The United States of America’s Culture Essay

Introduction, american culture, works cited.

Culture in the United States has been characterized with tension from the European ideals and the domestic originality. The overall culture of America include beliefs, arts, traditions, values, customs, innovations and ideals drawn from the locals and from foreigners across the boarders. American culture in a mixture of ideas and ideals from varied quarters, factors like democracy, civil liberty, Christianity, traditions, moral elements and entertainment have all been intertwined into a single unit feature appearing as the American culture.

Due to the several parameters that constitute it, America culture is so dynamic and has kept on changing with the variation in demographic composition. “American culture is divided into about 49 subcategories which are soaked up into a single distinct culture called “the American Culture” (Bogle, p.56). This paper will deal the issues that make up the American culture and what various writers have to say about those issues.

To be an American, demands that citizens have to be devoted in upholding the rule of law, liberty, equity and justice to all. Being an American means that one has the advantage of being under a government that oversees the welfare and interest of everyone within and outside its boarders. The American society does not only look at the comfort of everyone in need, and not only regardless of its border boundary.

The culture promotes freedom of choice and association…therefore in this context, being an American means living in a cohesive society of mixed values owing to its diversity. A critical analysis of American cultures spills over to several miles from the boarders due to their great influence worldwide, the same applies to what constitutes American Culture which is a combination of mixed practices like sports, music, art and fashions to mention a few. Issues related to race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and censorship are the ones that shape the culture. “Every individual that proclaims to be an American is taught to uphold American cultural values like positive attitude, leadership skills, entrepreneurship and craftsmanship among others” (Gaspar de Alba, p.124).

American culture is structured by their system of governance, laws and regulations and how people relate with each other owing to their original disparity. From face value, it can be said that America has no culture; Gaspar refers to individuals who hold such opinion to hear fish denying the existence of water (p.125). It is only that the American culture is shared by a vast majority which makes a culture of its own, unique in every aspect.

Americans believe that they can compete in literally everything and enjoy equal opportunity with every other player worldwide. The strong desire of Americans to be democratic and free from oppression of all kinds, has characterized the activities in America, events that are so extraordinary that only Americans themselves can understand and explain. These are however just general views on what the American culture really is, the next section of this paper will go to the specifics, and zero in into the following factors that determine the true culture of America. That is; language, literature, faith, national holydays, sports, arts beside other popular cultures as given by different writers.

Regarding language, about sixty five percent of America’s populations speak English as their native language, making America the second most populated English speaking nation in the world after India. The federal government has no official language but the latest report indicate that the society is pushing to have English be made the official language. Apart from English, other languages that are spoken in America include Spanish, French, Navajo as well as some minority immigrant languages which have persisted to date. Literature in America traces its origin to Europe.

It is the foreign culture from this end of the world and has characterized American literary voce foe centuries (Lipsitz, p.41). American writers have managed to capture the literary arena by wining Nobel Prize in Literature severally. “It is believed that the mixed values that make the American culture are the reasons behind great literary skills…the perfect blend works well for the artists” (Lipsitz, p.43).

America is believed by some researchers as the most religious nation among the developed world considering its demographics. Religion plays a very important role in the life of American citizens. There is freedom of worship in America and no single person is discriminated on the basis of religious affiliation. “The American society is composed of Quakers in Pennsylvania, Roman Catholics in Maryland, Puritans in Massachusetts and many more who practice whatever religion they feel deem fits them best” (Marsden, p.45). Marsden adds that the nation has established a law that respect religion and prohibits the federal interference in religious matters.

Any America citizen has to observe all National Holydays that define memorable and significant events in the countries history. Some of the National holydays recognized by the American culture include but not limited to ; Thanksgiving day observed by traditional Americans, Easter, St. Patrick’s and Lent, by Christians and the Independence Day, observed by everyone with American affiliation whether within or outside boarders. Independence Day is celebrated every Fourth of July to mark the day America was declared independent from the Kingdom of Great Britain (Lipsitz, p.46).

Sports in an important component in American culture, it is though very unique from other countries even the neighboring ones. America prefers to go domestic as far as sports are concerned. In the beginning op in the priority list of the most preferred sports is baseball which dates back to 1869 when it first went professional. Currently, the most famous sport is the American football followed by Basketball and Ice hockey. American culture has a unique architectural style. America has very little to remind them of their history, probably because it has a very young country and still has a shortened past.

The paintings that show their skills in architecture are all based on modernity like the skyscrapers; it basically represents Mediterranean style i.e. electric…a fact which is not surprising with the multicultural nature. Related to Architecture is the American sculpture which depicts the past history with religion, it shows the ancient practices of the Roman Republicans and Protestants Christians. Just like their architecture, the fashion in America is modern and informal as well as what Lipsitz refers to as electric in (p.47).

