essay on industrial revolution in england

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Industrial Revolution

By: History.com Editors

Updated: March 27, 2023 | Original: October 29, 2009

The Iron Rolling Mill (Modern Cyclopes), 1873-1875. Artist: Menzel, Adolph Friedrich, von (1815-1905) Berlin.

The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies—especially in Europe and North America—into industrialized, urban ones. Goods that had once been painstakingly crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the introduction of new machines and techniques in textiles, iron making and other industries.

When Was the Industrial Revolution?

Though a few innovations were developed as early as the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution began in earnest by the 1830s and 1840s in Britain, and soon spread to the rest of the world, including the United States.

Modern historians often refer to this period as the First Industrial Revolution, to set it apart from a second period of industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile industries. 

Spinning Jenny

Thanks in part to its damp climate, ideal for raising sheep, Britain had a long history of producing textiles like wool, linen and cotton. But prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British textile business was a true “cottage industry,” with the work performed in small workshops or even homes by individual spinners, weavers and dyers.

Starting in the mid-18th century, innovations like the spinning jenny (a wooden frame with multiple spindles), the flying shuttle, the water frame and the power loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. Producing cloth became faster and required less time and far less human labor.

More efficient, mechanized production meant Britain’s new textile factories could meet the growing demand for cloth both at home and abroad, where the British Empire’s many overseas colonies provided a captive market for its goods. In addition to textiles, the British iron industry also adopted new innovations.

Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was both cheaper and produced higher-quality material, enabling Britain’s iron and steel production to expand in response to demand created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) and the later growth of the railroad industry. 

Impact of Steam Power 

An icon of the Industrial Revolution broke onto the scene in the early 1700s, when Thomas Newcomen designed the prototype for the first modern steam engine . Called the “atmospheric steam engine,” Newcomen’s invention was originally applied to power the machines used to pump water out of mine shafts.

In the 1760s, Scottish engineer James Watt began tinkering with one of Newcomen’s models, adding a separate water condenser that made it far more efficient. Watt later collaborated with Matthew Boulton to invent a steam engine with a rotary motion, a key innovation that would allow steam power to spread across British industries, including flour, paper, and cotton mills, iron works, distilleries, waterworks and canals.

Just as steam engines needed coal, steam power allowed miners to go deeper and extract more of this relatively cheap energy source. The demand for coal skyrocketed throughout the Industrial Revolution and beyond, as it would be needed to run not only the factories used to produce manufactured goods, but also the railroads and steamships used for transporting them.

Transportation During the Industrial Revolution

Britain’s road network, which had been relatively primitive prior to industrialization, soon saw substantial improvements, and more than 2,000 miles of canals were in use across Britain by 1815.

In the early 1800s, Richard Trevithick debuted a steam-powered locomotive, and in 1830 similar locomotives started transporting freight (and passengers) between the industrial hubs of Manchester and Liverpool. By that time, steam-powered boats and ships were already in wide use, carrying goods along Britain’s rivers and canals as well as across the Atlantic.

Banking and Communication in the Industrial Revolution

In 1776, Scottish social philosopher Adam Smith , who is regarded as the founder of modern economics, published The Wealth of Nations . In it, Smith promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference.

Banks and industrial financiers soon rose to new prominence during this period, as well as a factory system dependent on owners and managers. A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s; the New York Stock Exchange was founded in the early 1790s.

The latter part of the Industrial Revolution also saw key advances in communication methods, as people increasingly saw the need to communicate efficiently over long distances. In 1837, British inventors William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy system, even as Samuel Morse and other inventors worked on their own versions in the United States.

Cooke and Wheatstone’s system would be used for railroad signaling, as the speed of the new steam-powered trains created a need for more sophisticated means of communication.

Labor Movement 

Though many people in Britain had begun moving to the cities from rural areas before the Industrial Revolution, this process accelerated dramatically with industrialization, as the rise of large factories turned smaller towns into major cities over the span of decades. This rapid urbanization brought significant challenges, as overcrowded cities suffered from pollution, inadequate sanitation, miserable housing conditions and a lack of safe drinking water.

