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Answered By: Referencing Enquiries Team Last Updated: Dec 16, 2021     Views: 52478

There are different types of government and parliamentary sources of information. The type of source it is will determine how it should be referenced.

Here are different types of government and parliamentary sources and how to identify them. Once you have identified the source, refer to the appropriate reference type in the MMU Harvard referencing guide and follow the format for that source.

  • Government command papers are issued by Government and presented to Parliament by Command of Her Majesty.  Reports produced by UK government bodies can be command papers, along with green papers, white papers and treaties. 

Command papers can usually be identify by an official command paper number on the first or second page of the document and the number is preceded by an abbreviation of command, for example: Cmnd , Cmd, Cd, Cm, or CP .

Use reference type:  Government command papers

  • Acts of parliament or primary legislation are statute law passed by Parliament. This source of information will have 'Act' in the title, for example, the Housing Act 2004.

Use reference type: Acts of parliament

  • Bills are proposed legislation under consideration by Parliament. Once a bill has been enacted it becomes an Act of Parliament/Statute.

Use reference type: Bills

  • Statutory instruments  (SI) are secondary legislation, known as regulations, rules or orders.

Use reference type: Statutory Instruments

  • Parliamentary papers can be papers produced by Parliament and its committees. These papers are published as House of Commons or House of Lords papers. Parliamentary papers can also be papers presented to Parliament by bodies outside of Parliament. Many of these papers are then published under Parliament’s authority as House of Commons Papers.

Parliamentary papers can usually be identified by an official House of Commons or House of Lords reference number , which will be preceded by HC or HL respectively, for example: HC 395-I

Use reference type: Parliamentary papers

  • Parliamentary debates are held by both Houses of Parliament .  Transcripts of Parliamentary debates are known by the publication name of  Hansard.

Use reference type: Parliamentary debates

  • House of Commons Library briefing papers are research publications produced by UK Houses of Parliament Libraries to inform Members of the House of Commons and House of Lords. They will be clearly marked as a briefing paper and include a briefing paper number.

Use reference type: Briefing papers

  • For other sources by government departments, accessed as PDF documents, that do not fall under one of the specific types above, follow the format for an Online PDF document
  • Sometimes you may access information on a Government webpage, ie not downloaded as a PDF document. In this case, you should follow the format for a Webpage . See our FAQ How to cite information from the GOV.UK webpages for guidance on citing from this source.
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How to Cite and Reference a Conference Paper in the Harvard Style

How to Cite and Reference a Conference Paper in the Harvard Style

  • 2-minute read
  • 8th March 2023

Conference papers are a common resource for academics . But how do you cite and reference one as a source using Harvard? Here’s our quick guide. We’ll focus on the Open University style , but Harvard conventions can vary between institutions, so make sure you check your own style guide too.

Citing a Conference Paper

An in-text citation includes the name and year in parentheses, like this:

If you use a direct quote, you’ll need to add page numbers as well:

If you’re citing two authors, include both surnames separated by and . If you’re citing three or more authors, list the first surname followed by “et al.” If you’re missing an author’s name, you can use the name of the organization that published the paper. And if you’re missing a date, you can use “n.d.”

Referencing a Conference Paper

When adding a conference paper to a Harvard reference list, follow this format:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper”, Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Place of publication, Publisher, page numbers.

If you found the conference paper online, format the entry this way:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper,” Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Publisher [Online]. Available at URL (Accessed date).

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If you’re referencing an unpublished conference paper, you can omit the publisher information:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper,” paper presented at Title of Conference . Location, date of conference.

Variations of Harvard Referencing

As we’ve said, the Harvard style has many variations. We’ve looked at the Open University version in this post, but make sure you check your institution’s style guide. And when in doubt, be sure to keep everything consistent.

Of course, you can always send your work our way! Our editors are Harvard referencing experts and will make sure you’ve formatted your references and citations correctly. They’ll also check your work for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and more! Try it out for free today.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format for a harvard citation.

