When you make an argument in an academic essay, you are writing for an audience that may not agree with you. In fact, your argument is worth making in the first place because your thesis will not be obvious—or obviously correct­—to everyone who considers the question you are asking or the topic you’re addressing. Once you figure out what you want to argue—your essay’s thesis—your task in writing the essay will be to share with your readers the evidence you have considered and to explain how that evidence supports your thesis.

But just offering your readers evidence that supports your thesis isn’t enough. You also need to consider potential counterarguments—the arguments that your readers could reasonably raise to challenge either your thesis or any of the other claims that you make in your argument. It can be helpful to think of counterarguments to your thesis as alternative answers to your question. In order to support your thesis effectively, you will need to explain why it is stronger than the alternatives.

A counterargument shouldn’t be something you add to your essay after you’ve finished it just because you know you’re supposed to include one. Instead, as you write your essay, you should always be thinking about points where a thoughtful reader could reasonably disagree with you. In some cases, you will be writing your essay as a counterargument to someone else’s argument because you think that argument is incorrect or misses something important. In other cases, you’ll need to think through—and address—objections that you think readers may have to your argument.

While it may be tempting to ignore counterarguments that challenge your own argument, you should not do this. Your own argument will be stronger if you can explain to your readers why the counterarguments they may pose are not as strong or convincing as your own argument. If you come up with a counterargument that you can’t refute, then you may decide to revise your thesis or some part of your argument. While that could be frustrating in the moment, challenging your own thinking is an important part of the writing process. By considering potential counterarguments, you will figure out if you actually agree with your own argument. In many cases, you will discover that a counterargument complicates your argument, but doesn’t refute it entirely.

Some counterarguments will directly address your thesis, while other counterarguments will challenge an individual point or set of points elsewhere in your argument. For example, a counterargument might identify

  • a problem with a conclusion you’ve drawn from evidence  
  • a problem with an assumption you’ve made  
  • a problem with how you are using a key term  
  • evidence you haven’t considered  
  • a drawback to your proposal  
  • a consequence you haven’t considered  
  • an alternative interpretation of the evidence 

Example 

Consider the following thesis for a short paper that analyzes different approaches to stopping climate change:

Climate activism that focuses on personal actions such as recycling obscures the need for systemic change that will be required to slow carbon emissions.

The author of this thesis is promising to make the case that personal actions not only will not solve the climate problem but may actually make the problem more difficult to solve. In order to make a convincing argument, the author will need to consider how thoughtful people might disagree with this claim. In this case, the author might anticipate the following counterarguments:

  • By encouraging personal actions, climate activists may raise awareness of the problem and encourage people to support larger systemic change.  
  • Personal actions on a global level would actually make a difference.  
  • Personal actions may not make a difference, but they will not obscure the need for systemic solutions.  
  • Personal actions cannot be put into one category and must be differentiated.

In order to make a convincing argument, the author of this essay may need to address these potential counterarguments. But you don’t need to address every possible counterargument. Rather, you should engage counterarguments when doing so allows you to strengthen your own argument by explaining how it holds up in relation to other arguments. 

How to address counterarguments 

Once you have considered the potential counterarguments, you will need to figure out how to address them in your essay. In general, to address a counterargument, you’ll need to take the following steps.

  • State the counterargument and explain why a reasonable reader could raise that counterargument.  
  • Counter the counterargument. How you grapple with a counterargument will depend on what you think it means for your argument. You may explain why your argument is still convincing, even in light of this other position. You may point to a flaw in the counterargument. You may concede that the counterargument gets something right but then explain why it does not undermine your argument. You may explain why the counterargument is not relevant. You may refine your own argument in response to the counterargument.  
  • Consider the language you are using to address the counterargument. Words like but or however signal to the reader that you are refuting the counterargument. Words like nevertheless or still signal to the reader that your argument is not diminished by the counterargument. 

Here’s an example of a paragraph in which a counterargument is raised and addressed.

Image version

counter

The two steps are marked with counterargument and “counter” to the counterargument: COUNTERARGUMENT/ But some experts argue that it’s important for individuals to take action to mitigate climate change. In “All That Performative Environmentalism Adds Up,” Annie Lowery argues that personal actions to fight climate change, such as reducing household trash or installing solar panels, matter because change in social behavior can lead to changes in laws. [1]  

COUNTER TO THE COUNTERARGUMENT/ While Lowery may be correct that individual actions can lead to collective action, this focus on individual action can allow corporations to receive positive publicity while continuing to burn fossil fuels at dangerous rates.

Where to address counterarguments 

There is no one right place for a counterargument—where you raise a particular counterargument will depend on how it fits in with the rest of your argument. The most common spots are the following:

  • Before your conclusion This is a common and effective spot for a counterargument because it’s a chance to address anything that you think a reader might still be concerned about after you’ve made your main argument. Don’t put a counterargument in your conclusion, however. At that point, you won’t have the space to address it, and readers may come away confused—or less convinced by your argument.
  • Before your thesis Often, your thesis will actually be a counterargument to someone else’s argument. In other words, you will be making your argument because someone else has made an argument that you disagree with. In those cases, you may want to offer that counterargument before you state your thesis to show your readers what’s at stake—someone else has made an unconvincing argument, and you are now going to make a better one. 
  • After your introduction In some cases, you may want to respond to a counterargument early in your essay, before you get too far into your argument. This is a good option when you think readers may need to understand why the counterargument is not as strong as your argument before you can even launch your own ideas. You might do this in the paragraph right after your thesis. 
  • Anywhere that makes sense  As you draft an essay, you should always keep your readers in mind and think about where a thoughtful reader might disagree with you or raise an objection to an assertion or interpretation of evidence that you are offering. In those spots, you can introduce that potential objection and explain why it does not change your argument. If you think it does affect your argument, you can acknowledge that and explain why your argument is still strong.

[1] Annie Lowery, “All that Performative Environmentalism Adds Up.” The Atlantic . August 31, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/your-tote-bag-can-mak…

  • picture_as_pdf Counterargument

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25 Counterargument Examples

counterargument examples and definition, explained below

A counterargument is a response, rebuttal, or refutation of an argument with your own argument. Its purpose is to oppose and disprove a theory that someone else has put forward.

We use counterarguments extensively in debates as well as argumentative essay writing.

When teaching essay writing, I teach my students to always present counterarguments to their opponents’ points of view. This helps them to strengthen their own argument and demonstrate awareness of potential rebuttals.

Below are some methods, with examples, that could be used – be it in essay writing, debates, or any other communication genre.

Counterargument Examples

1. empirical challenges.

An empirical challenge is, simply, a rebuttal that challenges the facts presented by the opponent, showing that their facts are wrong and yours are right.

To undermine your opponent’s set of facts, it will be your job to present facts that show that the opponent’s supposed facts are wrong, perhaps due to misreading data or cherry-picking.

Then, you would need to present concrete information, data, or evidence that negates the claim or conclusion of an opponent’s argument.

The core strength of empirical challenges is in their reliance on hard facts and numbers, which are difficult to refute without equally credible opposing data.

Example of Empirical Challenge: If your opponent argues that global warming isn’t a serious issue, an empirical challenge would be to provide scientific data or research studies showing the increase in global temperatures and the harmful effects.

See Also: Empirical Evidence Examples

2. Challenging the Relevance

Challenging the relevance means questioning whether your opponent’s argument or perspective is applicable to the discussion at hand.

This sort of counter-argument seeks to destabilize your opponent’s view by showing that, while their facts or arguments might be sound in isolation, they do not bear any relation to, or are unfit for, the topic at hand, making them irrelevant.

The power of relevance challenge lays in its ability to destabilize your opponent’s argument without needing to directly dispute the truth of their claims.

Example of Challenging the Relevance: You will often find this argument when comparing the usefulness of various research methodologies for a research project. Multiple research methods may be valid, but there’s likely one that’s best for any given study.

See Also: Relevance Examples

3. Reductio ad absurdum

Reductio ad absurdum is a latin term that means reducing to the absurd . This method involves demonstrating the absurdity of an opponent’s argument by showing its illogical or extreme consequences.

The goal is to show that if the argument were valid, it would inevitably lead to senseless or ridiculous outcomes.

The application of reductio ad absurdum is especially effective in debates or discussions where flawed logic or hyperbolic statements are used to influence the audience’s opinion, as it discredits the credibility of the other person’s argument.

Example of Reductio ad absurdum : Consider a scenario where someone argues for the total removal of all regulations on vehicle speed to improve the efficiency of transportation. You can counter this argument through reductio ad absurdum by stating, “By that logic, let’s allow cars to travel at 200 miles per hour down residential streets. After all, it would make the mail delivery much faster!” It becomes evident that permitting extremely high speeds could lead to dangerous conditions and potential for disastrous accidents.

4. Pointing Out Logical Fallacies

The strategy of pointing out logical fallacies involves identifying and highlighting flaws in your opponent’s reasoning.

In a debate or discussion, logical fallacies are often subtle errors that lead to invalid conclusions or arguments.

By identifying these fallacies, you avoid being swayed by flawed reasoning and instead promote cognizant, logical thought.

Successful use of this strategy requires a good understanding of the different kinds of logical fallacies , such as straw man fallacies, ad hominem attacks, and appeals to ignorance.

Example of Pointing Out Logical Fallacies: Consider an argument where your opponent asserts, “All cats I’ve ever seen have been aloof, so all cats must be aloof.” This is a hasty generalization fallacy, where a conclusion about all members of a group is drawn from inadequate sample size.

5. Counterexamples

A counterexample is an example that opposes or contradicts an argument or theory proposed by another.

The use of a counterexample is a practical and powerful means of rebutting an argument or theory that has been presented as absolute or universally applicable.

When you provide a singular example that contradicts your opponent’s proposed theory, it demonstrates the theory isn’t universally true and therefore, weakens their argument.

However, this tactic requires sound knowledge and a good command of subject matter to be able to identify and present valid exceptions.

Example of Counterexamples: Consider an argument where someone states that “Mammals can’t lay eggs.” A solid counterexample would be the platypus, a mammal that does lay eggs. This single example is sufficient to contradict the universal claim.

6. Using Hypotheticals

Hypothetical situations, in essence, are imagined scenarios used to refute your opponent’s point of view. It’s, in essence, an example that is plausible, but not real.

Using hypotheticals assists in clarifying the ramifications of a particular argument, policy, or theory. When a hypothetical scenario effectively illustrates the flaws or shortcomings of your opponent’s viewpoint, it can completely unsettle their position.

However, care must be taken to frame the hypotheticals reasonably and realistically, lest they distort the argument or derail the conversation.

