how to cite an article in a different language

APA Citation Style

• APA Style (7th ed.)

Working with Foreign Language Materials

Foreign language materials - latin-based scripts.

Type of material: Book Original language: Italian

In-text citation

(Molinari & Labella, 2007)

Reference list

Molinari, E., & Labella, A. (2007). Psicologia clinica: Dialoghi e confronti [Clinical psychology: Dialogue and confrontation]. Milan: Springer.

• Book/article titles and names written in Latin-based scripts ( French, Spanish, German , etc.) can be cited with only minor adjustments.
• Provide a translation of the title in square brackets. Do not translate names written in Latin-based scripts.
• Note : be mindful of grammatical rules in other languages. German, for example, capitalizes all nouns.

Foreign Language Materials - Non-Latin Scripts

Type of material: Book Original language: Arabic

(Najm, 1966)

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.

• Titles and names written in non-Latin scripts ( Chinese, Arabic, Russian , etc.) must be transliterated before translating and citing. If you are uncomfortable transliterating material yourself, don't guess -- get help!
• Titles should be transliterated and translated into English.
• Names should be transliterated ( not translated) and arranged in "Western" order, e.g., ordered by surname in reference list.

Foreign Language Materials - Journals

Type of material: Website Original language: Japanese Corporate author: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) ( 外務省)

(Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1997)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken [Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . Retrieved from http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html

• When citing a foreign language journal , transliterate if necessary
• Do not translate foreign journal titles into English
• Last Updated: Oct 2, 2023 4:14 PM
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Referencing Translated Sources (APA, MLA and Chicago)

3-minute read

• 13th June 2018

Poor translators. Without them, we English speakers wouldn’t be able to read sources written in other languages. But are we grateful?

Not if the reference lists we see are anything to go by, as most people forget to include translators’ names. So, whether you’re reading Nietzsche, Proust, or Sun Tzu, join us for a quick look at how to reference translated sources in APA, MLA, and Chicago referencing.

APA Referencing

When citing a work in translation in APA referencing, you will need to give both the year it was originally published and the year it was published in translation:

Freud (1899/1976) was the first to note this phenomenon.

In the reference list, meanwhile, you will need to name the translator and “Trans.” after the title of the source, along with the original date of publication in parentheses at the end of the reference. For instance:

Freud, S. (1976). The interpretation of dreams ( J. Strachey, Trans. ). Penguin. (Original work published 1899)

(N.B. We’re using bold text to highlight the translator in these examples, but you don’t have to do this in your own work!)

MLA Referencing

For translated sources in an MLA Works Cited list, you should give the name of the translator after the words “Translated by” before the publication information:

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison . Translated by Alan Sheridan , Penguin Books, 1977.

If you are focusing specifically on the translation of a text, you can even give the translator’s name in the first position:

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Sheridan, Alan, translator. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison . By Michel Foucault, Penguin Books, 1977.

However, you should only do this if you are primarily interested in the translation. This will usually be because you’re discussing two translations of a single source or writing about translation itself.

Chicago Referencing (Author–Date)

The format for translated sources in Chicago referencing depends on the referencing style you’re using. With author–date referencing , you only name the translator in the reference list. The format here is:

Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison . Translated by Alan Sheridan. London: Penguin Books.

Chicago Referencing (Footnotes and Bibliography)

With Chicago footnote citations, you need to name the translator in the first footnote and in the bibliography. For the footnote, the format to use is as follows:

1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison , trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Penguin Books, 1977), 91–93.

Repeat citations use a shortened footnote , which doesn’t include the translator’s name. But the translator should be included in the bibliography at the end of the document. The information here is the same as in the first footnote, although the format is slightly different:

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison . Translated by Alan Sheridan. London: Penguin Books, 1977.

Whichever system you’re using, though, remember to get your work checked by a professional before submitting it. This will make sure that all sources are referenced correctly!

Share this article:

Authorname, Ashley. "Examples of Referencing: An In-Depth Look." Translated by Jo Translatorname. Journal of Examples 21, no. 3 (April 1992): 41–52.