Harvard uses author–date citations, with the author’s name and the year of publication in parentheses: (Smith, 2012).

How do you add an online conference paper to a Harvard reference list?

Follow a typical Harvard reference format but omit the location, add [Online] after the publisher name, and include the URL as well as the date you accessed the site.

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Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

  • Secondary referencing
  • Page numbers
  • Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

  • in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
  • full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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How do I reference a working paper… in the Cranfield Author-date style?

how to harvard reference briefing paper

Working papers (also known as discussion papers, research papers, and briefing papers) are used to encourage discussion and share ideas about a topic within a particular community. Some working papers may be in the pre-publication stage, so have been submitted to a journal but have not yet been accepted.

We’re often asked in MIRC how to reference working papers as they don’t fall into the standard item types. Here’s our guidance on how to reference a working paper using the Author-date style used at Cranfield University:

What to include in the reference:

  • Author(s) (surname, initials) or organisation/institution
  • (Year of publication)
  • Working paper series and/or number (if available)
  • Place of publication: Publisher (if available)

If accessing online, add:

  • Available at: URL/DOI
  • (Accessed: date)

As you can see, the format for a working paper is similar to that of a book or report reference. If the paper comes from a recognised series, which many of them will, include the series and number after the title. Remember to provide as much information as possible so that the reader can locate the paper themselves, but note that some information may simply not be available.

Here are some examples of what your bibliographic references might look like:

Burke, A.E., van Stel, A. J. and Thurik, R. (2009) Blue Ocean Versus Competitive Strategy: Theory and Evidence . ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2009-030-ORG. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2024822 .

Burke, A. E. and van Stel, A. J. (2009) The Entrepreneurial Adjustment Process in Disequilibrium . Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 09-005/3. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1330752 .

Lins, K, Servaes, H and Tamayo, A. (2015) Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance during the Financial Crisis . London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.

Malter, D. (2014) Eclipsed and Confounded Identities: When High-Status Affiliations Impede Organizational Growth . Harvard Business School Strategy Unit Working Paper No. 15-019. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2505184 (Accessed: 10 February 2015).

Sweeney, M, T. (2000) Linking competitive and generic manufacturing strategies. Cranfield School of Management Working Paper Series SWP 9/00. Cranfield School of Management: Cranfield University. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1826/518 (Accessed: 10 February 2015).

As always if you have any questions about referencing, pop into MIRC or contact us .

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how to harvard reference briefing paper

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House of Commons and House of Lords Papers examples

These include standard notes and briefing papers (see also Command Papers for White and Green Papers).

Example: in text citation Policy and funding arrangements for students with disabilities in post-16 education are outlined (Author, Year, Page).

Format: reference    Author, initial. (Date)  Title.  SN Number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation    Policy and funding arrangements for students with disabilities in post-16 education are outlined (Hubble, 2012, p.3).

Example: reference    Hubble, S. (2012) S upport for students with learning difficulties and disabilities in post-16 education in England . SN/SP/6341. London: House of Commons Library.

Note:  In the case of briefing papers, use Briefing Paper number instead of SN Number after the title, e.g. Briefing Paper 6899.

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Q. How do I reference a House of Commons Briefing paper (OSCOLA)?

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Answered By: Claire Mazer Last Updated: 16 Oct, 2023     Views: 4844

See the example used here:  Shale gas and fracking (parliament.uk)

Use the pattern described at OSCOLA s.3.4 Other Secondary Sources: author, | ‘title’ | (additional information, | publisher | year) also adding: <URL link> accessed date month year.

The author and title are immediately clear from the document. In the centre of the citation you have (additional information, | publisher | year) so use the following information: (Briefing Paper No CBP 6073, House of Commons Library 31 March 2020). The link to the paper should be non-live, i.e. just text as follows in this example: < https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06073/SN06073.pdf  >. The date of access is when you accessed the briefing paper, and uses a specific date format, for example: 16 October 2023. Avoid using th after 16 (as in 16 th  ). The month should be provided in full (October), not Oct or 16/10/23. The year should also be provided in full (2023).