American dressing code is basically casual with the most dominant style being blue jeans. “The blue jeans have become so common in the country to an extent that it can pass as arguably the American contribution to world fashion” (Bogle, p.71). America’s films, heater, music and dance are all affiliated to the Western Europe, just like many other ideals. The country is multiethnic and instead of having ethnic affiliations which can be quiet numerous, racism comes into play.

This is where individuals classify themselves as men of color (non white) and whites. To some extent, even the Native Americans were discriminated against due to their minority status. But American government has walked a good walk in fighting racism; hopes are that someday racism related incidences would be a thing of the past is very much alive among the American public. Acts of democracy would have been embraced and neither social class nor gender is used to bar anyone from taking advantage of a great opportunity. Government policies of the modern America have been geared to amicably address gender biasness and class differences, the policies have gone a long way in doing away with such social ills that are reaping value from the culture (Gaspar de Alba, pp.125-127).

From the facts presented in this paper, it can be said that whatever the American culture is, hopes also lie with the schools and other cultural based institutions to help pass cultural values from one generation to the other. The parents are better positioned to help in this initiative. Emphasis should be put on the teachings on customs and tradition the child draws from the parents. American culture as it has been determined offers opportunity for all in the society through the help of the government which avails necessary resources. The culture honors the principle of equity which seems to be the chief driving force steering the nation to greatness.

Bogle, D. An Interpretive History of American. New York: Viking Press. (1973). pp. 56 72.

Gaspar de Alba, A. Chicano Art Inside/Outside the Master’s House: Cultural Politics and the CARA Exhibition. Austin: University of Texas Press. (1998). pp.122-127.

Lipsitz, G. Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (1990). pp. 41-47.

Marsden, G. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, (1990). Pp. 45-46.

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An Adventure in American Culture & Values

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This article originally appeared at https://www.internationalstudentguidetotheusa.com/articles/culture.php Provided by Marian Beane, Director, International Student/Scholar Office, UNC Charlotte.

Studying in the United States of America can be a wonderful learning experience. Both in and out of the classroom you will learn and practice the English language. You will also learn much about American life and its sometimes confusing culture. As you prepare to come to the U.S., it may help to know something about the values that shape U.S. Americans’ attitudes and behaviors. As you consider these values it is important to remember that:

  • U.S. society is made up of a diversity of ethnic groups and cultures that have helped shape American values;
  • Some individuals and groups have a set of respected values that are quite different from those of mainstream America;
  • People’s attitudes and behavior are based on their values.

Some Major U.S. American Values

Individuality:  U.S. Americans are encouraged at an early age to be independent and to develop their own goals in life. They are encouraged to not depend (too much) on others including their friends, teachers and parents. They are rewarded when they try harder to reach their goals.

Privacy:  U.S. Americans like their privacy and enjoy spending time alone. Foreign visitors will find U.S. American homes and offices open, but what is inside the American mind is considered to be private. To ask the question “What is on your mind?” may be considered by some to be intrusive.

Equality:  U.S. Americans uphold the ideal that everyone “is created equal” and has the same rights. This includes women as well as men of all ethnic and cultural groups living in the U.S. There are even laws that protect this “right to equality” in its various forms.

The general lack of deference to people in authority is one example of equality. Titles, such as “sir” and “madam” are seldom used. Managers, directors, presidents and even university instructors are often addressed by their first or given name.

Time:  U.S. Americans take pride in making the best use of their time. In the business world, “time is money”. Being “on time” for class, an appointment, or for dinner with your host family is important. U.S. Americans apologize if they are late. Some instructors give demerits to students who are late to class, and students at most universities have institutional permission to leave the classroom if their instructor is 10 or 15 minutes late.

Informality:  The U.S. American lifestyle is generally casual. You will see students going to class in shorts and t-shirts. Male instructors seldom wear a tie and some may even wear blue jeans. Female instructors often wear slacks along with comfortable walking shoes.

Greetings and farewells are usually short, informal and friendly. Students may greet each other with “hi”, “how are you”? and “what’s up”? The farewell can be as brief as: “See you”, “take it easy”, or, “come by some time” (although they generally don’t really mean it). Friendships are also casual, as Americans seem to easily develop and end friendships.

Achievement & Hard Work/Play:  The foreign visitor is often impressed at how achievement oriented Americans are and how hard they both work and play. A competitive spirit is often the motivating factor to work harder. Americans often compete with themselves as well as others. They feel good when they “beat their own record” in an athletic event or other types of competition. Americans seem to always be “on the go”, because sitting quietly doing nothing seems like a waste of time.

Direct & Assertive:  U.S. Americans try to work out their differences face-to-face and without a mediator. They are encouraged to speak up and give their opinions. Students are often invited to challenge or disagree with certain points in the lecture. This manner of direct speaking is often interpreted by foreign visitors as rude.

