premarital sex essay brainly

Real Reasons for Sex Before Marriage

The practical reasons for premarital sex trump religion and morality..

Posted July 19, 2017 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

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More people today are sexually active before marriage than ever before. The true reasons are practical and have little to do with changing belief systems.

In America a century ago, only a small minority of women were sexually active before marriage (about 11 percent) (1), compared to a large majority today. The same pattern is observed in other developed countries.

Why are women in developed countries more sexually active before marriage? A long list of practical explanations cut across all belief systems:

Contraception

With the wider use of effective contraceptives, young women do not fear unwanted pregnancy so much as earlier generations did.

The key event here was the widespread adoption of the contraceptive pill in the early 1970s. Because this was highly effective and female-controlled, it took away most of the anxiety about unwanted pregnancy.

Reduced Parental Supervision

Teens are less supervised after school if both parents work full-time and may take advantage of this opportunity for sexual activity. Increased enrollment in higher education means that a lot of young women live apart from their families in an environment that encourages sexual expression. This is in marked contrast to sexually restrictive societies, where young, single women are heavily chaperoned by relatives.

Earlier Sexual Maturation of Women and Later Age of Marriage

In the 1860s, women did not mature reproductively until the age of 16 years, compared to 11-12 years today (2). First marriages are later today also, with European women postponing matrimony until the age of about 29. So there is a very long interval of about 10-20 years between puberty and marriage during which complete sexual abstinence is unlikely.

More Women in the Workforce

As more women enter paid employment and careers, they spend more time preparing for the workforce through third-level education. So the number of single, never-married young women is on the rise. Most of these women are sexually active.

More Gender Equality in Jobs

Women used to be far more economically dependent on fathers and husbands. With greater economic independence and more female-headed households, women are freer to control their sex lives, as feminist writers like Helen Gurley Brown (3) pointed out. This means more premarital sex and increased single parenthood .

Women Are More Competitive and Sensation-Seeking

Contemporary women are more competitive in a number of arenas, from sports to education, politics , and careers. Competitiveness is associated with a hormone profile of high sex drive in both sexes (4). Women's risk profile is converging with that of men, as illustrated by rises in problem drinking and dangerous driving. They are also less risk-averse in sexual matters, increasing premarital sexuality .

Declining Marriage

About a fifth of American women never marry (5). Of those who do marry, the chances of remaining married to the same person for life are low. The time spent in marriages is decreased by divorce , even if most divorcees remarry. In the U.S., close to half of first marriages end in divorce, and the typical duration of a first marriage is only seven years. Between non-marriage, late marriage, and frequent divorces, larger numbers of women live as singles than ever before, boosting premarital sex.

The Mate Market

A large number of sexually active, single women means that men do not need to marry to enjoy an active sex life. If a man may sleep with various attractive women without any long-term commitment, he is less likely to propose marriage to any of them. So romantic relationships are negotiated on the basis of what typical men want, which is sex early in a relationship with little in the way of a permanent commitment such as marriage. (Note the irony that with “sexual liberation,” women actually lost power in relationships at the same time that they gained power in the economy.)

In a recently-published paper, I tested out some of these ideas in a comparison of 40 countries (6). My analysis looked at acceptance of premarital sex (that is almost perfectly correlated with self-reported sexual behavior).

I found that premarital sex increases in more developed countries that have higher-paid labor force participation by women. Premarital sex increases in countries having weak marriages (i. e., low marriage rates, and high divorce rates). Countries where more children are born outside of marriage are more accepting of premarital sexuality, but very religious countries strongly reject it.

Some of these, such as Pakistan, have severe penalties for premarital sex, up to and including so-called honor killings. In such cases, the impact of religion on sexual behavior is likely more practical than doctrinal. If so, it fits the pattern of sexual behavior adapting to local costs and benefits.

1 Caplow, T., Hicks, L., & Wattenberg, B. J. (2001). The first measured century: An illustrated guide to trends in America, 1900-2000. La Vergne: TX: AEI Press.

2 Daly, M., and Wilson, M. (1983). Sex, evolution, and behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

3 Gurley Brown, H. (1962). Sex and the single girl. New York: Bernard Geis.

4 Cashdan, E. (2008). Waist-to-hip ratios across cultures: Trade-offs between androgen- and estrogen-dependent traits. Current Anthropology, 49, 1099-1107.

5 Klinenberg, E. (2012). Going solo: The extraordinary rise and surprising appeal of living alone. New York: Penguin.

6 Barber, N. (2017 b). Cross-national variation in attitudes to premarital sex: Economic development, disease risk, and marriage strength. Cross-Cultural Research, 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/1069397117718143

Nigel Barber, Ph.D., is an evolutionary psychologist as well as the author of Why Parents Matter and The Science of Romance , among other books.