Footnote:  Sara Priestley, 'Shale gas and fracking'  (Briefing Paper No CBP 6073, House of Commons Library 31 March 2020)  < https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06073/SN06073.pdf  > accessed  16 October 2023.

Remember in your bibliography Sara Priestley’s (the author) name will appear as Priestley S, … rest of citation…

Bibliography:  Priestley S,  'Shale gas and fracking'  (Briefing Paper No CBP 6073, House of Commons Library 31 March 2020)  < https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06073/SN06073.pdf  > accessed  16 October 2023.

For further help, please contact Claire Mazer (Law librarian) [email protected] or the Academic Services team [email protected]

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A Quick Guide to Referencing | Cite Your Sources Correctly

Referencing means acknowledging the sources you have used in your writing. Including references helps you support your claims and ensures that you avoid plagiarism .

There are many referencing styles, but they usually consist of two things:

  • A citation wherever you refer to a source in your text.
  • A reference list or bibliography at the end listing full details of all your sources.

The most common method of referencing in UK universities is Harvard style , which uses author-date citations in the text. Our free Harvard Reference Generator automatically creates accurate references in this style.

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Table of contents

Referencing styles, citing your sources with in-text citations, creating your reference list or bibliography, harvard referencing examples, frequently asked questions about referencing.

Each referencing style has different rules for presenting source information. For in-text citations, some use footnotes or endnotes , while others include the author’s surname and date of publication in brackets in the text.

The reference list or bibliography is presented differently in each style, with different rules for things like capitalisation, italics, and quotation marks in references.

Your university will usually tell you which referencing style to use; they may even have their own unique style. Always follow your university’s guidelines, and ask your tutor if you are unsure. The most common styles are summarised below.

Harvard referencing, the most commonly used style at UK universities, uses author–date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical bibliography or reference list at the end.

Harvard Referencing Guide

Vancouver referencing, used in biomedicine and other sciences, uses reference numbers in the text corresponding to a numbered reference list at the end.

Vancouver Referencing Guide

APA referencing, used in the social and behavioural sciences, uses author–date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical reference list at the end.

APA Referencing Guide APA Reference Generator

MHRA referencing, used in the humanities, uses footnotes in the text with source information, in addition to an alphabetised bibliography at the end.

MHRA Referencing Guide

OSCOLA referencing, used in law, uses footnotes in the text with source information, and an alphabetical bibliography at the end in longer texts.

OSCOLA Referencing Guide

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In-text citations should be used whenever you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source (e.g. a book, article, image, website, or video).

Quoting and paraphrasing

Quoting is when you directly copy some text from a source and enclose it in quotation marks to indicate that it is not your own writing.

Paraphrasing is when you rephrase the original source into your own words. In this case, you don’t use quotation marks, but you still need to include a citation.

In most referencing styles, page numbers are included when you’re quoting or paraphrasing a particular passage. If you are referring to the text as a whole, no page number is needed.

In-text citations

In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author’s surname and the date of publication in brackets.

Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ‘ et al. ‘

The point of these citations is to direct your reader to the alphabetised reference list, where you give full information about each source. For example, to find the source cited above, the reader would look under ‘J’ in your reference list to find the title and publication details of the source.

Placement of in-text citations

In-text citations should be placed directly after the quotation or information they refer to, usually before a comma or full stop. If a sentence is supported by multiple sources, you can combine them in one set of brackets, separated by a semicolon.

If you mention the author’s name in the text already, you don’t include it in the citation, and you can place the citation immediately after the name.

  • Another researcher warns that the results of this method are ‘inconsistent’ (Singh, 2018, p. 13) .
  • Previous research has frequently illustrated the pitfalls of this method (Singh, 2018; Jones, 2016) .
  • Singh (2018, p. 13) warns that the results of this method are ‘inconsistent’.

The terms ‘bibliography’ and ‘reference list’ are sometimes used interchangeably. Both refer to a list that contains full information on all the sources cited in your text. Sometimes ‘bibliography’ is used to mean a more extensive list, also containing sources that you consulted but did not cite in the text.