Looking to the Future and to Change:  Children are often asked what they want to be “when they grow up”; college students are asked what they will do when they graduate; and professors plan what they will do when they retire.

Change is often equated with progress and holding on to traditions seems to imply old and outdated ways. Even though Americans are recycling more than before many purchased products are designed to have a short life and then be thrown away.

Adjustment & Culture “Shock”

You may notice that these American values are, in some instances, quite different from your own. When you come to the U.S. the reality of these differences will be more evident. You will likely experience culture “shock” as you learn to adjust to the new culture and way of living. This is very normal and requires both time and patience.

Good Wishes for a New Cultural Experience

Your decision to study in the United States will provide you with endless opportunities to learn about a new culture and about yourself as well. You will also have a chance to “educate” U.S. Americans about your own country and cultural values.

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Essay on American Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on American Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on American Culture

Introduction to american culture.

American culture is a melting pot of diverse traditions, values, and customs. Born from the influence of many cultures worldwide, it reflects the country’s rich history and its belief in freedom and equality.

Language and Communication

English is the primary language in America. However, due to cultural diversity, languages like Spanish, Chinese, and French are also spoken. Americans value directness and honesty in communication.

Food and Cuisine

American cuisine is a blend of many cultures. While fast food like burgers and pizzas are popular, traditional dishes like turkey and apple pie are also cherished.

Sports and Entertainment

Sports like Baseball, Basketball, and American Football are integral to American culture. Hollywood and Broadway reflect the vibrant entertainment scene.

American culture is a colorful tapestry of varied influences, offering a unique blend of traditions, cuisines, and languages. It is a testament to the country’s diversity and openness.

250 Words Essay on American Culture

The melting pot: american culture.

American culture, often referred to as a “melting pot,” is a complex blend of diverse traditions, values, and influences. This multifaceted cultural landscape is a product of historical events, immigration, and regional differences.

Historical Context

American culture is deeply rooted in its history. The founding principles of liberty, equality, and democracy have shaped the nation’s collective identity. These ideals are reflected in American literature, art, and political discourse, serving as a constant reminder of the nation’s commitment to these values.

Influence of Immigration

Immigration has been a significant factor in the evolution of American culture. Each wave of immigrants brought their unique traditions, food, music, and languages, contributing to the richness and diversity of American society. This multiculturalism is celebrated and acknowledged as a key aspect of the nation’s identity.

Regional Differences

The vast geographic expanse of the United States has led to the development of distinct regional cultures. From the laid-back lifestyle of the West Coast to the bustling energy of the East Coast, these regional differences add another layer to the complexity of American culture.

In essence, American culture is a dynamic, evolving entity that reflects the nation’s history, the influence of immigration, and regional nuances. It is a testament to the country’s spirit of inclusivity, diversity, and constant growth. Despite its complexity, it is this very diversity that unites Americans, making the culture a binding force in the nation’s fabric.

500 Words Essay on American Culture

Introduction.

American culture, a melting pot of various ethnicities, races, and nationalities, is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape that reflects the country’s complex history and diverse population. It is a unique blend of shared values, traditions, arts, history, folklore, and experiences that characterize the people of the United States.

Historical Influences

The United States, often referred to as a “nation of immigrants,” has been shaped by the convergence of cultures from around the world. The indigenous cultures of Native Americans, the early colonial influences from England, France, and Spain, the importation of African cultures during the slave trade, and the influx of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Latin America throughout the 19th and 20th centuries have all left indelible marks on American culture.

Values and Beliefs

At the core of American culture are certain values and beliefs that have guided the nation since its founding. These include individualism, freedom, equality, and the pursuit of happiness. The American Dream, the idea that anyone, regardless of their background, can succeed through hard work and determination, is a central tenet of American culture. This belief in upward mobility and self-reliance has shaped American attitudes towards work, education, entrepreneurship, and societal progress.

Popular Culture and Media

American popular culture, particularly music, movies, and television, has a significant global influence. Hollywood’s impact is far-reaching, shaping perceptions of American culture worldwide. Similarly, American music genres like jazz, blues, rock, and hip-hop have gained global popularity. The digital age, with the advent of social media and online streaming platforms, has further amplified the reach of American pop culture.

Food and Sports

American cuisine, another facet of its culture, is a testament to its multicultural heritage. From hamburgers and hot dogs to pizza and tacos, American food is a fusion of diverse culinary traditions. Sports also play a vital role in American culture. Baseball, American football, and basketball are not just pastimes but are intertwined with American identity and community spirit.

Challenges and Critiques

While American culture is celebrated for its diversity and dynamism, it has also faced criticism. The issues of racial inequality, cultural appropriation, and the homogenization of culture due to globalization are significant challenges. It’s crucial for future generations to address these issues to ensure a more inclusive and equitable cultural landscape.