Meanwhile, even as industrialization increased economic output overall and improved the standard of living for the middle and upper classes, poor and working class people continued to struggle. The mechanization of labor created by technological innovation had made working in factories increasingly tedious (and sometimes dangerous), and many workers—including children—were forced to work long hours for pitifully low wages.

Such dramatic changes and abuses fueled opposition to industrialization worldwide, including the “ Luddites ,” known for their violent resistance to changes in Britain’s textile industry.

Did you know? The word "luddite" refers to a person who is opposed to technological change. The term is derived from a group of early 19th century English workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery as a means of protest. They were supposedly led by a man named Ned Ludd, though he may have been an apocryphal figure.

In the decades to come, outrage over substandard working and living conditions would fuel the formation of labor unions , as well as the passage of new child labor laws and public health regulations in both Britain and the United States, all aimed at improving life for working class and poor citizens who had been negatively impacted by industrialization.

The Industrial Revolution in the United States

The beginning of industrialization in the United States is usually pegged to the opening of a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793 by the recent English immigrant Samuel Slater. Slater had worked at one of the mills opened by Richard Arkwright (inventor of the water frame) mills, and despite laws prohibiting the emigration of textile workers, he brought Arkwright’s designs across the Atlantic. He later built several other cotton mills in New England, and became known as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution.”

The United States followed its own path to industrialization, spurred by innovations “borrowed” from Britain as well as by homegrown inventors like Eli Whitney . Whitney’s 1793 invention of the cotton gin (short for “engine”) revolutionized the nation’s cotton industry (and strengthened the hold of slavery over the cotton-producing South).

By the end of the 19th century, with the so-called Second Industrial Revolution underway, the United States would also transition from a largely agrarian society to an increasingly urbanized one, with all the attendant problems.

By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Historians continue to debate many aspects of industrialization, including its exact timeline, why it began in Britain as opposed to other parts of the world and the idea that it was actually more of a gradual evolution than a revolution. The positives and negatives of the Industrial Revolution are complex.

On one hand, unsafe working conditions were rife and environmental pollution from coal and gas are legacies we still struggle with today. On the other, the move to cities and ingenious inventions that made clothing, communication and transportation more affordable and accessible to the masses changed the course of world history.

Regardless of these questions, the Industrial Revolution had a transformative economic, social and cultural impact, and played an integral role in laying the foundations for modern society. 

Photo Galleries

Lewis Hine Child Labor Photos

Robert C. Allen, The Industrial Revolution: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007  Claire Hopley, “A History of the British Cotton Industry.” British Heritage Travel , July 29, 2006 William Rosen, The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention . New York: Random House, 2010 Gavin Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World, 1776-1914 . New York: Grove Press, 2007 Matthew White, “Georgian Britain: The Industrial Revolution.” British Library , October 14, 2009 

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The Industrial Revolution in England

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British Industrial Revolution

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Descriptive Essay: The Industrial Revolution and its Effects

The Industrial Revolution was a time of great age throughout the world. It represented major change from 1760 to the period 1820-1840. The movement originated in Great Britain and affected everything from industrial manufacturing processes to the daily life of the average citizen. I will discuss the Industrial Revolution and the effects it had on the world as a whole.

The primary industry of the time was the textiles industry. It had the most employees, output value, and invested capital. It was the first to take on new modern production methods. The transition to machine power drastically increased productivity and efficiency. This extended to iron production and chemical production.

It started in Great Britain and soon expanded into Western Europe and to the United States. The actual effects of the revolution on different sections of society differed. They manifested themselves at different times. The ‘trickle down’ effect whereby the benefits of the revolution helped the lower classes didn’t happen until towards the 1830s and 1840s. Initially, machines like the Watt Steam Engine and the Spinning Jenny only benefited the rich industrialists.

The effects on the general population, when they did come, were major. Prior to the revolution, most cotton spinning was done with a wheel in the home. These advances allowed families to increase their productivity and output. It gave them more disposable income and enabled them to facilitate the growth of a larger consumer goods market. The lower classes were able to spend. For the first time in history, the masses had a sustained growth in living standards.