Example of Using Hypotheticals: If someone argues that raising the minimum wage will lead to job loss, you could counter with a hypothetical that if businesses paid their employees more, those employees would have more spending power, bolstering the economy and creating more jobs.

7. Comparison and Contrast

Comparison and contrast entails directly comparing your argument to your opponent’s, showing the strength of your perspective and the weakness of the opponent’s.

This tool allows you to support your arguments or disprove your opponent’s by using existing examples or situations that illustrate your point clearly.

The technique relies heavily on the logical thinking of comparing two or more entities in a manner that is informative, convincing, and significant to the argument.

Example of Comparison and Contrast: Let’s say, for instance, you are arguing against privatization of public utilities. You could compare the rates and services of private utilities to those of public ones showing that private companies often charge more for the same services, thereby supporting your argument against privatization.

See More: Compare and Contrast Examples

8. Challenging Biases

Challenging biases involves questioning the objectivity of your opponent’s argument by pointing out the predispositions that may influence their perspective.

Biases can greatly affect the validity and reliability of an argument because they can skew the interpretation of information and hinder fair judgement.

By challenging biases, you can expose the partiality in your opponent’s argument, thereby diminishing its credibility and persuasiveness.

However, it’s important to respectfully and tactfully challenge biases to prevent the discussion from turning into a personal attack.

Example of Challenging Biases: If your opponent is a staunch supporter of a political party and they provide an argument that solely favors this party, you could challenge their bias by questioning whether their support for the party is unduly influencing their viewpoint, hence the need for them to consider the opposing perspectives.

See More: List of Different Biases

9. Ethical Dispute

Ethical disputes involve challenging your opponent’s argument based on moral values or principles.

Ethics play a crucial role in shaping people’s beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Therefore, ethical disputes can serve as powerful counterarguments, especially in debates concerning sensitive or controversial topics.

If your opponent’s position contradicts generally accepted ethical norms or values, you can point this out to weaken their argument.

Just remember, ethics can occasionally be subjective and personal, so it’s important to approach ethical disputes with sensitivity and respect.

Example of Ethical Dispute: If your opponent supports factory farming based on economic benefits, you could challenge their argument by pointing out the ethical issues related to animal welfare and the environment.

10. Challenging the Source

Challenging the source is a tactic used to question the credibility or reliability of the information used by your opponent in their argument.

This technique focuses on examining the origin of the evidence presented, probing whether the source is credible, trusted, and free from bias.

To do this, I recommend using this media literacy framework .

If the source used by your opponent is flawed, biased or unreliable, their argument loses credibility, making your position stronger.

Example of Challenging the Source: If your opponent uses an obscure blog as their primary source of their argument on a scientific topic, you could challenge the source by questioning its credibility and offering information from reputable scientific journals instead.

See More: Good Sources for Essay Writing

A Full List of Methods for Counterargument

  • Empirical challenges
  • Challenging the relevance
  • Reductio ad absurdum
  • Pointing out logical fallacies
  • Counterexamples
  • Using hypotheticals
  • Comparison and contrast
  • Challenging biases
  • Ethical dispute
  • Challenging the source
  • Questioning assumptions
  • Slippery slope argument
  • Challenging a false dichtomy
  • Historical Precedent
  • Anecdotal Evidence
  • Challenging the Definition
  • Socratic Questioning
  • Highlighting Unintended Consequences
  • Appeal to Emotion
  • Challenging the Frame
  • Highlighting Inconsistencies
  • Challenging Completeness
  • Temporal Challenge
  • Offering alternative explanations
  • Exposing oversimplifications
  • Appeal to authority

Counterargument is an essential skill for debaters and essay writers. You need to be able to know and understand strategies for countering the arguments of your opponents to position your argument in the best light possible. To do this, we have to vectors of attack: First, you can undermine their arguments and demonstrate the flaws. Second, you can present your argument as stronger.

The key, however, is to ensure your arguments are as airtight and foolproof as possible to prevent effective rebuttals to your own counterarguments!

Chris

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons
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Counterarguments

A counterargument involves acknowledging standpoints that go against your argument and then re-affirming your argument. This is typically done by stating the opposing side’s argument, and then ultimately presenting your argument as the most logical solution. The counterargument is a standard academic move that is used in argumentative essays because it shows the reader that you are capable of understanding and respecting multiple sides of an argument.

Counterargument in two steps

Respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument.

Refute the stance of opposing arguments, typically utilizing words like “although” or “however.”

In the refutation, you want to show the reader why your position is more correct than the opposing idea.

Where to put a counterargument

Can be placed within the introductory paragraph to create a contrast for the thesis statement.

May consist of a whole paragraph that acknowledges the opposing view and then refutes it.

  • Can be one sentence acknowledgements of other opinions followed by a refutation.

Why use a counterargument?

Some students worry that using a counterargument will take away from their overall argument, but a counterargument may make an essay more persuasive because it shows that the writer has considered multiple sides of the issue. Barnet and Bedau (2005) propose that critical thinking is enhanced through imagining both sides of an argument. Ultimately, an argument is strengthened through a counterargument.

Examples of the counterargument structure

  • Argument against smoking on campus:  Admittedly, many students would like to smoke on campus. Some people may rightly argue that if smoking on campus is not illegal, then it should be permitted; however, second-hand smoke may cause harm to those who have health issues like asthma, possibly putting them at risk.
  • Argument against animal testing:  Some people argue that using animals as test subjects for health products is justifiable. To be fair, animal testing has been used in the past to aid the development of several vaccines, such as small pox and rabies. However, animal testing for beauty products causes unneeded pain to animals. There are alternatives to animal testing. Instead of using animals, it is possible to use human volunteers. Additionally, Carl Westmoreland (2006) suggests that alternative methods to animal research are being developed; for example, researchers are able to use skin constructed from cells to test cosmetics. If alternatives to animal testing exist, then the practice causes unnecessary animal suffering and should not be used.

Harvey, G. (1999). Counterargument. Retrieved from writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/counter- argument

Westmoreland, C. (2006; 2007). “Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive.” Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R. M. (Ed.) Alternatives to animal testing (1st Ed.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Barnet, S., Bedau, H. (Eds.). (2006). Critical thinking, reading, and writing . Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Contributor: Nathan Lachner

How to Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

Have you been asked to include a counter argument in an essay you are writing? Unless you are already an experienced essay writer, you may have no idea where to even start. We're here to help you tackle your counter argument like a pro.

What Is a Counter Argument?

A counter argument is precisely what it sounds like — an argument that offers reasons to disagree with an essay's thesis statement. As you are writing your essay, you will likely pen multiple supporting arguments that outline precisely why readers should logically agree with the thesis. In a counter argument paragraph, you show that you also understand common reasons to believe differently.

In any given essay, you may write one or more counter arguments — and then, frequently, immediately refute them. Whether you are required to include a counter argument or you simply want to, always include:

  • A simple statement explaining the counter argument. As it will likely follow paragraphs in which you fleshed out your argument, this can start with words like "Some people are concerned that", or "critics say", or "On the other hand".
  • Then include further reasoning, data, or statistics.
  • Following this, you will want to discredit the counter argument immediately.

Why Include a Counter Argument?

Including a counter argument (or multiple, for that matter) in an essay may be required, but even in cases where it is not, mentioning at least one counter argument can make your essay much stronger. You may, at first glance, believe that you are undermining yourself and contradicting your thesis statement. That's not true at all. By including a counter argument in your essay, you show that:

  • You have done your research and are intimately familiar with each aspect of your thesis, including opposition to it.
  • You have arrived at your conclusion through the power of reason, and without undue bias.
  • You do not only blindly support your thesis, but can also deal with opposition to it.

In doing so, your essay will become much more reasoned and logical, and in practical terms, this likely means that you can count on a higher grade.

How To Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

You have been laboring over your essay for a while, carefully researching each aspect of your thesis and making strong arguments that aim to persuade the reader that your view is the correct one — or at least that you are a solid writer who understands the subject matter and deserves a good grade for your efforts.

If you are passionate about the topic in question, it can be hard to decide how to incorporate a counter argument. Here's how to do it, step-by-step:

1. Brainstorm

You have already researched your topic, so you know on what grounds people most frequently oppose your argument. Write them down. Pick one, or a few, that you consider to be important and interesting. Formulate the counter argument as if you were on the opposing side.

2. Making the Transition

Your counter argument paragraph or paragraphs differ from the rest of your essay, so you will want to introduce a counter argument with a transition. Common ways to do this are to introduce your counter argument with phrases like:

  • Admittedly, conversely, however, nevertheless, or although.
  • Opponents would argue that...
  • Common concerns with this position are...
  • Critics say that...

3. Offering Evidence

Flesh the counter argument out by offering evidence — of the fact that people hold that position (where possible, quote a well-known opponent), as well as reasons why. Word your counter argument in such a way that makes it clear that you have carefully considered the position, and are not simply belittling it. This portion of your counter argument will require doing additional research in most cases.

4. Refute the Counter Argument

You are still arguing in favor of your main thesis. You will, therefore, not just want to describe the opposing side and leave it at that — you will also thoughtfully want to show why the opposing argument is not valid, in your opinion, and you will want to include evidence here, as well.

5. Restate Your Argument

After refuting your counter argument, you can go ahead and restate your argument. Why should people believe what you have to say, despite any opposition?

How To Write A Good Counter Argument

As you're writing a counter argument, you might run into some difficulties if you fervently believe in the truth of your argument. Indeed, in some cases, your argument may appear to you to be so obvious that you don't understand why anyone could think differently.

To help you write a good counter argument, keep in mind that:

  • You should never caricature the opposing viewpoint. Show that you deeply understand it, instead.
  • To do this, it helps if you validate legitimate concerns you find in an opponent's point of view.
  • This may require quite a bit of research, including getting into the opposing side's mindset.
  • Refute your counter argument with compassion, and not smugly.

Examples of Counter Arguments with Refutation

Still not sure? No worries; we have you covered. Take a look at these examples:

  • Many people have argued that a vaccine mandate would strip people of their individual liberties by forcing them to inject foreign substances into their bodies. While this is, in a sense, true, the option of remaining unvaccinated likewise forces other people to be exposed to this virus; thereby potentially stripping them of the most important liberty of all — the liberty to stay alive.
  • The concern has been raised that the death penalty could irreversibly strip innocent people of their lives. The answer to this problem lies in raising the bar for death penalty sentences by limiting them to only those cases in which no question whatsoever exists that the convicted party was truly guilty. Modern forensic science has made this infinitely easier.

In short, you'll want to acknowledge that other arguments exist, and then refute them. The tone in which you do so depends on your goal.

What is a counter argument in a thesis?

