APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

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  • Block Quotes

About Block Quotes

Block quote example.

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  • Any quotation containing 40 or more words should be formatted as a Block Quote
  • Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations.  Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation
  • Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation
  • Block quotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin
  • If there are additional paragraphs within the block quote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch.

For further information and examples, consult pages 92 and 171 of the APA Manual.

Accord to Siegel and Hartzell (2004)            

trauma and loss requires an understanding of the low road and its connection to patterns of experiences from the past. The passing of unresolved issues from generation to generation produces and perpetuates unnecessary emotional suffering. If our own issues remain unresolved, there is a strong possibility that the disorganization within our minds can createdisorganization in our children’s minds. (p. 183)

During gestation, the numerous genes in the nucleus of each cell become expressed and the genes determine what proteins become produced and when and how to shape the body’s structure.  In utero brain development enables neurons to grow and move to their proper locations in the skull and begin to set up the interconnections that create the circuitry of this complex organ of the nervous system.  (Siegel & Hartzell, 2004)

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Block quotes in APA

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Direct quotation

A direct quotation is used when you want to quote published content without paraphrasing it. Although paraphrasing is important, it is sometimes allowed to quote the content directly to create emphasis.

Block quote

A block quote is a type of direct quote (the other one being “short quote” used in the text). It is used when the number of words taken verbatim from the published work is greater than or equal to 40 words.

Citing a source

If the source appears as a parenthetical citation after the block quote, cite the author name, year, and page number in parenthesis after the final punctuation of the block quote. If the source is narrative, include the author’s name and year in the text and include the page number after the final punctuation of the block quote.

As a parenthetical citation

A researcher has explored:

Milošević’s regime led the country into sanctions and had taken Serbia from the largest republic in the internationally respected and cosmopolitan Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to a pariah country plagued by nationalism, haunted by war crimes, and devastated by economic insecurity. (Greenberg, 2014, p. 5)

As a narrative citation

Storeng and Béhague (2014) identify:

Some safe motherhood experts are resisting and modifying these authoritative paradigms and couching [their] ideological and moral convictions in the language of scientific evidence for the sake of political expediency. (p. 274)

Block quotes with more than one paragraph

If a block quote has more than one paragraph, the first line of each of the subsequent paragraphs is indented 1.0 inch from the left margin.

There are lots of doctors who unfortunately think that this evidence is not reliable, that its manipulated. The oldest ones, the professors, defend caesarean. It’s difficult for someone to change, who has practiced in a certain way for their whole life.

The doctors have access to the same scientific evidence that we doulas and humanised doctors have. But they keep telling the pregnant women that episiotomy is better, that it’s necessary. (Irvine, 2021, p. 15)

Omitting content

If you want to omit some content from a block quote, use ellipsis (…) in place of the removed content. Remember to add space before and after the ellipsis. Never introduce or end a block quote with an ellipsis unless the quote you are referring to itself begins or ends with an ellipsis. If the content at the end of one sentence and at the beginning of the next sentence is omitted, use a period followed by an ellipsis (. …).

Science says that a trained companion is the sole intervention with the most significant impact on outcomes. …Fewer c-sections, less use of anaesthesia, pain killers, medications. (Kozhimannil et al., 2013)

Inserting content

If you want to introduce emphasis, add words or phrases for more clarity, or mention the error in the original quoted content, you can mention them in square brackets inside the block quote.

Introducing emphasis

Ten years ago, rupturing membranes to induce labour was considered absurd [emphasis added] in these hospitals. This has changed a lot. In 2006, São Luis opened the first sala de parto.

The phrase “considered absurd” has been italicized, which was not in the original source. Therefore, it is mentioned as [emphasis added] in square brackets after the phrase.

Introducing text

I suffered obstetric violence from an obstetric nurse…in 35 years I haven’t been able to forget. …It’s the same for all of us [women]. During labour, we are abused.

The word “us” does not clarify who it refers to. Therefore, [women] is added in square brackets to clarify that it refers to women.

Error in quote

The appropriation of women’s bodies and reproductive processes by health professionals though [ sic ] dehumanised treatment, drug abuse and pathologisation of natural processes…

The word “though” should be “through.” To inform the reader that the typo is present in the original source, [ sic ] is added after the word. Note that sic is added in italics.

Citation in block quotes

If the block quote you are using has citations included in it, do not delete the citation. However, you need not add the details of such citations in your reference list unless you cite them in your work.

This increasing medicalisation of childbirth tends to undermine the woman’s own capacity to give birth and negatively impacts her childbirth experience (WHO 2018: 1). The WHO guidelines reflect a consensus among global maternal health experts that maternal health care should be “normalised” where possible, based on the understanding that birth is a normal physiological process that can be accomplished without intervention for most women.

Rules and guidelines

  • Always begin block quotes on a new line.
  • Indent block quotes 0.5 inch from the left margin.
  • Always double-space a block quote.
  • Enclose quoted content appearing inside a block quote in double quotation marks. Change single quotation marks to double quotation marks.
  • Do not use quotation marks for block quotes.
  • Never italicize a block quote.
  • Do not add any line space above or below block quotes.

APA Formatting

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APA Style Guide 7th Edition

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General Guidelines for Block Quotations 

  • Block quotes are used for direct quotations that are longer than 40 words.
  • They should be offset from the main text and do not include quotation marks.
  • Introduce the block quote on a new line and indent the entire quote .5 inch.
  • If your block quote consists of two or more paragraphs, indent the additional paragraph and additional  .5 inch.
  • If your block quotation contains a citation from another source, include it in the quotation. However, you do not need to cite the quoted source in your reference page.
  • The block quote should be double spaced. 
  • Block quotes can be cited in either a narrative or parenthetical form. 
  • The citation information at the end is not considered part of the sentence and comes after the period. 
  • Use p. for a single page number ( Example: p. 15) and pp. for multiple page numbers ( Example: pp. 125-126).
  • If citing a source without page numbers, cite the paragraph number ( Example:  para. 4) or other identifying information ( Example:  Slide 7, Table 2, Results section).
  • If you have two or more authors, use the word 'and' for narrative citations and the ampersand  '&' for parenthetical citations 
  • If you have three or more authors, use 'et al.' after the first authors last name to indicated there are additional authors. 

