apa citation lowercase title

APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

Capitalization, article title, journal title.

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Undated Sources
• Citing a Source Within a Source
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical + Research Reports
• Court Decisions
• Treaties and Other International Agreements
• Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
• Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
• Executive Orders
• Charter of the United Nations
• Federal Statutes
• Dissertations and Theses
• Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
• Social Media
• Business Sources
• PowerPoints
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Capitalization: For all sources other than periodical titles (that is, newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals), capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only. Do not capitalize the rest (see examples below).

All major words in periodical titles should be capitalized (for example, Psychology Today , Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. )

Italics: Titles are italicized for the following items:

• Books and ebooks
• Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers)
• Websites and web pages
• Dissertations/theses
• Reports/technical papers
• Works of art

Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only.

Toughing it out at Harvard: The making of a woman MBA

Use italics and capitalize all major words. 

American Journal of Distance Education

Use italics and capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only.

Student cheating and plagiarism in the Internet era: A wake-up call

See  Publication Manual , pp. 291-293.

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APA 7th Edition Style Guide: Titles

• About In-text Citations
• In-Text Examples
• What to Include
• Volume/Issue
• Bracketed Descriptions
• URLs and DOIs
• Book with Editor(s)
• Book with No Author
• Book with Organization as Author
• Book with Personal Author(s)
• Chapters and Parts of Books
• Classical Works
• Course Materials
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Multi-Volume Works
• Newspaper Article
• Patents & Laws
• Personal Communication
• Physicians' Desk Reference
• Social Media
• Unpublished Manuscripts/Informal Publications (i.e. course packets and dissertations)
• Formatting Your Paper
• Formatting Your References
• Annotated Bibliography
• Headings in APA
• APA Quick Guide
• NEW!* Submit your Paper for APA Review

General Rules for Titles in References

In general, the title of a work is recorded just as the words appear in the publication.

• Capitalize only the first word of a book or article title.
• Capitalize proper nouns, initials, and acronyms in a title.
• Separate a subtitle with a colon and a space. Capitalize the first letter of the subtitle.
• End the title with a period.
• Capitalize every major word in a journal or newspaper title, do not capitalize articles (i.e. a, and, the) unless they are the first word of the title.
• Italicize periodical and book titles.

Book titles

A book normally has one title. But, books may contain chapters or sections with individual titles. Or, a book may be part of a series or a single volume in a set. When citing a chapter out of a book include the chapter title (not italicized) and the page numbers.

Kovacs, D. K. (2002). How to locate international, African American, and Native American ancestors; Heraldry and lineage societies. Genealogical research on the web (pp. 117-154)...

Journal, magazine, and newspaper titles

Articles may appear in print or electronic journals, magazines, or newspapers. The reference will contain the title of the article and the title of publication in which it appears. The words of the article title should be capitalized the same way you capitalize a book title. The periodical title should proper title case formatting (i.e. a, and, the) and be italicized.

Davies, S. (2011, Spring). Income, gender, and consumption: A study of Malawian households. Journal of Developing Areas ...

Gardiner, A. (2011, January 5). Stanford could lose QB, coach. USA Today ...

Teproff, C. (2020, April 28). Are you struggling to feed your pets? Miami-Dade animal services wants to help.  The Miami Herald ...

Untitled Works

Works without a title should be designated with a description of the work in square brackets where the title is normally placed in the reference, include the description in the brackets. For untitled social media posts or comments use the first 20 words of the post or comment as the title and place a description of the title in brackets.

Example:  

Adams, P. (2020). [Table showing data from the 2010 U.S. census].

TCPalm. (2020, April 28). The near collapse of the airline industry because of the coronavirus is affecting — but so far not devastating — Treasure Coast businesses [TCPalm Facebook post].

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Citation Styles Overview: APA Style

• Chicago Style
• Basics of APA Style
• Examples of APA Style

APA 7th Edition Citation Basics

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication). Title italicized and lowercase after the first word: Except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings . Publisher Name.

Book Chapter:

Chapter Author, F.I. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter lowercase after the first word: Except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings .  In Book Editor's Name (Ed.),  Book title italicized and lowercase after the first word: Except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings  (page numbers of chapter). Publisher Name.

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication).  Title of book  (N. Narrator, Narr) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Note: It is not necessary to specify an ebook or audiobook version if the content is the same as in print. However, citing an audiobook as such does give you the opportunity to acknowledge the narrator.

Academic Article:

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication). Article title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings. Journal Name Capitalized and Italicized , Volume number (issue number), first page-last page.

Newspaper Article:

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication, Month and date of publication). Title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings.  Newspaper Name Capitalized and Italicized , section number, first page.

