’. Those whose other answers gave no further indication of how they felt, and one that essentially said, ‘they cannot be removed because of the impracticalities of current solutions’ was recoded as ‘maybe’. One that said dogs should be “removed from slums and areas where they are uncared for … should be tagged and only be kept in communities where individuals are willing to take responsibility to ensure they do not allow them to reproduce uncared (for) litters” was recoded as ‘yes’.

Second, for the question ‘Do you feed stray dogs? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No, but I support those who do ’ the answers were recoded as ‘Yes = 1, No = 0’. The response ‘No but I support those who do’ was discounted since it is not informative of behaviour.

Quantitative analysis

The quantitative trends in responses were illustrated through a means plot and percentage-wise distributions of answers across socio-economic classes, to the three questions above. The figures were produced using the ‘ggplot2’ package (Wickham 2016 ) in R 3.6.3 (R Core Development Team 2016 ).

Qualitative analysis

The qualitative analysis was performed on opinions expressed by survey respondents at three points in the survey. Views that were expressed repeatedly were highlighted and the number of times they were expressed by people from each class was assessed. These views were then categorised into three broad categories: ‘closeness’, ‘ethical reflection’, and ‘change and responsibility’. In this paper, ‘closeness’ refers to the physical closeness of respondents to free-ranging dogs as a result of frequent daily encounters with them, and the possible effects of this on attitudes. ‘Ethical reflection’ looks at ethical points that were raised by respondents, about how free-ranging dogs ‘should’ or ‘must’ be treated, and how that influenced the interventions individuals suggested. ‘Change and responsibility’ deals with how respondents approached the possibility and practicality of interventions, as well as to whom they allocated the responsibility of managing FRD populations. This semi-qualitative coding scheme was then drawn into an analysis that was used to explain the quantitative trends observed.

Results – Ecology of free-ranging dogs

Dog population statistics.

The population of free-ranging dogs ranged from 192 to 1888 per square kilometre across the units sampled. The distribution of dogs was related to socio-economic class, with the lowest dog population found in the upper class neighbourhoods, with higher numbers in the middle, and highest in the lower-class areas (Table ​ (Table2). 2 ). As can be expected, there is a corresponding increase in human population between the classes of neighbourhoods, as seen through the number of houses (Table ​ (Table3). 3 ). There was a statistically significant difference across neighbourhoods with different socio-economic classes in the mean population of dogs (F = 9.52, p  = 0.001) as well as the mean number of houses (F = 6.96, p  = 0.005), as determined by conducting one-way ANOVAs (Table S6 ).

Mean population of FRD per neighbourhood type

Mean number of houses per neighbourhood type

Percentage of houses that feed free-ranging dogs

The average percentage of houses feeding free-ranging dogs was found to be highest in the lower-class neighbourhoods, followed by the middle, and finally the upper-class areas (Fig. ​ (Fig.1). 1 ). This difference between classes was found to be significant through a one-way ANOVA (F = 6.76, p  = 0.006) (Table S6 ).

Means plot of % of houses that feed free-ranging dogs per neighbourhood type ( n  = 23)

Generalized linear model (GLM) analysis with multi-model inference

The results of comparing six hypothesised GLMs by multi-model inference are presented below.

Model selection and inference

The best models were ‘direct sources and garbage’, and ‘direct sources’, as shown in Table ​ Table4. 4 . The model ‘non-commercial sources’ was also ranked well (Table ​ (Table4). 4 ). The remaining two models ‘indirect sources’ and ‘commercial sources’ had relatively little support in comparison (ΔAICc >10).

Results of model selection and multimodel inference as well as McFadden’s pseudo R 2

Parameter estimates for best models

The best model (H5,) contains a mixture of direct and indirect sources, and the second best model H1 comprises only direct sources. The parameter estimates and associated statistics for the best models are presented below (Table ​ (Table5 5 and Table ​ Table6 6 ).

Parameter estimates, standard errors and Z-values of the highest-ranked model ‘Direct sources and garbage’

Parameter estimates, standard errors and Z-values of the second best model ‘Direct sources’

From our best model we see that bakeries ( p  = 0.0076), houses ( p  = 0.0004) and garbage piles ( p  = 0.0279) are all significant predictors of free-ranging dog populations. In order to compare the relative weights of the three predictors, the best models were re-run, with the addition of a model containing bakeries and garbage to balance the set by ensuring that all the predictors were in an equal number of models (Table ​ (Table7). 7 ). The sum of weights for each predictor were then compared, showing that the houses were followed by bakeries and then garbage in importance (Table ​ (Table8 8 ).

Results of multimodel selection used to determine the relative importance of predictors

Sum of Weights for predictor variables and their relative importance

Results – Differences in people’s attitudes

A total of 100 individuals were interviewed for the ethnographic section of the paper, with 97 viable responses recorded. However, the sample size differs slightly per analysis because of missing responses on certain variables resulting in 84–97 responses per question. Of the 97 respondents there was almost an equal number of men (48) and women (49) (Table S3 ), and most were middle-aged, specifically 35–44 (17), 45–54 (33) and 55–64 (20) years of age (Table S4 ). Respondents were surveyed from across socio-economic classes, specifically Upper (40), Upper Middle (12), Middle (16), Lower Middle (9) and Lower (20) (Table S5 ). Due to the lack of an equal number of respondents across the SE classes and the over-representation of the “upper SE-classes”, caution is advised in interpreting the results.

The quantitative analysis of the survey responses produced certain trends in attitudes towards dogs. The upper class on the whole viewed free-ranging dogs more as a menace than the lower class, as seen in their response to the statement ‘There is a stray dog menace that needs to be solved by the city administration’ (Fig.  2 ). Unexpectedly, the averages from the intermittent classes display a contrasting trend, as the upper middle classes viewed dogs less as a menace than middle and lower middle, which will be discussed further in the qualitative analysis.

Means plot of extent to which respondents from different classes regard stray dogs as a menace to be solved by the city administration, on Likert scale from 1 to 5 ( n  = 95, M  = 3.56, SD  = 1.60). The standard deviation of each mean is represented as error bars

The second question ‘Do you think stray dogs should be removed from our cities’ was asked to assess the severity of opinions and how respondents viewed interventions (Fig.  3 ). Over half of the individuals surveyed from each SE class responded ‘yes’ When contrasted with the responses to the previous question, this reveals a difference between how individuals from the lower and upper class perceive free-ranging dogs in general and their attitudes towards interventions, which is discussed further below.

Percentage of respondents from each SE class who responded with ‘yes’, ‘maybe’ and ‘no’ to whether ‘free-ranging dogs should be removed from Indian cities’ ( n  = 97)

Third, in order to investigate behavioural differences among the groups, we assessed what percentage of each class of respondents feeds free-ranging dogs. Figure ​ Figure4 4 shows that high percentages of all the classes, except the upper-class, feed dogs. This difference could be explained by the fact that most of the upper-class respondents were residents of a gated colony, who would have to make the effort of travelling outside their compound to find dogs to feed.

Percentage of respondents from different classes who report feeding free-ranging dogs ( n  = 84, M  = 52.2, SD  = 48)

Finally, we collected data on whether respondents ‘currently have or have previously had pet dogs at home’, to explore the effects of pet ownership on attitudes towards FRDs (Table 9 ). Overall having or having had a pet dog elicited the responses ‘stray dogs should be removed’ and ‘stray dogs should not be removed’ to an almost equal extent. This is particularly relevant in the upper class which had the highest sample size and are most likely to keep pet dogs. Amongst those who did not at present or in the past have a pet dog, most said ‘stray dogs should be removed’ in most classes.

Relation between having/having had a pet dog and opinion on removing free-ranging dogs, by class

The qualitative data obtained in the surveys is analysed in the following section and used to explain the results presented above. The findings are categorised into three themes that can be used to understand the differences in individuals’ opinions on free-ranging dogs. These themes are ‘closeness’, ‘ethical reflection’ and ‘change and responsibility’. The first of these describes differences that are associated with the physical ‘closeness’ between individuals and dogs, which is determined predominantly by where individuals live. The second and third themes explore differences that fall along socio-economic class lines.

Attitudes towards free-ranging dogs appeared to be strongly related to the physical closeness of the individual to the dogs. Closeness here is conceptualised as frequent daily contact between individuals and these dogs, as a result of living in close physical proximity to them. This was seen amongst individuals who lived in independent houses that opened onto public streets, rather than those who lived in apartment buildings or gated colonies, who would not encounter free-ranging dogs in their immediate living environment. Importantly, this was not entirely determined by socio-economic class differences. In this sample, the upper-class respondents were largely from a gated colony, but most of the surveyed individuals from other classes lived in independent houses. In a broader sample, we would encounter a better mix of socio-economic classes and closeness across respondents.

We explain the association with closeness as the less overall contact a person has with free-ranging dogs, the less positive contact they have with the dogs and thereby, the more negative their views towards dogs, and vice versa. For people with low closeness, the contact or information that they would have about these dogs would tend to come from a combination of transitional encounters with them – while travelling through streets they inhabit – and news reports. The former is often negative as the dogs chase individuals and vehicles that pass through their territory. The latter is also usually not just negative, but drastically negative, as it offers a one-sided narrative constructed around deaths and dog bites. Particularly in recent years, the reporting on dog attacks has intensified. This could cause such individuals to develop an abstract and skewed perception of the animals. They are conceptualised by this group as a “dangerous nuisance” that “needs to be controlled”.