Narrative Block Quote With Page Numbers  

Martikainen (2020) notes the difficulties of students making judgments on teachers using visual cues:  

      What makes the informative value of visual nonverbal features problematic is that, maybe more than        words, their meanings and levels of intentionality are often ambiguous. Teachers’ visual features are       hardly all meant as mediators of deliberate meanings, but they may become interpreted as such by       students. (p. 584) 

Parenthetical Block Quote With Page Numbers 

Several difficulties arise when students make judgments on teachers using visual cues:  

      What makes the informative value of visual nonverbal features problematic is that, maybe more than        words, their meanings and levels of intentionality are often ambiguous. Teachers’ visual features are       hardly all meant as mediators of deliberate meanings, but they may become interpreted as such by       students. (Martikainen,  2020,  p. 584) 

Narrative Block Quote Without Page Numbers

Koehler (2020) explains the complicated  experience :  

     ​ Conceptualized as a sense of wonder, amazement, or fascination, awe is a complex emotion associated      with deep and personal change. The experience of this multifaceted sensation is atypical, powerful, and      memorable. People who experience awe are intensely moved and often propelled toward a feeling of      self-transcendence—becoming aware they are one minor part of a larger whole. (para. 2)     

Parenthetical Block Quote Without Page Numbers

It is helpful to thing of this complicated experience in these terms:  

     ​ Conceptualized as a sense of wonder, amazement, or fascination, awe is a complex emotion associated      with deep and personal change. The experience of this multifaceted sensation is atypical, powerful, and      memorable. People who experience awe are intensely moved and often propelled toward a feeling of       self-transcendence—becoming aware they are one minor part of a larger whole. ( Koehler, 2020,  para. 2) 

Block Quotation Containing an Embedded Source 

  Yaden et al. (2019) provide context for this concept:

     The contemporary psychological understanding of awe comes largely from a foundational article written by      Keltner and Haidt (2003). According to the prototypical approach presented in this article, the following      two  cognitive appraisals are central to awe experiences: the perception of vastness and the need to        mentally attempt to accommodate this vastness into existing mental schemas. (p. 474) 

Note: Yaden et al. would be cited in your reference page but not Keltner and Haidt as that is the embedded source. 

Block Quotation With Two Paragraphs  

Hamedoglu (2019) point out: 

     Students can watch the subjects they do not understand on different channels on the Internet, teachers       give homework to their students via various education sites or WhatsApp messages and demand their      students to do their homework. Student grades, attendance, views about students are processed on      e‐school system and parents can follow these data by using their own passwords.            As seen, the proliferation of the information and computer technologies have affected classroom      management activities and changed physical arrangements, environmental arrangement, communication,      course materials, teaching lesson, and the relationship between environment and students’ parents.      (p.147) 

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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers

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Citations for Block Quotations

If you want to include a direct quote that is more than 40 words : , start the quotation on a new line, ½ inch from the left margin (the same place where a new paragraph would start)., type the quotation, indenting any subsequent lines ½ inch from the left margin. this is known as a "block" quotation., double-space the entire block quotation., do not use quotation marks to enclose the block quotation. , put your parenthetical citation after the last punctuation mark of the block quotation. follow the instructions outlined on the previous pages for citing multiple authors in the parenthetical., make sure to include a page or paragraph number in the parenthetical.,      ​in his letter from birmingham jail, dr. martin luther king, jr. wrote about the interconnectivity of everyone:, i cannot sit idly by in atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in birmingham. injustice anywhere is a threat, to justice everywhere. we are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny., whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. (1963, april 16, para. 4), dr. king’s letter is still highly relevant and frequently cited by scholars even fifty years later. , * ** remember: each source listed on the reference page must correspond to at least one in-text citation in the body of the paper; each in-text citation must correspond to a source listed on the reference page..

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / APA style direct quotes and block quotes

APA style direct quotes and block quotes

Using an APA style direct quote, block quote, or paraphrase is one way to appropriately give credit where it is due and to avoid plagiarism.

What is a direct quote vs. a block quote vs. a paraphrase?

It’s important to know the difference between a direct quote, a block quote, and a paraphrase.

Otherwise, you may get flagged for plagiarizing someone else’s work when you didn’t mean to.

Direct quote:

A direct quote is a statement that is taken verbatim (word-for-word) from a text or speaker.

Block quote:

A block quote is a long direct quote that is separated from the regular text. By APA standards, you use a block text for quotes that are 40 words or longer.

Paraphrase:

A paraphrase differs from a direct quote in that the writer is putting someone else’s thoughts and ideas into their own words.

When you decide to talk about a published work in your paper, the first question to ask is if it’s best to paraphrase or directly quote from that work. Further explanations and examples of a direct quote, a block quote, and a paraphrase are provided below to help you make an educated choice.

Paraphrasing in APA style

Paraphrasing is recommended and often used by academic scholars because it helps to synthesize complex concepts. When a source is paraphrased, a citation still needs to be included.

Regardless of whether a source is paraphrased or directly quoted, it must include an APA in-text citation to avoid the perils of plagiarism.

Original quote:

Marshall McLuhan famously stated in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man , “the medium is the message” (McLuhan, 1964, p. 2).