Magazine Article:

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication, Month and date of publication or season of publication). Title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings. Magazine Name Capitalized and Italicized , Volume number italicized (Issue number), first page-last page.

Online/Electronic Articles:

The format is the same as shown above except for the addition of the DOI after the page numbers. If the article is not assigned a DOI, include the web address (URL). In the APA 7th edition it is no longer required to include "Retrieved from" before the URL unless you are including a retrieval date.

Online Academic Article Without Retrieval Date

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication). Article title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings.  Journal Name Capitalized and Italicized ,  Volume number (issue number), first page-last page. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Online Academic Article With Retrieval Date

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication). Article title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings.  Journal Name Capitalized and Italicized ,  Volume number (issue number), first page-last page. Retrieved Month Day, Year from https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Web Site/Page:

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication, Month Date). Title of webpage: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings . Site name. URL

Film/Movie:

Director, F.I. (Director). (Year of publication).  Title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings  [Type of media]. Production company.

Streaming Video:

Author, F.I. [username if applicable]. (Year, Month Day).  Title: Lowercase after the first word except for proper nouns and adjectives and the first word of subheadings  [Type of media]. Website. URL

Social Media

Author, F.I. [@username].  Content of post up to the first 20 words  [Description of audiovisual material or links in the post if applicable] [Type of post]. Name of social media site. URL

Technical Report:

If the organization publishing the report is the only listed author.

Organization Name. (Year of Publication).  Title of report . URL

If the report has individual authors listed in addition to the organization

Author, F.I., & Author, F.I. (Year of Publication).  Title of report.  Organization Name. URL

Nevada State Statute

Name of law, Nev. Rev. Stat. § Number.ofStatute (Year of the edition of the law you are referring to, usually the latest edition). URL

Author, F.I. (Year of Publication).  Title of map  [Map]. Publisher Name. URL

Note: It is now common to cite Google maps, which do not have titles or years of publication. See the Example tab of this page for how to cite a Google Map with a description of the map in brackets rather than the title and then [Map] and a retrieved date included.

APA Citation Examples

Shotten, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency . Taylor & Francis.

Book chapter:

Haybron, D.M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being.  In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being  (pp. 17-43). Guilford Press.

Journal article with DOI:

Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology , 24 , 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Journal article without DOI (when DOI is not available):

Sillick, T.J., & Schutte, N.S. (2006).  Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness.   E-journal of Applied Psychology , 2 (2), 38-48. http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

Nevada State College (2020).  About Nevada State College .  https://nsc.edu/about/

Note: If the author and site name are the same (as in the above example) you can omit the site name. Otherwise, list the author first and the name of the site after the title of the page.

Tarantino, Q. (Director). (1994). Pulp fiction [Film]. Miramax.

YouTube Video:

Stevens, M. D. [Vsauce]. (2021, January 8). Illusions of time [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/zHL9GP_B30E

Nevada State College [@NevadaState]. (2020, December 4).  Be #StateSafe & download the app today! Now available on the App Store & Google Play. To learn more please  [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NevadaState/status/1335004560503545856

Nevada State Statute:

Discrimination in admission prohibited, Nev. Rev. Stat. § 396.530 (2017). https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-396.html#NRS396Sec530

Google Map:

Google. (n.d.) [Google Maps directions for driving from the Las Vegas airport to Nevada State campus]. Retrieved December 4, 2020, from https://goo.gl/maps/cWDqdhEiKifFNZ9z7

Additional Resources

• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style
• APA Style Official Website The Style and Grammar Guidelines section of the website covers all the most commonly asked questions about APA guidelines
• APA Style Blog
• Northern Michigan University APA Reference Style Guide
• The Basics of APA Style Tutorial
• Microsoft Word APA Sample Paper

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note:  On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)  found  or Jones (1998)  has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998)  finds ).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but  NOT  directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:  Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:  Writing New Media ,  There Is Nothing Left to Lose .

( Note:  in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:  Writing new media .)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:  Natural-Born Cyborgs .
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's  Vertigo ."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text:  The Closing of the American Mind ;  The Wizard of Oz ;  Friends .
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. 

APA 6th Edition: The Reference List

• APA 6th Home
• The Reference List
• Journal Article with One Author
• (Visualize it!)
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3 to 7 Authors
• Journal Article with 8 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from an .edu site
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government or Agency Document
• Motion Picture
• YouTube Video
• Electronic Image
• Figures and Charts
• Class Lecture/Notes
• Secondary Sources
• Almost Published

From the APA Blog

Reference list or bibliography: what’s the difference.

by Jeff Hume-Pratuch

Did  you know that there’s no such thing as a bibliography in APA Style? It’s a fact! APA Style uses text citations and a reference list, rather than footnotes and a bibliography, to document sources.