On the contrary, people who live in independent houses that encounter dogs on their doorstep have more contact with them. They are seen as companions, in addition to noisemakers and car-chasers. In other words, they are not necessarily viewed as a problem but a daily feature of these individuals’ lives and therefore such individuals have more of a nuanced view and refer to specific dogs rather than the collective. As explained by one respondent: “There are some that don’t bother you and some that can get quite aggressive” (upper-class female, 22 y.o.). This would explain why such individuals often proposed that certain “dangerous” or “mad” individual dogs be removed, rather than all of them, a distinction that people from the gated colony do not make.

One important difference in views towards free-ranging dogs unexpectedly was not related to closeness but rather to socio-economic class lines. The upper and upper middle classes viewed the dogs more in terms of the danger they pose, citing dogs’ propensity to ‘attack’ far more than those from the lower classes, while the latter also appreciated their ‘protective’ behaviour: “If they are a menace elsewhere they should be removed but here there’s no problem. They act as our guards” (lower-middle female, 35–44 y.o.). This aspect is important in framing suggestions for policy because it reflects the vulnerability felt by the lower classes towards burglars that free-ranging dogs help to mitigate. This will be further discussed later in the paper.

Ethical reflection

We see an interesting result in comparing Figs.  2 and ​ and3. 3 . The figures show that for many of the upper-class respondents there is a disconnect between regarding free-ranging dogs as a menace, and wanting them to be removed from the city. Relative to the lower class, on average the upper class was far more likely to consider the dogs to be a menace. However simultaneously, the percentage of respondents from the upper (58%) class who thought ‘stray dogs should be removed from our cities’ is very similar to that of the lower (55%) class. And of those from the upper class who did not think the dogs should be removed, nearly half (43%) did consider them a menace (Likert scale 4 or 5). This unwillingness to remove dogs can be explained in terms of how individuals think about animal welfare issues. It appears that persons from the higher socio-economic classes think about dogs more on ‘ethical’ and ‘humane’ grounds. Many are seen to think on the lines of “Any option we choose, we must avoid cruelty to every living being - including Dogs” (upper-class male, 65–74 y.o). On one extreme there is the ‘animal welfarist’ category of individuals who are against removal because they equate a human’s life to a dog’s life and believe that both species have a right to the planet. For instance, one respondent said, “We need to learn to live in harmony with the beings we share the planet with. If there are people out there who think they need to “exterminate“ strays or another species for that matter, then their thinking is no different from that of religious terrorists who in the name of “cleansing“ take innocent lives” (upper-class female, 18–24 y.o.). Another similarly said, “We need (to) handle this issue the way we are handling stray human beings. In fact [the dogs] pollute less, as far as our environment is concerned” (upper-class male, 65–74 y.o.). On the other end of the spectrum, there was one individual who said that mass culling humanely would be beneficial to both species since the dogs lead a hard life. In-between are respondents we call ‘transporters’ who suggested that free-ranging dogs should be removed from the cities and kept on a farm somewhere because they do not want to kill the dogs: “They should be moved elsewhere. I can’t recommend that they are killed, and the ABC isn’t working, the numbers only increase” (upper middle-class male, 65–74 y.o.). Then we identified the ‘impractical’ who suggested that the ABC programme is the humane option and simply needs to be implemented effectively: “Bbmp (Bangalore’s civic administrative body) should have sterilized dogs many years back, unfortunately they only did it partially. This is the scientific way of managing stray dogs” (upper-class male, 45–54 y.o.). Finally, there were the ‘practical sceptics’ who would wish the dogs to be removed but recognise that there is no viable strategy to do so at the moment: “They cannot be removed as the population is high and the solution inhuman. But there needs to be a comprehensive discussion on practices worldwide and solutions” (upper-class female, 45–54 y.o.).

Moving from the upper to the lower-class responses we saw almost no responses in the ‘animal welfarist’ category, showing that it is a type of thinking predominantly unique to the upper class. Additionally, the humane angle was decreasingly brought up, with a concurrent increase in ‘eradicator’ thinking – i.e., “If they’re left alone, they’ll bite everyone... It’s better if they’re taken at once” (lower middle-class female, 25–34 y.o.). There was an increase in respondents opting for immediate removal because “dogs bite” or even simply because “they are a nuisance.” However, at the same time, in the lower class, there were also a number of respondents who considered free-ranging dogs ‘harmless’ and even ‘helpful’ because they “keep burglars out”, a consideration largely missing among the upper-class respondents.

This consideration or lack thereof of ‘what is ethical’ can be seen clearly in the types of solutions proposed. Among the upper classes, there was a clear preference for ‘humane’ methods of removal such as the ABC program, while among the lower classes, for those who did want removal, there was a preference for quick methods such as mass culling. In Table ​ Table10 10 we show the proportion of individuals who preferred the ABC program to those who preferred mass culling, amongst those who opted for ‘Yes they should be removed’. Those who suggested other methods or a mix of methods have not been included in this comparison.

Preference for FRD removal by ABC or Mass culling, by class

a Total who opted for ‘Yes they should be removed’

Change and responsibility

Besides the differences in ethical reflections, individuals from different socio-economic classes also tended to display variations in how they discussed the subject of interventions. For instance, respondents from the middle, lower middle and lower classes were less proclamatory in their proposed solutions than the upper classes: “If they can go, that will be good” (lower middle-class male, 65–74 y.o.). In the conversation it became clear to the interviewer that effective interventions were out of the former’s range of expectations. Therefore, solutions proposed were clearly spoken of in hypothetical terms or with scepticism, such as “If they could all be removed at once that would be great” (lower-class female, 55–64 y.o. & middle-class female, 45–54 y.o. & others). However, from context it was apparent that they were used to adjusting to conditions and had little faith that anything would truly change.

In contrast, the upper- and upper middle-class respondents proposed solutions with more self-assurance and vehemence in their beliefs, phrasing their responses along the lines of “something must be done”. It would appear that the upper classes felt less bound by the inefficiency of the administration in envisioning interventions. This could be because they are more insulated from the inefficiency on a daily basis, while the lower classes encounter it more, for instance in having to deal with a regular shortage of water. Even the ‘practical sceptics’ group among the upper class which proposed that there was no feasible solution yet, often suggested a multi-pronged approach, maintaining that the dogs “need to be controlled”.

This also suggests a higher feeling of human responsibility for the situation amongst the upper classes who tended to view dogs as ‘for us to take care of’, while the lower classes might view them more as a part of the natural environment: “If you trouble them, they trouble you. If you leave them alone, they leave you alone. Why do anything to them?” (lower-class female, 45–54 y.o.). Further, there was also a variation in the assignment of responsibility. All the classes place responsibility for the intervention on the civil administration (BBMP), however in the upper, upper middle and middle classes, there was also mention of how citizens can contribute to the solution by not feeding or abandoning dogs. In contrast, there was a greater lack of perceived personal responsibility in dog population management from the lower classes, probably as a result of the closeness to dogs. This is particularly well illustrated by their feeding behaviour towards the dogs. Presented in Table ​ Table11 11 we can see that there was a disconnect between feeding free-ranging dogs and thinking that they should be removed, in the classes living closer to the animals. Although some respondents in the upper middle and middle classes displayed perceived personal responsibility in their responses, others displayed the same disconnect as the lower classes. Personal responsibility thus appears to be a feature of classes that is moderated by closeness to dogs.

Intersection of feeding behaviour and opinion on removing free-ranging dogs, by class

In this study, we have identified the food sources that substantially support the free-ranging dog population of North Bangalore. Additionally, we have extracted trends in attitudes of the residents from across socio-economic classes of the area. These results together allow us to propose an alternative approach to managing free-ranging dog populations in Bangalore by targeting the carrying capacity of the urban environment instead of the dog population directly.

We found that of the food sources surveyed, a mixture of direct sources and indirect sources significantly support the free-ranging dog population in Bangalore. Namely: houses, bakeries and garbage piles, in that order of relative importance. The foremost importance of houses confirms the findings by several authors (Butler and Bingham 2000 ; Gompper, 2014 ), who likewise found that dog population density increases with an increase in human population. It also lends support to research that has found that free-ranging dogs in urban settings are supported primarily by referral households which engage in direct feeding of the animals (Morters et al. 2014 ). We found that the estimated percentage of households that feed these dogs is relatively small at 10% in upper-, 16% middle- and 18% in lower-class units, compared to 42 and 73% in two Indonesian villages (Morters et al. 2014 ). It is thus evident that a small proportion of houses can sustain large free-ranging dog populations.

The finding that garbage sources, although significant, are weaker predictors of populations goes against research by Butler and Bingham ( 2000 ) as well as Reese ( 2005 ) who suggested that in India, human waste food and faeces contribute highly to dog populations. We suggest that garbage serves as a secondary food source to household-maintained dogs (semi-owned free-ranging dogs) and as the primary food source to the population that is not linked to specific households. During the data collection, we noticed that large garbage piles were not very common, contrary to popular opinion. Many neighbourhoods, particularly dense ones found in lower socio-economic areas did not have garbage piles in the narrow streets and the door-to-door garbage collection system appeared to be regular and well-used. Garbage piles were only seen on large roads, main shopping streets and in vacant lots present in middle- and upper-class neighbourhoods.