A counter argument is one that supports the opposing side. In an essay, it shows that you understand other viewpoints, have considered them, and ultimately dismissed them.

Where do I place the counter argument in an essay?

Place the counter argument after your main supporting arguments.

How long should the counter argument be?

It may be a single paragraph or multiple, depending on how important you believe the counter argument to be and the length of the essay.

What is the difference between a counter argument and a rebuttal?

A counter argument describes the opposing side in some detail before it is refuted. In a rebuttal, you may simply oppose the opposition.

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Writing Center Home Page

OASIS: Writing Center

Writing a paper: responding to counterarguments, basics of counterarguments.

When constructing an argument, it is important to consider any counterarguments a reader might make. Acknowledging the opposition shows that you are knowledgeable about the issue and are not simply ignoring other viewpoints. Addressing counterarguments also gives you an opportunity to clarify and strengthen your argument, helping to show how your argument is stronger than other arguments.

Incorporating counterarguments into your writing can seem counterintuitive at first, and some writers may be unsure how to do so. To help you incorporate counterarguments into your argument, we recommend following the steps: (a) identify, (b) investigate, (c) address, and (d) refine.

Identify the Counterarguments

First you need to identify counterarguments to your own argument. Ask yourself, based on your argument, what might someone who disagrees counter in response? You might also discover counterarguments while doing your research, as you find authors who may disagree with your argument.

For example, if you are researching the current opioid crisis in the United States, your argument might be: State governments should allocate part of the budget for addiction recovery centers in communities heavily impacted by the opioid crisis . A few counterarguments might be:

  • Recovery centers are not proven to significantly help people with addiction.
  • The state’s money should go to more pressing concerns such as...
  • Establishing and maintaining a recovery center is too costly.
  • Addicts are unworthy of assistance from the state. 

Investigate the Counterarguments

Analyze the counterarguments so that you can determine whether they are valid. This may require assessing the counterarguments with the research you already have or by identifying logical fallacies . You may also need to do additional research.

In the above list, the first three counterarguments can be researched. The fourth is a moral argument and therefore can only be addressed in a discussion of moral values, which is usually outside the realm of social science research. To investigate the first, you could do a search for research that studies the effectiveness of recovery centers. For the second, you could look at the top social issues in states around the country. Is the opioid crisis the main concern or are there others? For the third, you could look for public financial data from a recovery center or interview someone who works at one to get a sense of the costs involved. 

Address the Counterarguments

Address one or two counterarguments in a rebuttal. Now that you have researched the counterarguments, consider your response. In your essay, you will need to state and refute these opposing views to give more credence to your argument. No matter how you decide to incorporate the counterargument into your essay, be sure you do so with objectivity, maintaining a formal and scholarly tone . 

Considerations when writing:

  • Will you discredit the counteragument by bringing in contradictory research?
  • Will you concede that the point is valid but that your argument still stands as the better view? (For example, perhaps it is very costly to run a recovery center, but the societal benefits offset that financial cost.)
  • Placement . You can choose to place the counterargument toward the beginning of the essay, as a way to anticipate opposition, or you can place it toward the end of the essay, after you have solidly made the main points of your argument. You can also weave a counterargument into a body paragraph, as a way to quickly acknowledge opposition to a main point. Which placement is best depends on your argument, how you’ve organized your argument, and what placement you think is most effective.
  • Weight . After you have addressed the counterarguments, scan your essay as a whole. Are you spending too much time on them in comparison to your main points? Keep in mind that if you linger too long on the counterarguments, your reader might learn less about your argument and more about opposing viewpoints instead. 

Refine Your Argument

Considering counterarguments should help you refine your own argument, clarifying the relevant issues and your perspective. Furthermore, if you find yourself agreeing with the counterargument, you will need to revise your thesis statement and main points to reflect your new thinking. 

Templates for Responding to Counterarguments

There are many ways you can incorporate counterarguments, but remember that you shouldn’t just mention the counterargument—you need to respond to it as well. You can use these templates (adapted from Graff & Birkenstein, 2009) as a starting point for responding to counterarguments in your own writing.

  • The claim that _____ rests upon the questionable assumption that _____.
  • X may have been true in the past, but recent research has shown that ________.
  • By focusing on _____, X has overlooked the more significant problem of _____.
  • Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept the overall conclusion that _____.
  • Though I concede that _____, I still insist that _____.
  • Whereas X has provided ample evidence that ____, Y and Z’s research on ____ and ____ convinces me that _____ instead.
  • Although I grant that _____, I still maintain that _____.
  • While it is true that ____, it does not necessarily follow that _____.

Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2009). They say/I say: The moves that matter in academic writing (2 nd ed.). Norton.

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Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation

An argumentative essay presents an argument for or against a topic. For example, if your topic is working from home , then your essay would either argue in favor of working from home (this is the for  side) or against working from home.

Like most essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction that ends with the writer's position (or stance) in the thesis statement .

Introduction Paragraph

(Background information....)

  • Thesis statement : Employers should give their workers the option to work from home in order to improve employee well-being and reduce office costs.

This thesis statement shows that the two points I plan to explain in my body paragraphs are 1) working from home improves well-being, and 2) it allows companies to reduce costs. Each topic will have its own paragraph. Here's an example of a very basic essay outline with these ideas:

  • Background information

Body Paragraph 1

  • Topic Sentence : Workers who work from home have improved well-being .
  • Evidence from academic sources

Body Paragraph 2

  • Topic Sentence : Furthermore, companies can reduce their expenses by allowing employees to work at home .
  • Summary of key points
  • Restatement of thesis statement

Does this look like a strong essay? Not really . There are no academic sources (research) used, and also...

You Need to Also Respond to the Counter-Arguments!

The above essay outline is very basic. The argument it presents can be made much stronger if you consider the counter-argument , and then try to respond (refute) its points.

The counter-argument presents the main points on the other side of the debate. Because we are arguing FOR working from home, this means the counter-argument is AGAINST working from home. The best way to find the counter-argument is by reading research on the topic to learn about the other side of the debate. The counter-argument for this topic might include these points:

  • Distractions at home > could make it hard to concentrate
  • Dishonest/lazy people > might work less because no one is watching

Next, we have to try to respond to the counter-argument in the refutation (or rebuttal/response) paragraph .

The Refutation/Response Paragraph

The purpose of this paragraph is to address the points of the counter-argument and to explain why they are false, somewhat false, or unimportant. So how can we respond to the above counter-argument? With research !

A study by Bloom (2013) followed workers at a call center in China who tried working from home for nine months. Its key results were as follows:

  • The performance of people who worked from home increased by 13%
  • These workers took fewer breaks and sick-days
  • They also worked more minutes per shift

In other words, this study shows that the counter-argument might be false. (Note: To have an even stronger essay, present data from more than one study.) Now we have a refutation.

Where Do We Put the Counter-Argument and Refutation?

Commonly, these sections can go at the beginning of the essay (after the introduction), or at the end of the essay (before the conclusion). Let's put it at the beginning. Now our essay looks like this:

Counter-argument Paragraph

  • Dishonest/lazy people might work less because no one is watching

Refutation/Response Paragraph

  • Study: Productivity  increased by 14%
  • (+ other details)

Body Paragraph 3

  • Topic Sentence : In addition, people who work from home have improved well-being .

Body Paragraph 4

The outline is stronger now because it includes the counter-argument and refutation. Note that the essay still needs more details and research to become more convincing.

Working from home

Working from home may increase productivity.

Extra Advice on Argumentative Essays

It's not a compare and contrast essay.

An argumentative essay focuses on one topic (e.g. cats) and argues for or against it. An argumentative essay should not have two topics (e.g. cats vs dogs). When you compare two ideas, you are writing a compare and contrast essay. An argumentative essay has one topic (cats). If you are FOR cats as pets, a simplistic outline for an argumentative essay could look something like this:

  • Thesis: Cats are the best pet.
  • are unloving
  • cause allergy issues
  • This is a benefit >  Many working people do not have time for a needy pet
  • If you have an allergy, do not buy a cat.
  • But for most people (without allergies), cats are great
  • Supporting Details

Use Language in Counter-Argument That Shows Its Not Your Position

The counter-argument is not your position. To make this clear, use language such as this in your counter-argument:

  • Opponents might argue that cats are unloving.
  • People who dislike cats would argue that cats are unloving.
  • Critics of cats could argue that cats are unloving.
  • It could be argued that cats are unloving.

These  underlined phrases make it clear that you are presenting  someone else's argument , not your own.

Choose the Side with the Strongest Support

Do not choose your side based on your own personal opinion. Instead, do some research and learn the truth about the topic. After you have read the arguments for and against, choose the side with the strongest support as your position.

Do Not Include Too Many Counter-arguments

Include the main (two or three) points in the counter-argument. If you include too many points, refuting these points becomes quite difficult.

If you have any questions, leave a comment below.

- Matthew Barton / Creator of Englishcurrent.com

Additional Resources :

  • Writing a Counter-Argument & Refutation (Richland College)
  • Language for Counter-Argument and Refutation Paragraphs (Brown's Student Learning Tools)

English Current recommends Grammarly  as a learning tool to reduce English mistakes. If you found this page helpful, consider a donation to our hosting bill to show your support!

17 comments on “ Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation ”

Thank you professor. It is really helpful.

Can you also put the counter argument in the third paragraph

It depends on what your instructor wants. Generally, a good argumentative essay needs to have a counter-argument and refutation somewhere. Most teachers will probably let you put them anywhere (e.g. in the start, middle, or end) and be happy as long as they are present. But ask your teacher to be sure.

Thank you for the information Professor

how could I address a counter argument for “plastic bags and its consumption should be banned”?

For what reasons do they say they should be banned? You need to address the reasons themselves and show that these reasons are invalid/weak.

Thank you for this useful article. I understand very well.

Thank you for the useful article, this helps me a lot!

Thank you for this useful article which helps me in my study.

Thank you, professor Mylene 102-04

it was very useful for writing essay

Very useful reference body support to began writing a good essay. Thank you!

Really very helpful. Thanks Regards Mayank

Thank you, professor, it is very helpful to write an essay.

It is really helpful thank you

It was a very helpful set of learning materials. I will follow it and use it in my essay writing. Thank you, professor. Regards Isha

Thanks Professor

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Chapter 8: Making Academic Arguments

8.4 Counterargument and Response

Robin Jeffrey

Almost anything you can argue or claim in a persuasive paper can be refuted – and that is a good thing when you are writing an argument. Opposing points of view exist in every good debate, and it’s important to anticipate possible objections to your arguments and to discuss them in your paper.