Paraphrase example:

Marshall McLuhan proposed in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man that the medium used to transmit a message is often more important than the content of the message itself (McLuhan, 1964, p. 2).

Although it is not required in APA citation style, adding the page or paragraph number in the citation for an APA paraphrase can also help readers locate the passage within the source.

Using direct quotes in APA style

Sometimes it’s necessary to reproduce another work verbatim to convey the exact meaning. In fact, direct quotes should be used when citing a definition and when the author’s specific rhetoric or phrasing is being analyzed.

Keep in mind that different academic journals and instructors may have limits for how many direct quotes they are willing to accept.

Direct quote example:

Gandhi defined democracy as being, “based on the idea that I do, should provide the same opportunities weaker than stronger. Only nonviolence can achieve this goal” (Gandhi, 1952).

In-text citations: Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

There are two different ways to include an APA in-text citation with a quote: parenthetical and narrative.

Both are mentioned within the text and include the author’s last name and the year the source was published. The difference is whether the author’s surname is used as a descriptive element within the sentence or simply to cite the work.

Parenthetical in-text citations

An APA parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence, but it must include both the author and the date in parenthesis, separated by a comma.

Single author parenthetical citation example:

“Oh father – do you mean you have found a new way to work?”  exclaims the character Cassandra in the novel, I Capture the Castle (Dodie, 1948, p. 341).

Organizational author parenthetical citation example:

The incidence of the novel coronavirus in the United States from June–August 2020 was highest in persons aged 20–29 years (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).

Two authors parenthetical citation example:

Their relationship is explained in All the President’s Men as, “Bernstein looked like one of those counterculture journalists that Woodward despised. Bernstein thought that Woodward’s rapid rise at the Post had less to do with his ability than his Establishment credentials” (Bernstein & Woodward, 1974, p. 15).

Three or more authors parenthetical citation example:

Internal communication is integral to internal public relations with links to positive organizational and employee outcomes (Karanges et al., 2014).

Narrative in-text citations

For a narrative citation, the author’s surname appears within a sentence and the date shows up in parentheses immediately after the author’s name.

Single author narrative citation example:

In her poem, I know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou (1969) describes opposing experiences.

Organizational author narrative citation example:

The U.S. Census Bureau (2020) found that only 10% of all U.S. homes, or about 11 million housing units, were aging-ready, based on the 2011 data.

Two authors narrative citation example:

Vialli and Marcotti (2007) detail how the characteristics of England and Italy, two of the most passionate soccer-playing countries, affect the game.

Three or more authors narrative citation example:

Milli et al. (2017) assert that despite being paid less, women’s earnings are increasingly important to the economic stability of families.

Using short, direct quotations

Short quotes are those consisting of less than 40 words, and they are incorporated into the sentence. Also, an ellipsis (with a space before and after) should only be used at the beginning or end of a quotation if the source includes an ellipsis.

Including page numbers

When using a direct quote, always provide the author, year, and page number of the source for both parenthetical and narrative citations. There is a specific way to format page numbers in APA citations. When the quote is from a single page simply use “p.” But when there are multiple pages being referenced, use the abbreviation “pp.” and an en dash to indicate the page range (pp. 34–38). If the pages are not within a range, simply use a comma to indicate the disparate pages (pp. 45, 72).

No pages numbers, no problem

When a direct quote has no page number, for any number of reasons (it’s a webpage or e-book, for example), provide an alternative method for locating the quoted passage. A subsection heading, or paragraph number can work in place of a page number.

When quotes include errors

Direct quotes often contain errors because writers and speakers are fallible. If the error is distracting, it is recommended that content be paraphrased. If the direct quote is required to understand the full meaning of the statement, the direct quote must match the original verbatim, including spelling and punctuation. If errors make the direct quote difficult to read, the word “[ sic ],” italicized and in brackets, can be inserted immediately after the error within the quote.

Changing quotes

There are a very limited number of cases in which a direct quote may need to be edited or changed, such as capitalizing the beginning of a sentence or adding punctuation to the end of the quote. All changes must be indicated. Square brackets should be used to highlight any additions or explanations inserted into a direct quote. In the case of omitting words within a quotation, an ellipsis in parenthesis can be used.

When respondents provide direct quotes

When conducting research, participants are often quoted regarding their perceptions or experiences. The same rules apply, but it is important to mention that the quote is from a research respondent. Ethical considerations should also take priority when determining whether to name direct quotes from participants.

Short, direct quote examples:

Mr. Ripley remarked, “I certainly didn’t mean to alarm anybody when I said what I did about his depression. I felt it was a kind of duty to tell you and Mr. Greenleaf” in his attempt to shift attention away from his wrongdoing (Highsmith, 1955, p. 190).

As Highsmith (1955) describes, Mr. Ripley couldn’t be sure if he had been found out, “Tom was wringing the shoe in his hands like a pair of gloves now, yet still keeping the shoe in position, because Marge was staring at him in a funny way. She was thinking. Was she kidding him?” (p. 216).

Block quotes: The longer the quote, the bigger the block

Sometimes less than 40 words isn’t long enough for a direct quote to make its mark. That’s when a block quote is necessary.

Here are block quote guidelines:

  • A block quotation starts on a new line with a 0.5-inch indentation from the left margin.
  • The lines are double spaced (like the rest of the paper).
  • There are no quotation marks at either the beginning or end of the block.
  • Note: Longer passages like block quotes can also be credited using APA footnotes .