In terms of the differences in attitudes towards free-ranging dogs between socio-economic groups, we found that while class differences remain a prominent variable in understanding views, it appears that closeness to dogs was also an important factor. The responses of the upper middle class are a good way to identify what can be ascribed to the closeness variable and what is a feature of perspective based on rearing. Whereas closeness to dogs explains whether they are seen on a nuanced individual basis or considered a menace on a population-level, socio-economic divisions appear to play a role in explaining differences in how free-ranging dogs are viewed in three ways: a. upper classes are likely to pay more attention to the ethical side of interventions than the lower classes, which were more likely to opt for quick methods of population removal; b. there is a greater belief in the plausibility of change, and the assertiveness with which interventions are suggested by the upper classes than the lower classes; c. the lower classes tend to feel less personal responsibility towards dog population management, in spite of (or perhaps because of) often living in closer proximity to them. On the other hand they do attach a value to individual dogs for the guard function they provide.

Nonetheless, although opinions differed widely across groups in the sample, there was a net recognition that free-ranging dogs pose an issue and require better management. Since there was no consensus on removing them from the city entirely, we propose reducing the carrying capacity of the environment and thereby the free-ranging dog population long-term. After all, even if the ABC programme were to be implemented more effectively, as long as the same amount of food sources are available, dogs from surrounding areas would enter the urban environment. Ultimately, reducing the population would allow the lower socio-economic classes to retain the protection of the dogs while reducing the ‘nuisance’ that they cause. In order to do so, we make two policy suggestions. First, in order to reduce the carrying capacity of the environment and thereby the long-term free-ranging dog population, we suggest regulating the feeding of dogs around bakeries and implementing proper waste management in public spaces. Second, we advise that by increasing awareness about the role that the household plays in sustaining a population, we can increase individuals’ feeling of personal responsibility in controlling the population, particularly amongst the lower classes, but generally in those who live close to the dogs. Since even the group that feels protected by the dogs often said that they would prefer fewer numbers, this awareness could also be useful in these neighbourhoods. While Herbert et al. ( 2012 ) suggested that households can be made aware of the role they can play by not dumping waste, we propose that more important is the awareness of the impact of feeding the dogs directly. An increased feeling of personal responsibility for semi-owned free-ranging dogs might also contribute to sterilisation and immunisation coverage.

The value of the results and policy suggestions in this study can be verified by future interventional research that quantifies the impact on the population by reducing the environmental carrying capacity in the manner proposed here. Future planning would also be aided by gathering data on the ratio of owned to unowned free-ranging dogs in the Indian setting, as well as surveying the actual proportion of houses that feeds them. Additionally, since the study was conducted at the outskirts of the city, a survey area in the centre of the city is suggested to test the proposed theories. Likewise, the empirical evidence for the closeness hypothesis could be strengthened by surveying respondents from a mix of different housing types and socio-economic groups.

This paper looked at the impact of different food sources on dog populations as well as the dynamic between free-ranging dogs and humans from different socio-economic classes. We found that houses, bakeries and garbage piles were significant predictors of dog population sizes, and that there was a strong difference between dog populations in high and low socio-economic neighbourhoods. Crucially, it was found that a small number of houses can support a large population of free-ranging dogs, while trash piles serve a secondary role in comparison. Across classes, opinions towards the animals differed quite widely but over half the respondents from each class felt free-ranging dogs should be removed from cities and the net opinion appeared to be that at the least, the free-ranging dog population needs to be controlled. Thus, we suggest that the city administration take steps to reduce the carrying capacity of the environment by regulating feeding around bakeries and improving waste management in public spaces. Creating awareness about the impact that household feeding has on the dog population could additionally help to control the population.

(PDF 863 kb)

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Nachiket Kelkar and Abhijit Kumar for their helpful inputs to the paper.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Shireen J Bhalla and supervised by Roy Kemmers, Abi T Vanak and Ana Vasques. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Shireen J Bhalla and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This study was supported in part by a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance grant to ATV (Grant number: IA/CPHI/15/1/502028).

Compliance with ethical standards

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Ethics approval for the dog population survey was not sought since the survey method was photographic capture-recapture from a distance, involving no direct interaction with the animals.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Roy Kemmers, Ana Vasques and Abi Tamim Vanak contributed equally to this work.

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How to Help a Stray Dog? Compassionate Acts!

Imagine walking down the street and coming across a lonely, scared stray dog. The sight tugs at your heartstrings, leaving you wondering, "How can I make a difference?" In this article, we'll explore practical ways to help stray dogs and delve into the deeper impact of our actions.

The Plight of Stray Dogs

Alright, let's dive into the world of our four-legged friends living on the streets. Stray dogs face a multitude of challenges every single day, and it's not a walk in the park, pun intended.

These dogs don't have a cozy home to retreat to when it rains, and they certainly don't get served a bowl of kibble twice a day. They're out there, navigating a world where every meal is a quest, and every night is a test of survival.

Imagine being alone, not knowing where your next meal will come from or whether you'll find a safe place to rest your tired paws. That's the reality for many stray dogs. They face hunger, exposure to the elements, and the constant threat of injury or illness. It's a tough life, and they didn't choose it.

Why It Matters

Now, you might be wondering, why should we care about these dogs roaming the streets? Well, my friend, it matters—a lot.

First off, it's a matter of basic compassion. These dogs didn't sign up for a life of hardship. They're like any other creature on this planet, just trying to survive. By lending a helping hand, you're embodying the very essence of compassion.

But it goes beyond that warm, fuzzy feeling you get from doing a good deed. Stray dogs are a part of our communities, and their well-being is intertwined with ours. When we step up to help them, we're making our neighborhoods safer and more humane.

Plus, there's this incredible thing called the human-animal bond. When we care for animals, it does wonders for our mental and emotional well-being. It's a two-way street; you're not just helping the dogs, they're helping you too. It's like a furry therapy session where everyone leaves wagging their tails.

Ways to Help

Now that we've got our hearts in the right place, let's talk about how we can turn that empathy into action. Helping stray dogs doesn't require superhero capes—just a bit of kindness and a sprinkle of practicality.

Providing Food and Water

First things first, a good meal can work wonders. Imagine being hungry and someone hands you a pizza. Well, dogs might not appreciate the nuances of a Margherita, but a bowl of nutritious dog food is a game-changer. Check with local shelters or pet stores for dog-friendly grub and become the canine Gordon Ramsay of your neighborhood.

Oh, and don't forget the H2O. A hydrated dog is a happy dog . Leave a bowl of water outside, and you're basically opening a five-star doggy hydration station.

Creating Shelter

Imagine a cozy spot where a stray dog can curl up and take a nap without worrying about rain or nosy neighbors. That's the dream, right? If you're a DIY enthusiast, consider making a simple shelter out of cardboard or old crates. For the less handy, connecting with local animal shelters or rescue groups can be a game-changer. They often have temporary housing options or can guide you on making a weather-resistant doggy abode.

Seeking Veterinary Care

Health is wealth, and that applies to our furry pals too. Regular check-ups ensure they're in tip-top shape. Look for affordable veterinary clinics in your area or, better yet, organize a community vet day. Preventive care not only keeps them healthy but also prevents the spread of diseases. Win-win!

Socialization and Adoption

Now, here's the heartwarming part. Stray dogs, much like us, crave companionship. Spending time with them, even if it's just sitting quietly, can make a huge difference. And if you're feeling that special connection, consider adoption. It's like giving them a VIP ticket to a life filled with belly rubs, treats, and a cozy spot on the couch.

Remember, you don't need to do it all at once. Every small step counts, and together, we can turn our neighborhoods into havens for our furry friends. So, roll up your sleeves, grab a bag of dog treats , and let's make the world a better place—one paw at a time!

Making a Difference

Alright, you compassionate soul, you've got the desire to make a difference in the lives of stray dogs. Now, let's turn that desire into action and create a ripple effect that can be felt throughout your community.

Community Involvement

Get your neighbors involved because teamwork makes the dream work. Organize a community meeting or start a Facebook group to discuss how you can collectively address the issue of stray dogs. You'll be surprised at how many people share your concern and are willing to pitch in. Whether it's organizing food drives or coordinating neighborhood watch efforts, there's strength in numbers.

Educating Others

Spread the word like you're the town crier of kindness. Share information about the challenges faced by stray dogs and educate others on how they can help. Use social media, create posters, or even host a casual get-together where you share stories about your own experiences. The more people understand, the more likely they are to join the pack (pun intended, again).

The Human-Animal Bond

Tap into the incredible power of the human-animal bond. Share your own positive experiences of helping stray dogs. Whether it's the joy of seeing a once scared pup wag its tail or the therapeutic benefits of spending time with a furry friend, let people know that this isn't just about helping dogs—it's about creating a community that values compassion.

Challenges and Solutions

Let's face it, every journey has its bumps. When it comes to helping stray dogs, you might encounter challenges. Maybe your neighbor isn't on board or local regulations pose hurdles. Identify these roadblocks and brainstorm solutions. It could be as simple as having a friendly chat with the neighbor or working with local authorities to create more supportive policies.

Collaborating with Rescue Organizations

You don't have to be a lone wolf in this mission. Reach out to local rescue organizations—they're like the Avengers of the animal world. Collaborating with them can amplify your impact. They have the expertise, resources, and a network of fellow animal enthusiasts. Join forces, and together, you can create a superhero league for stray dogs.