In conclusion, American culture is a complex tapestry woven with threads of diverse origins. Its global influence is undeniable, shaping trends and norms worldwide. As it continues to evolve, American culture will undoubtedly reflect the changing demographics, values, and beliefs of its people. Despite the challenges, the essence of American culture lies in its capacity for change, adaptability, and its celebration of diversity.

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The American Cultural Values

Introduction, the value of individualism, the value of privacy, the value of equality, importance of the values, references:.

America is one diverse society and the question of if cultural values exist is complex. American society is made up of various ethnic groups and cultures. American culture is enhanced by the values and beliefs, which have shaped the attitudes and behaviors of the majority of Americans.

There are several values and norms that are followed in America, and there are few selected core values in the American value system namely individuality, privacy and equality.

Individualism is the act of seeking ones moral value. This is achieved by partaking ones goals, aspirations, liberty and self reliance. An individualist is egocentric and opposes interference of the community in his undertakings. It focuses on the individual possessiveness hence the lifestyles geared toward self creation.

Americans are so committed to honor individualism and its one of the basis of the American values. Children in America are encouraged to perceive themselves as responsible individuals for there own destiny but not as a member of a society. An individualist being part of a society serves his own interests without considering the interests of the society at large (Brinkerhoff , et al., 2006).

The government has a lot of influence in ensuring that each individual’s rights are protected by the United States constitution. Americans desire personal social and economic success hence this has made them self reliant and has resulted in the competitiveness of American society.

Privacy is described as the ability of a group or an individual to alienate themselves or their information. Americans believe that they need time to themselves to reflect on their issues and recover their energy. They respect each others privacy and making friends is a bit difficult since mostly they don’t go beyond a friendly greeting. In the American constitution there are by laws on privacy that protect the citizens from intrusion of their privacy.

Equality for a long time in the United States has had controversies. In the early 1860’s there was racial discrimination and the blacks were not treated equally. This changed in 1868 when the African Americans were given equal protection in the 14 th amendment. Their guaranteed freedom came about in the 15 th and 24 th amendments when they were allowed to vote and the system of poll tax abolished. Since then America has been improving in ensuring equality for its citizens (Marshall, G, 1998).

Today Americans highly regard equality and as a God fearing nation they view it from a religious point of view. They trust that were all created equally and have equal chances to succeed in life. The United States is believed to be a land of equal opportunity for everyone regardless of their nationality, ethnic or racial origin (Brinkerhoff , et al., 2006).

However there are still forms of inequality especially at the workplace. This is evident when diversity in employment is not considered. Today in America women receive much less salaries than men in the same job positions. Some ethnic groups are also discriminated in workplaces especially Africa Americans, Hispanic Americans, Alaska natives and Red Indians.

Some organizations also discriminate the physically challenged. There have also been economic discriminations especially in regard to people from economically disadvantaged backgrounds who are not employed in some organizations.

The three American values discussed complement one another positively.The respect for one another’s privacy makes Americans to be people of focus and major their time on development issues rather than poking noses into other people’s lives (Marshall, G,1998). Individualism that starts even in childhood teaches Americans to be self- sufficient and focus on innovative matters. Equality creates trust, harmony, peace and unity and bridges the social gaps that are created by discrimination.

The American culture is rich in its values and that has greatly advanced the American attitudes.This positive strength has enabled us to dream, be innovative and this has resulted in remarkable advances in health, science and technological advances.

Brinkerhoff, D, B, White, L.K, Ortega, S, T, Weitz , R. (2006) Essentials of sociology . seventh edition. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Marshall, G. (1998). Affective individualism . A Dictionary of Sociology . Web.

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  • What Defines The American Culture?

Defining American culture in simple terms is not as easy as it may seem.

  • With over 300 million people of different races and ethnicities, The United States is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world.
  • There are over 300 languages spoken across the United States.
  • The popular culture of the US (encompassing arts, sports, music, movies, and many other cultural aspects) is one of the most influential and recognizable phenomena in the world.

Defining American culture in simple terms is not as easy as it may seem. American culture is not only defined by its fast-paced lifestyle, fashion, and "to-go" coffee cups. It is also the culture of many diversity, different religions, races, and ethnicities. It is a culture that nourishes competition and political correctness, and also tries to enforce the freedom of speech. Some would say that American culture is contradictory, a flux of different people and values. Is there something that is uniquely American and recognizable as such? Probably Americana!

The Origin Of Diversity In The United States

The definition of culture is a subject of many academic debates, but most will agree that culture is many things and that it is embedded in how we behave, what we eat, how we tell right from wrong, what music we listen and clothes we wear. Culture is all those things and many more. More than 300 million people live in The United States, making it the third-largest country in the world, and also one of the most culturally diverse (racially and ethnically) countries.