Block quote example 1:

Lawyers often enjoy laughing at themselves, as is evident in the book, The World’s Funniest Lawyer Jokes , which includes this anecdote:

An airliner was having engine trouble, and the pilot instructed the cabin crew to have the passengers take their seats and get prepared for an emergency landing. A few minutes later, the pilot asked the flight attendants if everyone was buckled up and ready. ‘All set back here, Captain.’ came the reply, ‘except the lawyers are still going around passing out business cards.’ (Price, 2011, p. 103)

Block quote example 2:

McCullough (1968) describes the Johnstown Flood of 1889 as it passed through and devastated several Pennsylvania towns:

Unlike East Conemaugh, Woodvale got no warning. It was all over in about five minutes. The only building left standing was the woolen mill, and there was only part of that. At the western end of the town, the end almost touching Johnstown, stood the Gautier works, part of it in Woodvale, part in Conemaugh borough. The huge works sent up a terrific geyser of steam when the water hit its boilers, and then the whole of it seemed simply to lift up and slide off with the water … There was not a tree, not a telegraph pole, not a sign of where the railroad has been. Two hundred and fifty-five houses had been taken off, and there was no way of telling where they had been. (p. 127)

Published October 28, 2020.

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APA Citation 7th Ed: Block Quotations

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About Block Quotes

  • Any quotation containing 40 or more words should be formatted as a Block Quote
  • Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations.  Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation
  • Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation
  • Blockquotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin
  • If there are additional paragraphs within the blockquote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch.
  • Double-space the entire quotation

Block Quote Example

Accord to Siegel and Hartzell (2004)            

trauma and loss requires an understanding of the low road and its connection to patterns of experiences from the past. The passing of unresolved issues from generation to generation produces and perpetuates unnecessary emotional suffering. If our own issues remain unresolved, there is a strong possibility that the disorganization within our minds can createdisorganization in our children’s minds. (p. 183)

During gestation, the numerous genes in the nucleus of each cell become expressed and the genes determine what proteins become produced and when and how to shape the body’s structure.  In utero brain development enables neurons to grow and move to their proper locations in the skull and begin to set up the interconnections that create the circuitry of this complex organ of the nervous system.  (Siegel & Hartzell, 2004)

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Apa block quotes: how to cite long quotes in apa 7, published by steve tippins on july 3, 2020 july 3, 2020.

Last Updated on: 2nd February 2024, 05:30 am

In APA, a block quote contains a direct quotation that consists of 40 or more words. When writing papers , keep in mind that you should use block quotations in moderation. A summary or paraphrase of the information from your sources is preferred. In this article, we’ll show you how to properly format APA block quotes.

Format for APA Block Quotes

  • Introduce the quotation
  • Indent five spaces from the left margin 
  • Double-space
  • Do not enclose it in quotation marks
  • If there is a quotation within the block quotation, put it in double quotation marks 

Block Quotes from Print Sources

woman with curly hair looking at her laptop

Most long quotes you’ll need to cite will be from print sources. Here’s how to cite APA block quotes according to the 7th edition of the manual.

In-text citation

(Author’s Last Name, Year, Page number)

(Borodulin, 2017, p. 52)

The following format is for a block quote with the in-text citation directly after it. The in-text citation goes after the period or any other punctuation mark at the end of the quote. If the source does not have page numbers, then provide a paragraph number (e.g., para. 2) or other section identifiers, such as a chapter number or section number. 

There were two medical organizations that played a significant role in forming the first clinical elite:

The first specialized scientific organization was the surgical society in Moscow, which was established in 1873 and consisted of 22 surgeons, medical doctors from teaching hospitals and city hospitals. In 1881 the N. I. Pirogov Surgical Society was established in Saint Petersburg. National congresses on specialties within clinical practice were held beginning in the late 19th century. (Borodulin, 2017, p. 52)

apa reference page block quote

The following is for a block quote with a narration citation. Provide an introductory signal phrase with the author’s last name and year of publication.

Borodulin (2017) reported that there were two medical organizations that played a significant role in forming the first clinical elite:

The first specialized scientific organization was the surgical society in Moscow, which was established in 1873 and consisted of 22 surgeons, medical doctors from teaching hospitals and city hospitals.  In 1881 the N. I. Pirogov Surgical Society was established in Saint Petersburg. National congresses on specialties within clinical practice were held beginning in the late 19th century. (p, 52)

The following is for a quotation within a block quote:

The role of scientific schools in forming the elite derived from their function of preserving and passing on knowledge from one generation to the next. Separate links binding them together can be identified “by the creativity of particular personalities and the bonds by the interaction between them.”  Therefore, students who have overcome the school establishment and have broken the mold in the development of science are evidence not of the collapse of the scientific school, but in fact of its triumph. (Borodulin, 2017, p. 52)

top view of a woman working on her laptop with a cup of tea next to her

Reference List

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of article . Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

When providing the URL from a source, you no longer have to write “Retrieved from” before it. 

The DOI, or Digital Object Identifier at the end of the reference is used to identify a document and link to it on the web. In most articles, the DOI will be printed with the article.

Borodulin V.I. (2017). The scientific elite in the history of the nation’s internal medicine clinical practice. History of Medicine . 4 (1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.v4.1.2017.06f

Quote From an Audiovisual Source

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When you have a block quote from a video or other audiovisual source, see if it provides a time stamp, (a timeline window that displays the hour, minute, and second). If it has a timeline window, provide the time the quote began in the in-text citation.