Remember, making a difference doesn't require grand gestures. It's the small, consistent efforts that add up over time. So, grab your cape of compassion, rally your community, and let's embark on this journey to create a world where no pup is left behind. Together, we can make a difference that resonates in barks of joy and wagging tails!

Benefits of Helping Stray Dogs

Imagine this: you spend some time feeding, caring for, or simply being around a stray dog. Suddenly, your stress levels drop, your mood lifts, and you find yourself smiling for no apparent reason. That's the magic of the human-animal bond in action.

Helping stray dogs isn't just about them—it's about us too. It's a therapy session on four legs. The unconditional love and gratitude they show in return can have profound effects on our mental and emotional well-being. It's like a mutual pact of positivity, where both parties end up wagging their metaphorical tails.

By nurturing this bond, you're not just making a difference in the life of a furry friend; you're enhancing your own life in ways you never thought possible. It's a win-win situation, where love and compassion flow freely between species.

Now, let's be real. Every superhero faces challenges, and our mission to help stray dogs is no different. But fear not, for every challenge has a solution—it's like a puzzle waiting to be solved.

Overcoming Obstacles

One common challenge is the fear or reluctance of approaching stray dogs. It's understandable; they might have had tough experiences with humans. The solution? Patience and gentle approaches. Let them come to you, and don't force interactions. Slowly but surely, trust can be built.

Another hurdle is convincing skeptical neighbors or navigating local regulations. The solution here is communication. Share your passion, educate others about the benefits, and address concerns. A neighborhood united in compassion is a force to be reckoned with.

Now, let's talk collaboration. You might feel like a lone wolf, but there are rescue organizations out there ready to join your pack. They've faced and overcome numerous challenges, and their expertise can be invaluable. Reach out, share your goals, and let them bring their superhero capes to the table.

Success Stories

Alright, buckle up for some heartwarming tales that prove the power of a little compassion. These success stories aren't just about dogs; they're about transformations, second chances, and the incredible journey from street survival to a warm, loving home.

Real-Life Tales

Meet Max, the scruffy pup with a heart of gold. Found wandering the streets, scared and hungry, Max crossed paths with a compassionate soul who decided to make a difference. With some good meals, a cozy bed, and a lot of love, Max transformed from a timid furball to a confident, tail-wagging bundle of joy. His success story isn't just about finding a home; it's about finding happiness and a forever friend.

And then there's Bella, the resilient street survivor. Bella had her share of battles—scars and wounds told tales of a tough life. Enter a group of caring neighbors who made it their mission to help her heal. With regular vet visits, a safe shelter, and a lot of TLC, Bella went from a weary wanderer to the queen of the neighborhood, basking in the warmth of her newfound family.

These success stories are living proof that a bit of kindness can rewrite the narrative for stray dogs. It's not just about changing their lives; it's about creating a story of hope, resilience, and the transformative power of love.

Legal Considerations

Now, let's talk about the nitty-gritty—legal considerations when it comes to helping stray dogs. While our hearts are in the right place, we also want to make sure we're on the right side of the law.

Navigating Legal Aspects

Feeding, sheltering, and caring for stray dogs may have legal implications depending on your location. Some areas have regulations about feeding stray animals to prevent overpopulation, while others may have laws against creating makeshift shelters in public spaces.

Before diving into your superhero duties, do a bit of legal reconnaissance. Check local animal welfare laws, and if in doubt, consult with local authorities or animal control. Understanding the legal landscape ensures that your efforts to help stray dogs are not only compassionate but also responsible and within the bounds of the law.

Legal considerations might seem like a buzzkill, but they're like the guardrails on our journey of compassion. They help us navigate the road ahead with a clear conscience, ensuring that our efforts are both impactful and legally sound.

In a world where kindness can make a significant difference, helping stray dogs is an opportunity for everyone to contribute to a better, more compassionate society. By understanding their needs and taking practical steps, each of us can play a role in transforming the lives of these innocent beings.

• Approach with caution and assess the dog's body language. If unsure, contact local animal control for assistance.
• Organize community events, share success stories, and highlight the positive impact on community well-being.
• Check local laws; some places may have regulations regarding feeding stray animals.
• Consult a vet to ensure the dog receives necessary vaccinations and health checks.
• Donate to local animal shelters, volunteer your time, or sponsor veterinary care for stray dogs.

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Essay: Stray dogs and the curse of anthroparchal logic

With the idea of free-roaming animals suddenly being seen as a mark of an uncivilised society, violence directed at dogs and those who feed them has been spiralling in urban india.

“To hell with animal welfare laws…society has the right to kill ferocious dogs roaming on the streets and the people who feed them,” reads a tweet on X (formerly Twitter) by one Joginder Singh.

Earlier this week, Singh, who has been spearheading an anti-stray dog campaign, reiterated the call to kill stray dogs and dog-feeders in a newly developed bustling residential area of Noida Extension. The video of his fiery speech is being circulated widely.

This is the same area where on February 3, a 10-year-old had tossed a pup from a considerable height, leading to its death. This happened as his elders had spilled out on the streets to unleash their fury on a bunch of feeders who care for community dogs. In the commotion that followed, a woman feeder was molested and animal welfare activists had to move heaven and earth to get a case of sexual harassment registered at the nearby Bisrakh police station.

Such dog haters cut across caste, class, religion and region. The ghastly shooting down of 20 stray dogs last week by a man in Telangana is a case in point. And before this could sunk in, a man made news for wanting a licenced gun to protect himself from stray dogs.

Gone are the days when heated conversations over dog-feeding began and ended with – “If you love these dogs so much, why don’t you take them home?” In this age of anger, wooden sticks and steel rods are pulled out from under car seats to badger dogs, or they are deliberately hit or run over. Dog-feeders, mostly women, who dig deep into their pockets to feed these strays, get cursed, slapped and beaten. Often, they are meted out the treatment reserved for stray dogs.

The anti-stray dog sentiment is at an all-time high and leading animal welfare activists say the anti-dog lobby is working overtime to create a fuss over community dogs – such as the call by Singh to kill dogs and feeders – for a reason. The Supreme Court has set February 28 to hear a bunch of petitions relating to stray dogs in Kerala and other parts of the country. This all-important Supreme Court verdict will seal the fate of stray dogs. In the worst case scenario, they will be culled or sent to pounds.

While on paper, sending the strays to a pound may sound like a compassionate option, but nobody quite understands the politics of dog pounds leave alone the pressure on the state exchequer to allocate land and funds to run such spaces. Imagine passing by an unusually large number of dogs and cats in an overcrowded space caught in the stench of faeces, urine and vomit. A place where dogs and cats are caged for life, the dogs are never walked, and they fight for crumbs.

Life at a Shelter

Katja M Guenther, the author of The Lives and Deaths of Shelter Animals , fills in the gaps here. She spent three years volunteering with “nonhuman animals” at a high-intake public animal shelter in the Los Angeles metropolitan area which she refers to as PAW. Her life changed when she met a muscular pit bull named Monster, a day before he was to be put down. He regarded her dispassionately from his cell, aware that his fate had been sealed.

With Monster becoming part of a much larger statistic – three million companion animals are put to sleep in animal shelters in the US each year – Guenther decided to study the multiple processes that go into such killings. As she spent more time at the shelter, she noted that dogs and cats coming from “a community of lower-income people of colour” were at a higher risk of ending up at a shelter, and being seen as “market surplus” and killed.

She noted that certain breeds such as the pit bull, which are favoured by lower-income groups, were looked upon with disdain and the “breed discrimination… is itself grounded in racism and classism”. In contrast, companion animals who lived in affluent, predominantly white communities were likely to be sent to animal shelters that provide veterinary care and are committed to reunification or adoption. Had Monster ended up in one such shelter, his chances of survival would have been 95 percent.

Guenther points out that the human urge “to dominate and control human and nonhuman animals” extends to shelters which have a licence to kill: “Monster died because of who he was, who the humans he was attached to were, and how our society naturalizes and accepts the killing of animals.”

Violence Against Dog-loving Women

Woman dog-feeders in India have had a rough run. A woman was slapped by a defence personnel as she was feeding dogs, another had to run for her life as she was attacked with an iron rod, and an unlucky third slipped and fell and had to have a hip replacement surgery.

Guenther’s observations at PAW, which is populated with women as staff or volunteers, helps us understand the situation of women dog-lovers in India, especially those not residing in affluent pockets. The author ponders over feminist animal studies which emphasise the importance of seeing the connections between the oppression of women and animals: “Violence against animals normalises violence against humans, especially women who have been constructed as animal-like in the sense that they are voiceless and victimisable. Like animals, women have endured a long history of being silenced, devalued, and subjected to violence. Women’s bodies have been commodified and butchered like animals’, leaving both women and animals to occupy spaces as objects rather than subjects.”

The author addresses the issue of unmarried or childless women who are made fun of for seeing these animals as “substitute children”. She defends these women and says that they prefer “voluntary relationships with animals because they find these relationships more satisfying than those with humans”.

She asserts that the struggles of animals and women “is the outcome of everyday and sustained collisions of capitalism, anthroparchy, white supremacy, and patriarchy”.

History of Abuse

At PAW, when a dog is declared dead, his body is placed in an oil drum until the truck from the rendering plant comes to retrieve it. Sometimes the oil drums are left open and volunteers can see the dead animals for days.