Throughout its history, American culture has been influenced by many different cultures like Native American, Latin American, African, and others, and is often called a " melting pot ." Simply put, it is a metaphor that describes a heterogeneous society becoming more homogenous. Since every community had different ways of adapting to life in the United States, they might keep their cultural traditions, customs, and language.

credit: View Apart / Shutterstock.com

Still, they will also absorb the American customs and their way of life in addition to their own. More than 300 languages are spoken in the United States , and while there is no official language per se, around 90% of the population understands the English language. Religion diversity is also another aspect of the American culture, and many different religions are practiced daily in the United States, with Christianity being the most prominent religion.

Kaleidoscope Of Different Influences

There is something unmistakably American in the cultural heritage of the United States, and Americana is a term that encompasses the history, geography, and folklore of a certain part of American culture. It is a period that idealizes diners, apple pies, baseball, and many other motifs, along with ideals of The American Dream, patriotism and nostalgia. America is also known for its mass media production and rich, popular culture.

Ever since the '50s, American television programs found a place in many homes across the globe. Even today, the popular culture of America is very influential and recognizable all over the world. The rise of Hollywood made people fall in love with movies and give birth to an industry of cheap entertainment. Truly many things define American culture, but the real beauty is in its diversity and contradictions, and all the different people and cultures that make it a unique country.

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American Culture

United States of America

Core Concepts

The Indigenous people and nations of North America are the traditional custodians of the land, having inhabited it for at least 15,000 years before Europeans arrived. The process of colonisation caused existing Indigenous populations to experience widespread violence and dispossession of their land, fracturing and marginalising their communities and cultural identities. 

Since the modern formation of the United States of America, mass immigration has dramatically changed the social demographics of the population and established a western European cultural mainstream. The following cultural profile depicts this newly dominant culture – a Western society and value system influenced by continual migration to the American continent.

  • Independence
  • Individualism
  • Capitalism/Private Enterprise 
  • Extroversion
  • Informality
  • Equal opportunity

The United States of America is a country comprising 50 states expanding over the southern half of the North American continent, with Alaska in the northwest and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. It is the third most populous country in the world, home to more than 328 million people. American society is strongly underpinned by moral and religious principles centring around Christianity (followed by approximately 70% of the population), as well as civic and political values of personal freedom, liberty and independence.

In many ways, the United States has tended to set the example of what many perceive typical ‘western’ society and values to be, as it’s media, politics, technology, pop culture, economic and military powers have had incredible international influence. Today, most foreigners are likely to have a rough familiarity with what ‘American life’ looks like. However, the idea of a homogenous American culture is no longer reflective of the plurality of values and populations within it. 

American society is highly culturally diverse, with the social, ethnic and religious make-up of the population having been shaped by a history of immigration. One commonly finds social attitudes, lifestyles and beliefs can differ significantly between regional, ethnic , socio-economic or partisan backgrounds. Considering this large demographic diversity, the following descriptions are unlikely to be representative of every American person’s experience or views. However, there are common themes and principles that contribute to the values, attitudes, beliefs and norms of the dominant society. 

Colonial History

The land of present-day America was originally home to expansive numbers of Indigenous peoples and nations, including the Cayuga, Cherokee, Huron, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. 1 European colonisation began in 1607, with settlers establishing multiple separate colonies across land. In 1776, these colonies united to fight for independence from the United Kingdom, eventually forming what is now known as the ‘ United States of America ’. 

The European migrants that arrived over the colonisation period were from a variety of religious and social groups, who were mostly fleeing religious persecution or seeking a better life. For example, many English Protestants non-conformists (such as Quakers and Puritans) migrated to escape religious persecution in Europe and preserve their beliefs in new communities. 2 Additional migrants were also sent to the United States against their will, including convicts, indentured servants and enslaved Africans. Such migration dramatically changed the ethnic and social make-up of the United States and ultimately established a European-like cultural mainstream. The variation of social and religious communities established over the colonisation period continue to inform the diversity of American society today.

National Identity and Values

While many other nations base their national identity on shared ethnic or ancestral origins, the American identity and patriotism is largely rooted in shared moral and political values. 3,4,5,6 This has been shaped by its history of European colonisation . Many of the early colonists were considered radical for their time, holding beliefs about social mobility in the class system and limited government that were not common in Europe at the time. 7 They were often highly individualistic and determined to preserve strongly held social, religious, political or economic ideals (such as liberty, equality before the law, individual responsibility, democratic and laissez-faire economics). 8 In turn, the American national identity became largely defined by a set of foundational ideas and values about what a liberal society should look like. For example, the Declaration of Independence directly articulates a belief in the limited involvement and control of the government on citizen’s personal lives.