A reference list or bibliography is usually mandatory, since in-text citations typically don’t provide full source information. For styles that already include full source information in footnotes (e.g. OSCOLA and Chicago Style ), the bibliography is optional, although your university may still require you to include one.

Format of the reference list

Reference lists are usually alphabetised by authors’ last names. Each entry in the list appears on a new line, and a hanging indent is applied if an entry extends onto multiple lines.

Harvard reference list example

Different source information is included for different source types. Each style provides detailed guidelines for exactly what information should be included and how it should be presented.

Below are some examples of reference list entries for common source types in Harvard style.

  • Chapter of a book
  • Journal article

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Your university should tell you which referencing style to follow. If you’re unsure, check with a supervisor. Commonly used styles include:

  • Harvard referencing , the most commonly used style in UK universities.
  • MHRA , used in humanities subjects.
  • APA , used in the social sciences.
  • Vancouver , used in biomedicine.
  • OSCOLA , used in law.

Your university may have its own referencing style guide.

If you are allowed to choose which style to follow, we recommend Harvard referencing, as it is a straightforward and widely used style.

References should be included in your text whenever you use words, ideas, or information from a source. A source can be anything from a book or journal article to a website or YouTube video.

If you don’t acknowledge your sources, you can get in trouble for plagiarism .

To avoid plagiarism , always include a reference when you use words, ideas or information from a source. This shows that you are not trying to pass the work of others off as your own.

You must also properly quote or paraphrase the source. If you’re not sure whether you’ve done this correctly, you can use the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker to find and correct any mistakes.

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

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how to harvard reference briefing paper

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  • Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

  • It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
  • It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

  • If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
  • Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
  • Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
  • Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

  • Cite Them Right
  • Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
  • University of the West of England (UWE)

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LSBU Harvard Referencing: White (policy statement) paper

  • Act of Parliament
  • Artwork on location
  • Bill (House of Commons)
  • Bill (House of Lords)
  • Bloomberg data
  • Book (edited book)
  • Book (print book)
  • British National Formulary (BNF) (print)
  • British National Formulary (BNF) (online)
  • British Standard
  • Chapter in an edited book
  • Command papers
  • Company report
  • Conference proceedings (online)
  • Conference proceedings (print)
  • Confidential information
  • Conversation
  • Computer or video games
  • Computer programs
  • Concerts (Classical)
  • Concerts (Band)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Dance (live)
  • Dictionary or reference book (online)
  • Dictionary or reference book (print)
  • Discussion List
  • Dissertation (online)
  • Dissertation (print)
  • Edited book
  • Exhibition on location
  • Film (streamed)
  • Financial report
  • Films on DVD/Blu Ray
  • Films (reissued)
  • Government Bill
  • Government Departmental report
  • Government Inquiry
  • Green (consultation) paper
  • Hansard (historical)
  • Image found within a book/journal article/website
  • Image (online)
  • International Government documents
  • Journal article (online)
  • Journal article (print)
  • Kindle e-book
  • Lecture materials
  • Legal cases
  • Letter (from an online archive or collection)
  • Letter (in an archive or collection)
  • Lyrics from songs or hymns
  • Magazine article (online)
  • Magazine article (print)
  • Manuscript (collection)
  • Manuscript/Archival source (individual, named author)
  • Manuscript/Archival source (individual, no author)
  • Map (from an archive)
  • Map (from Digimap)
  • Map (Google Maps)
  • Map (print)
  • Market Research report
  • Newspaper article (online)
  • Newspaper article (print)
  • NICE guidelines
  • Online image
  • Online video
  • Music or Spoken Word Recordings on audio CDs or vinyl
  • Music - Tracks on a CD or vinyl album
  • Music - whole albums
  • Musical Scores (Sheet Music)
  • Pamphlet (from an online archive)
  • Parliamentary debate
  • Parliamentary debate (historical)
  • Photograph (in an archive)
  • Play (live)
  • Play (print)
  • Play (recent edition)
  • Play (translated)
  • Programme (for a play)
  • Radio programme
  • Radio programme (Box of Broadcasts)
  • Report (online)
  • Report (print)
  • Radio Programmes heard on the internet
  • Social media
  • Systematic review
  • Thesis (online)
  • Thesis (print)
  • Translated works
  • TV programme
  • TV programme (Box of Broadcasts)
  • TV programme (streamed)
  • Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) materials
  • White (policy statement) paper
  • YouTube video
  • Secondary referencing
  • Reference List/Bibliography
  • Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
  • General guidelines for referencing online resources
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  • Referencing your own non-published work
  • Sources with approximate publication dates
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  • Referencing software