A reference list and a bibliography look a lot alike: They’re both composed of entries arranged alphabetically by author, for example, and they include the same basic information. The difference lies not so much in how they look as in what they contain.

A bibliography usually contains all the works cited in a paper, but it may also include other works that the author consulted, even if they are not mentioned in the text. Some bibliographies contain only the sources that the author feels are most significant or useful to readers.

In APA Style, however, each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text. If you cite only three sources in your paper, your reference list will be very short—even if you had to read 50 sources to find those three gems! (Hopefully, that hard work will pay off on your next assignment.)

The APA Style Experts are often asked to provide the “official APA-approved format” for annotated bibliographies (i.e., bibliographies that contain the author’s comments on each source). As you may have guessed, there isn’t one; APA Style doesn’t use bibliographies of any sort. In addition, though, the reference list in APA Style contains only the information that is necessary to help the reader uniquely identify and access each source. That’s why there is no format for an annotated bibliography in the Publication Manual.

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/03/reference-list-or-bibliography-whats-the-difference.html

More from the APA Blog

Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style

by Chelsea Lee

APA Style has two capitalization methods that are used in different contexts throughout a paper: title case and sentence case (see  Publication Manual   section 4.15). APA’s title case refers to a capitalization style in which most words are capitalized, and sentence case refers to a capitalization style in which most words are lowercased. In both cases,  proper nouns and certain other types of words are always capitalized . Below are guidelines for when and how to use each case in an APA Style paper.

Title case is used to capitalize the following types of titles and headings in APA Style:

• Titles of references (e.g., book titles, article titles)  when they appear in the text of a paper ,
• Titles of  inventories or tests ,
• Headings at  Levels 1 and 2 ,
• The title of your own paper and of named sections within it (e.g., the Discussion section), and
• Titles of  periodicals —journals, magazines, or newspapers—which are also italicized (e.g.,  Journal of Counseling Psychology ,  The New York Times ).

Here are directions for implementing APA’s title case:

• Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading; 
• Capitalize all “major” words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g.,  Self-Report  not  Self - report ); and
• Capitalize all words of four letters or more.

This boils down to using lowercase only for “minor” words of three letters or fewer, namely, for conjunctions (words like  and ,  or ,  nor , and  but ), articles (the words  a ,  an , and  the ), and prepositions (words like  as ,  at ,  by ,  for ,  in ,  of ,  on ,  per , and  to ), as long as they aren’t the first word in a title or subtitle. You can see examples of title case in  our post on reference titles .

Sentence Case

Sentence case, on the other hand, is a capitalization style that mainly uses lowercase letters. Sentence case is used in a few different contexts in APA Style, including for the following:

• The titles of references when they appear in  reference list entries  and
• Headings at  Levels 3, 4, and 5

Here are directions for implementing sentence case in APA Style in these two contexts:

• Capitalize any  proper nouns and certain other types of words ; and
• Use lowercase for everything else. 

Additionally, as you might suspect given its name, sentence case is used in regular sentences in the text of a paper. In a typical sentence, the first word is always capitalized, and the first word after a colon is also capitalized when what follows the colon is an independent clause.

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/03/title-case-and-sentence-case-capitalization-in-apa-style.html

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• What Is Title Case? | Explanation & Worksheet

What Is Title Case? | Explanation & Worksheet

Published on September 3, 2023 by Kassiani Nikolopoulou .

Title case is a capitalization style or convention used for writing the titles of published works.

A capitalization style defines which words or letters should be written in uppercase and which ones should be written in lowercase. In title case, the first letter of each word in the title should be capitalized except for certain small words like “a,” “the,” and “of.”

Title case is used for capitalizing the words in a title, subtitle, or heading. It’s commonly used in newspaper headlines, as well as the titles of books, movies, and video games. Due to this, title case is also known as “headline style.”

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Table of contents

What to capitalize in title case, title case vs. sentence case, title case converter, worksheet: title case, frequently asked questions about title case.

With title case, you always capitalize the first word and (usually) the last word of a title. How you render the rest of the words depends on whether they are considered major or minor words.

The following parts of speech are considered minor words and are typically not capitalized :

• Prepositions with fewer than four letters (“in,” “for,” “of”)
• Articles (“the”, “ a or an ”)
• Coordinating conjunctions (“and,” “but,” “or”)

All other words are considered major words and are capitalized :

• Nouns (“pen,” “flower,” “ocean”)
• Pronouns (“I,” “her,” “these”)
• Verbs (“forget,” “build,” “do”)
• Adverbs (“now,” “slowly,” “here”)
• Adjectives (“adorable,” “fresh,” “sarcastic”)

Lord of the Flies is one of the most disturbing books I’ve ever read.