Social historians noted the change in where people lived. Industrialists wanted more workers and the new technology largely confined itself to large factories in the cities. Thousands of people who lived in the countryside migrated to the cities permanently. It led to the growth of cities across the world, including London, Manchester, and Boston. The permanent shift from rural living to city living has endured to the present day.

Trade between nations increased as they often had massive surpluses of consumer goods they couldn’t sell in the domestic market. The rate of trade increased and made nations like Great Britain and the United States richer than ever before. Naturally, this translated to military power and the ability to sustain worldwide trade networks and colonies.

On the other hand, the Industrial Revolution and migration led to the mass exploitation of workers and slums. To counter this, workers formed trade unions. They fought back against employers to win rights for themselves and their families. The formation of trade unions and the collective unity of workers across industries are still existent today. It was the first time workers could make demands of their employers. It enfranchised them and gave them rights to upset the status quo and force employers to view their workers as human beings like them.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution was one of the single biggest events in human history. It launched the modern age and drove industrial technology forward at a faster rate than ever before. Even contemporary economics experts failed to predict the extent of the revolution and its effects on world history. It shows why the Industrial Revolution played such a vital role in the building of the United States of today.

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Home — Essay Samples — History — British Industrial Revolution — Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in England?>

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Why Did The Industrial Revolution Begin in England?>

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Published: Sep 7, 2023

Words: 752 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Table of contents

1. access to natural resources, 2. technological innovation, 3. capital accumulation, 4. agricultural revolution, 5. political stability and legal framework, 6. trade and markets.

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essay on industrial revolution in england

Industrial Revolution in England Research Paper

When talking of change in the modern society, one pictures the role played by the industrial revolution. The history of industrial revolution has its roots in England. This is where the entire project began. It is worth noting, however, that when talking of industrial revolution, one should be pretty sure of what is meant by the phrase.

The term revolution normally refers to some changes in our society. It is a transition that marked a shift from the native and the old agricultural and commercial styles, in the social economy that heavily relied on inefficient and less productive tools, to a new form of an economic system that now invests on modern and complex machines that are faster, effective, and more efficient. These changes have completely changed the behavior of mankind not only in England but also in the entire world.

It has made the agricultural system quite easy, more productive, less expensive and fully exploited. It has really changed the life of mankind. Historically, the term industrial revolution has been used to explain a period in the Britain roughly cutting across the 18 th century and the 19 th century. It comes with the technical inventions that took place in this dispensation.

The inventions changed the agricultural way of life which by a large extent determined the nature of the industries which relies on it for the raw materials. This in turn changed the commercial aspect and gave it a new, simpler, bearable, and more productive look. The entire economic line and all sectors changed for the better. These new changes did not only affect the industries but they changed families, lifestyles as well as mankind behaviors.

The industrial revolution beginning in England is a pure fact in history. This fact according to historians is beyond reasonable doubt. This initiative was accelerated by a number of factors that favored England to be the pioneers of this big history. England enjoyed a variety of resources that favored and facilitated the development of industries.

These resources were very essential and important to jumpstart the process. There were the raw materials required for the industries. The raw materials included coal and iron among others. Wool was also available. Iron was used to create machines which were basically powered using coal and hence the machines would make threads using the available wool, which later was used to produce very quality textiles.

The availability of workers also gave an upper hand to the industrialization (Hartwell 67). This was simply because the workers availed themselves because of the fact that they were well paid by the factories. As a result, many people were lured and motivated to leave their original works to go for the factory work.

This was so because the factories were in great need of a large number of laborers with flexible mobility. Due to specialization, the laborers in the factories were very effective and productive. This is due to the reason that they performed only a limited number of operations. By this, the factories were able to reduce the time they required to complete various tasks.

Geography also paid an upper hand in the industries in England. This was due to the fact that the essential raw materials; the coal deposits, the iron and the wool, were not far off from each other. This eased the location of industries as the materials were strategically available, close to each other.