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Citing Sources in a Foreign Language

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• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
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• E-book or PDF
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• Encyclopedia article
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• Online image or video
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In today’s modern world, it’s easier than ever to find sources from all over the world (thanks, Internet!) to include in your academic papers. Your studies may lead you down paths where you frequently encounter sources that are written in foreign languages. Though these sources are valuable, it can be tricky to create accurate citations for them. So, how do you cite a source written in a foreign language? Let’s tackle this problem in three popular citation styles: MLA, APA, and Harvard referencing .

Here is the information you should locate before starting to create your citation:

• Author name(s)
• Title of the work* (you may need the original title, depending on your citation style)
• Where the work was published
• The date the work was published

For each style, we’ve included a formula citation and a corresponding example for the work La psychologie de l’enfant by Jean Piaget.

Formula for citing a foreign language source in MLA:

Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title in the Original Language [Translated Title]. Publisher, Year.

MLA citation example:

Piaget, Jean. La Psychologie de l’enfant [The Psychology of the Child]. U of Paris P, 1966.

*Note it is only necessary to include the translated title if your audience would otherwise be unfamiliar with the source. 

Formula for citing a foreign language source in APA:

Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year Published). Title in the original language [Translated title]. Place of Publication: Publisher.

APA citation example:

Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of the child]. Paris, France: University of Paris Press.

Formula for citing a foreign language source in Harvard:

Author Last Name, First Initial (Year Published). Original title . Place of publication: Publisher.

Harvard citation example:

Piaget, J (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant . Paris, France: University of Paris Press.

More citation guides are ready for you on CiteThisForMe.com! Find info Chicago format , learn how to do an in-text citation , review an example of an annotated bibliography , and more!

• Study and research support
• Referencing
• Leeds Harvard referencing examples
• Foreign language material

Leeds Harvard: Foreign language material

Reference examples.

Reference the exact text used, in the same style as you would reference English language material. For example, for a foreign language book, use the following template: Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title . Place of publication: Publisher.

Foucault, M. 1971. L'archéologie du savoir . Paris: NRF/Gallimard.

Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Thai

When referencing foreign language material where the information is written in Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Thai, you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet, and include the original author names and the title of the source as the example shows. 

The original: 严曜中 2000《江南佛教史》上海人民出版社 

Your reference: Yan, Y. 严曜中. 2000. Jiangnan fo jiao shi 江南佛教史. Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she. 

See also Translated material

Citation examples

Author and date.

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author’s name and the year of publication in brackets.

It was emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent (Jones, 2017).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.

Jones (2017) emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent.

Three or more authors

If a source has three or more authors, the name of the first author should be given, followed by the phrase "et al."

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2017).

Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. As usual, if you are directly quoting or paraphrasing specific ideas, you should include a page number (if there is one). 

Jones et al. (2017, p.24) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent and argued that referencing is a key part of academic integrity (2017, p.27). Furthermore, having a broad range of references in a text is an indicator of the breadth of a scholar's reading and research (Jones et al., 2017, p.14).

Corporate author

If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.

According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).  

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 2017, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p. For a range of pages, use pp.

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

(Amis, 1958, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a Translated Article in APA, MLA or Chicago

How to Cite a Translated Article in APA, MLA or Chicago

When writing a paper, you may need to cite an article that has been translated into English from another language. For most citation styles, you will begin the citation with the original author’s name and include the translator information later in the citation. In-text citations will typically use the original author’s name. This guide will show you how to cite a translated journal article in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.

When citing a translated article in MLA style, you will start the citation with the original author’s name, and then include the translator’s name after the title of the article. The rest of the citation will follow the typical format for citing an article in MLA style. The in-text citation should use the original author’s name.

Works cited list entry structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Translated by Translator First Name Last Name.  Journal/Publication Title , vol. #, no. #, publication date, page number(s).  Database Name (if applicable), URL or DOI.

Works cited list entry example:

Barriera, Darío. “Governing the Countryside: Microsocial Analysis and Institutional Construction in Late Eighteenth-Century Río De La Plata.” Translated by Monica Biberson. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales , vol. 73, no. 1, 2018, pp. 55–80.  Cambridge Core , https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.11.

In-text citation structure:

(Author Last Name Page Number)

In-text citation example:

(Barriera 71)

Similar to MLA style, in APA style, you will begin your citation with the author’s name, and then include the translator information in parentheses after the article title. The rest of the citation will follow the normal article format. The in-text citation should use the original author’s name.