These ideologies persist in the moral and civic culture of American society today. Such values of personal freedom and liberty especially have become intrinsic to the country’s cultural identity and character. 9 For example, 77% of Americans view “having freedom of choice in how to live one’s life” as the most valuable aspect of American life. 10 This is epitomised in the common expressions describing the United States as a “free country”, the “land of opportunity” or “cradle of liberty”. 11 The American Constitution is generally regarded to embody the fundamental American notion of independence – particularly in regards to the First and Second Amendments (which guarantee freedom of religion, freedom of speech and the right to keep and bear arms). 12,13 Indeed, a 2017 study found 84% agreed that individual liberties as protected by the Constitution personify the national character. 14 Ultimately, such notions of ‘freedom’ and ‘independence’ tend to occupy a more prominent place in public and private discourse in the United States than elsewhere. 15

The idea of cultural assimilation has been particularly powerful throughout the country’s history, whereby migrants can become ‘American’ by accepting and embracing American values. There remains a general expectation that new migrants and citizens will respect cultural values and develop similar patriotism. However, the notion of cultural assimilation is changing as more emphasis is being put on the importance of a bi-cultural identity in appreciation of the country’s broad ethnic , religious and cultural diversity.

American Exceptionalism

The United States’ national identity has also been informed by a notion of exceptionalism that became prominent in public discourse both within the country and overseas. This refers to the idea that the United States is in some way different from other countries, possessing unique characteristics that are worthy of universal admiration. 16,17 There is a common assumption that the United States’ values, political system and history grant it the capacity and responsibility to make the world a better place. 18 Such a view of the United States’ global role has been further influenced by its involvement in foreign affairs and trade, in which it has played a powerful and influential role. 19 Indeed, many of its citizens have considered the nation to be an example and guardian of democracy and freedom. 20

Moreover, the globalisation of American cultural values has led many to view it as the archetype of what a liberal capitalist, developed country is. American ideas of freedom now reverberate throughout the world, promoted by an internationalised mass media, consumer culture, and economic marketplace. 21 As such, while Americans may criticise their government, the notion of the United States’ cultural superiority remains very strong. Opinion polls show most believe the United States is one of the greatest countries in the world, if not the best. 22 

National pride is expressed quite openly in American culture. For example, it is common for people to publicly describe themselves as ‘patriotic’. While there are differing views on what being ‘patriotic’ means, it is typically associated with showing respect, loyalty and love for one’s country. 23 Traditional symbols and displays of patriotism include showing support for military troops and servicemen, standing for the national anthem and reciting the Pledge of Allegiance to the American flag. One’s perceived patriotism may also be defined by the degree to which they show dedication to American political institutions and national values, such as freedom, liberty and democracy (see National Identity and Values ). 24,25 

The United States’ national identity and patriotism has traditionally been thought to unify the population in spite of its diversity (whether differences are ethnic , religious, class-based, or ideological), just as it united early colonisers from different lands. However, public opinion polls show American pride has declined over the 21st century as displays of patriotism are arguably becoming more politicised. 26,27 Shifts in values and social norms have changed some Americans’ views of the country’s identity, leading them to feel the United States is more disunited than united. 28 

Racial and Ethnic Demography

The United States has a very racially and ethnically diverse population, the social make-up of which has largely been determined by immigration over the past four centuries. According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2019 population estimate, 75% of Americans identify as white, 18.5% identify as Hispanic or Latino and 14.2% identify as black or African-American. 29 A further identify 6.8% as Asian, 1.7% as Native American or Alaska Native, 0.4% as Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander and 5.5% identify with some other race . 30 These percentages total more than 100% because many Americans describe themselves as fitting into more than one ethnic or racial category. There are also many other ethnic categories that are not captured by this data and may be classified as ‘white’ by default in the U.S. Census, such as Jewish and Arab Americans. 31,32 

A ccording to the 2019 population estimate, 75% of Americans identify as white – of which 21% are ethnically Hispanic or Latino (see Hispanic below). 33 In contemporary America, essentially anyone of European descent is considered White. However, many also have multicultural backgrounds. Some of the largest ancestries are German, Irish, English, Italian, French, Polish and Scottish. Some white Americans may self-identify their ancestry as simply ‘American’ due to the length of time their family has inhabited the United States (those who do so are usually of English/European descent). Overall, the states with the highest concentration of ‘non-Hispanic whites’ are found in the Midwest, New England, the Rocky Mountains, Kentucky, West Virginia and East Tennessee.

As the majority, much social discourse within the United States tends to use the socioeconomic status of the white demographic as the standard measurement from which other ethnic and racial groups’ social and economic well-being is compared. Indeed, white Americans have generally held the highest political and economic positions in the country. The white working class had also decreased over the past 30 years, as more have gained higher education. 34

However, today multiple studies show a notable social and political divide between the white working class (broadly defined as those without college degree and with an annual income lower than the national median) and the lower and upper middle classes (those with college educations and higher income status). The working class are more likely to have experienced shortfalls in their income and wealth, while the upper class is more likely to have experienced stronger gains in the past 10 years. 35 This divide has been correlated with political positions and divisions, with the former more likely to vote Republican and the latter is more likely to vote Democrat. 36 Ultimately, it is important to note that ‘white American’ encompasses almost a quarter of a billion people, spread across all classes of society with diverging experiences. 