In the US, until the end of the 1800s, close to 100 percent of animals picked up by animal control agencies were killed, often using brutal means, such as clubbing or mass drowning. In mid-19-century New York City, dogcatchers were paid by the dog and placed up to several hundred stray dogs each day in large cages to drown them in the East River. Animal control was about taking animal life. The fear of zoonotic contamination, especially of rabies, was a powerful motivator to capture and destroy unclaimed companion animals, writes Guenther.

Later, a combination of moral and religious arguments was used to promote kindness toward animals. Animal shelters began sterilising and vaccinating animals and around 2006 started implanting microchips, which can help reunite lost animals.

Zero Tolerance for Stray Dogs

In India, the idea of free-roaming animals is suddenly being seen as a mark of an uncivilised society, an indicator of economic underdevelopment and a threat to public safety.

However, among these free-roaming animals only stray dogs are the soft targets. In the bustling Noida area where a child killed a pup, and where the call to kill dogs and dog-feeders was reiterated, Singh didn’t notice the famished donkeys and horses – their hind limbs tied together to prevent their escape – fending for themselves. There are also dozens of cows and buffaloes scavenging in garbage dumps. Isn’t this an indicator of economic underdevelopment too?

As Guenther points out this is a classic case of “anthroparchal logic” – asserting human dominance over animals. While in the shelter where the author volunteered, unweaned puppies and kittens were euthanised within hours of their arrival, in India, animal-haters go a step further: mutilate puppies, throw acid on cats, tie crackers on dogs or just run them over for fun.

While it is easy for animal-haters to wish the dogs out of sight, Guenther envisions a world where shelters are unnecessary. This requires a change of hearts and minds, and a world which is a secure place not just for dogs, but for humans too. And, this would be the real indicator of an economically developed and civilised country – not one that kills its community dogs and the kind people who care for them.

Lamat R Hasan is an independent journalist. She lives in New Delhi.

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Why Feeding Stray Animals Is Important

Opinion & narrations, non-fiction.

• Reading Time : 5 mins
• Published : 31 Aug, 2021
• Comments : 1

“HE WHO FEEDS A HUNGRY ANIMAL, FEEDS HIS OWN SOUL – Charlie Chaplin

In our busy schedule, we sometimes never give a second thought to animals like cats, dogs wandering in our neighborhood and generally tend to ignore them. Sometimes, it’s the bark of a dog or chilling howl of a cat that grabs our attention for a short spell and then we forget, but we don’t realize that what we forget as humans is that we have a responsibility to help, care and look after the needy and helpless creatures who depend on us.

Difference between stray and domestic animals

It is important to remember that there is a difference between animals you have as pets at home and those roaming outside your house. Stray dogs and cats live in harsh conditions, so they carry germs and diseases as they eat out of garbage and things lying on the floor, which domesticated/pets do not. Therefore, the ones at home are pretty clean and with fewer germs and the ones outside have a lot of germs infesting on them. So, if you decide to help and care for any stray animal, make sure you are at a safe distance.

Stray animals usually get bad treatment from people around them; they get hostile and sometimes attack. Why? Because they have hardly seen love and care; all they have come across is human cruelty, hatred, and torture, hence their defensive and harsh attitude towards humans. So, don’t get close to stray animals immediately. It takes time for them to realise that some humans are caring and are showering their love on them.

Weather affects everyone and everything, even non-living things are not spared. For instance, if you leave plastic, iron, or any material out in the sun, or unattended for a while, you will notice the change in colour and texture of the material. Imagine the plight of those who have no shelter and are victims of the intensity of the weather. Whether it is rain or scorching sun or even the chilling breeze in winter, stray animals suffer because they have no choice. Being helpless, they try to cope and search for shelter under the vehicles or anywhere they feel secure. You may have seen many such animals?

the reason, therefore, he should not move or throw it. Perhaps a cat or a dog finds it and takes shelter in it.

I have seen people feeding birds on the pavement, on the rooftops, balcony or anywhere they find it feasible to feed birds, mainly pigeons. Perhaps the reason is to get the divine reward.

I wonder why people don’t think the same for cats and dogs. Are dogs and cats not innocent souls that need help from humans too? I personally asked someone the very question and got this answer: “Cats and dogs are filthy, full of germs and diseases! I don’t want to have anything to do with them.”

There is no denying the fact that there are germs in stray animals, but do you know that birds also have germs? If you get hold of any bird, like pigeon, parrot, or even sparrow, all of them have germs and small fleas in their feathers, posing skin rash, irritation, and in some cases swelling. You give them food or water while staying at a safe distance without the need to get close to them.

Place some useless plastic containers in your house outside your building or house so that cats and dogs can also have some water, just like water is placed for birds by people. Provide them your leftover food by not throwing out it with the garbage, but make a separate bag of the leftover food and put it aside to dispose of someplace where these stray animals are likely to find them.

Parents play a major role in making their kids learn good or bad habits in their early years. Telling kids to stay away from stray cats and dogs is not wrong and so is telling kids to hurl something towards these animals. Why do we have to shoo away stray animals by hurling something, especially if the dog or cat is at a safe distance? This leads us to develop a dislike for stray animals and treat them harshly without even being sorry for their helplessness. It is something we see elders (the ones we trust) doing and it is what we also do. I have seen people throw stones, sticks, or anything they get hold of, and become delighted when the animal runs in fear of being hurt.

It is important to understand and realise that these animals depend on humans, as they are living on the street or road, which is not their fault. They are born there, so if they are approaching a person, they must be hungry or in need of attention. We all can benefit from the companionship, affection, and relationships with these innocent animals throughout your life.

Stray animals never get enough food and are constantly hungry and thirsty, and are seen scavenging the garbage dumps just to get a mouthful. They suffer silently in pain, which ends in a prolonged painful death. Stray animals don’t have any shelter be it from the sun, rain, cold, or winds. Every day is a battle for them It is only their strong survival skills that allow them to live long and only those who are fit and strong have shelter and a few scraps of food to fill their hunger. So the next time you see a stray animal where you maybe make sure you stop by and feed them and make them feel secure and safe.

About the Author

bhavani sundaram

Member Since: 24 Aug, 2021

I am a free lance writer, animal lover and write on topic like Pet Abandonment, rescue tales. I have been associated with animal Ngo's like Sanjay Gandhi animal care centre, New Delhi, SPCA Pune, Wildlife Sos and Friendicoes Delhi...

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5 Ways to Help Street Dogs in a Pandemic

Diljit Kaur

The pandemic has literally spun our plans and lives into a mere waiting list to get on with our hopes all over again. We have been confined to staying inside and taking the best safety measures to prevent the novel virus from messing with our immunity. 

Amid all these unwanted changes, the helpless stray dogs are as much affected. Spotting dogs in any neighbourhood in India, across all localities, is very common. In fact, they become known to us and we knowingly or unknowingly share a warm bond. When the puppies are born they become playmates of the kids and teens. In such trying times, the dogs have been left all by themselves to figure out ways of fetching food and looking for shelter. Few people who have tried to help the strays have often faced rebuke from the community. There are ample videos on various platforms. The idea comes down to the fact that during the pandemic, providing sanctuaries to the strays has become a little more challenging than usual.

This lockdown came with a lot of wisdom and reflections for us. It calls for a plan that would ease the process. Here are some steps that might help:

1. If you care for the dogs in your neighbourhood, you should be aware of all the dogs and be able to identify each one of them. Keep a close eye on the count and build a temporary shelter for the dogs, preferably somewhere isolated. This will let the dogs secure themselves and also keep them away from the neighbours who are not really dog-friendly!

2. There is no harm in boiling a little more rice, lentils, or keeping aside chunks of meat and bones for your furry friends. We usually spend so much on our impulsive food orders. This should be an immediate step right after providing them shelter. Not to forget, providing water to drink should be a constant reminder.

3. Pregnant and nursing dogs and puppies are the ones who are more vulnerable than the rest of the pack. This should be the next concern where we can figure out extra care for them. A personal tip: puppies eat what their mothers do. Keep a bigger bowl aside and take liquids and paste-like food in the same bowl. This will not only keep the tummies tight for the moms but also for the babies.

4. Make a WhatsApp group with your friends in the locality to divide the responsibilities. That way you not only maintain social distancing and physical distancing for each other but also do not deprive the strays. Be an inspiration!

5. Get in touch with online communities. Upload pictures of the dogs and look for genuine shelters and people who would like to adopt. Connect with various forums and to encourage people to adopt street dogs instead of buying expensive breeds. Make the best use of social media.

Moving on from the personal touches, we need to find an absolute way to let them have a better life. The easiest ways to help the street dogs during the pandemic are:

• Foster a furry friend while you work from home. It’s amazing to have a buddy by your side.
• Keep water and make extra chapatis to feed them.
• If you can’t go out and rescue yourself, the least you can do is donate and spread awareness about the animal sanctuaries and rescue shelters. Participate in projects to donate animal supplies.
• If you find a hurt dog, do not ignore him and let him die, contact your nearest NGO/Pet ambulance. Letitwag.in is doing great service in the field.
• Be vocal for local petitions to save the strays.

Keeping in mind all these points, if these steps and ways are harmoniously adopted, we will only prove to be better human beings. If lockdown hasn’t made you kinder, let us start today!