Reference list entry structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. (Publication Year). Article title (Translator First Initial Last Name, Trans.). Journal/Publication Title , volume number (issue number), page number(s). URL or DOI

Reference list entry example:

Barriera, Darío. (2018). Governing the countryside: Microsocial analysis and institutional construction in late eighteenth-century Río De La Plata (M. Biberson, Trans.). Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales , 73 (1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.11

(Author Last Name, Publication Year)

(Barriera, 2018)

In both Chicago styles (notes-bibliography and author-date), the translator information is included after the article title in the bibliography entries and notes, and the rest of the citation will continue as normal. Author-date style in-text citations should use the original author’s name.

Notes-Bibliography Style

Bibliography entry structure: 

Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Translated by Translator First Name Last Name. Journal/Publication Title  volume number, no. # (Publication Year): page number(s). URL/Database or DOI.

Bibliography entry example:

Barriera, Darío. “Governing the Countryside: Microsocial Analysis and Institutional Construction in Late Eighteenth-Century Río De La Plata.” Translated by Monica Biberson. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 73, no. 1 (2018): 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.11.

Note structure:

1. Arthur First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” trans. Translator First Name Last Name, Journal/Publication Title  volume number, no. # (Publication Year): page number(s), URL/Database or DOI.

Note example:

1. Darío Barriera, “Governing the Countryside: Microsocial Analysis and Institutional Construction in Late Eighteenth-Century Río De La Plata,” trans. Monica Biberson. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 73, no. 1 (2018): 55–80, https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.11.

Author-Date Style:

Bibliography entry structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. Publication Year. “Article Title.” Translated by Translator First Name Last Name. Journal/Publication Title  volume number(issue number): page number(s). URL/Database or DOI.

Barriera, Darío. 2018. “Governing the Countryside: Microsocial Analysis and Institutional Construction in Late Eighteenth-Century Río De La Plata.” Translated by Monica Biberson. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 73 (1): 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.11.

(Author Last Name Publication Year, Page Number)

(Barriera 2018, 71)

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Citations - MLA: Works in a Foreign Language

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Sources in a Foreign Language

This guide is used/adapted with the permission of Seneca College Libraries.

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APA Citation Style

• APA 7th Edition Overview
• ...Articles?
• ...Websites?
• ...Other Sources?
• ...ChatGPT?

Periodicals - APA Examples

Follow these examples of APA Style by type of source:

Journal Article - Print

Journal article - cochrane database of systematic reviews, journal article - digital object identifier (doi), journal article - published in another language, magazine article, newspaper article, online newspaper or magazine article.

Parts of a journal article citation:

Durkin, S. E. ( 2012 ) . Tattoos, body piercing, and health concerns . Journal of Radiology Nursing , 31 ( 1 ), 20–25 . 

Author(s) . ( Date/Publication Year ) . Title of article . Name of Journal/Periodical , Volume # ( Issue # ), Page Numbers .  

APA 7th edition rules: Journal article print

• If each issue of a volume begins on page 1 or you are unsure, then include the issue number in parenthesis after the volume number (e.g., the '5' in  285 (5)).
• Italicize the journal title and volume number
• Separate the journal title from the volume number with a comma
• Use sentence case for the Title element of the journal article

Reference page:

Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for autoimmune disease: Research advances in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA , 285 (5), 648–650.

In-text for direct quotes:  

Koopman (2001) researched . . . . (p. 649).     OR    . . . . (Koopman, 2001, p. 649).

See pp. 317 in the APA Publication Manual

APA 7th edition rules:  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

• For periodical sources that come from and can only be found within a central  source (i.e. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review) include the name in the source element.
• Italicize the source name in the source element 

Das, R. R., Sankar, M. J., & Agarwal, R. (2021). Bed sharing versus no bed sharing for healthy term neonates.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012866.pub2

Das et al. (2021) researched . . . . (p. 5).     OR    . . . . (Das et al., 2021, p. 5).