At the end of this chapter, in the Deeper Reading: Counterargument “On the Other Hand: The Role of Antithetical Writing Writing in First Year Writing Courses,”   Steven Krause offers an extended explanation of what counterarguments are and, more importantly, why it is important to examine them as a way to strengthen your own arguments. If you are struggling to articulate a counterargument, if you are unsure of how counterarguments fit into to a larger persuasive work, or if you are struggling to respond to counterarguments, Krause can offer you a lot of useful information.

Below, however, is a brief overview of what counterarguments are and how you might respond to them in your arguments.

Types of counterarguments

  • Could someone disagree with your claim? If so, why? Explain this opposing perspective in your own argument, and then respond to it.
  • Could someone draw a different conclusion from any of the facts or examples you present?  If so, what is that different conclusion? Explain this different conclusion and then respond to it.
  • Could a reader question any of your assumptions or claims?  If so, which ones would they question? Explain and then respond.
  • Could a reader offer a different explanation of an issue?  If so, what might their explanation be? Describe this different explanation, and then respond to it.
  • Is there any evidence out there that could weaken your position? If so, what is it? Cite and discuss this evidence and then respond to it.

If the answer to any of these questions is yes, that does not necessarily mean that you have a weak argument. It means, ideally and as long as your argument is logical and valid, that you have a counterargument. Good arguments can and do have counterarguments; it is important to discuss them. But you must also discuss and then respond to those counterarguments.

Responding to counterarguments

You do not need to attempt to do all of these things as a way to respond; instead, choose the response strategy that makes the most sense to you, for the counterargument that you have.

  • “However, this information does not apply to our topic because…”
  • For a detailed account of the various ways that evidence can fail in an argument, see Section 8.5,  how evidence fails
  • If the counterargument perspective is one that contains a different interpretation of evidence than you have in your own argument, you can explain why a reader should not accept the interpretation of the evidence that that your opponent (counterarguer) presents
  • If the counterargument is an acknowledgement of evidence that threatens to weaken your argument, you must explain why and how that evidence does not, in fact invalidate your claim.

It is important to use transitional phrases in your paper to alert readers when you’re about to present an counterargument. It’s usually best to put this phrase at the beginning of a paragraph such as:

  • Researchers have challenged these claims with…
  • Critics argue that this view…
  • Some readers may point to…
  • A perspective that challenges the idea that . . .

Transitional phrases will again be useful to highlight your shift from counterargument to response:

  • Indeed, some of those points are valid. However, . . .
  • While I agree that . . . , it is more important to consider . . .
  • These are all compelling points. Still, other information suggests that . .
  • While I understand  . . . , I cannot accept the evidence because . . .

8.4 Counterargument and Response by Robin Jeffrey is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Write a Counter Argument?

how to write counter argument

Knowing how to write a counter argument is very important in the academic world. It enables you to express opposing views or disagreement with certain positions. But, what’s a counter argument and how do you write one?

Whether it’s in academic theses or debates, countering an argument can weaken the opposing viewpoints while strengthening yours. And, critical thinking is at the core of any argument. Therefore, you should learn how to formulate an effective, persuasive counter argument to excel in academic writing.

What is a Counter Argument?

You most likely want to know what this argument is even before you learn to write it. Ideally, the counter argument definition describes it as a reasoning that counter-argues a thesis or a viewpoint.

A counter argument is an argument that opposes the stated thesis. It explains why the stated thesis is in full or partly incorrect. It does this using logical reasoning and evidence to undermine the stated thesis.

A common counter argument synonym is a rebuttal argument. That’s because a rebuttal refers to the presentation of reasoning and evidence that is meant to undermine or weaken the claim of an opponent.

Writing a Counter Argument

Now that you have understood the counter argument meaning, you can proceed to learn how to draft it. An ideal approach is to ensure that your argument is successful in convincing the audience and compelling. Essentially, you should not address an argument that nobody agrees with. Therefore, focus on ensuring that your reader will reflect internally after reading the argument. They should also be interested in the way you disarm the perspective you are disagreeing with. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to write a counter argument:

Brainstorm the major and obvious objections to the viewpoint that you’re disagreeing with. Rank the objections starting with the weakest to the strongest. Choose the most convincing objections to include in your paper or essay.

Counter argument transitions are used to link ideas. They are used to demonstrate that two ideas or things are similar. Examples of these words and phrases include “likewise”, “not to mention”, “also”, “by the same token”, “then again”, “not only”, and some words which are rather hard to spell . Use these transitions to suggest issues with the opposing argument or thesis. You can also use them to suggest logical liabilities or inherent disadvantages to what the opponent is proposing. These words can also be used to point glaring problems that make a thesis invalid or improbable.

Compose your counter argument essay with a focus on explaining why the audience should believe your objection. Include examples in your essay to show demonstrate why the proposed viewpoint is invalid. Also, show the readers why your viewpoint or thesis is valid. Use counter argument transition words effectively to explain the difference between your viewpoint and what you’re opposing. This will show your understanding of your opposing argument and what makes it wrong.

Acknowledge your thesis or viewpoint using the right counter argument words. How you state your viewpoint or thesis is very important. That’s why you should pay keen attention to your diction. Choose words that make your thesis or viewpoint appear stronger than what you’re opposing. Make sure that the words that you use make an average reader feel persuaded to take your position.

How to Start a Counter Argument

You have learned how to write counter argument, but how do you start it? Well, how this argument starts should depend on the subject. However, you should be careful when starting the argument to ensure that your reader knows that you’re about to introduce a differing opinion or idea.

Perhaps, the best way to learn how to start counter argument is to analyze the starting sentence. Your starting sentence should introduce or state your topic. For instance, if you’re discussing the controversial pit bulls topic, you could argue that they are safe to keep as long as they are raised properly.

Statistics that show that pit bulls are aggressive dogs could be the basis of the opposing argument. The rebuttal could focus on the aggressive behavior of these dogs. You can argue that their aggressiveness is due to poor upbringing.

Your counter argument sentence starters should alert your readers that you intend to express a different view. And, your essay should serve the purpose of supporting that view.

How to Introduce a Counter Argument

You should introduce an opposing viewpoint in a manner that will tell your audience that what you’re about to say is not in agreement with what has been said or what is known. Perhaps, this explains why you should learn how to start a counter argument sentence before you proceed. Some of the easiest ways of starting an opposing argument sentence is using words like “but” and “however”. Here are more examples of counter argument starters:

  • A major concern is…
  • Even though…
  • This is a major concern, however…
  • In spite of these facts…

The inclusion of a counter argument paragraph tells your readers that you understand and acknowledge the existence of other positions.

Counter Argument Outline

You may have seen a counter argument example and realized that the author presented ideas in a certain way. Well, your paragraph should be outlined properly to present the opposing viewpoint properly. Here is a simple outline that you can follow:

  • Start the paragraph with the acknowledgment of the opposing viewpoint. For instance, you can star that “Some people argue that…” or “My opponents believe that…”
  • Transition to your argument using the right starters. For instance, say “However,…” “Conversely…” or “But,…”
  • Provide evidence or examples to support your viewpoint. For instance, use real-world event examples as your evidence. You can also quote a book or share a personal experience. However, you must be specific.
  • Elaborate your evidence or example by explaining how the evidence or example proves the viewpoint that you’re opposing wrong or invalid.
  • Elaborate all the examples that you provided as evidence.
  • Conclude the paragraph by recapping your position. Make sure that you also acknowledge the opposing viewpoint in your conclusion.

Read Counter Argument Examples

Perhaps, the best way to learn to compose this argument is to read more examples from best assignment writers . When you read a good counter argument example essay, you will learn how an opposing thesis or viewpoint should be introduced. You will also see how the author supports their thesis and signal the readers a transition from the pro argument to a rebuttal. Thus, you will learn how to make this transition without appearing or sounding contradictory and incoherent.

Drafting a rebuttal requires critical thinking and the ability to present opposing ideas seamlessly. You must disapprove of the existing evidence by providing evidence and examples. You should also use the right starters and transitions to ensure that your argument doesn’t sound contradictory or incoherent. But, writing this essay is not easy. That’s why many students want to learn how to write it before they start the actual task. By following this guide, you can learn to write a great rebuttal essay. You should also get a counter argument essay example to learn how to present opposing ideas seamlessly.

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2.7: Finding the Responses to the Counterarguments

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After a writer summarizes another perspective, they will signal that they are switching back to their own perspective. If they have not already given a hint about their attitude to the other side, they will have to make their response clear now. Do they see the counterargument as completely wrong-headed, or as having some merit?

A black man shows the no sign with his index finger.

If the writer completely disagrees with the counterargument, they will follow up their description of it by pointing out its flaws. This direct rebuttal will bring the readers back to the writer's side. If they have just conceded a point, they will now emphasize the reason why their own argument still holds. T he more the writer has credited the counterargument, the more they will need to explain why readers shouldn't accept it, at least not completely. Below are some phrases which can point toward the problem or limitation of the counterargument.

In the border argument example, the writer concedes that the counterargument does have merit: "I admit that completely open borders would put our security at risk." Immediately, the writer responds, " But surely there are ways to regulate the border without criminalizing people who are driven by need and good intentions. " The word “but” signals the transition from concession back to the writer's own side. In the map, we can put the rebuttal below the counterargument and use the arrow to show it supporting the main claim.

An argument map with three reasons, a claim, a counterargument, and a rebuttal.

Practice Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

  • Choose an argument you are reading for class or one of our suggested readings. You may want to focus on a short excerpt of one or more paragraphs.
  • Read your text closely and identify any counterarguments it mentions. What is the writer's attitude to each counterargument?
  • Decide what your attitude to this counterargument is.  Choose a phrase from the above table to introduce the counterargument.  
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Counterargument

Argument: your position/opinion about the topic (usually stated in the thesis and then supported with main points throughout the essay)

Counterargument: a section in your essay that describes the other side of the issue (what would someone say who disagrees with your position?)

Rebuttal (or Refutation): a section where you respond to the counterargument in a way that shows your position is the stronger one (what would you say to defeat their point?)

Why would I want to include a counterargument in my essay?

  • It gives you the opportunity to anticipate your reader’s concerns or objections to your viewpoint and address them head-on.
  • It improves your credibility by showing your reader you are a reasonable, fair, and informed person who has considered all sides of the issue.  
  • Part of being a strong critical thinker and communicator is examining a subject from all sides and angles.

What do I do after I explain the other side's position?

  • Defeat it with a rebuttal.
  • How you do this depends on what you perceive as weaknesses in the opposing argument.  There may be any number of faults you find with the other side's position (it uses outdated information; it relies on perception or opinion rather than facts; it is based on false assumptions).
  • After you identify weaknesses, point those out to your reader, and present your response to them. For example, if you feel that the other side's position is based on outdated information, you’ll have to present more current research to support your point.  
  • In some cases, you might think that the other side makes a good point.  In that instance, you can acknowledge that and establish common ground with the other side, but then describe why even though their reasons have validity, your reasons outweigh theirs on this particular issue.  