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Shelter / Private home

Rescue of Stray Animals in Southeast Asia

From misery to happiness – these dogs and cats got a second chance

Millions of stray animals in Southeast Asia suffer every day, living a poor life on the streets. Battling serious diseases and malnourishment, these animals are also in danger of the horrific dog and cat meat trade. In cooperation with different partners, FOUR PAWS works on tackling the immense stray overpopulation and helps animals in need.

Behind every rescued animal, there is a touching story. Having gone through hell, all these dogs and cats got the chance to heal and now experience what it means to live a safe life under loving care.

The list of stray animals in Southeast Asia is endless. Here are a few individual stories that will for sure touch your heart.

Rescue Stories Bali

In cooperation with bali animal welfare association.

A true love story:

Spotted at a temple by a tourist,

As one of the many dogs on the streets of Bali,

Rescue stories vietnam, together with paws for compassion and vietnam cat welfare.

Lantern  

Thrown over a fence at night, 

Dumped on the street

Hit by a motorbike,

Rescue stories borneo, in cooperation with pro natura.

Little Kuren must have been in unimaginable pain

Pom, Piji & Elpi

Mother cat Pom was weak

Gamma, Delta & Alpha

Abandoned and left to fend for themselves,

Rescue stories thailand, together with lanta animal welfare.

As one of hundreds of dogs,

Suffering from cancer,

Because of his bad condition,

What four paws does for strays.

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How can we help homeless animals?

Published On - November 19, 2019

Every year, millions of animals end up in shelters all across the globe. These animals are either rescued from the streets or dropped off at the shelter. Though a lot of these shelters provide outstanding care and attention, there are still limitations to what they can do.

As an individual, you can contribute to these efforts in a lot of different ways. Running a shelter involves a ton of work and they will need all the help they can get. Offering even a small donation or volunteering a short amount of your time can make a huge difference.

Why we should help animals?

How can we help save animals, what can i do for stray dogs, what can i do for stray cats, what can i do for other stray animals right now, how you can help animals right now.

Animals, whether we are aware or not, play a huge role in our lives and in the environment. Therefore, it’s in our best interest to help them however we can.

Altruism aside, there are quite a few key reasons we should care for them. One reason is to prevent the spread of disease.

Diseases, such as rabies, pose a huge threat to humans. The disease is fatal to humans, as well as to the animals who carry it. Infected animals become aggressive and bite without provocation.

Rescuing animals helps prevent the spread of rabies by reducing the population of potential carriers in the wild. This reduces the chance of infected animals harming other people and animals in the community.

The best and most effective way to help homeless animals is to raise awareness in the community.

Talking to people in the community can bring about the changes that will dramatically improve the welfare of these animals.

Spay and neuter your own pets, if you have them, and tell your friends to spay and neuter their pets. Spaying and neutering help control the population of strays in the community.

Advocate for adopting pets instead of shopping. There are a lot of pets in shelters today that are eager to find their forever homes. Adopting helps improve their lives and allows shelters to accommodate more pets that need their help. Some shelters even give you a starter kit of blankets, toys, and other things you may need to care for your new pet.

You can also consider donating your time and skills to your local centers. Volunteering to help out in the shelter for a few hours a week will surely be appreciated by the staff. If you have other skills such as carpentry, accounting, or graphic design, you can offer your services to the shelter. You can help build things for the animals, balance the shelter’s books, or design advertisements and print ads for the shelter.

If you see a stray dog in your area, you can help them, but you should do so with caution.

Never approach stray dogs, especially if they look scared. You may have the best intentions, but they don’t know that and could bite if you get too close. Instead, call your local animal control or animal rescue center for assistance.

Stray dogs are easily spooked and can become aggressive when cornered. It is best to let the experts handle the situation for the safety of the dog and everyone involved. Once in custody, the dogs will be tested for various diseases and their overall health is checked.

Just like dogs, stray and feral cats can be very aggressive when approached.

For you and the cat’s safety, it is best to call for professionals to deal with the situation. Until proper testing is done, one can’t be sure if the animal is free from diseases like rabies which pose a serious threat to humans.

Once in custody, you can help the cat by visiting them often once. Donating some supplies such as blankets and a litter box would be a great way to help as well.

Once fully recovered and tested for any diseases, fostering cats until they find a forever home is a possibility. Who knows, you might find a furry friend that you’d like to adopt yourself!

Become a Sponsor

Caring for so many animals is resource-intensive. This can easily put strain on a shelter’s very limited budget. You can help by directly donating funds to the shelter as a sponsor. Another way is to organize fundraiser events like fun runs or walk-a-thons for your cause. Getting the whole community involved not only helps in reaching the monetary goal but also helps to create awareness for animals in need that leads to helping more animals in the future.

Volunteering in rescue centers is a proactive way to make a huge impact on the animals. Caring for animals is a challenging task and any help would be very much welcome. Talk to these shelters and see if they are accepting volunteers. Even just a couple of hours every week can provide a shelter with the assistance they need.

Donate to Help Homeless Pets

Donating funds and supplies to animal shelters is also one of the best things you can do for animals in the shelter. Old blankets, toys, and other supplies can greatly help the shelters to save what limited resources they have. Ask your family and friends to participate in a donation drive for the benefit of your local shelter.

Foster homeless animals

Fostering is an effective way to help homeless pets in shelters. By fostering, you help rehabilitate pets and teach them how to live with humans. Elderly and special needs pets need more intensive care due to their condition. The shelters may not be able to provide the care they need in-house and fostering is a great way to accommodate those special needs. This also helps the shelter because they can channel their limited resources to the animals that need the most care.

Helping animals in need is one of the most rewarding things you can do. Even the smallest things can have significant effects on the lives of animals in the shelter. If you are not able to volunteer or foster, you can still help. You make a huge impact when you donate to save animals . The funds will be used to buy supplies like food and medicine, and to improve the shelter’s facilities. Remember, every little bit counts.

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Stray Dogs Persuasive Essay

In my community, there is a real big problem with the amount of stray dogs on the streets and city animal shelters are so full that there is little they can do to help. There isn’t much funding from the government for animal shelters in Puerto Rico, which makes it a little harder to clean up the streets. And not only is it dangerous to have a large amount of stray dogs in your area, but also could be harmful to the health of the people. The kill rate for the animal shelters in Puerto Rico are at 97%, which are ridiculously high but still does nothing to solve the issue. My goal is to help my community by providing the alternatives to solving the matter of the amount of stray dogs while also lowering the kill rate for those dogs that have not been properly treated or adopted. A big part of the problem lies with the lack of government funds for the animal shelters in Puerto Rico. The government only provides $1.5 million in seed funding to create animal services for all 78 municipalities. All the while these animal shelters are filled to capacity, which means the death rate goes up for these “rescued” dogs so only a handful more can be picked up off the streets. There are about two hundred thousand dogs roaming the streets and neighborhoods along the island. In Puerto Rico, there are at least 500 dogs euthanized each day, while in the United States there are 1.2 million dogs each year. That comes out to a ghastly 97% kill rate for the dogs that are rescued but don’t

Persuasive Essay On Boxer Dogs

Has there been a situation where it was hard to find, out what type of dog to get? I had that trouble too, but I always decided that I wanted to get a Siberian Husky. Instead of getting a Boxer or a Shetland Sheepdog (Shelties), I should get a Siberian Husky. They all have a background, the cost for purebred, the cost for adoption, and certain ways to take care of them. Boxers are a good dog to have, and Boxers have a lot of history.

Persuasive Essay About Pitbulls

Pit bulls discrimination must end American pit bulls are given a bad rap in today's society, this particular breeds downfall as a desirable pet started in the late 19th century and continues today. The false accusations against the pitbull started when the media began to portray this dog as vicious attack dog in the 1980’s. The pitbull breed was a popular dog known as nanny dogs for their kindness and loyalty with children for 114 year. In 1917 a pitbull named stubby was found on a campus called yale during the first war one, since then stubby was named sergeant stubby and has been in 17 battles until his death in 1926 in his owners arms. Stubby was famous for his horrific war abilities and his loyalty to all and is still remeber to this day.

No-Kill Argumentative Essay

According to Jennie Baxla of the SICSA organization, SICSA gives their animals significant amounts of care while they are under their responsibility. The animals at no-kill shelters such as SICSA receive copious amounts of care, such as “spay[ing] and neuter[ing], microchipping, vaccinations, [and] tests for parasites” (Jewell). These no-kill shelters are incredibly dedicated to their work and animals. Additionally, the pets that receive care at no-kill shelters also receive human interaction. Multiple volunteer activities exist at no-kill shelters across the nation that involve people from all ages interacting and playing with the animals (Baxla, Jewell).

Persuasive Speech On Puppy Mill

As mentioned above, puppy mills owner has shifted their emphasis from welfare to commerce. They want to earn the maximum profit with the minimum cost. Hence, most of the time, these puppies do not receive any veterinary care as it costs a lot for veterinary

Essay On Honduras

You can not look past the fact that this is not the case for everyone in Honduras, some homes are made out of appliances you could find at a lows and are typically built on hillsides surrounding each other. Some areas of the country are struck with poverty that may never be cured and all people do is stare. Animal shelters usually have plenty of dogs to choose from that are rehabilitated and healthy. Honduras is home to many dogs that should be in animal shelters they are all abandoned and seen roaming the streets and sidewalks looking for food. Owners don’t take the lives of their animals into consideration and typically get them while they are puppies, they then release them when they are all grown up and no longer

Informative Speech On Puppy Mill

Once an animal is bought at an animal shelter, they money from you goes straight to the original puppy mill without you knowing. When an animal shelter doesn?t have enough room for all of their animals, they turn to putting them down or letting them free. In often times, no kill shelters are the ones who let these poor animals go. (Vanden Brook) In this speech I?ve told you about how to stop these awful puppy mills from continuing to scam you.