See p. 296-297, 319 in the  APA Publication Manual

APA 7th edition rules: DOI

• Do not italicize the title of the article
• Italicize the name of the journal in the source element
• Italicize the journal's volume number
• Enclose the journal's issue number (if applicable) within parentheses, and do not italicize
• https://doi.org/xxxxx
• You can either leave the hyperlink active or inactive. It's considered best practices that if a reader has to login to a subscription-based platform to access the article, to leave the doi link inactive.
• For more information about DOIs, go to: http://bit.ly/bgAsCJ

Durkin, S. E. (2012). Tattoos, body piercing, and health concerns. Journal of Radiology Nursing, 31 (1), 20–25.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jradnu.2011.09.001

Durkin (2012) discovered that . . . . (p. 22).     OR      It was discovered that . . . (Durkin, 2012, p. 22).

See pp. 299-300, 317 in the  APA Publication Manual

APA 7th edition rules: Articles published in another language

• When you are citing an article that is in a different language from your paper, include the translated article title in square brackets after the title element
• Follow with a period after the closing bracket in the title element
• Follow rules for journal article formatting for print or electronic articles

Rey-Bruguera, M., Calonge-Romano, I., & Martínez-Arias, M. d. R. (2017). Los acontecimientos vitales estresantes, la sintomatología y la adaptación en la infancia: estudio comparativo con pacientes de salud mental y escolares [Stressful life events, symptomatology, and adaptation in childhood: A comparative study between mental health patients and students].  Clínica Y Salud,  28 (3), 123-129.  https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clysa.2017.05.005

According to Rey-Bruguera (2017) . . . . (p. 125).     OR    . . . . ( Rey-Bruguera , 2017, p. 125).

See p. 320 in the  APA Publication Manual

APA 7th edition rules: Magazine articles

• Follow rules for periodical resources

Kluger, J., & Dorfman, A. (2002, August 26). The challenges we face. Time, 160 (9), 32–38.

Kluger and Dorfman (2002) evaluated the . . . . (p. 33).     OR    . . . . (Kluger & Dorfman, 2002, p. 33).

APA 7th edition rules: Newspaper articles

• If the title is italicized in the reference, italicize within in-text citations
• If the title is not italicized in the reference, use double quotes around in-text citations

Griffon rotor blades fail inspection. (2002, July 27). Medicine Hat News , p. A1.

The article “Griffon Rotor Blades Fail Inspection” (2002) states . . . . (p. A1).  

 . . . . (“Griffon Rotor Blades Fail Inspection,” 2002, p. A1).

See pp. 264-265, 284, 320 in the  APA Publication Manual

APA 7th edition rules:  Online Newspaper or Magazine Article

• Use retrieval dates when you are citing resources that are subject to changes (e.g. online news articles may have "breaking news" updates)

Tracy, M., Abrams, R., & Lee, E. (2020, June 5). New York Times Says Senator's Op-Ed Did Not Meet Standards. New York Times , B3(L). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A625764215/SCIC?u=txshracd2509&sid=SCIC&xid=d7ae183

• For articles that do not have page numbers, use para. or include the section number/title for where the information was found

Tracy et al. (2020, para. 2). . . .     OR    . . . . (Tracy et al., 2020, para. 2).

See pp. 273, 290, 318 in the  APA Publication Manual

APA 7th Edition Manual

American Psychological Association . (2020).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/000165-000

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Citation Guide - MLA9

• When and Why we Cite
• Quick Citation Examples
• AI and Chat GPT
• Artifacts from a digital archive
• Chinese Sources in a paper written in English
• Digital Files (PDFs, MP3s, JPEGs)
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Government Documents
• In a PowerPoint Presentation
• Multiple sources by the same author
• Personal Communication (i.e. Interview, Email)
• Religious Texts
• Social Media
• Sources in a different language
• Works Quoted in Another Source
• In-Text Citation
• Works Cited
• Essay formatting
• Check your Citations!

Definitions

express the sense of (words or text) in another language.

Transliterate:

write or print (a letter or word) using the closest corresponding letters of a different alphabet or language.