Where does the counterargument go in the paper?

Counterarguments are often placed toward the end of the essay after the author has argued all their points supporting their position.  You might decide to tackle both the counterargument and rebuttal in one paragraph, or you may decide to break them up into separate paragraphs, as seen in the example outline below:

  •  Introduction and thesis
  •  Supporting point #1
  •  Supporting point #2 (there can be any number of supporting points)
  •  Counterargument
  •  Rebuttal/Refutation
  •  Conclusion

Example of a counterargument and rebuttal in the same paragraph; common words/phrases used in a counterargument are in bold:

Supporters of spanking as a means to punish children claim that it is the most effective method of discipline.  Parents might feel that it’s the only punishment their children take seriously, and it teaches their children that there are real and immediate consequences to their actions.   They believe that this lesson far outweighs the small and momentary pain of the actual spanking.   Although this may be a popular position and spanking might seem to be an effective method of discipline in the short term, studies have shown that children who are spanked actually act out more than children who are not (Adams 12).   In fact, according to child psychologist Lucille Murray, when alternate forms of discipline are used (time-outs, confiscating toys, etc.), children still learn about consequences but without the pain and humiliation that comes with spanking.

Suggested phrases to help you start the counterargument and rebuttal

How can I start the counterargument?

  • Some people believe/argue/feel/think that…
  • It is true that…
  • Opposing views claim…
  • One common concern about (the issue) is…
  • Supporters of….

How can I start my rebuttal?

  • What this argument overlooks…
  • This view seems convincing/plausible/persuasive at first, but…
  • While this position is popular, it is not supported by the facts…
  • Although part of this claim is valid, it suffers from a flaw…

How To Write A Counter Argument In An Essay

Steps of how to effectively design and write a counter argument.

Has your professor asked you to include a counterargument in your next assignment? Are you puzzled about where to start and what to write? If you wonder how to write a counter argument essay, worry not. Many students struggle to come up with the right standpoints in their papers, so we’ve decided to lend you a hand.

Expressing conflicting positions on a hot topic is a critical skill in the academic world. In short, you need a well-grounded contradicting stance with supporting facts to refute the opponent’s opinion. Keep reading to find out how.

What Is A Counterargument In An Essay – The Definition

Counter arguments should clear any doubts readers might have about your positions. Moreover, the purpose of an opposing argument is to offer a reason to disagree with the thesis statement. Whether you include it in the introduction or dedicate an entire paragraph to it, your counter argument shows that you’re aware that various views exist.

Addressing claims against your main standpoints makes you savvier, and your paper well-structured and substantiated. Since your  argument essay outline will urge your readers to agree with your claim, it’s advisable to mention a reason to believe differently.

Why Are Counterarguments Important

By incorporating a contradicting standpoint in your assignment, you demonstrate that:  

  •       You are knowledgeable about the topic and know how to back up your thoughts.
  •       You have researched the subject matter well and can tackle alternative views.
  •       You don’t underestimate opinions that clash with yours.
  •       You don’t stick to your perspectives blindly but are ready to discuss opposing ideas.
  •       You aren’t biased but have come to the ultimate standpoint through reasoning.
  •       You solidify your arguments and give them credibility.

How To Start A Counterargument

This segment will alert readers that a different stand from the thesis follows. So how to write a counterargument paragraph? The beginning of the denial section should explicitly or implicitly tell whoever’s reading to prepare for a contradiction. Omitting hints about the rebuttal in the paper will make it look one-sided and blunt.

So, how do you start the segment containing the counter argument? When you write your argumentative essay , ensure you include relevant starters and transitions. These may be a single word, a phrase, or an entire sentence supporting the overall statement.  

Counter Argument Starters

Let’s discuss the possible phrases you can use to introduce the counter argument. Here are a few starters that inform whoever’s reading to expect a change of direction:

  •       However, yet, but
  •       Even though/although
  •       In spite of/despite the fact that
  •       On the contrary
  •       On the other side/hand
  •       A possible concern/problem is
  •       Conversely, in contrast

Another approach that arouses interest is to use a rhetorical question. For instance, try the following starting phrases:

  •       Wouldn’t it be better if…?
  •       But, what if…?
  •       Nonetheless, how can this be true…?

Similarly, you may take an indirect stance and present the counterviews of others to express your opinion. For example, say this:

  •       However, scientists claim that
  •       Yet, many people believe that
  •       On the other hand, students stand for
  •       Critics say that

Transition Words

Choosing the right counter argument starter is just a part of the equation. A coherently written assignment requires you to use transitions that make the argument flow smooth. Even the best custom essay writing service will fail its purpose if it lacks linking phrases.

Coordinating transitions ease the reading process by linking ideas into a cohesive whole. These phrases show that two things are alike or that you add extra information along the same lines. Here are a few relevant examples:

  •       What is more
  •       Not to mention
  •       Likewise
  •       Then again
  •       On top of that
  •       Not only
  •       Additionally
  •       Furthermore

Why Include A Counterargument In An Argumentative Essay?

Including a counter argument in your essay will make your written piece more convincing. Though you may think this approach will weaken your position or undermine your claim, this isn’t true. On the contrary, by doing so, you respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument.

Some students believe a counter argument will lead the readers away from the main claim. However, any top-notch argumentative essay writer service will include it because it demonstrates the issue was elaborated from multiple perspectives. Finally, you enhance critical thinking by presenting both sides of the problem.

Example Of Counter Argument Paragraph

Below, we share a relevant example of an argument on a specific topic with guidance on avoiding writing an irrelevant counter argument.

The argument:

Many students prefer to smoke on college campuses. They often argue that authorities can’t ban smoking on campus if it isn’t illegal.

Ineffective counter argument:

However, the college management is the ultimate decision-maker and can prohibit whatever they deem harmful on campus.

This counter argument is useless because even if the college management has the right to impose bans, it can’t disregard students’ requirements on all grounds.

So, how to write an argumentative essay with a relevant counter argument? Check the suggestion below.

Effective counter argument:

Yet, second-hand smoke can harm people in the vicinity that suffer from conditions like asthma, thus putting them at risk of health deterioration.

This example will achieve its primary purpose – discuss the other perspective openly. You may disagree with this view but demonstrate you’re aware that some people might take a different standpoint. And they have every right to because no issue is one-sided. In the second example, the reader can see how students smoking on campus might harm those around.

How To Respond To A Counterargument: The Refutation

Among other things, you must address the counterviews in your written piece with a rebuttal . Stating and refuting the contradicting idea is critical if you want to give credence to your standpoint . No matter how and where you incorporate the rebuttal, do it objectively by maintaining a formal and scholarly tone.

The best approach is to oppose the counter opinion logically by considering these questions:

  •       Will you discredit the different perspectives by bringing in contradictory research?
  •       Will you say that the other point is valid but that your argument is more relevant by means of comparison?

Responding to these questions and taking a specific route will refine your stance and clarify the issues considered. Moreover, if you suddenly agree with the counter opinion, revise your statement and main points to reflect your new thinking.

Common Mistakes And Fallacies To Avoid While Writing Opposing Arguments

Keep these things in mind when you write argumentative essays, and avoid them as much as possible:

  •       You haven’t done research on the multiple perspectives on the topic.
  •       You don’t include supporting ideas for the positions against your thesis.
  •       You dedicate too much space and attention to contradicting reasons.
  •       You don’t bring up a different perspective in the introduction but keep to your opinion only.
  •       Your line of thought is incoherent, and you constantly switch standpoints throughout the paper.
  •       You use offensive or biased language to refute the opponent’s viewpoint.
  •       You believe the opponent’s stance is wrong and don’t give it credit.
  •       Besides having a strong argument , you make the counterview weak and ineffective.
  •       You can’t explain how your position responds to the contradicting idea.
  •       If you aren’t a rhetoric expert, avoid using sarcasm and satire.

Bottom Line

When writing your work, you might decide to include a sentence or a whole segment that presents a denial statement. Whatever your choice, use a specific layout to express your views clearly and accurately. It is important to remember that for urgent essay writing , the need for incorporating counterargument examples is even more critical to ensure a well-substantiated and persuasive written piece. Therefore, it is essential to consider both sides of the argument when constructing your response.

Hopefully, this post helps you understand what is a counterargument and how to write a counterargument. Provided you follow the tips outlined above, it won’t take long to polish your work. If you have any concerns about your writing assignment, always ask your teacher for support.

Do Synthesis Essays Need A Counter Argument?

Yes, ensure you include a counter argument and oppose it to justify your viewpoint. It’s best to place it in the first body segment of your synthesis essay. By doing so, you show your capacity to appreciate different opinions than yours.

Does An Argumentative Essay Need A Counter Argument?

Yes, argumentative papers should contain a well-presented contradicting idea than the one expressed in the thesis. Taking a single standpoint doesn’t add value to your work because readers with a different opinion will see it as biased and unfair.

Where Does The Counterargument Go In An Essay?

One idea is to write it in the introduction to create a contrast for the main claim. Alternatively, you may explain the contradictory opinion in one section that acknowledges the idea and then discredit it. It is often better to place it before your opinion to end the paper on a positive note that supports your perspective.

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21 Argument, Counterargument, & Refutation

In academic writing, we often use an Argument essay structure. Argument essays have these familiar components, just like other types of essays:

  • Introduction
  • Body Paragraphs

But Argument essays also contain these particular elements:

  • Debatable thesis statement in the Introduction
  • Argument – paragraphs which show support for the author’s thesis (for example: reasons, evidence, data, statistics)
  • Counterargument – at least one paragraph which explains the opposite point of view
  • Concession – a sentence or two acknowledging that there could be some truth to the Counterargument
  • Refutation (also called Rebuttal) – sentences which explain why the Counterargument is not as strong as the original Argument

Consult  Introductions & Titles for more on writing debatable thesis statements and  Paragraphs ~ Developing Support for more about developing your Argument.

Imagine that you are writing about vaping. After reading several articles and talking with friends about vaping, you decide that you are strongly opposed to it.

Which working thesis statement would be better?

  • Vaping should be illegal because it can lead to serious health problems.

Many students do not like vaping.

Because the first option provides a debatable position, it is a better starting point for an Argument essay.

Next, you would need to draft several paragraphs to explain your position. These paragraphs could include facts that you learned in your research, such as statistics about vapers’ health problems, the cost of vaping, its effects on youth, its harmful effects on people nearby, and so on, as an appeal to logos . If you have a personal story about the effects of vaping, you might include that as well, either in a Body Paragraph or in your Introduction, as an appeal to pathos .