In Enter the Dragon , Bruce Lee plays a Shaolin monk recruited by British intelligence.

However, minor words are capitalized when they are the first word of the title.

• A Clockwork Orange was directed by Stanley Kubrick.
• T he Count of Monte Cristo tells the story of a young man who is wrongfully imprisoned.
• T o Kill a Mockingbird has been banned in some schools.

It is important to keep in mind that different style guides, like APA Style , MLA , or Chicago Style , have slightly different rules regarding capitalization. More specifically, they differ in how they render:

Prepositions

Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions.

• The last word in a title

Some style guides like MLA use lowercase for all prepositions, regardless of their length. Others, like APA and AP, only use lowercase for prepositions up to three letters.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English. They can be remembered using the mnemonic device FANBOYS : f or, a nd, n or, b ut, o r, y et, s o.

Most major style guides use lowercase for all seven coordinating conjunctions. One exception is Chicago style, which uses lowercase for all except “yet” and “so.”

In APA, “as” and “if” are written in lowercase, while in Chicago “as” is written in lowercase and “if” is capitalized. AMA and MLA capitalize both.

AMA/MLA : Grab On to Me Tightly A s I f I Knew the Way

In some styles, the last word is always capitalized, regardless of whether it is a major or minor word. Other style guides have no such rule and the last word is in lowercase.

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Title case and sentence case are two common capitalization styles that differ in how they capitalize words.

• In title case , the initial letter of every major word is in uppercase, while minor words are in lowercase. Title case is most frequently used for headings and titles of books, movies, and other works of art.
• In sentence case only the first word of a sentence is capitalized, along with any proper nouns (names of people, places, etc.).The rest of the words in the sentence are in lowercase, regardless of their grammatical role. This style is mostly used in standard writing, but it is also commonly used in headlines, headings, and subheadings.

While sentence case is consistent across styles, some style guides differ in their rules for using title case.

If you are in doubt about whether your headline is capitalized correctly, there are a few free online tools you can use to help you check your work, including:

Titlecaseconverter.com

This converter allows you to choose one or multiple style guides for your output text (including AP, APA, and Chicago). It can also highlight and explain changes. Once you have entered your text, you simply click the “convert” button.

Convertcase.net

To use this online converter, you can either type or copy-paste your text on the left, and it will be automatically transformed into title case on the right. You can download the output as a .txt file or select “copy to clipboard.”

Titlecase.com

This is a simple converter that transforms your text into title case as well as AP-style title case. Similar to the others, it allows you to type or copy-paste your text, and once you press “convert” the output appears below.

With the worksheet below, you can test your understanding of how title case works. Fill in one of the two options in each sentence.

• Practice questions
• Answers and explanations
• One of Boticelli’s most famous works is____________[the Birth Of Venus/The Birth of Venus]
• I borrowed _________[Of Mice and Men/of Mice and Men] a while ago, but never managed to finish the first chapter.
• I love your___________ [Lord of the Rings notebook/Lord of the Rings Notebook].
• “The” is capitalized because it is the first word of the title. 
• “Birth” is capitalized because it is a major word (noun).
• “Of” is not capitalized because it is a preposition. 
• “Venus” is capitalized because it is major word (proper noun)
• “Of” is capitalized because it is the first word of the title despite being a preposition.
• “Mice” is capitalized because it is a noun.
• “And” is not capitalized because it is a coordinating conjunction.
• “Men” is capitalized because it is the last word of the title.
• Here, “Lord of the Rings” is the title and also a compound adjective (like “error-free,” “kind-hearted,” etc.) modifying the noun (“notebook”). For this reason, we need to stop applying title case when we are finished writing the title (“Lord of the Rings”).

Capitalization is the practice of using uppercase or capital letters in writing to indicate the beginning of a sentence or to emphasize certain words or types of words within a sentence.

For example, capitalizing place names, family names, and days of the week are all standard in English. Different capitalization styles, like title case and sentence case , apply different rules when it comes to which letters to capitalize.

Which words you capitalize depends on the capitalization style you use. Title case and sentence case are two common capitalization styles that follow different rules:

• In title case , the initial letter of every major word (such as a verb ) is capitalized, while minor words (such as coordinating conjunctions ) are typically in lowercase. Title case is most frequently used for headings and the titles of published works.
• In sentence case , only the first word of a sentence is capitalized, along with any proper nouns (names of specific people, places, etc.).

However, these rules may vary. Follow the advice outlined in your style guide.

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Making title capitalization easy. Automatically capitalize and case convert to Title Case (in AP, APA, Chicago, MLA, BB, AMA ) , sentence case, UPPERCASE, lowercase, and more.

What is capitalize my title.