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Instructions for Written Work

• Suomeksi This link opens in a new window
• Introduction
• Support for the thesis writing This link opens in a new window
• Table of contents
• Text settings and formats
• Figures, pictures , tables and formulae
• Use of punctuation
• Bibliography and appendices
• Critism and evaluation
• Notable deviations from the basic rules of APA 7
• Author-oriented citing
• Subject-orinted citing
• Citation covering one sentence only
• Citation covering two or more sentences
• Publication with several authors
• Citing several publications by the same author
• Citing publications by several authors
• Information not received from a primary source
• Publications with no author data
• Publications with no publication date
• Personal communications and organizations' internal data sources
• Online sources and other type of sources
• Pictures and pictorial collages
• Page numbers
• Direct quotations
• Interview transcript
• Article in an edited volume
• Articles (journals, magazines, newspapers, conferences)
• Audiovisual media (photography, podcast, PowerPoint slides, webinar, video, map)
• Books (printed book, e-book, audiobook, multivolume book)
• Dictionaries and encyclopedias
• Expert interviews, personal communications and organizations’ internal data sources
• Lectures and online courses
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• Mobile appilications, computer softwares, artificial intelligence (AI) applications
• Reports and serials
• Social media (blog post, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)
• Standards, patents, RT-cards and technical instructions
• Statistics and research data

Sources published in another language

• Bibliography and other literature
• When source is in a different language than your paper, include a translation of the source title in square brackets. 

Article in another language

In the bibliography.

Author’s surname, Initial(s) of first name(s). ( Year of publication ). Article title in orginal language: Subtitle [English translation of article title].  Name of publication ,  number of volume (issue number), page numbers. DOI/URN/URL

In text-citation

Book in another language.

Author’s surname, Initial(s) of first name(s). (Year of publication).  Title: Subtitle  [translation of the title].  Publisher. DOI/URL

In text-citations 

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Accessibility Statement

• Reference List

Cite a Journal in Another Language in APA

Tomas elliott (ma).

• Published on 02/07/2024

Here’s a step-by-step guide with detailed instructions on how to cite a journal in another language in APA format, along with an example for clarity.

• Citation Basics: List authors’ names using their last names followed by initials, and include the publication year in parentheses after the author list.
• Article Formatting: Write the article title in sentence case, provide the translated title of the article in square brackets after the original title. Italicize and capitalize the journal title. Include the volume number, and if there’s an issue number, put it in parentheses. Finish with the page numbers.
• DOI Integration: If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in square brackets as a full URL beginning with “https://doi.org/.

CITATION ELEMENTS OF JOURNAL IN ANOTHER LANGUAGE

Start the citation by listing the surname of the first author, followed by their initials. For subsequent authors, include their surnames and initials, separated by commas. Finally, add the surname and initials of the last author. Ensure all authors are listed in the order they appear in the original source.

Year of Publication

Enclose the year of publication in round brackets after the authors’ names. This information provides context for the article’s timeline and helps readers locate the source.

Title of Article

Provide the title of the article exactly as it appears in the original language. Following the original title, include the translated title enclosed in square brackets. This is written in sentence case. This practice ensures accessibility for readers who may not be fluent in the original language.

Title of Journal

Italicize the title of the journal where the article was published. Capitalize the first letter of each word in the journal title, except for linking words such as “and,” “of,” “the,” “for.” The journal title serves as a crucial identifier for locating the source within scholarly databases and libraries.

Volume and Issue Number

After the title of the journal, italicize the volume number and include the issue number, if applicable, separated by a comma. This information aids readers in locating the specific edition of the journal that contains the article.

Page Extent

Indicate the page numbers where the article appears within the journal. Provide the page range to direct readers to the precise location of the article within the publication.

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Conclude the citation with the DOI, if available, preceded by “https://doi.org/.” The DOI provides a permanent link to the article online and facilitates access for readers, especially in digital environments.

EXAMPLE OF JOURNAL IN ANOTHER LANGUAGE

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Tomas Elliott is completing a PhD in Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania, where he has taught academic writing, research methodologies, and citation practices.

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• How to Cite a Journal Article | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples

How to Cite a Journal Article | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples

Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

To cite an article from an academic journal, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding reference listing the name(s) of the author(s), the publication date, the article title and journal name, the volume and issue numbers, the page range, and the URL or DOI .

Different citation styles present this information differently. The main citation styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago style .

You can use the interactive example generator to explore the format for APA and MLA journal article citations.

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Table of contents

Citing an article in apa style, citing an article in mla style, citing an article in chicago style, frequently asked questions about citations.

In an APA Style journal article reference , the article title is in plain text and sentence case, while the journal name appears in italics, in title case.