On the other hand, the transportation of these raw materials to the industries was not tasking as they were easily shipped across waterways. Basically, waterways reduced the time and cost of transporting the materials. Better still there were very many entrances where these materials could be transported to the industries. The very memorable innovations that took place in England in this period also boosted the industrial revolution.

The inventors were able to exchange ideas very fast and in a very effective way on any new farming, factory, mining or any important technique. The workforce also appreciated these new inventions that eased their work and increased their productivity, a factor that helped the inventors to make positive improvements on their colleagues’ innovative works. Hence the cohesive invention work accelerated the realization of more complex machineries. The workforce had also a take in this as they did not dilute the inventions.

The various inventions also had a very positive drive to propel industrialization. The flying shuttle for example raised the weaving speed, a factor that led to production of more clothes.

The spinning jenny on the other hand made it possible to have a large number of threads produced, a factor that increased the weaving speed bearing in mind that the machine was usable at home and in cottage industries too. As a result, contract work was beeped up.

Water flames were also to be attributed as a reason why the industrial revolution has its roots in England. The machine was also very important in powering the spinning machine. It reduced the amount of time needed to manually spin the threads. The power loom was also very significant. It by far reduced the manpower and at the long run the cost needed so as to weave the threads into clothes.

The work could also now be done under minimal human supervision. The speed was also improved having in mind that water power was far off better than the human force. Cotton harvesting in America also received a boost with the invention of the cotton gin. The invention reduced on the amount of time required to harvest cotton and sieve it, a factor that made cotton then a cheaper commodity.

England enjoyed a very comfortable political stability (Inikori 156). The latter saw the industrial revolution being a success in the country and also led England into being the first country to grow industrially, a very good environment for industrial survival. This was also added value by the reason that there was zero political interference in business. In other words, the free economy and politics in the country compared to other countries even in Europe created a very healthy environment for industrial survival.

The government policy was just something else of benefit to the industrial revolution in England that cannot just be ignored. It is worth noting that by then, the governance of England was just another wonder to enjoy. There was good will from all aspects of life that propelled the industrial revolution. The government did not impose any internal tariff.

The industries were not strictly regulated, and to make the story sweeter and worth listening to, the transportation costs were not frustrating the industrial development. There was also a change in stock breeding in England. The revived stock breeding was a smiling reason for the industrial revolution. As a result, the agricultural products were just an encouraging improvement. The quality of meat, milk and that of wool became something to look at and proudly talk of. Their quantities of production were increased significantly.

Consequently, feeding and clothing this industrial growing nation by then became just an easy thing for England. There was also an improvement of the planting methodology. Following the invention of the “horse-drawn seed drill”, the planting of seeds in the farms became more professional and effective rather than the manual and primitive practice. The drill could plant seeds in straight rows and because it was horse-drawn, a reduced amount of manpower was required to do the planting.

As a result of the inventions of the mechanical reapers used to harvest crops, the process itself eased. The two latter inventions were very positive to the industrial revolution. One is that feeding the swelling number of urban dwellers was now not a big issue to the government. And since few people were then needed to work in the farms, the rest of the people were now available to work in the industries.

The new agricultural system was another very important advantage to the industrial revolution. The introduction of the land enclosure system was a big tick especially to the large scale farmers. They could now operate smoothly in their farms without the peasants’ interference. The four year crop rotation was also very timely. It ensured that each part of the available land was wisely utilized in a unique way every year.

Therefore, the rotation did another good that cannot just be assumed. The new crops introduced in England were another value added to the industrial revolution. They provided cheap food that kept the animals and humankind going throughout the entire industrial revolution.

The division of land into large farms made it possible for the land to be used in a more effective and efficient way. As a result the cost of food production was reduced and its production was driven up. Thus, the policy of the individual land consolidation was heavenly sent.

England was also enjoying its richness in both local and international merchants. The availability of these merchants, the profit made by the large farm holders as well as the income the country got from its colonies provided just enough capital to set up these industries. There was also ready market for these products both in Europe, Africa, America, and basically in the entire world. As the industries emerged, the number of the working class also increased and therefore the demand and ability to buy these products was also rising in the country.