Self Control And Restraint In Homer's Odyssey

When I was visiting India during the scorching summer at the age of seven, I noticed an increasing amount of stray dogs wandering aimlessly in unsanitary alleyways and on the perilous highways in the overpopulated city of New Delhi. Because I

Argumentative Essay On Puppy Mills

When other dogs get to play outside, they get to look at the dirt in the bottom of their cages hoping one day they could escape this awful place. UBut unfortunately, most of the dogsm do not get to escape. Nine9 out of ten10 times the female dog will get sick from the lack of care. They never get their shots that are needed. Wwhenever they are sick and need help, they never get special care from a vet to see if everything is okay.

Persuasive Essay On Dog Abuse

That’s so short of a time period for a dog to live for. What if you were the dog and only lived that long. Every year over one million dogs are abused or killed.2 People abuse dogs and kill them just to take their anger out. There are plenty more ways to take out your anger instead of abusing animals or people. Dogs are the most abused animals.3 Dogs aren’t meant to be abused

Attention Getter For Stray Animals Essay

Attention Getter: Imagine living on the streets, constantly looking for your next meal and never knowing the feeling of companionship. This is the life of stray animals. Credibility Statement: No one really knows how many stray animals roam the streets, but it is predicted that there are more than 70 million stray cats in the United States alone. Central Idea (Proposition): By adopting pets from the American Humane Society or other rescue shelters, we can reduce the amount of stray animals on the streets.

Animal Shelter Persuasive Essay

According to TheDodo, out of the 7.6 million pets dropped off at a shelter per year, only 2.7 million get adopted. Amy Klein, a frequent visitor of L.A. shelters, comments that often enough, there are not enough volunteers to even take the dogs out to kennels for a mere 20 minutes, also adding that many dogs never get to go outside. This is why me absolutely must take a stand, if nothing else, a person can offer an hour of time to make sure that some animal somewhere feels loved and gets to see the sun, even if just once. That is what volunteers do; volunteers

Persuasive Essay's Ten Reasons To Adopt A Dog

This leaves the dogs traumatized and rethinking who they should trust.” If you adopt it’ll help a dog live the life it’s always deserved. About 4 million cats and dogs are euthanized each year because there simply aren't enough willing homes to adopt them. Since there is an overpopulation, animal shelters urge owners to spay or neuter their pets to exclude overpopulation. Also, It’s more

Persuasive Essay On Animal Rights

There was a dog scrunched up on the roots of a tall redwood. With the rain pounding on the road, the dog would do anything to find a warm, cozy shelter, and food. There are about 7.6 million pets that get abandoned in a year in just the U.S. Don’t follow careless owners’ mistakes- change them back into achievements by helping, where there are many options you can choose.

Essay On Animal Shelters

Shelters currently hold pets beyond their originally designed capacity. Pets get dropped off or picked up off the streets for so many reasons. Animals get taken to, or not taken from shelters because they are either strays, victims of abuse, present behavioral issues, left behind due to family moving, abandon from different family experiences, not bought from overpricing, or the family had no time for it. All of which result in psychological effects of trust issues, loneliness, feeling unloved, anxiety, and

The Importance Of Dog Activism

Introduction Imagine seeing dogs on the road and picking them up. You bring them home and sell them. You are now a hero to that dog. You are now a lifesaver and you have just helped a dog that is in need.

More about Stray Dogs Persuasive Essay

Essay on Helping Animals

Students are often asked to write an essay on Helping Animals in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Helping Animals

Why help animals.

Helping animals is important for many reasons. Animals are a part of our world. They make our environment rich and diverse. Some animals are our friends, like dogs and cats. Some animals help us in work, like horses and oxen. We must take care of them because they cannot speak or ask for help.

How Can We Help?

There are many ways to help animals. We can adopt pets from shelters instead of buying them. We can feed stray animals. We can also stop using things made from animal parts. This will save animals from being hurt.

Role of Animal Shelters

Animal shelters play a big role in helping animals. They take care of animals who have no home. They give them food, shelter, and love. They also help find new homes for them. We can support these shelters by donating money or volunteering.

Importance of Laws

There are laws to protect animals. These laws stop people from hurting animals. They also punish people who break these laws. We should know about these laws and follow them. We should also tell others about them.

Helping animals is not hard. It just needs a little care and love. By helping animals, we also help our world. So, let’s start today and make a difference.

250 Words Essay on Helping Animals

Why should we help animals.

Helping animals is important for many reasons. Animals are a crucial part of our world. They add beauty to nature and help in many ways. Some animals are our pets and give us company. Some animals help to keep our environment clean. So, we should care for them and help them when they are in need.

Ways to Help Animals

There are many ways to help animals. You can adopt a pet from an animal shelter instead of buying one. This gives a home to an animal who needs it. You can also feed stray animals. But remember to give them healthy food. Junk food is bad for their health.

Protecting Animal Habitats

One big way to help animals is by protecting their homes. Many animals lose their homes because of things like pollution and cutting down trees. We can help by not littering and by planting more trees.

Speaking Up for Animals

Animals cannot speak for themselves. So, we need to speak for them. If you see someone hurting an animal, tell an adult. You can also learn more about animals and tell others about how to help them.

In conclusion, helping animals is a good thing to do. It keeps them safe and healthy. It also helps our world be a better place. So, let’s all do our part to help animals.

500 Words Essay on Helping Animals

Introduction.

Helping animals is a noble act that shows kindness and respect for all living things. Animals, like humans, have the right to live a happy, healthy life. They need food, shelter, and care. But, sometimes, they can’t get these things on their own. That’s where we come in. We can help animals in many ways.

Helping Pets at Home

Pets, like dogs and cats, are part of our families. They need love, care, and attention. We can help them by giving them good food, clean water, and a safe place to live. We should also take them to the vet for regular check-ups. This helps to keep them healthy. Playing with pets and giving them love can also make them happy.

Helping Stray Animals

Stray animals are those that don’t have homes. They live on the streets and often don’t have enough food or water. We can help them by giving them food and water. We can also take them to animal shelters where they can get care and a safe place to live. If we see a stray animal that is hurt, we should call an animal rescue group for help.

Helping Wild Animals

Wild animals live in forests, jungles, and other natural places. They usually find their own food and shelter. But, sometimes, they need help too. We can help them by not hurting their homes. This means not cutting down trees or polluting rivers. We can also help by not hunting them or taking them from their homes to keep as pets. If we find a wild animal that is hurt, we should call a wildlife rescue group for help.

Helping Animals in Zoos

Animals in zoos live in places made to look like their natural homes. But, they still need care. We can help them by being kind when we visit zoos. This means not yelling at them or throwing things at them. We can also help by learning about them and telling others to care for them too.

Helping animals is important. It shows that we care for all living things. It also makes the world a better place for everyone. We can all help animals in many ways. Whether it’s our pet at home, a stray on the street, a wild animal in the forest, or an animal in a zoo, every act of kindness counts. Let’s all do our part to help animals and make the world a better place.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Helping A Friend
• Essay on Helping Earthquake Victims
• Essay on Helping Someone

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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Deep Dive: How Can India Humanely Solve its Growing Stray Dog Problem?

In Part 2 of this two-part explainer, we speak to experts in animal and disease ecology, as well as animal rights activists, to understand how India may control and manage the issue of street dogs.

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The Dogs Helping the Covenant Children Find Their Way Back

To heal after a mass shooting, the Covenant School families have turned to therapy, faith, one another — and a lot of dogs.

Monroe Joyce, 10, runs with one of two dachshunds taken in by her family. She is one of several children who now have a dog after surviving the Covenant School shooting. Credit...

Supported by

By Emily Cochrane

Photographs by Erin Schaff

Emily Cochrane and Erin Schaff spoke with more than a dozen Covenant School parents, students, staff and their dogs.

• Published March 24, 2024 Updated March 28, 2024

Two of April Manning’s children, Mac and Lilah, had just survived the mass shooting at the Covenant School in Nashville. They needed stability and time to grieve.

Listen to this article with reporter commentary

Open this article in the New York Times Audio app on iOS.

So she did everything she could to keep the family dog, Owen, their sweet but ailing 15-year-old golden retriever, with them for as long as possible. She pushed back his final trip to the vet, keeping him comfortable as he slowly moved around the house.

Getting another dog was the furthest thing from her mind. But a few weeks after the shooting, her children sat her down for an important presentation.

Prepared with a script and a PowerPoint — “Why We Should Get (Another) Dog” — they rattled through research showing the mental health benefits of having one. It could limit their chances of developing PTSD and help them feel safe. Playing together would get them outside and boost their happiness.

Ms. Manning and her husband considered. Maybe a second dog was possible.

First came Chip, a Cavalier King Charles spaniel. Then, after Owen succumbed to old age, came Birdie, a miniature poodle and Bernese Mountain dog mix. And in taking them in, the Mannings were far from alone.