The in-text citation lists up to two authors; for three or more, use “ et al. ”

When citing a journal article in print or from a database, don’t include a URL. You can still include the DOI if available.

You can also cite a journal article using our free APA Citation Generator . Search by title or DOI to automatically generate a correct citation.

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In an MLA Works Cited entry for a journal article , the article title appears in quotation marks, the name of the journal in italics—both in title case.

List up to two authors in both the in-text citation and the Works Cited entry. For three or more, use “et al.”

A DOI is always included when available; a URL appears if no DOI is available but the article was accessed online . If you accessed the article in print and no DOI is available, you can omit this part.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to create your journal article citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

In Chicago notes and bibliography style, you include a bibliography entry for each source, and cite them in the text using footnotes .

A bibliography entry for a journal article lists the title of the article in quotation marks and the journal name in italics—both in title case. List up to 10 authors in full; use “et al.” for 11 or more.

In the footnote, use “et al.” for four or more authors.

A DOI or URL (preferably a DOI) is included for articles consulted online; for articles consulted in print, omit this part.

Chicago also offers an alternative author-date style of citation. Examples of how to cite journal articles in this style can be found here .

The elements included in journal article citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name(s) of the author(s), the title of the article, the year of publication, the name of the journal, the volume and issue numbers, the page range of the article, and, when accessed online, the DOI or URL.

In MLA and Chicago style, you also include the specific month or season of publication alongside the year, when this information is available.

The DOI is usually clearly visible when you open a journal article on an academic database. It is often listed near the publication date, and includes “doi.org” or “DOI:”. If the database has a “cite this article” button, this should also produce a citation with the DOI included.

If you can’t find the DOI, you can search on Crossref using information like the author, the article title, and the journal name.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.

“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .

Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.

Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Journal Article | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-journal-article/

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Sometimes an author of a book, article or website will mention another person’s work by using a quotation or paraphrased idea from that source. The work that is mentioned in the article you are reading is called the primary source. The article you are reading is called the secondary source.

For example, suppose you are reading an article by Brown (2014) that cites information from an article by Snow (1982) that you would like to include in your essay. For the reference list, you will only make a citation for the secondary source (Brown). You do not put in a citation for the primary source (Snow) in the reference list. For the in-text citation, you identify the primary source (Snow) and then write "as cited in" the secondary source (Brown). If you know the year of the publication of the primary source, include it in the in-text citation. Otherwise, you can omit it. See below for examples.

Examples of in-text citations:

According to a study by Snow (1982, as cited in Brown, 2014), 75% of students believe that teachers should not assign nightly homework.

Note: If you don't have the publication date of Snow's article, you just omit it like this: According to a study by Snow (as cited in Brown, 2014), 75% of students believe that teachers should not assign nightly homework.

In fact, 75% of students believe that teachers should not assign nightly homework (Snow, 1982, as cited in Brown, 2014).

Snow (1982, as cited in Brown, 2014) concluded that "nightly homework is a great stressor for many students" (p.34).

Example of Reference list citation:

Brown, S. (2014). Trends in homework assignments.  Journal of Secondary Studies , 12(3) , 29-38. http://doi.org/fsfsbit

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MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

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MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the  MLA Handbook  and in chapter 7 of the  MLA Style Manual . Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

Basic in-text citation rules

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations . This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

In-text citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads . Oxford UP, 1967.

In-text citations for print sources with known author

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method . University of California Press, 1966.

In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.

In-text citations for sources with non-standard labeling systems

If a source uses a labeling or numbering system other than page numbers, such as a script or poetry, precede the citation with said label. When citing a poem, for instance, the parenthetical would begin with the word “line”, and then the line number or range. For example, the examination of William Blake’s poem “The Tyger” would be cited as such:

The speaker makes an ardent call for the exploration of the connection between the violence of nature and the divinity of creation. “In what distant deeps or skies. / Burnt the fire of thine eyes," they ask in reference to the tiger as they attempt to reconcile their intimidation with their relationship to creationism (lines 5-6).

Longer labels, such as chapters (ch.) and scenes (sc.), should be abbreviated.

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines.

Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available.

Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse .

If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:

In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:

"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs . 1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.

If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title. The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation.

Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.

Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's  The Communist Manifesto . In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:

Author-page citation for works in an anthology, periodical, or collection

When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source (for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection), cite the author of the  internal source (i.e., the article or essay). For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in  Nature  in 1921, you might write something like this:

See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited .

Citing authors with same last names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:

Corresponding Works Cited entry:

Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations , vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1

For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.

Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine , vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.

Citing multiple works by the same author

If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.

Citing two articles by the same author :

Citing two books by the same author :

Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s):

Citing multivolume works

If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter, and verse. For example:

If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation:

John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev. 4.6-8).

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:

Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

Citing transcripts, plays, or screenplays

Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name (e.g., JAMES.) . After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source.

Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Usually, the author and title of the source can be given in a signal phrase before quoting the excerpt, so the concluding parenthetical will often just contain location information like page numbers or act/scene indicators.

Here is an example from O'Neill's  The Iceman Cometh.

WILLIE. (Pleadingly) Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink.

ROCKY. Den grab it. It's right under your nose.

WILLIE. (Avidly) Thanks. (He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.) (1.1)

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's  Evaluating Sources of Information  resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page.

Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:

• Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
• Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function.
• Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like  CNN.com  or  Forbes.com,  as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

Miscellaneous non-print sources

Two types of non-print sources you may encounter are films and lectures/presentations:

In the two examples above “Herzog” (a film’s director) and “Yates” (a presentor) lead the reader to the first item in each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:

Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo . Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.

Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Address.

Electronic sources

Electronic sources may include web pages and online news or magazine articles:

In the first example (an online magazine article), the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below).

In the second example (a web page), a parenthetical citation is not necessary because the page does not list an author, and the title of the article, “MLA Formatting and Style Guide,” is used as a signal phrase within the sentence. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:

Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant , 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/. Accessed 29 Sep. 2009. 

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL , 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Accessed 2 April 2018.

Multiple citations

To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:

Time-based media sources

When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

When a citation is not needed

Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge (For example, it is expected that U.S. citizens know that George Washington was the first President.). Remember that citing sources is a rhetorical task, and, as such, can vary based on your audience. If you’re writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, you may need to deal with expectations of what constitutes “common knowledge” that differ from common norms.

Other Sources

The MLA Handbook describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the handbook does not describe, making the best way to proceed can be unclear.

In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of MLA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard MLA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite.

You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source. For example, Norquest College provides guidelines for citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers⁠ —an author category that does not appear in the MLA Handbook . In cases like this, however, it's a good idea to ask your instructor or supervisor whether using third-party citation guidelines might present problems.

Analysis of social media language using AI models predicts depression severity for white Americans, but not Black Americans

NIH-supported study also found Black people with depression used different language than white people to express their thoughts on Facebook

Researchers were able to predict depression severity for white people, but not for Black people using standard language-based computer models to analyze Facebook posts. Words and phrases associated with depression, such as first-person pronouns and negative emotion words, were around three times more predictive of depression severity for white people than for Black people. The study , published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , is co-authored by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which also funded the study.

While previous research has indicated that social media language could provide useful information as part of mental health assessments, the findings from this study point to potential limitations in generalizing this practice by highlighting key demographic differences in language used by people with depression. The results also highlight the importance of including diverse pools of data to ensure accuracy as machine learning models, an application of artificial intelligence (AI) language models, are developed.

“As society explores the use of AI and other technologies to help deliver much-needed mental health care, we must ensure no one is left behind or misrepresented,” said Nora Volkow, M.D., NIDA director. “More diverse datasets are essential to ensure that healthcare disparities are not perpetuated by AI and that these new technologies can help tailor more effective health care interventions.”

The study, which recruited 868 consenting participants who identified themselves as Black or white, demonstrated that models trained on Facebook language used by white participants with self-reported depression showed strong predictive performance when tested on the white participants. However, when the same models were trained on Facebook language from Black participants, they performed poorly when tested on the Black participants, and showed only slightly better performance when tested on white participants.

While depression severity was associated with increased use of first-person singular pronouns (“I,” “me,” “my”) in white participants, this correlation was absent in Black participants. Additionally, white people used more language to describe feelings of belongingness (“weirdo,” “creep”), self-criticism (“mess,” “wreck”), being an anxious-outsider (“terrified,” “misunderstood”), self-deprecation (“worthless,” “crap”), and despair (“begging,” “hollow”) as depression severity increased, but there was no such correlation for Black people. For decades, clinicians have been aware of demographic differences in how people express depressive symptoms, and this study now demonstrates how this can play out in social media.