A strong Argument essay would not be complete with only your reasons in support of your position. You should also include a Counterargument, which will show your readers that you have carefully researched and considered both sides of your topic. This shows that you are taking a measured, scholarly approach to the topic – not an overly-emotional approach, or an approach which considers only one side. This helps to establish your ethos as the author. It shows your readers that you are thinking clearly and deeply about the topic, and your Concession (“this may be true”) acknowledges that you understand other opinions are possible.

Here are some ways to introduce a Counterargument:

  • Some people believe that vaping is not as harmful as smoking cigarettes.
  • Critics argue that vaping is safer than conventional cigarettes.
  • On the other hand, one study has shown that vaping can help people quit smoking cigarettes.

Your paragraph would then go on to explain more about this position; you would give evidence here from your research about the point of view that opposes your own opinion.

Here are some ways to begin a Concession and Refutation:

  • While this may be true for some adults, the risks of vaping for adolescents outweigh its benefits.
  • Although these critics may have been correct before, new evidence shows that vaping is, in some cases, even more harmful than smoking.
  • This may have been accurate for adults wishing to quit smoking; however, there are other methods available to help people stop using cigarettes.

Your paragraph would then continue your Refutation by explaining more reasons why the Counterargument is weak. This also serves to explain why your original Argument is strong. This is a good opportunity to prove to your readers that your original Argument is the most worthy, and to persuade them to agree with you.

Activity ~ Practice with Counterarguments, Concessions, and Refutations

A. Examine the following thesis statements with a partner. Is each one debatable?

B. Write  your own Counterargument, Concession, and Refutation for each thesis statement.

Thesis Statements:

  • Online classes are a better option than face-to-face classes for college students who have full-time jobs.
  • Students who engage in cyberbullying should be expelled from school.
  • Unvaccinated children pose risks to those around them.
  • Governments should be allowed to regulate internet access within their countries.

Is this chapter:

…too easy, or you would like more detail? Read “ Further Your Understanding: Refutation and Rebuttal ” from Lumen’s Writing Skills Lab.

Note: links open in new tabs.

reasoning, logic

emotion, feeling, beliefs

moral character, credibility, trust, authority

goes against; believes the opposite of something

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How to write a counter argument easy writing tricks.

how to write a counter argument

In the academic world, you should know how to write a counter argument if you wish to express a point that goes against a previously stated point about a topic or question. Essentially, you should express your opposition fairly, thoroughly, and objectively. You should not compose quick sentences and then rebut your opponent immediately. Instead, you should provide reasons for holding an opposing view.

A Brief Guide on How to Write a Counter Argument

When writing an essay or paper, you make your argument. That means you propose your thesis and back it up with some reasoning and evidence. Ideally, you try to explain why your thesis is valid and true.

When writing a counter argument, you go against the suggested thesis. Similarly, you provide some reasoning to support your position. When countering an argument, you should refute the opinion of the opposition. You should also show why the opposition’s opinion is not accurate.

As such, your argument should be persuasive. It should also provide evidence to enhance credibility.

What is a Counter Argument?

The most common counter argument definition describes it as an opposing position of a stated position or argument. For instance, somebody can argue that does are the best pets compared to cats because they are social. A counter argument, in this case, can be that cats are the best pets because they are self-sufficient.

The inclusion of the opposing viewpoints in an academic paper indicates that you understand the existing positions. It shows that you considered the opposing opinions when writing your paper and you have what it takes to respond to any of them. That way, you strengthen your argument while making your paper more credible.

In the cats and dogs counter argument example, each position has some reasoning behind it. However, the goal should be to provide more supporting evidence to convince the readers to take your side.

A widely used counter argument synonym is a rebuttal. However, it’s also called a protestation or disinclination. All these words hint at the counter argument meaning because they describe what it’s all about.

How to Write a Counter Argument Quickly

You probably want to know how you can come up with an argument that opposes the stated position fast. Well, the first step is to know counter argument starters. These are the signs that a writer uses to start a rebuttal. They let the readers know that the writer is expressing a different or opposite view of the thesis. Without the proper use of counter argument sentence starters, the paper appears incoherent and contradictory.

Any argument starts with a word, a phrase, or a sentence. A starter should be used to show that the following statement is not the view of the author. Examples of starters include words like “However”, “But”, and “Similarly”. Although starters can sometimes be complex sentences, the best counter argument examples include some or most of these words.

How to Start a Counter Argument

The first and perhaps, the most important thing is to know how to introduce a counter argument. This should be easy. Start by expressing the opinion that you are refuting. State that it’s a view to subtly hint to your readers that it’s neither a truth nor a fact. Let the readers know that you are stating the views of another person.

Here are examples of how to start a counter argument sentence:

  • It’s often supposed that…
  • Some people argue that…
  • It might look as if…

Once you’ve started counter argument essay with the above phrases, you can now use your counter argument words.

Another approach is to start with a question. For instance, you can say the following:

  • But, is it not true that…?
  • Wouldn’t…?

You can also use the opposing views of other thinkers or writers to start expressing yours. For instance:

  • However, Socrates argued that…
  • But, Stone wrote that…
  • On the other hand, Matthew stated that…

Use Counter Argument Transitions

Now that you know how to start counter argument, you should learn to use transitions. Using the right transitions will make your argument flow smoothly. Thus, counter argument transition words make it easier for readers to understand your position.

Examples of transitions that you can use in your essay include:

  • Similarly , Also , In the same way – These words show similarity in an argument.
  • However , Notwithstanding , On the other hand , Still yet , In contrast – These words show exception or contrast.
  • Meanwhile , Afterwards , Subsequently – These show time.
  • Indeed and Without question – These words show emphasis.
  • For instance and For example – These are used to show examples.
  • Consequently , Accordingly , and Thus – These indicate cause and effect.
  • In brief , Finally , and In conclusion – Used to conclude.
  • Equally , Additionally and Furthermore – Used to show additional evidence or support.

Any good counter argument essay example will have some of these words. That’s because they make an argument easy to follow and understand.

What to Include in a Counter Argument Paragraph

You can’t claim to know how to write counter argument if you don’t know what should go into every paragraph of your essay. Composing this essay entails more than just identifying and refuting the opposing position. You have to respond to the opposing view or position objectively and with supporting evidence.

Perhaps, you should start by drafting a counter argument paragraph outline to ensure that you do this properly. Here is what your paragraph outline should guide you to do:

  • Identify the opposing argument
  • Respond to an opposing argument by explaining why it is weak, incomplete, or illogical
  • Provide examples or evidence to prove that the opposing argument is weak, incomplete, or illogical
  • Close your paragraph with a statement that your argument superior and emphasizing why it is sound and logical to the opposing one.

When presenting your argument, be as objective as possible. Also, be fair and thorough when explaining why the opposing argument is weak, illogical, and incomplete. Prove that you have considered all options and sides. If you must use satire and sarcasm, master the rhetoric art carefully.

You’re no longer asking, what’s a counter argument at this point. That’s because this guide provides the tips and hints that you need to compose the argument. However, you might want to take a look at a good counter argument example essay to understand what you’re required to do. You can ask your educator to share a good example to guide you. Alternatively, use reliable online resources to find and read a good sample essay. However, don’t copy or present the essay as your work because that would amount to plagiarism. It’s always better to hire a paper writer who will craft a custom project for you.

How To Write a Hypothesis

Writing Beginner

50 Best Counterclaim Transition Words (+ Examples)

In any debate or argumentative essay, presenting a counterclaim effectively is crucial.

Counterclaim transition words are the linguistic bridges that make this possible. They introduce an opposing viewpoint in a way that’s both clear and respectful, enhancing the coherence and persuasiveness of your argument.

What Are Counterclaim Transition Words?

Modern office with laptop showing Counterclaim Transition Words

Counterclaim transition words are specific phrases or words used to introduce an opposing argument or viewpoint.

They play a vital role in writing, especially in essays, debates, and academic papers, where acknowledging and responding to different perspectives is essential.

These words help to smoothly transition from one idea to another, particularly when the new idea contrasts with or challenges the preceding one. By using these transition words, writers can present a balanced view, demonstrate critical thinking, and engage their readers more effectively.

Counterclaim Transition Words to Strengthen Your Argument

Below is a list of 50 best counterclaim transition words, along with examples of how to use them:

  • However: The evidence supports my argument; however, it is important to consider the counterclaim that…
  • On the other hand: My viewpoint is strong, but on the other hand, critics argue…
  • Contrary to: Contrary to popular belief, one might argue that…
  • Nevertheless: My position remains strong; nevertheless, opponents claim…
  • Although: Although I acknowledge the counterclaim, it is important to remember…
  • Despite: Despite this counterargument, my perspective holds true because…
  • Admittedly: Admittedly, opponents have a point when they argue…
  • Nonetheless: My stance remains firm; nonetheless, critics argue that…
  • In contrast: In contrast to my argument, others contend that…
  • Alternatively: Alternatively, one might propose that…
  • Nevertheless: Nevertheless, it can be argued that…
  • In spite of: In spite of the counterclaim, it is evident that…
  • That being said: That being said, opponents contend that…
  • In comparison: In comparison to my thesis, critics state…
  • Regardless: Regardless of the counterclaim, I maintain that…
  • Despite this: Despite this counterargument, my viewpoint is supported by…
  • In any case: In any case, it is essential to consider…
  • On the contrary: On the contrary, opponents argue that…
  • Even though: Even though there are valid counterpoints, my argument carries weight…
  • Notwithstanding: Notwithstanding the counterclaim, it is evident that…
  • Conversely: Conversely, critics propose…
  • That said: That said, opponents maintain…
  • By contrast: By contrast, one might argue…
  • Be that as it may: Be that as it may, it is crucial to consider…
  • In spite of this: In spite of this counterargument, my perspective is supported by…
  • Alternatively: Alternatively, it could be suggested that…
  • Despite these objections: Despite these objections, it is clear that…
  • Notwithstanding: Notwithstanding the counterclaim, my viewpoint remains valid because…
  • On the other side: My argument is sound; on the other side, critics argue…
  • Despite these claims: Despite these claims, it can be argued that…
  • In spite of this: In spite of this counterclaim, my position is upheld by…
  • In any event: In any event, it is important to consider…
  • On the flip side: On the flip side, others suggest…
  • Regardless of this: Regardless of this counterargument, my thesis is supported by…
  • Despite this viewpoint: Despite this viewpoint, it is evident that…
  • Alternatively: Alternatively, opponents propose that…
  • Despite these assertions: Despite these assertions, my perspective is reinforced by…
  • Nonetheless: Nonetheless, critics maintain…
  • In comparison: In comparison to my stance, others argue…
  • Still: Still, it can be argued that…
  • Irrespective of: Irrespective of the counterclaim, it is clear that…
  • On the other end of the spectrum: My argument holds true; on the other end of the spectrum, opponents claim…
  • Regardless: Regardless of the counterclaim, I stand by…
  • Despite the opposition: Despite the opposition, it can be contended that…
  • Despite this perspective: Despite this perspective, it is evident that…
  • In any scenario: In any scenario, it is vital to consider…
  • Contrarily: Contrarily, critics assert…
  • With all of this in mind: With all of this in mind, opponents suggest…
  • Nonetheless: Nonetheless, it is important to consider…
  • In contrast to this: In contrast to this opposing view, my standpoint is supported by…