Capitalize My Title is an easy, smart title capitalization tool that uses title capitalization rules published by leading professional organizations to ensure your titles and headlines are capitalized correctly. We analyze your titles and headlines using a combination of logic and artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning to determine which words in your heading should be capitalized.

Join our free writing community on Skool .

How to use capitalize my title.

• Select your title capitalization style above by clicking on a tab. If you have questions, read our title capitalization rules below.
• Enter your title in the text box.
• Watch your title convert case and be automatically capitalized!
• If you want to, you can press “Enter” on your keyboard or click the Copy button next to the text box to copy the text to your clipboard.
• Capitalize your next title.

Bonus: We have some great shortcuts to make your life easier.

Quick Links: How to Use Capitalize My Title , What to Capitalize in a Title ( What Is Title Case , What Is Sentence Case ), Title Capitalization Rules by Style ( APA , Chicago , AP , MLA , BB , AMA , NY Times , Wikipedia )

Case Converter Options

You have multiple options to capitalize and change the case of your titles, headlines, song titles, book titles, email subjects, and more. Below is a description of the ways you can use our case converter.

The top tabs allow you to select which style of capitalization you want to use. You can learn more in the Title Capitalization Rules by Style section.

• APA : Capitalize using the APA style guide.
• Chicago : Capitalize using the Chicago Manual of Style capitalization rules.
• AP : Use the Associated Press Stylebook capitalization guidelines.
• MLA : Use the MLA Handbook title capitalization rules.
• BB: Use the Bluebook title capitalization rules.
• AMA: Use the AMA Manual of Style capitalization rules.
• NY Times: Use the NY Times style guidelines.
• Wikipedia: Use Wikipedia’s capitalization rules.
• Email: Use proper capitalization rules for email.

Bottom Buttons

The buttons at the bottom let you choose specific case conversion options for the various styles.

• Title Case: Capitalize only the words that should be capitalized according to the top tab style guide.
• Sentence Case : Capitalize only the first word of each sentence.
• Uppercase: Convert your title from lowercase to uppercase .
• Lowercase: Convert your title from uppercase to lowercase .
• First Letter / Proper Case: Capitalize the first letter of every word.
• Alt Case: Capitalize every other letter of your text starting with the first letter being capitalized.
• Toggle Case: Change the case of every letter in your string. Similar to the Microsoft Word feature.

Other Options

• Straight quotes: Curly quotes (“,”,‘,’) are used in good typography . If you need to use straight quotes, enable this feature.
• Get Headline Score/Get Email Subject Score: Find out how strong your headline or email subject is by using our convenient tools.

Common Case Converter Uses

Title case converter.

Quickly convert your title or text to title case by simply clicking the “Title Case” button in the tool above.

Sentence case converter

Quickly convert your title or text to sentence case by simply clicking the “Sentence case” button in the tool above.

Uppercase to lowercase converter

If you left caps lock on accidentally, you can quickly convert your title from uppercase to lowercase by selecting the “lower” button above. This will uncapitalize your text. You can also use this tool to do it automatically.

Lowercase to uppercase converter

Alternatively, you can use our tool to convert text from lowercase to uppercase by clicking the “UPPER” button. You can also use this tool to do it automatically.

Uppercase to title case converter

If you want to change your title from uppercase to title case, you can select the “Title Case” button above.

All caps converter

You can quickly convert your text or title to all caps by selecting the “UPPER” button on the tool. This will convert your text to uppercase.

What to Capitalize in a Title

Understanding what to capitalize in a title is important to make sure that your titles and headlines look correct. If you’re confused about what words to capitalize in a title or headline, we recommend using our title capitalization tool above, but if you want specific capitalization rules, they are as follows.

First, it is important to note that there are four main title capitalization styles: Chicago style, APA style, MLA style, and AP style . Each of these capitalization styles has slightly different rules for which words are capitalized and each of these styles can be written using title case capitalization or sentence case capitalization.

What Is Title Case Capitalization?

Title case is the most common form of title and headline capitalization and is found in all four major title capitalization styles. Title case is also commonly used for book titles, movies titles, song names, plays, and other works.

In general, the following capitalization rules apply across the four styles in title case:

• Capitalize the first word in the title
• Capitalize the last word in the title
• Capitalize the important words in the title

Important words in that last bullet generally refer to:

• Adjectives (tiny, large, etc.)
• Adverbs (quietly, smoothly, etc.)
• Nouns (tablet, kitchen, book)
• Pronouns (they, she, he)
• Subordinating conjunctions (when fewer than 5 letters)
• Verbs (write, type, create)

Title case is the most common title capitalization for book titles, headlines, articles titles, etc. When multiple letters in a title need to be capitalized, use title case capitalization.