However, every activity has a result attached to it. Industrial revolution in England also did not go unnoticed. The impacts were as sound as the revolution itself. As a result of the revolution, the population in the country also increased. As a matter of fact, the population almost doubled in this dispensation.

This was as a result of the good humanitarian conditions caused by the industrial revolution. The industries increased employment opportunities in the country, a factor that raised the number of the working class in the country. As a result of the now new income, the population’s standards of living improved. The social structure also changed in the country. Earlier, people used to live in small villages.

They worked in agricultural sectors or better still work as craftsmen. Most of them lived in the upcountry. Here, farming was the major economic activity. However, things changed all over a sudden. The enclosed system left many people landless. The poor farmers who were forced to fence their land were left struggling financially. The enclosure system also compelled many people to look for employment opportunities in the upcoming factories. Many people therefore moved from rural areas to urban centers.

Many factories were opened in the country. The road networks in the country also improved as a result of the revolution. The railway transport was also improved. It was necessary to have good railway network so as to ease the mails and news delivery across the factories and the business associates. This wiped away the old and primitive wagons.

With every good that comes, an evil one is just at hand. Nothing will happen with all positive results. Industrial revolution in England was not an exemption. It is a fact that it did very well. But on the other hand, its harm cannot be assumed. One is that there were a lot of exodus; people leaving the rural to the urban.

This was a factor that reduced the workforce in the farms. Following the large numbers of the population going to the urban centers, the houses here were not enough to accommodate this sudden huge number. As a result, these people were compelled to live in slums. Here, the conditions were not human-friendly. Water in the slums was a challenge. The sanitation was very wanting. People had to use very poor latrines. The hygiene in these slums was very challenging. In fact, it left the slums dwellers in a threat of many diseases.

As people moved to urban centers life changed and social evils got to their peak. Prostitution was in its highest in this dispensation. Those who were lazy and dissatisfied with what they got engaged in crimes. The workers in the factories were also on the receiving end. They were exposed to long working hours. Child labor and other forms of abuse were also another challenge.

Other than the long working duration, another danger that was glaring at these factory workers were the brutal working conditions. The environment was also not spared either. In fact the impacts on the environment were so sound that they are felt even today. Talk of air pollution by the smoke from the industries. The waste from industries was also a challenge to the soil and in most cases when directed to the water sources posed a great danger to marine life as well as humans who relied on the same water.

The impacts of the industrial revolution were not only felt in England alone; however, the entire world shared on the same pros and cons. The products from the British factories got their way into the global market and in this way the world had a share.

After making big profits from these industries, the investors had surplus capital and the rest of the world more so Africa became their destination of investment. Many people also learnt from the English invention and carried on the same to their countries and thereby, industrial revolution became a global affair rather than an English affair.

When the water masses were polluted by the Englishman, the impact was felt worldwide. The same case happened to the global climatic change as a result of this industrial revolution. The USA also benefited from this revolution as investors went to the USA to invest. Researchers from USA found a good ground to study in Britain on the inventions. These researchers in turn replicated the same in the US. The English industrial revolution was important to all nations in the world.

Works Cited

Hartwell, Ronald Max. The causes of the industrial revolution in England . London: Taylor & Francis, 1967. Print.

Inikori, Joseph E. Africans and the industrial revolution in England: a study in international trade and international development . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

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Industrial Revolution in England Essay

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Industrial revolution occurred in England between 1750 and 1850. This revolution was about altering the old production processes to new for the intent of doing more net income. There were major alterations in agribusiness. fabrication. excavation and engineering which had a important consequence on the economic system and civilization of England. England was the starting point of the revolution and after England it spread to Europe. North America and eventually the full universe. Basically. it was resulted in industry and machine fabrication. alternatively of the old system which was agricultural and handicraft economic system. Industrial revolution influenced every facet of day-to-day life. This revolution led drastic alterations. Technological. socioeconomic and cultural characteristics are the chief characteristics that changed and developed in the Industrial Revolution.