‘Hispanic or Latino’ describes any person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish descent. 37 This is an ethnic signifier, not a racial category. Therefore, a ‘ Hispanic or Latino ’ person may be of any race (i.e. white, black, Asian, etc.). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 18.5% of the American population (over 60 million people) identify as Hispanic or Latino. 38,39

Hispanic Americans reflect a large diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages. Most Hispanics Americans have Mexican (61.5%), Puerto Rican (9.6%), Cuban (3.9%), Salvadoran (3.8%) or Dominican (3.5%) ancestry. 40 According to the US Census Bureau 2019, 65% of Hispanics identified their race as white and a further 25.6% identified with some other race not recognised in the census. 41 This likely reflects the fact that a significant portion self-identify as mestizo (a person of mixed race that has European and native Amerindian heritage to some degree) or mulatto (a person of mixed race that has European and African ancestry to some degree). 

Migration from Latin America has been one of the largest drivers increasing the Hispanic population in the United States, with thousands of immigrants arriving in the United State every year. However, two thirds (67%) of all Hispanic and Latino Americans were born in the United States. 42 The Spanish-speaking population also has a long history in America that pre-dates British colonisation . For example, the states in the Southwest, West Coast and Florida were originally colonised by Spain. Meanwhile, present-day California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona and Texas were originally part of Mexico until 1848. This Spanish-speaking history continues to be visible in the names of major cities, such as Los Angeles, San Antonio and San Diego. Many of these states continue to have the largest Hispanic populations in the country. It is estimated over 40 million Americans speak Spanish at home in total. 43 The states and territories with the largest Hispanic populations are California, Texas, Florida, Puerto Rico and New York.

According to the national census, 14.2% of Americans identify as black or African-American. 44 The term ‘ black ’ refers to the race , while ‘ African-American ’ specifically refers to an ancestral subgroup within that race (usually those descending from slaves of the 19th century). Some people may not feel a strong affiliation with their African genealogy , but identify as ‘African-American’ for its cultural meaning in contemporary America. More recently, others have preferred for their race to be referred to as simply ‘black’, finding terms readdressing their identity by another category to be insulting. 

The United States’ black population was initially formed as a result of the transatlantic slave trade (from the 16th to 19th century), during which hundreds of thousands of African captives were sent to the United States and forced into slavery. 45 By 1860, the number of enslaved Africans in the United States reached nearly four million, with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South. 46 Many were forced to work as servants or labourers in industries such as cotton or tobacco production, and were subjected to inhumane treatments and abuse. 47 Although slavery was outlawed in 1865, in the South enforced racial segregation legislation from 1877 to 1954 (known as ‘Jim Crow’) that systematically marginalised blacks as inferior to whites, affecting almost every aspect of daily life. 48 This history of domination, subjugation and exploitation continues to impact the experience of black Americans today and remains a sensitive topic (see Racial and Ethnic Relations below).

The United States still struggles to build and maintain positive race relations between white majority and black minority amidst racial inequalities (see Racial and Ethnic Relations below). The black population is still significantly disadvantaged in regards to rates of imprisonment, education, income and political representation. As such, one’s experience as a black person in the United States differs significantly from those of the white population. Further, black Americans are more likely to say their race is central to their identity than those of other racial backgrounds. A 2019 survey of black adults found about three-quarters of respondents stated being black was extremely (52%) or very (22%) important to how they think of themselves. 49

Today, most of the black population is born in the United States, descending from former slaves. However, the foreign-born black population has also increased in recent years, with significant voluntary migration from Africa, parts of South America and Caribbean Islands (such as Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago). Each of these groups has distinct cultural and social identities. Over half of the country’s black population (56%) lives in the South. 50 

It is estimated 6.8% of the American population are Asian (23 million people), making this the fastest growing racial group in the country. 51,52 The term ‘Asian American’ refers to a vast and diverse group of people who trace their roots to over twenty countries across East and Southeast Asia, as well as the Indian subcontinent. 53 The largest ancestry groups among Asian Americans are Chinese (23%), Indian (20%), Filipino (18%), Vietnamese (9%), Korean (8%) and Japanese (6%). 54 However, it is estimated 14% of Asian Americans identify with one or more races and 3% identify as Hispanic. 55 As such, it is important to note that the Asian population of the United States encompasses many different cultural backgrounds, histories, languages and other characteristics. 

It is estimated 57% of the Asian population was born in another country. 56 However, many of these people migrated over 10 years ago and have since had families in the United States. For example, most people with Japanese heritage are American-born. Overall, the Asian population in the United States is considered to have high economic status and educational attainment when compared with the overall population. 