Words Not Capitalized in Title Case

While the above words are generally capitalized in titles regardless of style, there are some words that are generally not capitalized when using title case. Again, these will depend on the specific style you choose (see Title Capitalization Rules by Style section). These include short words and conjunctions:

• Articles (a, an, the)
• Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, for)
• Short (fewer than 4 letters)
• Prepositions (at, by, to, etc.)

What Is Sentence Case?

The other major type of title capitalization standard is sentence case. Sentence case simply means you capitalize the first letter of a sentence, proper nouns , and nothing else as opposed to capitalizing almost every first letter in title case. It is the same across all of the four styles.

For more specific title capitalization rules, you can see the following sections which cover each style of title capitalization rules or check out our FAQs for common capitalization questions. Our tool lets you convert the case of your text easily into sentence case.

Title Capitalization Rules by Style

Chicago manual of style 17th edition capitalization rules.

Chicago Style is one of the most used and respected headline capitalization methods used in journalism. The rules are fairly standard for title case:

• Capitalize the first and the last word.
• Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
• Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions (regardless of length).
• Lowercase the second word after a hyphenated prefix (e.g., Mid-, Anti-, Super-, etc.) in compound modifiers (e.g., Mid-year, Anti-hero, etc.).
• Lowercase the ‘to’ in an infinitive (e.g., I Want to Play Guitar ).

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) 7th Edition Capitalization Rules

Making sure you have the right capitalization for APA headings is crucial for scholarly articles. The following rules apply to APA headline capitalization and title capitalization:

• Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading
• Capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs including phrasal verbs such as “play with”, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self-report)
• Capitalize all words of four letters or more.

Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, 9th Edition Capitalization Rules

Making sure you have the right capitalization for MLA headings is crucial for scholarly articles. The following rules apply to MLA headings:

• Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading.
• Capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs including phrasal verbs such as “play with”, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self-report).
• Do not capitalize articles, prepositions (regardless of length), and coordinating conjunctions.
• Do not capitalize ‘to’ in infinitives (e.g., I Want to Play Guitar ).

The Associated Press (AP) 2020 Edition Stylebook Capitalization Rules

AP style capitalization is mainly used by writers for the Associated Press but is also used widely throughout journalism. The capitalization rules are as follows:

• Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions.
• Lowercase the second word in a compound modifier (e.g., Mid-year or On-site).
• Capitalize words with four or more letters (including conjunctions and prepositions).
• Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated word ( new as of 4/25/23 ).
• Capitalize the ‘to’ in an infinitive (e.g., I Want To Play Guitar ).

Bluebook 21st Edition Capitalization Rules

Bluebook style capitalization is mainly used by lawyers. The capitalization rules are as follows:

• Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions of four letters or fewer.
• Lowercase “to” in the infinitive (though not defined in the stylebook).

American Medical Association ( AMA) Manual of Style 11th Edition Capitalization Rules

AMA style capitalization is mainly used in the scientific community. The capitalization rules are as follows:

• Capitalize the first and the last word of titles and subtitles.
• Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions (major words).
• Lowercase “to” in the infinitive.
• Lowercase the second word in a hyphenated compound when it is a prefix or suffix (e.g., “Anti-itch”,”world-wide”) or part of a single word.
• Capitalize the second word in a hyphenated compound if both words are equal and not suffices or prefixes (e.g., “Cost-Benefit”)
• Capitalize the first non-Greek letter after a lowercase Greek letter (e.g., “ω-Bromohexanoic”)
• Lowercase the first non-Greek letter after a capital Greek letter (e.g., “Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol”)
• Capitalize the genus but not the species epithet

NY Times Style Capitalization Rules

NY Times style capitalization is mainly used by writers for the NY Times but is also used widely throughout journalism. The capitalization rules are as follows:

• Capitalize major words, e.g. nouns, pronouns, verbs.

Wikipedia Style Capitalization Rules

Wikipedia editors must follow certain capitalization rules for any posts to Wikipedia. The capitalization rules are as follows:

• Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
• Lowercase indefinite and definite articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions.
• Prepositions that contain five letters or more.
• The word “to” in infinitives.
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• What Is Title Case? | Explanation & Worksheet

What Is Title Case? | Explanation & Worksheet

Published on 3 September 2023 by Kassiani Nikolopoulou .

Title case is a capitalisation style or convention used for writing the titles of published works.

A capitalisation style defines which words or letters should be written in uppercase and which ones should be written in lowercase. In title case, the first letter of each word in the title should be capitalised except for certain small words like “a”, “the”, and “of”.

Title case is used for capitalising the words in a title, subtitle, or heading. It’s commonly used in newspaper headlines, as well as the titles of books, movies, and video games. Due to this, title case is also known as “headline style”.