First in the technological field. people started to utilize new basic stuffs such as Fe and steel and new energy beginnings such as electricity. steam engine. etc. were introduced. Besides. new machines invented. for illustration whirling Jenny. Human energy outgo becomes smaller as a consequence of innovation of new machines. Last. mill system occurred and a new organisation manner emerged with that. This alteration led division of labor to happen. Industrial revolution was a really really of import societal event. it changed and improved the universe and there are some of import footings. peoples and affairs which were the chief edifice blocks such as coal. whirling Jenny and steam engine. First. coal. Coal and industrial revolution were connected to each other. Before the revolution people used coal but what they use was really near to surface and they didn’t acquire benefit from it. Before the revolution there were 2 types of mines ; float mines and bell cavities.

There were little graduated table of this and merely places and local industries used these types of coals. But after the revolution demand on coal increased a batch because coal was the energy beginning for machines. More machines needed more coal. Therefore. coal mines got deeper and deeper ; coal excavation became really indispensable for mills. Second. whirling Jenny. First whirling Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves ; Jenny was the initial word for engine. There were 20. 000 whirling Jenny across Britain in 1778. Samuel Compton improved whirling Jenny.

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Third. steam engine. Steam engine converts heat energy to mechanical energy by pressurized steam. It was invented by Thomas Newcomen. He found the first practical engine which was used for to pump H2O out of mine. James Watt developed Newcomen’s steam engine and it used in engines and ships ( Western Civilization. 348 ) . Industrial revolution took topographic point in England but non in China or the Muslim states. The grounds behind it will be discussed in the following paragraphs.

Newtonian scientific discipline was really of import for Industrial revolution and merely England spread this scientific discipline among its citizens. China or Islamic states didn’t have control over the Newtonian scientific discipline and they were non informed as England ( Science. Institutions and the Industrial Revolution. p. 16 ) . Britain was advanced and they were technologically superior to the others. Institutions and universities were a batch in England. Laws were made by these establishments and inventor’s rights were protected by these Torahs. Therefore. discoverers were encouraged by authorities. At the same clip. universities raised applied scientists and technicians. Both of them prepare the land for Industrial Revolution ( Science. Institutions and the Industrial Revolution. p. 13-14 ) In add-on. Britain was rich in natural stuffs. It was easy to make cotton. baccy or sugar.

Besides England developed its transit by Fe. As a natural stuff Fe was a batch in England and people used this Fe to do railroads. ships. etc. Transportation was really of import for a revolution to happen ( Science. Institutions and the Industrial Revolution. p. 18 ) . Besides England had tonss of mines and mines contain energy beginnings such as coal. Machines. steam engines. etc. needed beginning of energy to work. So England was really suited for that. On the other manus. Chinese mines were spread all around the state and they weren’t close to each other. so it was difficult and expensive to link them and roll up each natural stuff. Thus. Chinese didn’t usage these beginnings.

As it discussed in the above paragraphs Chinese transit was bad. In add-on to that Chinese stand point was different from British. Schools. establishments taught different things. Islam is a different faith than the other and it was non unfastened to new innovations or new thoughts in those old ages. Their strong beliefs avoid them to develop themselves in footings of scientific discipline and they didn’t develop every bit much as England and Europe.

In decision. I think industrial revolution changed the universe and it had important impacts on day-to-day life. The engineering and all the other material that we have today are here because of the industrial revolution. Because in today’s universe everything. every merchandise come out of mills. There are tonss of rational grounds why the revolution occurred in England but non in China or Islamic states. Selling. engineering and energy are the illustrations for the outgrowth in England.

Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //global. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/287086/Industrial-Revolution hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Princeton. edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Industrial_Revolution. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/coal_mines_industrial_revolution. htm Western Civilization. A brief history. 3rd edition. Perry. 344-362 C. Bekar and R. Lipsey. “Science. Institutions and the Industrial Revolution” . Department of Economics Discussion Papers. 2002. 1. 5. 7-8. 13-24.

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    Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print. This research paper, "Industrial Revolution in England" is published exclusively on IvyPanda's free essay examples database. You can use it for research and reference purposes to write your own paper. However, you must cite it accordingly . Donate a paper.

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