Best Practice tips

how to harvard reference briefing paper

What are Command Papers?

Government publications presented to Parliament are known as Command Papers. Most Command Papers are published in a numbered series.

  • White papers - statements of government policy and proposals for legislation
  • Green papers - government consultation documents
  • Reports from Royal Commissions and some other inquiries
  • State papers, including international treaties
  • Government responses to some Select Committee reports
  • Annual reports and statistics from some government bodies.

Find the citation details via this useful website http://www.parliament.uk/ business/publications/com mittees/recent-reports/

Format of the reference

You will need:

  • Name of committee or Royal commission
  • Year of publication
  • Title of the paper
  • Paper number
  • Web address
  • Date accessed

Name of committee or Royal commission (Year of publication) Title of paper (Paper number). Available from: www.webaddress.com   [Accessed day month year].

Department for Education (2021) Skills for jobs: lifelong learning for ppportunity and growth (CP 338). Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/953510/skills-for-jobs-lifelong-learning-for-opportunity-and-growth.pdf [Accessed 27 January 2021].

In-text citation: (Leveson, 2012)

how to harvard reference briefing paper

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  • House of Commons / Lords paper

Leeds Harvard: House of Commons / Lords paper

Reference examples.

Government department/committee/organisation. Year. Title . (House name abbreviated (ie HC or HL) series number, parliamentary session). Place of publication: Publisher.

National Audit Office. 2005. Returning failed asylum applicants . (HC 76, 2005-06). London: The Stationery Office.

Online House of Commons/Lords paper

If you are referencing a House of Commons or House of Lords paper you found online, this should be indicated in the reference. Government department/committee/organisation. Year. Title . (House name abbreviated (ie HC or HL) series number, parliamentary session). [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Security Industry Authority. 2018. Annual report and accounts, 2016/17. (HC 744, 2017-19). [Online]. London: The Stationery Office. [Accessed 15 May 2018]. Available from: https://0-www-publicinformationonline-com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/  

Citation examples

Command paper or house of commons/lords paper.

In the citation, always use the name of the Government organisation/department/comittee in place of that of an individual author. When the organisation name is not mentioned in the text, the ciation consists of the organisation's name and the year of publication in brackets.

According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).

If you have already named the organisation in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.

A recent report by the Department of Health (2017) emphasised that flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines.

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

  • Online items
  • URL web addresses
  • Multiple authors
  • Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
  • Multiple publisher details
  • Editions and reprints
  • Missing details
  • Multiple sources with different authors
  • Sources written by the same author in the same year
  • Sources with the same author in different years
  • Two authors with the same surname in the same year
  • The work of one author referred to by another
  • Anonymising sources for confidentiality

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Cite A Government publication in Harvard style

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  • Archive material
  • Chapter of an edited book
  • Conference proceedings
  • Dictionary entry
  • Dissertation
  • DVD, video, or film
  • E-book or PDF
  • Edited book
  • Encyclopedia article
  • Government publication
  • Music or recording
  • Online image or video
  • Presentation
  • Press release
  • Religious text

Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a government publication. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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  • How to cite a E-book or PDF in Harvard style
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  • How to cite a Email in Harvard style
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  • How to cite a Interview in Harvard style
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  • How to cite a Religious text in Harvard style
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a White House Press Briefing in APA, MLA, or Chicago

How to Cite a White House Press Briefing in APA, MLA, or Chicago

Communication from the White House has always been important, and press briefings provide loads of raw information that you might find useful for papers, articles, and projects. Citing a White House press briefing might seem difficult, but it’s easier than it seems. Regardless of whether you want to cite a White House press briefing in MLA format , APA format , or Chicago, we have some handy tips to help make the process a little easier for you.