Counterclaim Transition Word Examples

Now, let’s look at specific examples of how to use Counterclaim Transition Language:

  • Some believe that technology simplifies life. On the contrary, it often makes it more complicated.
  • He was not happy about the decision. On the contrary, he was quite upset.
  • She is great at math; however, she struggles with chemistry.
  • The project was expected to be a success. However, it faced many unexpected challenges.
  • The hike was difficult; nevertheless, they reached the top.
  • It rained all week. Nevertheless, the event was well-attended.
  • Some argue that the law restricts freedom. Conversely, others believe it ensures safety.
  • He prefers quiet vacations. Conversely, his sister loves adventurous trips.
  • The team had little time to prepare. Despite this, they gave an excellent performance.
  • The car is quite old. Despite this, it’s still very reliable.
  • Summer in this region is dry and hot. In contrast, winters are wet and cold.
  • He loves to read fiction. In contrast, his brother only reads non-fiction.
  • She worked hard all semester. Yet, she didn’t pass the course.
  • The task seems impossible. Yet, there might be a way to accomplish it.
  • You can save money by cooking at home. Alternatively, you can find inexpensive restaurants.
  • We could go to the beach. Alternatively, we could explore the mountains.
  • He is very outgoing. On the other hand, his sister is quite introverted.
  • This method is quick. On the other hand, it’s not the most accurate.
  • The plan seems effective. That said, it’s quite expensive to implement.
  • The movie was entertaining. That said, the plot was predictable.
  • The forecast predicted sun. Contrarily, it rained all day.
  • Many find the subject easy. Contrarily, I find it quite challenging.
  • Even though the task was hard, they completed it on time.
  • He decided to go for a walk, even though it was raining.
  • She didn’t go to the gym. Instead, she decided to go for a run outside.
  • Instead of flying, they took a road trip.
  • The journey was long. Though, it was worth it.
  • He is known for being serious. Though, he can be quite funny.
  • Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind.
  • He succeeded, contrary to everyone’s expectations.

Here is a good video about how to use Counterclaim Transition language:

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some commonly asked questions related to counterclaim transition words and examples:

How Do Counterclaim Transition Words Improve Writing?

Counterclaim transition words enhance writing by providing clarity and smoothness in the flow of ideas, especially when presenting contrasting viewpoints.

They help in structuring arguments more effectively, making them easier for readers to follow.

By using these words, writers can introduce counterarguments or alternative perspectives without jarring the reader or disrupting the narrative flow. This not only demonstrates the writer’s ability to consider different viewpoints but also strengthens the overall argument by acknowledging and addressing potential objections.

When Should You Use Counterclaim Transition Words?

Counterclaim transition words should be used when you need to introduce a contrasting viewpoint, rebut an argument, or highlight differences between two ideas.

They are particularly useful in argumentative essays, debates, and any form of persuasive writing where acknowledging multiple perspectives is essential.

These words are crucial when you want to present a balanced view or when you’re about to refute an argument with evidence or a different perspective. They signal to the reader that a shift in thought or an opposing idea is coming, ensuring a smoother transition and better comprehension.

Can Counterclaim Transition Words Be Overused?

Yes, counterclaim transition words can be overused, leading to a choppy and disjointed reading experience.

Overuse can dilute the impact of the arguments and make the writing seem repetitive or formulaic.

It’s important to use these transition words judiciously, ensuring that they serve a clear purpose in enhancing the argument or narrative.

Writers should strive for a balance, using these words to guide the reader through the text without overwhelming them.

A well-placed transition word is far more effective than several unnecessary ones.

How Do Counterclaim Transition Words Differ From Other Transition Words?

Counterclaim transition words specifically introduce an opposing or contrasting viewpoint, while other transition words may serve different purposes such as showing cause and effect, adding information, or concluding an argument.

Counterclaim transitions are essential for presenting a balanced argument, showing that the writer has considered different sides of an issue.

They contrast with transitions that primarily seek to reinforce or build upon an existing point.

Understanding the specific function of counterclaim transitions is key to using them effectively in your writing.

Are Counterclaim Transition Words Necessary in All Forms of Writing?

While counterclaim transition words are not necessary in all forms of writing, they are particularly important in argumentative, persuasive, and academic writing.

In narratives, descriptive, or expository writing, their usage may be less prevalent.

However, in any writing where presenting a balanced view or acknowledging different perspectives is important, these transition words become crucial.

They help in structurally and logically developing arguments, ensuring that counterpoints are presented effectively and respectfully, which is a hallmark of strong, persuasive writing.

Final Thoughts

In addition to counterclaim transition language, you might also be interested in other types of words to use in writing.

Browse the list below for some interesting ideas.

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How do you start or begin a counter argument paragraph?

List sentence structures to help me..

counter argument phrases

Some examples of counter-argument sentence starters are...

"On the other hand...", which shows one point of the argument is one hand, and the other point of the argument being the other hand.

"However...", which would show the two different opposing views of the argument.

This would be in terms of discussing an issue or idea in an exam type question or situation.

In terms of a persuasive speech you could start off with:

"Some people often think that..." For example, if writing a persuasive speech to why smoking should be made illegal you could say. "Some people often think that smoking is done for stress relief, and it can make you lose weight and concentrate" and then keep expanding on your point.

"Others may say that...", where you explain the opposing views on the point, idea, question or situation where there is no straight answer and you have to persuade the reader or listener to go ahead to believing your views and points.

"One may argue that...", where again you explain the opposing view on the situation, explaining what people think and argue against your point. For example, "One may argue that gun laws should be made more strict because of the tragic increase in mass shootings in recent years" as my point would be that there should be no change to gun laws as we need the weapons for protection or vice versa.

"Despite the fact that, people often think..." You would use this when there is factual evidence to back up your point, but to show that even though your point is correct some people still think differently.

Related questions

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  • What is the lewis structure for co2?
  • What is the lewis structure for hcn?
  • How is vsepr used to classify molecules?
  • What are the units used for the ideal gas law?
  • How does Charle's law relate to breathing?
  • What is the ideal gas law constant?
  • How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant?
  • How do you find density in the ideal gas law?
  • Does ideal gas law apply to liquids?

Impact of this question

counter argument phrases

Why the U.S. Has the Most to Gain From Supporting Ukraine

President Biden Meets With Visiting Ukrainian President Zelensky At The White House

D onald Trump’s invitation for Russia to invade NATO countries catalyzed anxiety that Europe may have to fight Russian aggression alone, as Trump and his followers are becoming increasingly assertive that supporting Ukraine is a bad deal for the U.S.

Earlier this week, Trump, who has long viewed foreign policy from the prism of money, highlighted the defense money he says is supplied by the U.S., comparing it to that paid by other countries. "You don't pay your bills, you get no protection. It's very simple," he said. “Hundreds of billions of dollars came into NATO, and that's why they have money.” Trump went on to call Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky “ the greatest salesman in history ” and promised that he himself will “get the Ukraine war settled.”

On the heels of Tucker Carlson's fawning interview with President Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Elon Musk’s assertion that “we have to kill” Ukraine aid because “ there’s no way in hell Putin is going to lose,” and flagging public support for Ukraine more broadly, Trump is pressuring his House GOP acolytes, led by Speaker Mike Johnson, to kill the $60 billion funding bill for Ukraine, despite its passage by the Senate, with Marjorie Taylor Greene arguing “Ukraine is not the 51 st state.”

Having catalyzed 1,200 major global corporations to exit Russia two years ago in protest over the bloody invasion of a peaceful, sovereign nation, we are not surprised to have received scores of alarmed messages. We have been reviewing the economics behind continuing U.S. support to Ukraine, and even setting aside the terrible human suffering amidst thousands of civilian deaths; the fact that helping Ukraine defend itself is saving millions of lives and forestalling World War III given Putin's imperial ambitions; as well as the diplomatic and national security value of such aid, in actuality, the U.S. is the single biggest winner from supporting Ukraine. Here are three tangible reasons why.

90% of Ukraine aid spending stays in the U.S., creating thousands of jobs

Although some may claim U.S. aid vanishes into a cesspool of unchecked Ukrainian corruption , one study has shown that 90% of Ukraine aid dollars are not actually sent to Ukraine after all. Rather, these funds stay in the U.S., where leading defense contractors have invested tens of billions in over 100 new industrial manufacturing facilities, creating thousands of jobs across at least 38 states directly, with vital subcomponents sourced from all 50 states.

Virtually all the munitions Ukraine is most reliant upon are fully built in the U.S ., ranging from javelins made in Alabama, to Guided Multiple Launch Rocket Systems (GMLRS) made in West Virginia, Arkansas, and Texas. Not forgetting the smaller-ticket items such as night-vision gear, medical supplies, and small-arms ammunition, all made in the U.S. Any additional Ukraine aid would likely only help the U.S. economy even more, since previous weapons shipments were largely drawdowns of musty old stockpiles and existing inventories rather than new supplies.

The Ukraine conflict has revitalized NATO, lessening the relative economic burden on the U.S.

Though Trump has complained for years that the European countries are not contributing their fair share to NATO—a common gripe of President Obama’s as well—and despite Trump’s threats to let “Russia do whatever the hell they want” to NATO free-riders, Trump largely failed in his quest to get the E.U. countries to contribute meaningfully more to their own defense, and ironically, only Putin has been able to succeed where Trump failed.

The degree to which Europe is now stepping up to the plate after Putin’s invasion of Ukraine and sharing the burden with the U.S. is striking. Prior to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, only two European countries spent more than 2% of their GDP on defense spending. Now, 11 NATO members spend more than 2% of their GDP on defense, with some members such as Poland spending even more than the U.S . as a percentage of GDP. At least six European countries increased their defense spending by over 10% last year alone , including some by up to 30%.