(Author’s or Speaker’s Last Name, Year, Hours: Minutes: Seconds)

(Wallace-Wells, 2019, 08:15)

There are several ways to ensure a positive future for the planet:

We would need a new kind of infrastructure, poured by a different kind of cement, because today, if cement were a country, it would be the world’s third biggest emitter. And China is pouring as much cement every three years as the US poured in the entire 20th century. We would need to build seawalls and levees to protect those people living on the coast, many of whom are too poor to build them today, which is why it must mean an end to a narrowly nationalistic geopolitics that allows us to define the suffering of those living elsewhere in the world as insignificant, when we even acknowledge it.  (Wallace-Wells, 2019, 08:15)

apa reference page block quote

Reference list

Author’s Last Name, First Initial (Year, Month Day). Title of audiovisual . [Type of audiovisual]. Names of website. URL

Wallace-Wells, D. (2019, September 21). How we could change the planet’s climate future . [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_wallace_wells_how_we_could_change_the_planet_s_climate_future

APA Block Quote Citation Summary

Hopefully, this article showed you how to cite a long quote in APA. For more information about the guidelines for a block quotation, refer to Section 6.22 and pages 92 and 171 of the APA Manual 7 th edition. 

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APA 7: Block Quotes

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apa reference page block quote

Block Quote Rules

  • Block quotes should be used sparingly or not at all, unless they come from research participants.
  • Any quotation containing 40 or more words should be formatted as a block quote.
  • As with all direct quotes, block quotes include the page number where the quote can be found.
  • Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations. Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation.
  • Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation.
  • Block quotes should start on a new line and indent the block a ½ inch from the left margin.
  • If there are additional paragraphs within the block quote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch.
  • Double space the entire quotation.
  • Block quotes from research participants follow all these rules, but they do not include in-text citations.

Block Quote Examples

Block quotes from research participants

Some testimony uncovered a great deal of pain in our focus group. “Anna” (36 years old) remembered her first time stepping into a workshop and the feelings that arose in her.

I loved the fandango. I could play a song with the group by the end of the workshop. It was fun. I was going through a hard time, divorce, my kids were with their father and I was lost. This community gave me something to look forward to and now every one of my close friends is here. Even with everything we have talked about, I believe in this place as one that has the potential to be a truly free one for all of us.

Introduce the author at the beginning of the quote (narrative in-text citation).

Khoravi (2018) noted the irony in the changes of symbolism and function of humanity's barriers over time.

The current border barriers are built to defend the economic interests of specific units called nation‐states, to safeguard the welfare of the members of these nation‐states, called citizens. Similar to the old walls, the new border walls indicate the nationalist desire for eternity, built to give the impression of being timeless. However, history shows that walls are doomed to fall and, in many cases, to become nothing more than tourist sites. Paradoxically they attract those they were supposed to keep out, the foreigners. (p. 413)

Or include the author at the end of the quote (parenthetical in-text citation)

The symbolism and function of humanity's barriers change over time in a way that is richly ironic.

The current border barriers are built to defend the economic interests of specific units called nation‐states, to safeguard the welfare of the members of these nation‐states, called citizens. Similar to the old walls, the new border walls indicate the nationalist desire for eternity, built to give the impression of being timeless. However, history shows that walls are doomed to fall and, in many cases, to become nothing more than tourist sites. Paradoxically they attract those they were supposed to keep out, the foreigners. (Khoravi, 2018, p. 413)

Adapted from American Psychological Association publication manual (7th ed.).

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Citations: block quotations.

According to the APA manual, quotations that are 40 words or more are considered block quotations and are formatted differently than regular quotations.

The following is a list of the unique formatting that is needed for block quotations:

  • Block quotations start on their own line.
  • The entire block quotation is indented 0.5 inches, the same as the indentation for a new paragraph, and is double spaced.
  • Block quotations are not surrounded by any quotation marks.
  • The punctuation at the end of the block quotation goes before the citation.
  • The ending citation is included on the last line of the block quotation.
  • The text after the block quotation begins on its own line, with no indentation. You should not end a paragraph with a block quotation because any quotation you use as evidence in your writing should be followed by analysis in your own words as part of the same paragraph.

Note that block quotations should be used sparingly. Block quotations tend to take over the voice of the paper, often overshadowing the voice of the author with that source’s voice. Instead, if at all possible, try to quote smaller portions of the piece of text and incorporate these into your own voice. This practice will not only allow you to establish your voice as the author but also show the way you are engaging with the information, not just reporting it.

Block Quotation Examples

Today, digital cameras have practically taken over photography. As Johnson (2010) explained,

Digital cameras now make up 90% of all camera sales at the leading electronic stores. This increase in sales can be partially attributed to the widespread use of email and social networking, which has encouraged the sharing of digital photos. (p. 23)

Johnson further noted that, even more than with the shift to digital cameras, the increasing use of phones and iPods that have built-in cameras has replaced the use of film cameras.

Computer users often disagree about which operating system is best: Mac or PC. Oyler (2010) stated that one operating system is not better than the other, but that one may be better suited for different purposes than the other. She explained by saying that

Macs are often the best option for users who wish to work with video or picture manipulation. Macs are also very user friendly, which may benefit consumers who are new to computers. PCs, however, run Microsoft Office Suite the best. Therefore, students might find that a PC is their best option because it can run Microsoft Word and PowerPoint the smoothest. (Oyler, 2010, p. 48)

Conversely, Jones (2010) disagreed with the statement that Macs work with graphics such as video and pictures better than PCs, stating that PCs can be modified to work as well as Macs.

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APA Style Guide: Block Quote

  • Direct Quote

Block Quote

  • Indirect Quote
  • Multiple Authors
  • In-text Exceptions
  • Personal Communications
  • Journal Article
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Block quotes are used for direct quotations that are longer than 40 words. They should be offset from the main text and do not include quotation marks. Introduce the block quote on a new line. Indent the entire quote ½ inch or 5-7 spaces; the block quote may be single-spaced.

Include the page number at the end of your block quote outside of the ending period. Also include the author's last name, date of publication, and page number(s)/paragraph number.

Use p. for a single page number ( Example: p. 15) and pp. for multiple page numbers ( Example: pp. 125-126). If citing an online source without page numbers, cite the paragraph number ( Example: para. 4).   