However, this does not reflect significant variations between different origin groups. For example, while 75% of Indians 25 years or older hold a bachelor’s degree or higher, this figure is only 15% among Bhutanese. There are also vast differences between how recently individuals migrated, their pre-arrival life experiences and migration circumstances. For example, the experience of those who arrived as refugees in the 1970s (e.g. many Cambodians, Laotians, Hmong) are likely to vary significantly from those who arrive as skilled migrants today. As of 2019, nearly a third of America’s Asian population live in California.

Before colonisation , the land of present-day America was home to expansive numbers of Indigenous peoples and nations (including the Cayuga, Cherokee, Huron, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora). 57 European colonisers violently conquered and dispossessed the existing Indigenous populations. Indigenous people were forcibly assimilated or displaced from their traditional lands, fracturing and marginalising their communities and societies. The Indian reservation system was created to exclude Indigenous communities from areas of land that European Americans wished to settle. Many of these reservations remain today.

Today, 'Native Americans and Alaska Natives' comprise 1.7% of the American population according to the National Census. 58 There is much effort within Indigenous communities to preserve their culture, traditions and spirituality. Despite these positive developments however, Native Americans are still one of the United States’ most economically disadvantaged populations. 59 Many continue to face challenges in access to health care and education. 60

Importantly, the degree to which a Native American knows or integrates their traditional culture into their life varies and is said not to define them as being any ‘more’ or ‘less’ Indigenous. For example, some Native Americans live with their tribal community and continue to practice their ancestral culture, while others may operate within the United States’ dominant mainstream culture and have a more limited knowledge of cultural practices. There are shared values and attitudes that are common to most Native Americans. However, many traditional customs and practices are tribally specific (such as systems of governance and language). The tribes that have the largest number of people identifying with them are Sioux, Navajo, Choctaw, Chippewa and Cherokee.

Racial and Ethnic Relations

Multi- ethnic familiarity, tolerance, awareness and acceptance has grown significantly in the United States, as different ethnicities and races have gained prominence in the public sphere. However, there are definitive social tensions around the stigma and social disadvantage faced by certain racial or ethnic identities. Due to the country’s recent history of racial segregation and slavery, conversations about racism are especially sensitive. Immigration is also a sensitive topic commonly igniting public and political debate – with stigma often directed towards the Hispanic and Latino population. 

Ultimately, race is a key social and cultural touchstone in the United States, discussed more openly and frequently than is common in many other English-speaking countries. Americans are arguably more attuned to perceived racial slights than people from other English-speaking countries and the terminology used to refer to people of different origins is contested (see Other Considerations ). Moreover, it appears the American public has an increasingly pessimistic view of the country’s racial progress. 61 National polls conducted in 2019 showed that more adults have a negative view of race relations than they did 20 years ago, with 65% saying that it has become more common to express racist or racially insensitive views. 62,63 More recently, police brutality against black citizens has become a flashpoint for public outrage and discussion on race relations in America. 

Individualism and the 'American Dream'

American culture is highly individualistic , whereby people are expected to be self-reliant and independent. There is a strong belief in equal opportunity and meritocracy – that reward is based on a person’s abilities rather than their wealth or social position. In turn, American society has long promoted the aspirational belief that any individual should have the opportunity to achieve upwards social mobility, prosperity and success, regardless of their social class or place of birth. 

Known as the ‘ American dream ’, this ideal is powered by the individualist mentality that one’s success is a direct result of their own work. Therefore, ideally anyone should be able to obtain a higher standard of living than their parents if they put in the effort. The American dream is often epitomised by entrepreneurs or ‘self-made men’ who work their way from the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder to the top. It also continues to be expressed by many migrants that view America as the gateway to a better life. 

However, various studies and public opinion polls show that many Americans are concerned social mobility is becoming less realistic or no longer achievable. While 92% of children born in 1940 ended up in higher income distributions than their parents, this figure was only 40% for those born in the 1980s. 64 Moreover, Americans have become more sceptical of the promise of ‘self-made’ success as opportunity for socioeconomic mobility is often dependent on access to previously established privilege, networks or even luck. This pessimism has increased since the Global Financial Crisis of 2007, which saw the American middle class significantly decline; many lower-income families now struggle to rise through the social strata. 65

Nonetheless, the enduring belief in the American dream implies a sense of optimism toward the future and the possibility of upward social and economic mobility. Paired with the competitiveness of the free market, these ideals can power an achievement fever in the American workforce and economy. 66 Today, Americans are renowned for their optimism, opportunism, individualism and innovative nature. Many people share an emotional desire to continually find and believe in something new. 67 This is visible in the way new ideas, opportunities, entrepreneurial ventures and public personalities can gain an eager following in the United States.

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Difference between american and korean culture.

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