Language-based models hold promise as personalized, scalable, and affordable tools to screen for mental health disorders. For example, excessive self-referential language, such as the use of first-person pronouns, and negative emotions, such as self-deprecating language, are often regarded as clinical indicators of depression. However, there has been a notable absence of racial and ethnic consideration in assessing mental disorders through language, an exclusion that leads to inaccurate computer models. Despite evidence showing that demographic factors influence the language people use, previous studies have not systematically explored how race and ethnicity influence the relationship between depression and language expression.

Researchers set up this study to help bridge this gap. They analyzed past Facebook posts from Black and white people who self-reported depression severity through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) – a standard self-report tool used by clinicians to screen for possible depression. The participants consented to share their Facebook status updates. Participants were primarily female (76%) and ranged from 18 to 72 years old. The researchers matched Black and white participants on age and sex so that data from the two groups would be comparable.

The study’s findings challenge assumptions about the link between the use of certain words and depression, particularly among Black participants. Current clinical practices in mental health that have not accounted for racial and ethnic nuances may be less relevant, or even irrelevant, to populations historically excluded from mental health research, the researchers note. They also hypothesize that depression may not manifest in language in the same way for some Black people – for example, tone or speech rate, instead of word selection, may relate more to depression among this population.

“Our research represents a step forward in building more inclusive language models. We must make sure that AI models incorporate everyone's voice to make technology fair for everyone,” said Brenda Curtis, Ph.D., MsPH, chief of the Technology and Translational Research Unit in the Translational Addiction Medicine Branch at NIDA’s Intramural Research Program and one of the study’s senior authors. “Paying attention to the racial nuances in how mental health is expressed lets medical professionals better understand when an individual needs help and provide more personalized interventions.”

Future studies will need to examine differences across other races and demographic features, using various social media platforms, the authors say. They also caveat that social media language is not analogous to everyday language, so future work on language-based models must take this into account.

“It’s important to note that social media language and language-based AI models are not able to diagnose mental health disorders – nor are they replacements for psychologists or therapists – but they do show immense promise to aid in screening and informing personalized interventions,” said the study’s lead author, Sunny Rai, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher in Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania. “Many improvements are needed before we can integrate AI into research or clinical practice, and the use of diverse, representative data is one of the most critical.”

For more information on substance and mental health treatment programs in your area, call the free and confidential National Helpline 1-800-662-HELP (4357) or visit FindTreatment.gov . Anyone who needs assistance with the first steps in pursuing help can find guidance at FindSupport.gov .

If you or someone you know is in crisis and needs immediate help, call the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988. Learn more about suicide prevention and ways you can help someone who might be at risk for self-harm.

• S Rai, et al. Key Language Markers of Depression on Social Media Depend on Race . The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319837121 (2024).

About the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA): NIDA is a component of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIDA supports most of the world’s research on the health aspects of drug use and addiction. The Institute carries out a large variety of programs to inform policy, improve practice, and advance addiction science. For more information about NIDA and its programs, visit www.nida.nih.gov .

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation’s medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov .

About substance use disorders: Substance use disorders are chronic, treatable conditions from which people can recover. In 2022, nearly 49 million people in the United States had at least one substance use disorder. Substance use disorders are defined in part by continued use of substances despite negative consequences. They are also relapsing conditions, in which periods of abstinence (not using substances) can be followed by a return to use. Stigma can make individuals with substance use disorders less likely to seek treatment. Using preferred language can help accurately report on substance use and addiction. View NIDA’s online guide .

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: llamafactory: unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models.

Abstract: Efficient fine-tuning is vital for adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. However, it requires non-trivial efforts to implement these methods on different models. We present LlamaFactory, a unified framework that integrates a suite of cutting-edge efficient training methods. It allows users to flexibly customize the fine-tuning of 100+ LLMs without the need for coding through the built-in web UI LlamaBoard. We empirically validate the efficiency and effectiveness of our framework on language modeling and text generation tasks. It has been released at this https URL and already received over 13,000 stars and 1,600 forks.

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