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Table of contents

What to capitalise in title case, title case vs sentence case, title case converter, worksheet: title case, frequently asked questions about title case.

With title case, you always capitalise the first word and (usually) the last word of a title. How you render the rest of the words depends on whether they are considered major or minor words.

The following parts of speech are considered minor words and are typically not capitalised :

• Prepositions with fewer than four letters (“in”, “for”, “of”)
• Articles (“the”, “ a or an ”)
• Coordinating conjunctions (“and”, “but”, “or”)

All other words are considered major words and are capitalised :

• Nouns (“pen”, “flower”, “ocean”)
• Pronouns (“I”, “her”, “these”)
• Verbs (“forget”, “build”, “do”)
• Adverbs (“now”, “slowly”, “here”)
• Adjectives (“adorable”, “fresh”, “sarcastic”)

Lord of the Flies is one of the most disturbing books I’ve ever read.

In Enter the Dragon , Bruce Lee plays a Shaolin monk recruited by British intelligence.

However, minor words are capitalised when they are the first word of the title.

• A Clockwork Orange was directed by Stanley Kubrick.
• T he Count of Monte Cristo tells the story of a young man who is wrongfully imprisoned.
• T o Kill a Mockingbird has been banned in some schools.

It is important to keep in mind that different style guides, like APA Style , MLA , or Chicago Style , have slightly different rules regarding capitalisation. More specifically, they differ in how they render:

Prepositions

Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions.

• The last word in a title

Some style guides like MLA use lowercase for all prepositions, regardless of their length. Others, like APA and AP, only use lowercase for prepositions up to three letters.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English. They can be remembered using the mnemonic device FANBOYS : f or, a nd, n or, b ut, o r, y et, s o.

Most major style guides use lowercase for all seven coordinating conjunctions. One exception is Chicago style, which uses lowercase for all except “yet” and “so”.

In APA, “as” and “if” are written in lowercase, while in Chicago “as” is written in lowercase and “if” is capitalizsd. AMA and MLA capitalise both.

AMA/MLA : Grab On to Me Tightly A s I f I Knew the Way

In some styles, the last word is always capitalised, regardless of whether it is a major or minor word. Other style guides have no such rule and the last word is in lowercase.

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Title case and sentence case are two common capitalisation styles that differ in how they capitalise words.

• In title case , the initial letter of every major word is in uppercase, while minor words are in lowercase. Title case is most frequently used for headings and titles of books, movies, and other works of art.
• In sentence case only the first word of a sentence is capitalised, along with any proper nouns (names of people, places, etc.).The rest of the words in the sentence are in lowercase, regardless of their grammatical role. This style is mostly used in standard writing, but it is also commonly used in headlines, headings, and subheadings.

While sentence case is consistent across styles, some style guides differ in their rules for using title case.

If you are in doubt about whether your headline is capitalised correctly, there are a few free online tools you can use to help you check your work, including:

Titlecaseconverter.com

This converter allows you to choose one or multiple style guides for your output text (including AP, APA, and Chicago). It can also highlight and explain changes. Once you have entered your text, you simply click the “convert” button.

Convertcase.net

To use this online converter, you can either type or copy-paste your text on the left, and it will be automatically transformed into title case on the right. You can download the output as a .txt file or select “copy to clipboard”.

Titlecase.com

This is a simple converter that transforms your text into title case as well as AP-style title case. Similar to the others, it allows you to type or copy-paste your text, and once you press “convert” the output appears below.

With the worksheet below, you can test your understanding of how title case works. Fill in one of the two options in each sentence.

• Practice questions
• Answers and explanations
• One of Boticelli’s most famous works is____________[the Birth Of Venus/The Birth of Venus]
• I borrowed _________[Of Mice and Men/of Mice and Men] a while ago, but never managed to finish the first chapter.
• I love your___________ [Lord of the Rings notebook/Lord of the Rings Notebook].
• “The” is capitalised because it is the first word of the title. 
• “Birth” is capitalised because it is a major word (noun).
• “Of” is not capitalised because it is a preposition. 
• “Venus” is capitalised because it is major word (proper noun)
• “Of” is capitalised because it is the first word of the title despite being a preposition.
• “Mice” is capitalised because it is a noun.
• “And” is not capitalised because it is a coordinating conjunction.
• “Men” is capitalised because it is the last word of the title.
• Here, “Lord of the Rings” is the title and also a compound adjective (like “error-free”, “kind-hearted”, etc.) modifying the noun (“notebook”). For this reason, we need to stop applying title case when we are finished writing the title (“Lord of the Rings”).

Capitalisation is the practice of using uppercase or capital letters in writing to indicate the beginning of a sentence or to emphasise certain words or types of words within a sentence.