When citing a White House press briefing, follow the format for a press release:

  • Author name (In this case, it will be “The White House”)
  • The title of the press briefing
  • The press briefing number (if available)
  • The publication date of the press briefing
  • The URL (visible at the top of your web browser)

Use the following structure to cite a White House press briefing transcript in MLA 9:

“Title of the Press Briefing.” Title of the Website, press briefing number, publication date, URL (remove http:// or https://).

Here’s how to cite the above example in MLA 9:

“Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre.” The White House , 8 July 2022, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/07/08/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-4/. Press release.

Here’s how to cite the above example in an in-text citation:

(Shortened Title of Press Briefing)

(“Press Briefing”)

*Note: Use a 0.5-inch hanging indent in the works-cited list. Adding “press release” in the optional-element slot is optional but may provide clarity.

Use the following structure to cite a White House press briefing transcript  in APA 7:

Author Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of press briefing [Press release]. URL

Parenthetical: (Author Name, Year)

Narrative: Author Name (Year)

Here’s how to cite a White House press briefing in APA 7:

The White House. (2022, July 8). Press briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre [Press release]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/07/08/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-4/

Note: Use a 0.5-inch hanging indent in your reference list. Use sentence case for titles in APA 7, capitalizing proper nouns.

Here’s how to cite a White House press briefing in an in-text citation in APA 7:

Parenthetical: (The White House, 2022)

Narrative: The White House (2022)

Use the following structure to cite a White House press briefing transcript in Chicago style (17th ed.):

Chicago note-bibliography style:

  • Government Author Name, “Title of Press Briefing,” Publication date, URL.

Chicago author-date style:

Government Author Name. Year. “Title of Press Briefing.” Last modified date. URL

In-text citation: (Author Name Year)

Here’s how to cite a White House press briefing in Chicago’s note-bibliography style:

The White House, “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre, July 8, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/07/08/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-4/.

Here’s how to cite a White House press briefing in Chicago’s author-date style:

The White House. 2022. “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre.” Last modified July 8, 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/07/08/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-4/.

Here’s how to cite a White House press briefing in an in-text citation in Chicago’s author-date style:

(The White House 2022)

Note: Use a 0.5-inch hanging indent in your bibliography.

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Referencing guide: reports, policy briefs, media releases.

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How do I cite briefing notes/papers or fact sheets using OSCOLA?

Cite briefing papers, statements and fact sheets in the same way as articles, using single quotation marks for the title rather than italics:

Author / 'title' / date of publication /URL / date most recently accessed.

College of Policing, ‘Briefing note: Police action in response to youth produced sexual imagery (‘Sexting’)’ (November 2016). < https://www.college.police.uk/News/College-news/Documents/Police_action_in_response_to_sexting_-_briefing_(003).pdf > accessed 12 December 2019.

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Harvard Stirling University: RefWorks - Harvard Stirling University

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Useful web sites.

Although there are variations in the Harvard style used at different universities you may find the following guides useful.

  • Anglia Ruskin University
  • Oxford University Department of Education Guide to referencing and citations.
  • University of Kent
  • University of Lincoln
  • University of the West of England

RefWorks Output Style - Harvard Stirling University

What is Harvard Stirling University?

Harvard Stirling University (HSU) is a referencing style developed for use with RefWorks. This style takes into account feedback received about the other ‘Harvard’ styles available in RefWorks, for example many people told us they wanted the year of publication to be enclosed in round brackets and they did not like the author names in upper case letters.