When citing multiple authors after a quotation the ampersand symbol '&' is used instead of the word 'and'.

Block Quote Author at Beginning

Pagination follows the year of publication after a colon (note that in the in-text citation, there is no space between the colon and the page number).

Lyoob, Rossetti, and Chen (2013) noted:

Many software providers take advantage of these developing technologies to provide new cloud computing services or transform their existing products into the cloud. Since the term cloud could refer to any infrastructure, platform or software that serves for cloud computing, every component in the cloud may be provided as a service. (p. 34)

Block Quote Author at End

Cyber threats are not the only challenge to cloud computing:

While security has been a major topic of interest, reliability is a much bigger concern. Cloud computing is based on Internet access, so a fast and constant Internet connection is critical to cloud computing solutions. Therefore, it is imperative to ensure the enterprise’s connectivity to the Internet is well-established and that there are backup connections in case of connectivity failure. (Iyoob, Rossetti, & Chen, 2013, pp. 35-36) 

**Note:  In the above in-text citation, one of the authors’ last names is not capitalized. As a general rule, APA requires proper nouns to be capitalized. With author names, however, your goal is to write the name as the author him- or herself has presented it in scholarly work. Thus, if the name starts with a lowercase letter in the source you are citing, as is the case above with the name ‘lyoob,’ keep it lowercase. The exceptions to this are if the name 1) begins a sentence or 2) is the first word after a colon when what follows the colon is an independent clause.

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  • Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples)

Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples)

Published on November 4, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.

APA reference page (7th edition)

On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text.

Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page:

  • Place the section label “References” in bold at the top of the page (centered).
  • Order the references alphabetically .
  • Double-space all text.
  • Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 inches.

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Table of contents

Setting up the apa reference page, apa alphabetization guidelines, which sources to include on the reference page, annotated bibliography, creating apa references.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).

Word processors like Word or Google Docs and citation generators can usually order the reference list automatically. However, ordering becomes challenging when citing multiple works by the same author or works by authors with the same last name.

Our in-depth article on ordering references in APA Style explains what to do in these situations.

Only include references for sources cited in the body text (with an APA in-text citation ). Don’t include references for:

  • Sources that you only consulted;
  • Personal communications (e.g., emails or phone calls);
  • General mentions of websites or periodicals ;
  • Common knowledge .

For some student papers, it’s common to describe or evaluate the source in an annotation . These annotations are placed on a new line below the corresponding reference entry. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches.

If an annotation consists of multiple paragraphs, the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs is indented an additional 0.5 inches.

APA annotated bibliography (7th edition)

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The format of an APA reference differs depending on the source type. Play around with the options in the Scribbr Example Generator to get familiar with APA Style.

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APA citation examples

Check out Scribbr’s citation examples to learn more about citing each type of source, ranging from books and journals to podcasts and tweets !

Periodicals

  • Journal article
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Reports and gray literature

  • Press release
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Books and reference works

  • Dictionary entry
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  • Movie or documentary
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apa reference page block quote

APA 7th Block Text

APA Block Text

For quotations that are more than 40 words, use a block text format and no quotation marks. Be sure to use double spacing and to begin the block text with the author and then a colon. At the end of the block text, place the appropriate punctuation mark then the page number. (p. page number)

Block quotation with parenthetical citation:

When students have multiple writing assignments, one way to become better in academic writing is to utilize the free sources that are available to them:  

Librarians and writing tutors enjoy helping students thrive. Librarians connect students with information,

and writing tutors help students become excellent written communicators. Not only is reading important

to obtaining information to use in the writing process, it also helps the writer know what sounds right.

People who read a lot recognize oddities in sentence structure and paper layout. They notice when

a paragraph or paper is missing something and needs more information. They also notice when a

paragraph or paper adequately communicates the writers' intention. Simply stated, after reading a

piece, the reader either has an, "AHA! YES!" moment or either a "E hhhhh  yuck"  moment. (Shierling,

2018, p. 21)

Block quotation with a narrative citation:

Shierling (2018) found the following:

and writing tutors help students become excellent written communicators.  Research shows that good

readers make good writers. Not only is reading important to obtaining information to use in the writing

process, it also helps the writer know what sounds right. People who read a lot recognize oddities in

sentence structure and paper layout. They notice when a paragraph or paper is missing something and

needs more information. They also notice when a paragraph or paper adequately communicates the

writers' intention. Simply stated, after reading a piece, the reader either has an, "AHA! YES!" moment or

either a "E hhhhh  yuck"  moment. (p. 21)

View APA Style guidance for Quotations . 

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APA Style 7th Edition

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  • Block Quotes

About Block Quotes

Block quote example.

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  • Any quotation containing 40 or more words should be formatted as a Block Quote
  • Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations.  Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation
  • Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation
  • Block quotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin
  • If there are additional paragraphs within the block quote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch.

For further information and examples, consult pages 92 and 171 of the APA Manual.

Accord to Siegel and Hartzell (2004)            

trauma and loss requires an understanding of the low road and its connection to patterns of experiences from the past. The passing of unresolved issues from generation to generation produces and perpetuates unnecessary emotional suffering. If our own issues remain unresolved, there is a strong possibility that the disorganization within our minds can createdisorganization in our children’s minds. (p. 183)

During gestation, the numerous genes in the nucleus of each cell become expressed and the genes determine what proteins become produced and when and how to shape the body’s structure.  In utero brain development enables neurons to grow and move to their proper locations in the skull and begin to set up the interconnections that create the circuitry of this complex organ of the nervous system.  (Siegel & Hartzell, 2004)

***Disclaimer- screen size may distort orientation of block quote view

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Block Quote Example

Apa formatting: block quote example.