Furthermore, although, under Trump, the U.S. spent over twice of what the rest of NATO spent on their own defense, combined; now, Europe’s financial commitments toward Ukraine exceed that of the U.S ., with European aid especially invaluable over the last month as the U.S. funding spigot dried up, with some countries such as Estonia setting aside half their defense budget for Ukraine. This is not to mention the addition of new members paying their own way such as Finland, with Sweden soon to follow.

Russian military might has been severely degraded without a single active duty American military casualty

Although critics point out that both Ukraine and Russia are largely stalemated militarily, with neither side making any substantive territorial gains since fall 2022, the U.S. is the single biggest winner regardless, with one of the world’s three most potent militaries severely degraded and humiliated without a single active duty American military casualty, using only 5% of our U.S. defense budget and less than 1% of our total government spending—with a sum equivalent to the amount the U.S. is spending on such mundane items such as software for government agencies; COVID rental relief; and interstate highway traffic signs.

By contrast, Russia is now spending 40% of its government budget on defense, cannibalizing the rest of the productive economy to fund war after losing 50% of its military might over the last two years, not dissimilar to how Ronald Reagan’s famed “Star Wars” program disproportionately drove Soviet military spending to unsustainable levels. This trend will likely only continue as Russia continues to embarrass itself over its incompetent prosecution of the war. After all, over the last five months alone, Russia has lost at least a fifth of its prized naval fleet—the most powerful navy in the world by some measures prior to the war—even though its adversary, Ukraine, does not even have a navy, amidst continued heavy casualties numbering over 500,000 by some estimates.

Elsewhere we have shown that the Russian productive economy is imploding under the weight of economic sanctions and historic corporate withdrawals of 1,000+ companies as well as Putin’s cannibalization for the war effort. While Putin has concealed most of its required national income statistics to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), through triangulated research we previously found several Russian economic sectors have collapsed up to 90 percent, foreign direct investing into Russian has gone from $100 billion a year to zero, there has been a massive capital outflow matched by millions of top tech professional fleeing, over 2/3 of Russia’s exports are energy and energy profits have been sliced in half with a virtual inability to sell its gas to any country and oil sold at breakeven prices. Beyond cannibalizing the 70 percent of the Russian economy he now controls, Putin’s only hope for winning is that Trump will shatter the unity of allies which is strangling Russia’s aggression.

As the House considers the $60 billion in Ukraine aid approved by the Senate, Speaker Mike Johnson need not be imprisoned by his past, similar to how Richard Nixon used his anticommunist credibility to forge a working relationship with communist China. In facing a similar dilemma eighty years ago, former GOP Senator Arthur Vandenberg, a leading isolationist, pivoted 180 degrees and helped fortify wavering GOP support for the Marshall Plan among his colleagues after World War II. Vandenberg warned in a pivotal speech on the floor of the Senate in 1945,

”We must have maximum Allied cooperation and minimum Allied frictions. We have fabulously earned the right to be heard in respect to the basis of this unity. We need the earliest possible clarification of our relations with our brave allies.”

One does not even need to consider what the ripple effect of an appeasement-pleading surrender to Putin’s brutal imperial ambitions would mean for Central Europe, not to mention Taiwan, and the global economic crisis that would cause, to see why the U.S is the single biggest winner from supporting Ukraine, with substantial, immediate, and tangible benefits for not just American security but also even the U.S. economy.

We need to not succumb to Trump’s pathological career-long fear of partnership and collective action. As isolationist Vanderberg said, we must unify around “the most courageous thinking of which we are capable.” We confront such a moment now, but supporting Ukraine is not just an act of courage, or even charity. Supporting Ukraine is in our self-interest, and America is the single biggest winner from supporting Ukraine.

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  1. Counter Argument Example Sentence Starters for Essays

    In this article, we explore various useful counter argument starters and example phrases for you to incorporate into the first few sentences of your essay. Best Way to Make a Counterargument or Counterclaim in Writing. To begin, a counterargument is an opposing argument to your opponent's view or stance. If we think back to the most memorable ...

  2. Counterargument

    Counterargument. When you make an argument in an academic essay, you are writing for an audience that may not agree with you. In fact, your argument is worth making in the first place because your thesis will not be obvious—or obviously correct­—to everyone who considers the question you are asking or the topic you're addressing. Once ...

  3. 25 Counterargument Examples (2024)

    Counterargument Examples. 1. Empirical Challenges. An empirical challenge is, simply, a rebuttal that challenges the facts presented by the opponent, showing that their facts are wrong and yours are right. To undermine your opponent's set of facts, it will be your job to present facts that show that the opponent's supposed facts are wrong ...

  4. The Writing Center

    How to actually write and implement a counter-argument: Identify or explain opposing viewpoints. Use phrases like "on the other hand..." or "it is often perceived that..." or "critics may argue..." or "although..." or "some people may think" or (invoking the viewpoint of an expert/group) "according to...". Summarize ...

  5. Counter Argument Example: How to Write an Rebuttal

    Make sure you introduce your counter argument using phrases like "It is argued that" or "It may seem as if". In general, you should present a counter argument towards the end of your thesis but prior to your conclusion. This gives you a chance to express your key points in advance of the counter argument and provide a rebuttal for your ...

  6. Counterarguments

    Counterargument in two steps. Respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument. Refute the stance of opposing arguments, typically utilizing words like "although" or "however.". In the refutation, you want to show the reader why your position is more correct than the opposing idea.

  7. How to Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

    Formulate the counter argument as if you were on the opposing side. 2. Making the Transition. Your counter argument paragraph or paragraphs differ from the rest of your essay, so you will want to introduce a counter argument with a transition. Common ways to do this are to introduce your counter argument with phrases like:

  8. Writing a Counterargument Paragraph

    When writing your counterargument paragraph, you should respond to that other position. In your paragraph: Identify the opposing argument. Respond to it by discussing the reasons the argument is incomplete, weak, unsound, or illogical. Provide examples or evidence to show why the opposing argument is unsound, or provide explanations of how the ...

  9. PDF COUNTER-ARGUMENT AND REBUTTAL

    Counter-Argument 2 Cabrini University Writing Center - Revised 9/16 2) Cite an actual source, critic or group of critics, who might resist your argument Here many feminists would probably object that _____. But social Darwinists would certainly take issue with the argument that Nevertheless, both followers and critics of Malcolm X will probably argue that

  10. Writing a Paper: Responding to Counterarguments

    Writing a paper can be challenging, especially when you have to address counterarguments that may oppose your main claim. In this academic guide, you will learn how to respond to counterarguments effectively and persuasively, using strategies such as refutation, concession, and rebuttal. This guide will help you improve your writing skills and achieve your course goals.

  11. Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation

    The above essay outline is very basic. The argument it presents can be made much stronger if you consider the counter-argument, and then try to respond (refute) its points. The counter-argument presents the main points on the other side of the debate. Because we are arguing FOR working from home, this means the counter-argument is AGAINST ...

  12. 8.4 Counterargument and Response

    8.4 Counterargument and Response. Robin Jeffrey. Almost anything you can argue or claim in a persuasive paper can be refuted - and that is a good thing when you are writing an argument. Opposing points of view exist in every good debate, and it's important to anticipate possible objections to your arguments and to discuss them in your paper.

  13. How to Write a Counter Argument

    Here is a step-by-step guide on how to write a counter argument: Step 1: Brainstorm. Brainstorm the major and obvious objections to the viewpoint that you're disagreeing with. Rank the objections starting with the weakest to the strongest. Choose the most convincing objections to include in your paper or essay.

  14. 2.7: Finding the Responses to the Counterarguments

    Below are some phrases which can point toward the problem or limitation of the counterargument. Common Phrases for Responding to Counterarguments. Attitude to the Counterargument. Phrases . If the writer considers the counterargument totally wrong. ... "Argument Map with Counterargument and Rebuttal" by Anna Mills is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0.

  15. Counterargument

    Terms. Argument: your position/opinion about the topic (usually stated in the thesis and then supported with main points throughout the essay) Counterargument: a section in your essay that describes the other side of the issue (what would someone say who disagrees with your position?) Rebuttal (or Refutation): a section where you respond to the ...

  16. How To Write A Counter Argument In An Essay

    Let's discuss the possible phrases you can use to introduce the counter argument. Here are a few starters that inform whoever's reading to expect a change of direction: However, yet, but. Even though/although. In spite of/despite the fact that. On the contrary. On the other side/hand. A possible concern/problem is.

  17. Argument, Counterargument, & Refutation

    Debatable thesis statement in the Introduction. Argument - paragraphs which show support for the author's thesis (for example: reasons, evidence, data, statistics) Counterargument - at least one paragraph which explains the opposite point of view. Concession - a sentence or two acknowledging that there could be some truth to the ...

  18. How To Use "Counter Argument" In A Sentence: Diving Deeper

    1. Devil's Advocate. The phrase "playing devil's advocate" is commonly used to introduce a counter argument or opposing viewpoint in a discussion or debate. By assuming the role of the devil's advocate, one deliberately presents arguments that challenge the prevailing opinion or belief.

  19. How To Write A Counter Argument

    Ideally, you try to explain why your thesis is valid and true. When writing a counter argument, you go against the suggested thesis. Similarly, you provide some reasoning to support your position. When countering an argument, you should refute the opinion of the opposition. You should also show why the opposition's opinion is not accurate.

  20. 50 Best Counterclaim Transition Words (+ Examples)

    Below is a list of 50 best counterclaim transition words, along with examples of how to use them: However: The evidence supports my argument; however, it is important to consider the counterclaim that…. On the other hand: My viewpoint is strong, but on the other hand, critics argue…. Contrary to: Contrary to popular belief, one might argue ...

  21. PDF Useful Argumentative Essay Words and Phrases

    compromise but prove their argument is not powerful enough: - They have a point in thinking like that. - To a certain extent they are right. completely disagree: - After seeing this evidence, there is no way we can agree with this idea. say that their argument is irrelevant to the topic: - Their argument is irrelevant to the topic.

  22. Counterargument

    A counterargument is the argument on the opposite side of the writer's argument or thesis. It is the point of view they are directly arguing against and attempting to prove as inaccurate. To ...

  23. How do you start or begin a counter argument paragraph?

    A counter-argument is an additional point which goes against the previous point of a certain question. For example, a question could be "What are your views on ..." where you would state why you think it is good, and then the counter-argument comes in on why you also think a certain thing is bad. Counter-argument sentence starters often start ...

  24. Why the U.S. Has the Most to Gain From Supporting Ukraine

    90% of Ukraine aid spending stays in the U.S., creating thousands of jobs. Although some may claim U.S. aid vanishes into a cesspool of unchecked Ukrainian corruption, one study has shown that 90% ...