A greater number of reference types are fully defined to accommodate references to reports, clinical guidelines, web documents, DVDs, television broadcasts, blogs, email communication, lecture notes and many other materials.

Is it compulsory to Use Harvard Stirling University?

Undergraduate & Taught Postgraduate Students should use the referencing style advised in their module or programme handbooks. Some Schools may recommend HSU but you might be required to use Harvard British Standard, APA, OSCOLA, MHRA, Chicago or another style. Check with your module tutor If you are uncertain if you may use HSU.

Find out which style you should use on the Referencing Help pages: http://libguides.stir.ac.uk/Referencing​ 

Staff and Research students may choose to use HSU unless an alternative style has been specified by their School, supervisor, publisher etc.

How do I Use Harvard Stirling University?

Click the tabs at the top or see the HSU Help links on the right navigation pane for examples and guidance on using HSU. The HSU Examples include links to screen images showing you how to enter your references in RefWorks.

Harvard Stirling University Help

  • HSU examples

Citing Media and Audiovisual Material

  • AV Citation Guidelines Guidlines and examples for citing Film, Television, Radio, Audio, Podcasts, Webinars etcc. This guide is not adapted for the Harvard Stirling University style but will give you the basics you need to construct your references.
  • Last Updated: Aug 2, 2023 2:42 PM
  • URL: https://libguides.stir.ac.uk/Harvard-Stirling

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  • Journal article
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  • Census data
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  • Book illustration, Figure or Diagram
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  • Interview (on the internet)
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  • Act of the UK parliament (statute)
  • Bill (House of Commons/Lords)
  • Birth/Death/Marriage certificate
  • British standards
  • Command paper
  • Government/Official publication
  • House of Commons/Lords paper
  • Legislation from UK devolved assemblies
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  • Personal communication
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  • Student's own work
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To be made up of:

  • Name of EU institution.
  • Year of publication (in round brackets).
  • Title (in italics).
  • Place of publication: publisher.

  In-text citation:

(European Commission, 2007)

Reference list:

European Commission (2007). Making globalisation profitable. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Quick links

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IMAGES

  1. Harvard Referencing: 15 Amazing Tips You Need to Know

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  5. ⛔ How to write an appendix harvard style. Harvard Referencing Style

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COMMENTS

  1. How do I reference UK government and parliamentary sources?

    Use reference type: Briefing papers For other sources by government departments, accessed as PDF documents, that do not fall under one of the specific types above, follow the format for an Online PDF document Sometimes you may access information on a Government webpage, ie not downloaded as a PDF document.

  2. A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing

    Knowledge Base Referencing A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023. Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you've used and how to find them.

  3. Discussion paper

    In-text citation: (Duncan and Trejo, 2011). Reference list: Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011). Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. Available at https://ftp.iza.org/dp5964 .pdf (Accessed: 3 March 2016). Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 12:56 PM

  4. Guides and databases: Harvard: House of Commons/Lords paper

    To be made up of: Parliament. House of Commons Year of publication (in round brackets). Title (in italics). HC session and paper number (in round brackets) Place of publication: publisher. In-text citation: Parliament. House of Commons, 1974). Reference list: Parliament. House of Commons (1974). Milk production.

  5. How to Cite and Reference a Conference Paper in the Harvard Style

    Referencing a Conference Paper. When adding a conference paper to a Harvard reference list, follow this format: Author, A. (year of publication) "Title of Paper", Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Place of publication, Publisher, page numbers. If you found the conference paper online, format the entry this way:

  6. Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

    Referencing consists of two elements: in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author (s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date.

  7. How do I reference a working paper... in the Cranfield Author-date

    Here's our guidance on how to reference a working paper using the Author-date style used at Cranfield University: What to include in the reference: Author (s) (surname, initials) or organisation/institution (Year of publication) Title Working paper series and/or number (if available) Place of publication: Publisher (if available)

  8. House of Commons and House of Lords Papers

    LLS Home Harvard Referencing Examples E-I House of Commons and House of Lords Papers Examples E-I Example reference formats for different source types House of Commons and House of Lords Papers examples These include standard notes and briefing papers (see also Command Papers for White and Green Papers). Example: in text citation

  9. Working paper

    Library Services Library skills Harvard Working paper Harvard Working paper To be made up of: Author or organisation. Year of publication (in round brackets). Title of report (in italics). Working paper series and/or number (if available). Place of publication: publisher (if available). If accessed on the internet, add: Available at: URL/DOI.