For example, capitalising place names, family names, and days of the week are all standard in English. Different capitalisation styles, like title case and sentence case , apply different rules when it comes to which letters to capitalise.

Which words you capitalise depends on the capitalisation style you use. Title case and sentence case are two common capitalisation styles that follow different rules:

• In title case , the initial letter of every major word (such as a verb ) is capitalised, while minor words (such as coordinating conjunctions ) are typically in lowercase. Title case is most frequently used for headings and the titles of published works.
• In sentence case , only the first word of a sentence is capitalised, along with any proper nouns (names of specific people, places, etc.).

However, these rules may vary. Follow the advice outlined in your style guide.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Nikolopoulou, K. (2023, September 03). What Is Title Case? | Explanation & Worksheet. Scribbr. Retrieved 15 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/academic-style/what-is-title-case/

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How to Capitalize a Book’s Title in a Citation (APA, MLA, and Chicago)

5-minute read

• 28th July 2023

A properly capitalized reference list that is aligned with your style guide is a vital step in completing a polished paper. However, knowing how to capitalize some of the most common items in references, such as book titles, can be tricky because the rules vary among style guides.

Here, we’ll go over how to capitalize a book title according to the rules of three of the most common reference styles : the American Psychological Association (APA) , the Modern Language Association (MLA) , and the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) , which is also referred to as Chicago or Turabian style. (If you’re in a rush, scroll down to the bottom to check out our quick reference list.)

Differences Between Sentence Case and Title Case

Before we begin walking through the different style guides, let’s go over the difference between the two general approaches to capitalizing titles: sentence case and title case.

Sentence Case

When capitalizing a book title using sentence case, only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle (if present), and any proper nouns should be capitalized. For example:

Although there are some nuances among style guides, the general rule when using title case is to capitalize the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle (if present), nouns , pronouns , verbs , adjectives , and adverbs . The three books above in title case would be:

APA has a long-held tradition of using sentence case for books in reference lists. During the revisions of the latest version, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition , the main aim was to prioritize accessibility, and the style team decided that sentence case for book titles was more readable.

An added benefit of having book titles in sentence case is that they are easier to find because they stand out from the rest of the reference items. Remember, when using sentence case, only the first word of the title is capitalized unless it’s a proper noun. For example:

To learn more about using APA referencing, check out our APA Guide .

The MLA capitalization rules for book titles in references generally follow title case and specifically dictate that the first and last word of a title, the first word of a subtitle, nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, subordinating conjunctions , and principal words that follow a hyphen should all be capitalized. Articles , prepositions (regardless of length), coordinating conjunctions , to in infinitives, and the second word after a hyphen in a compound modifier should not be capitalized. These are a few examples of books following MLA’s capitalization rules:

One caveat in MLA referencing is that sources without a title, such as untitled essays or social media posts, should be quoted with the first few words of the text, and follow the same capitalization.

To learn more about using MLA Referencing, check out our MLA Guide .

Although there are also several differences between CMOS references and other style guides , and even two different reference systems within CMOS itself, the capitalization rules for book titles are similar to MLA with a few additional directives. Their rules also follow title case and advise that the first word and the last word of a title and subtitle should be capitalized as well as all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, subordinating conjunctions, and principal words that follow a hyphen .

Articles, prepositions (regardless of length), coordinating conjunctions, the word to in infinitives, and the second word after a hyphen in a compound modifier should not be capitalized. Additionally, the conjunctions and , but , for , or , and nor , and the word as should not be capitalized. A proper name that would be lowercase in text (e.g., Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) and the second part of a Latin species name should also not be capitalized. Here are a few examples of correctly capitalized CMOS book titles:

To learn more about Chicago referencing, check out our Chicago Author-Date Guide , and our Chicago Notes and Bibliography Guide .

Summary and Reference Guide

Although these may seem like a lot of capitalization rules, you’ll get the hang of them with a little practice. Below, we added a list of the major rules for APA, MLA, and CMOS for quick reference.

●  Use sentence case.

●  Capitalize the first word of the title.

●  Capitalize the last word of the title.

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●  Use title case.

●  Do capitalize the first and last word.

●  Do capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and subordinating conjunctions.

●  Do capitalize principal words that follow a hyphen.

●  Do not capitalize articles, prepositions (regardless of length), coordinating conjunctions, and the word to in infinitives.

●  Do not capitalize the second word after a hyphen in a compound modifier.

●  Do not capitalize the conjunctions and , but , for, or , and nor , and the word as in any state.

●  Do not capitalize a proper name that would be lowercase in text (e.g., Johann Wolfgang von Goethe).

●  Do not capitalize the second part of a Latin species name.

If you’d like any help proofreading or formatting your references , please reach out to us. You can even try a sample of our services for free . Best of luck with your referencing!

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