In the year since Tennessee’s worst school shooting, in which three third-graders and three staff members were killed by a former student, more than 40 dogs have been taken in by families at Covenant, a small Christian school of about 120 families.

“I really only expected them to help in a cuddly kind of way, like just to snuggle the kids when they’re upset ,” Ms. Manning said. “But I wasn’t really expecting all the other benefits from them.”

To spend time with the Covenant families is to understand how they have relied on one another, traditional psychological treatments and mental health counseling, and their Christian faith to hold them together.

But it is also to see how often what they needed — a distraction, a protector, a friend who could listen, something untouched by darkness — came from a dog.

An Immediate Response

Dogs greeted the surviving children at Sandy Hook Elementary School as they returned to a refurbished middle school in 2013. A dozen golden retrievers were on hand in Orlando to provide comfort after the deadly attack at a L.G.B.T.Q. nightclub in 2016. The therapy dogs who tended to the surviving students in Parkland, Fla., made the school yearbook .

“Over this period of sort of, 35,000 years, dogs have become incredibly adept at socializing with humans, so they’re sensitive to our emotional state,” said Dr. Nancy Gee, who oversees the Center for Human-Animal Interaction at Virginia Commonwealth University.

Even brief, minute-long interactions with dogs and other animals can reduce cortisol, the body’s stress hormone, research by Dr. Gee and others has shown, providing a possible lifeline for veterans struggling with PTSD and others recovering from trauma.

And on the day of the Covenant shooting, dogs were immediately there to help. Covey, the headmaster’s dog, was at a nearby firehouse, where dozens of staff members and students were evacuated. Squid, a retriever mix, was at the children’s hospital at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, helping to comfort the staff if needed.

When the students who survived were put on a school bus to be reunited with their anguished parents, Sgt. Bo, a police dog, was sitting at their side.

Officer Faye Okert, the dog’s handler with the Metro Nashville Police, handed out a baseball card of dog facts to distract and comfort the children.

“The focus was on him,” said Officer Okert. “You had smiles after what they had been through.”

After families reunited, counselors offered clear advice: To help your child, get a dog. Or borrow a neighbor’s.

That led several parents to connect with Comfort Connections, a nonprofit comfort dog organization. Jeanene Hupy, the group’s founder, had seen firsthand how therapy dogs had helped the Sandy Hook students and started her own organization once she moved to Nashville.

The group, which oversees a menagerie of golden retrievers, a gentle pit bull and a massive English mastiff, began its work by visiting individual homes in the days after the shooting. Then, when students returned to class weeks later, the dogs were once again there.

They were something to look forward to, in the moments when walking through the school doors felt overwhelming. And when there were painful reminders — a water bottle clattering to the floor, an unsettling history lesson on war or the absence of a friend — a child could slip away and cuddle a dog.

As Ms. Hupy put it, something special happens “when you bring in something that loves you more than it loves itself, which is these guys.”

A Reassuring Presence

First it was a joke, then a reality: Everyone was getting a dog.

Fueled by community donations and her own money, Ms. Hupy began connecting several parents and puppies. Even for families who could easily afford a new dog, Ms. Hupy and her trainers dramatically eased the logistical hurdles by finding and training puppies that seemed perfect fits to each family.

The Anderson girls shrieked and cried with joy when they learned they were getting a dog, and have now taught Leo how to flaunt sunglasses and do tricks. The Hobbs children constantly scoop up Lady Diana Spencer, often fashionably dressed in a string of pearls or sweaters.

The dogs are also there in the harder moments, too, like when an ambulance or police car drives by blaring its siren or when the memorial ribbons in their neighborhood remind them of what was lost.

“Sometimes it’s just nice to have a giant soft pillow that doesn’t need to talk to you and just cuddle it,” said Evangeline Anderson, now 11.

And if the dogs chew on a shoe or make a mess on a rug, Ms. Manning said, it is a lesson in how to deal with conflicting emotions.

“We still love them and we’re so glad we have them — both things can be true,” she said. “Just like we can be really nervous about going back to school and still also be excited to do it.”

And maybe, the parents realized, it was not just for the children.

Rachel and Ben Gatlin were driving back from vacation on the day of the shooting. That has meant grappling with the heaviness of survival and knowing that Mr. Gatlin, a history teacher who carried a pistol on his ankle for personal protection, could have run toward the shooter that day.

And while their new dog, Buddy, has adapted to the bossiness of their young children and has developed a penchant for sock consumption, he has also kept the adults’ thoughts focused in the moment. Tending to his needs has served as a reminder of their own.

“When you see it working, you’re in total comfort,” Ms. Gatlin said.

Even the school’s chaplain, Matthew Sullivan, found that the stories of new puppies being shared each day in chapel were “wearing me down in a good way.”

“I kind of wanted to enter into the experience of all these families firsthand,” he said.

Now Hank, a slightly anxious, floppy-eared Scooby-Doo doppelgänger, has been adopted into his home, which had been a little empty without his grown children.

The Alternatives

Not everyone got a dog.

For the McLeans, the solution was two rabbits.

“It’s an incredible distraction to their reality,” Abby McLean said of her children, cupping her hands to mimic cradling a rabbit on her shoulder. “I find myself occasionally doing it as well.”

Another family added Ginny, a tortoise with a possible seven-decade life span, to the mix of animals already in their house.

“For having lost people early in life — there was something that equated to me in that, that there was a longevity to it, to a tortoise,” said Phil Shay, who picked out the tortoise with his 12-year-old daughter, Ever.

Still, the dogs far outnumber the other pets. And every day they can make a little difference.

The first night that George, Jude and Amos Bolton had tried to sleep alone without their parents after the shooting, the slightest grumble from the ice machine or the dryer had been too much. Their mother, Rachel, who had maintained that she liked dogs, just not in her house, soon agreed to take in Hudson, a miniature Goldendoodle puppy with doe-like eyes and wild curls.

“We didn’t realize the dogs could create comfort for people,” Jude, now 10, said, his hands ruffling Hudson’s ears. And when Hudson came home, he added, “he’s just been comforting us ever since.”

It is now easier to sleep through the night, safe with the knowledge that Hudson is there.

“All my friends joke, they’re like, ‘I can’t believe you’re a dog person now,’” Ms. Bolton said. But this dog, she added, “has healed this family.”

Read by Emily Cochrane

Audio produced by Patricia Sulbarán .

Emily Cochrane is a national reporter for The Times covering the American South, based in Nashville. More about Emily Cochrane

Erin Schaff is a photojournalist for The Times, covering stories across the country. More about Erin Schaff

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4 Easy ways to help the strays beat the summer heat

• April 13, 2022
• No Comments

India’s unforgiving summer heat is already setting in, and one can only imagine with increasing dismay  how much hotter it’s going to get in the coming months. While we still have roofs over our heads and ACs to cool us down, our furry friends roaming the streets aren’t that privileged. But, there’s a lot you can do to help them and ensure that they don’t have to face the wrath of the impending summer. 

Just follow these simple tips and give the strays something to cheer: 

1. Water water everywhere to drink

Animals and birds get easily dehydrated in summers. So it’s good to keep water out for them. It is best to use terracotta or mud bowls for drinking water as they keep the water cool for longer. Make sure you regularly clean and change the water to avoid contamination. Avoid adding extremely chilled water too as it may expose the animal to the risk of a heat stroke. Also remember that the water you place for the animals might dry up quickly, so refill the bowl on a regular basis.

For the birds, you can additionally hang water containers in your balcony, terrace or on trees in your garden so that they don’t have to risk their lives and come to the ground to quench their thirst. It’s also easier for them to spot water containers if they’re placed at a height. 

You can also repurpose the water you use for your garden or cool the pavement to help the strays. 

2. Providing a roof over their heads

It’s not uncommon to see stray dogs and cats taking shelter under a tree or in the shadow of a tall building. Please be considerate and don’t shoo them away. You can further help them by building a small shelter for them in your compound or near a shady place. 

Stray shelters can’t be the same for every season. Use a grass mat as the lining and floor for the shed and use materials like cardboard and cloth for the walls of the shelter. Make sure your shelter is placed in a cool spot and is spacious so that it doesn’t trap heat. You can also add damp towels and sheets to cool them down during the afternoons, when the sun is at its peak. 

Always check under your car before starting it because it’s very likely that a stray may have taken shelter under it. If you’re not mindful, you may not only cause severe burns but also  inadvertently kill an innocent animal.

3. Pawse to pay attention

Strays get paw burns by walking on the streets outside, so lookout for signs of burns and treat them the right way. Wash the injured paws using antibacterial soap and rinse thoroughly. Pat the injured foot with a clean towel to dry the area. Pour an antiseptic solution like betadine over the burned or blistered paws and allow it to dry. You can later put on soft baby socks on the burnt paws to protect them from further damage and help speed up the  healing. Take the dog to a vet if the burn is severe. 

You can also purchase special powders and oils and massage your stray’s coat and paws with it. It’ll keep them cool and infections-free. 

4. Look out for them 

Heat strokes during summers are as common among animals as in humans. Laboured breathing and abnormal head movements are indications of heat stroke. Pour lots of water at room temperature on the animals’ body to cool them down, wipe them with a wet towel, and contact a veterinarian immediately to save the animal’s life. 

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