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Running head: SKIN CANVAS AND TATTOOS AS TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ART                                                                                                                                                                                                            8  

               Now known as Dr. Lakra, the young artist acquired the name very early in his career due to the antique doctor’s bag he would carry with him which held his machines for tattooing. He chose the name “Lakra,” which is Spanish for scar of blemish, and is also slang for delinquent (Malbert, 2015, p. 230). Best known for taking antique and retro images from magazines and postcards, and turning the seemingly innocent and “pure” bodies into works of art. His works are very similar and often related and compared to ready-mades in the sense that Dr. Lakra does not go out and create the human canvases he works on, but rather these figures already formed and places his personal touch and markings on them.

An avid collector of diverse objects,  Lakra  views the search for materials and images as an essential aspect of his practice. His compositions combine historical references and contemporary images, incorporating quotes from popular culture, interwoven with religious and social  iconographies . The way he juxtaposes and refashions these various elements reveals a deep understanding of art history, as well as a subversive sense of humor. Dr.  Lakra  dismantles and subverts dominant ideologies to question what is considered civilized or barbaric, correct or innocent, “high” or “folk” art ( Kurimanzutto , n.d.,  para . 1).

               As in three of his works from 2004, Untitled (Films), Untitled (Maria Montez), and Untitled (Emana), Dr. Lakra has revived these forms from the past, marking them with skulls, faces, spiders, demons, and death. Untitled (Films) is a portrait of Evelyn Knapp, an American actress who stared in many B-movies and cliffhangers; having a thriving career in the 1920s and 30s, then tapering off into the 1940s, Knapp left a legacy of films and photographs in the media of the time. Her cause of death in the early 1980s was recorded as unknown and remained undisclosed with a timely cremation shortly thereafter. Dr. Lakra adorns her body with symbols of death: skulls live on her shoulder and hand and in the smoke around her face, a knife is drawn piercing her chest, chains wrap her neck like fine jewels, snakes looking to devour her like Cleopatra, and the unlucky number “13” at her temple above a drawn tear from her eye (Abaroa, Alonzo, Lakra & Orozco, 2010, p. 11). Yet, the major elements of contrast is the angles’ wing coming from one half of her chest and the bats’ wing from the other half, as well as the tattoo on her right hand that spells “PUNT-” (Abaroa et al., 2010, p. 5). Knapp lived a life that left no scandal to tarnish her reputation, yet Dr. Lakra took the opportunity to create as much with the markings on her body; as he works to create the aversion of empty space with tattoos on her naked skin, Dr. Lakra turns the bright-eyed Hollywood actress into a dark and fearful image as he transitions her from innocence to darkness and a new sense of empowerment (Amirsadeghi, 2014, p. 180). No longer is she pure and empowered by goodness, she radiates contradicting empowerment, as though it were bestowed from hell, for she is autonomous from the viewer but a slave to death as her tattoo “PUNT” may actually say “PUNTA,” which is Spanish for “end” or “tip.”

    

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Trump appeals immunity ruling to the Supreme Court

Carrie Johnson 2016 square

Carrie Johnson

apa reference page block quote

Former President Trump appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court a federal appeals court ruling that he did not enjoy immunity from prosecution. Patrick T. Fallon/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

Former President Trump appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court a federal appeals court ruling that he did not enjoy immunity from prosecution.

Former President Donald Trump is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to hit pause on his federal criminal prosecution for allegedly conspiring to obstruct the electoral certification three years ago.

Lawyers for Trump made the request Monday, writing the justices that they are preparing a petition for certiorari, or a full application for the high court to take the case. They said they want the court to indefinitely delay the trial at a federal courthouse in Washington D.C. At issue is a dispute over whether Trump should enjoy absolute immunity from criminal charges over acts he allegedly committed while in the White House.

Last week, three judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit flatly rejected Trump's bid for blanket immunity .

"Former President Trump has become citizen Trump, with all of the defenses of any other criminal defendant," the ideologically diverse judges wrote in an unsigned, unanimous opinion.

"We cannot accept that the office of the Presidency places its former occupants above the law for all time thereafter," the D.C. Circuit judges wrote. Doing so, they said, "would collapse our system of separated powers by placing the President beyond the reach of all three branches."

The three-judge panel gave Trump until Monday to take his case to the Supreme Court. What the justices do, and how quickly, could determine whether Trump faces trial before the November election in a case that accuses him of breaking federal conspiracy laws to cling to power after he lost the 2020 race to Joe Biden.

Lawyers working for Special Counsel Jack Smith said in court papers that those conspiracies culminated in violence at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, that injured more than 140 law enforcement officers and shook the foundations of American democracy.

Trump has pleaded not guilty and has argued in and outside of court that the case amounts to "election interference" against the Republican frontrunner to return to the White House. Attorney General Merrick Garland, who named a special counsel to lead the inquiry, has denied under oath any meddling by Biden and others currently in the White House.

The question of presidential immunity in criminal cases has never before arisen, because Trump is the first former president to face such charges.

He's fighting 91 felony counts, across four different jurisdictions, for allegations related to the 2020 election, his refusal to return highly classified documents to the FBI, and for paperwork violations over hush-money payments to an adult film star.

At the Supreme Court, meanwhile, the justices seemed skeptical of Colorado's bid to disqualify Trump from a state primary ballot for allegedly engaging in an insurrection. A decision in that case could come within weeks.

  • court of appeals
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  • president donald trump
  • Supreme Court

IMAGES

  1. APA Block Quote Format

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  2. How to Do Block Quotes in APA: 9 Steps (with Pictures)

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  4. Block Quotations Apa

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  5. How do I format a block quote with APA formatting?