  10. PDF MMU Harvard Referencing

    Learn how to use the MMU Harvard style of referencing in your academic work with this comprehensive and accessible guide. This PDF document covers the principles and examples of citing and referencing various types of sources, as well as formatting and presentation tips.

  11. Q. How do I reference a House of Commons Briefing paper (OSCOLA)?

    The link to the paper should be non-live, i.e. just text as follows in this example: < https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06073/SN06073.pdf >. The date of access is when you accessed the briefing paper, and uses a specific date format, for example: 16 October 2023. Avoid using th after 16 (as in 16th ).

  12. A Quick Guide to Referencing

    In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets. Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ' et al. '.

  13. How to Cite Conference Papers in Harvard Style

    A conference paper is a written document that researchers prepare when presenting their work orally at academic conferences and workshops. To cite a conference paper in your reference list, you must include the following: Author name. Conference date. Title of the paper. Title of the conference. Location of the conference.

  14. Free Harvard Referencing Generator [Updated for 2024]

    A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems: It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper. It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

  15. LSBU Harvard Referencing: White (policy statement) paper

    Web address Date accessed Format: Name of committee or Royal commission (Year of publication) Title of paper (Paper number). Available from: www.webaddress.com [Accessed day month year]. Example: Department for Education (2021) Skills for jobs: lifelong learning for ppportunity and growth (CP 338).

  16. House of Commons / Lords paper

    If you are referencing a House of Commons or House of Lords paper you found online, this should be indicated in the reference. Government department/committee/organisation. Year. Title. (House name abbreviated (ie HC or HL) series number, parliamentary session). [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

  17. PDF Strategies for Essay Writing

    In a short paper—even a research paper—you don't need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that

  18. Cite A Government publication in Harvard style

    Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a government publication. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator. Reference list

  19. How to Cite a White House Press Briefing in APA, MLA, or Chicago

    Communication from the White House has always been important, and press briefings provide loads of raw information that you might find useful for papers, articles, and projects. Citing a White House press briefing might seem difficult, but it's easier than it seems.

  20. Referencing guide: Reports, Policy briefs, Media releases

    We acknowledge the palawa/pakana and Gadigal people, the traditional custodians of the land upon which we live and work. We honour their enduring culture and knowledges as vital to the self-determination, wellbeing and resilience of their communities, and to shaping a just, inclusive and equitable Australian society.

  21. How do I cite briefing notes/papers or fact sheets using OSCOLA?

    Cite briefing papers, statements and fact sheets in the same way as articles, using single quotation marks for the title rather than italics: Author / 'title' / date of publication /URL / date most recently accessed.

  22. Published report

    A-Z of Harvard references ; Citing authors with Harvard ; Page numbers and punctuation ; References with missing details ; Secondary referencing ; Example reference list ; Articles Toggle Dropdown. Journal article ; Magazine article ; Newspaper article ; Review ; Audio-visual and Digital media Toggle Dropdown. Film ; Online video ; Podcast ...

  23. Harvard Stirling University: RefWorks

    HSU examples Citing Media and Audiovisual Material AV Citation Guidelines Guidlines and examples for citing Film, Television, Radio, Audio, Podcasts, Webinars etcc. This guide is not adapted for the Harvard Stirling University style but will give you the basics you need to construct your references.

  24. Guides and databases: Harvard: European Union publication

    To be made up of: Name of EU institution. Year of publication (in round brackets). Title (in italics). Place of publication: publisher. In-text citation: (European Commission, 2007) Reference list: European Commission (2007). Making globalisation profitable. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Quick links