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  6. Apa 40 word block quote

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COMMENTS

  1. Quotations

    Quotations A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work or from your own previously published work. It is best to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style. Use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing:

  2. Block Quotes

    Block quotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin If there are additional paragraphs within the block quote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Double space the entire quotation For further information and examples, consult pages 92 and 171 of the APA Manual. Block Quote Example

  3. In-Text Citations: The Basics

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...).

  4. How to Block Quote

    Step 1: Introduce the quote Step 2: Format and cite the quote Step 3: Comment on the quote When to use block quotes Other interesting articles How long is a block quote? The minimum length of a block quote varies between citation styles.

  5. Block quotes in APA

    ( 1) Create Citations for Free Direct quotation A direct quotation is used when you want to quote published content without paraphrasing it. Although paraphrasing is important, it is sometimes allowed to quote the content directly to create emphasis. Block quote

  6. LibGuides: APA Style Guide 7th Edition: Block Quote

    APA Style Guide 7th Edition General Guidelines for Block Quotations Block quotes are used for direct quotations that are longer than 40 words. They should be offset from the main text and do not include quotation marks. Introduce the block quote on a new line and indent the entire quote .5 inch.

  7. Block Quotations

    NAU Guide to APA Citations for Block Quotations If you want to include a direct quote that is MORE than 40 words: Start the quotation on a new line, ½ inch from the left margin (the same place where a new paragraph would start). Type the quotation, indenting any subsequent lines ½ inch from the left margin. This is known as a "block" quotation.

  8. APA style direct quotes and block quotes

    A block quote is a long direct quote that is separated from the regular text. By APA standards, you use a block text for quotes that are 40 words or longer. Paraphrase: A paraphrase differs from a direct quote in that the writer is putting someone else's thoughts and ideas into their own words.

  9. APA Citation 7th Ed: Block Quotations

    Blockquotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin If there are additional paragraphs within the blockquote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Double-space the entire quotation Block Quote Example Accord to Siegel and Hartzell (2004)

  10. APA Block Quote Format

    By Adrienne Mathewson Certified Librarian In APA Format 6 Min read As you are weeding through the complex language of your APA paper, you might find yourself needing to use a long quote or a block quotation. In APA 7, direct quotations that are 40 words or longer must be set off in a block quote.

  11. APA Block Quotes: How to Cite Long Quotes in APA 7

    In APA, a block quote contains a direct quotation that consists of 40 or more words. When writing papers, keep in mind that you should use block quotations in moderation. A summary or paraphrase of the information from your sources is preferred. In this article, we'll show you how to properly format APA block quotes. Format for APA Block Quotes

  12. Block Quotes

    As with all direct quotes, block quotes include the page number where the quote can be found. Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations. Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation. Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation. Block quotes should start on a new line ...

  13. APA Style 6th Edition Blog: Block Quotations in APA Style

    Your text following the block quote should be either (a) indented, if it is a new paragraph, or (b) flush left, if it is a continuation of your paragraph ( see Examples 4 and 5 in this PDF ). Click here to download this document with five sample block quotes:

  14. Block Quotations

    The entire block quotation is indented 0.5 inches, the same as the indentation for a new paragraph, and is double spaced. Block quotations are not surrounded by any quotation marks. The punctuation at the end of the block quotation goes before the citation. The ending citation is included on the last line of the block quotation.

  15. Block Quote

    Introduce the block quote on a new line. Indent the entire quote ½ inch or 5-7 spaces; the block quote may be single-spaced. Include the page number at the end of your block quote outside of the ending period. Also include the author's last name, date of publication, and page number(s)/paragraph number. Use p. for a single page number (Example: p.

  16. Direct quotes in APA Style

    There are three main rules for quoting in APA Style: If the quote is under 40 words, place it in double quotation marks. If the quote is 40 words or more, format it as a block quote. Cite the author, year, and page number with an APA in-text citation. Example: APA direct quote

  17. APA Formatting: How Do I: Format a Block Quote

    Block quotes give you, the writer, the ability to utilize larger sections of text as supporting evidence and information in your writing. Block quotes are direct quotes that are inserted into your work, but are formatted differently than smaller direct quotes and paraphrasing.

  18. Setting Up the APA Reference Page

    On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.

  19. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. Reference List Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats Basic Rules

  20. Block Text

    21) Block quotation with a narrative citation: Shierling (2018) found the following: Librarians and writing tutors enjoy helping students thrive. Librarians connect students with information, and writing tutors help students become excellent written communicators. Research shows that good readers make good writers.

  21. Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers

    To directly quote from material with canonically numbered sections (e.g., religious or classical works), use the name of the book, chapter, verse, line, and/or canto instead of a page number. The person vowed to "set me as a seal upon thine heart" ( King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of Solomon 8:6). For plays, cite the act, scene, and line (s).

  22. Block Quotes

    Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation; Block quotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin; If there are additional paragraphs within the block quote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Double space the entire quotation

  23. Block Quote Example

    This resource can help you with questions you may have around APA; this document will show you have to properly format in-text citations, form block quotes, structure a cover page, etc. Think of it as your APA "cheat sheet"! Here is an example of how I structured and formatted a block quote in an essay I wrote in college.

  24. Why learn APA Style if you already know MLA style?

    Emphasis on paraphrasing rather than quotation. When writing in APA Style, paraphrase rather than quote in most cases. ... edited book chapters, and webpages, check out the APA Style and MLA Style Reference Comparison Guide (PDF, 104KB). How to learn more about APA Style. If you're at the beginning of your APA Style journey, fear not. This ...

  25. Trump appeals immunity ruling to the Supreme Court : NPR

    Last week, three judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit rejected Trump's bid for blanket immunity over acts he allegedly committed while in the White House.