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Premarital sexual intercourse and associated factors among adolescent students in Debre-Markos town secondary and preparatory schools, north west Ethiopia, 2017

Geremew kindie behulu.

Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Kiber Temesgen Anteneh

Getie lake aynalem, associated data.

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

To assess the magnitude and factors associated with premarital sexual intercourse among adolescent students of the secondary and preparatory school in Debre-Markos town, northwest Ethiopia, 2017.

Among secondary and preparatory school adolescent students, 31.3% reported pre-marital sexual intercourse. This shows that premarital sexual intercourse among secondary and preparatory school adolescents is high. Significantly associated factors were: being male (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.21, 2.93), having pocket money (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI 2, 4.81), adolescents who did not discuss sexual issue with close friends (AOR = 8.6, 95% CI 5.27, 13.91) and peer pressure (AOR = 7.7, 95% CI 3.73, 15.69).

Introduction

Premarital sex is penetrative vaginal intercourse performed between couples before formal marriage [ 1 , 2 ]. World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescent as persons between the age group of 10–19 years old [ 3 ]. Adolescence is the period of transmission from childhood to maturity and is characterized by spurt of physical, mental, emotional, social and psychosexual development [ 4 ].

Adolescents are a growing and larger segment of the population of developing countries and an estimated 1.2 billion young people in the world, 85% live in developing countries [ 5 ]. Nearly 85% of the world’s adolescent population live in developing countries and in some sub-Saharan countries, population below 15 years of age is five times greater than the population over 55 years of age [ 6 ].

The adolescent years are the time of rapid growth, exploration, and risk-taking. In many countries, an average of 29% of boys and 23% of girls are sexually active including premarital sex [ 7 ].

Many adolescents face pressures to use alcohol, cigarettes, or other drugs and to initiate sexual relationships at earlier ages, to put themselves at high risk for intentional and unintentional injuries and risky sexual behaviors [ 8 ]. Females, particularly adolescent girls may end up with unwanted pregnancies, abortions, teenage deliveries, and various complications of these including death. Moreover, the girls may drop out from school to look after their children, and in most cases, they become economically reliant on upon their parents [ 1 ].

Nearly 70% of premature deaths among adults can be linked to behaviors that were initiated during adolescence [ 9 ]. Unwanted pregnancy can be associated with higher likelihood of early motherhood, unsafe abortion, and other pregnancy-related complications [ 10 ].

Several studies in sub-Saharan Africa have also documented high and increasing premarital sexual activities among adolescents [ 8 ]. According to EDHS 2016, 13 percent of women age 15–19 in Ethiopia have begun childbearing [ 11 ]. In Amhara region, pre-marital sexual debut was reported as early as 12 to 13 years [ 10 ].

Studies have documented that early sexual initiators were more likely to report undesired consequences of sexual initiation such as teenage motherhood, not using a condom at first sex and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Adolescents are also likely to have an intimate partner who is five or more years older and be involved in multiple sexual partnerships [ 12 ].

Even though some studies were conducted on this topic, most of them focused on only females [ 5 , 10 , 13 ], youth [ 14 , 15 ] and university students [ 7 , 8 ], there is a gap of including males, married females and adolescents. Therefore, this study tried to fill the above gaps.

Study design and setting

An institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted among secondary and preparatory school adolescent students in Debre-Markos town from November 23–27, 2017. The town is located at about 295 km to the capital city of Ethiopia. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 62,497, of whom 29,921 were men. The majority Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity followers, with 97.03% reporting [ 16 ]. There are three secondary and two preparatory schools in the town.

Sample size and sampling procedure

A single population proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size of 624 by taking the following assumptions. From the previous study conducted in Jimma town on premarital sexual practice among school adolescents [ 17 ], 25.27%, 95% CI, 5% marginal error and n = ((Zα/2) 2 p (1 − p))/W 2 . Adding a 15% non-response rate and design effect of 2, the total sample size required was 624.

Multi-stage stratified sampling technique used to select adolescent students. All regular adolescent students (secondary and preparatory) attending class at the time of the survey in Debre-Markos secondary and preparatory school divided into different strata. Grade considered as strata. The number of adolescent students from each grade level and sections according to their sex identified by using the name and sex list of each section.

Operational definitions

Age at initial sexual contact is age at first intercourse (vaginal–penile penetration).

Early sexual initiation was taken as an experience of first intercourse before 18 years of age.

Sexually active A student who had a penetrative sexual intercourse (vaginal) at least once prior to the study.

Peer pressure when the individual said yes/no to question saying “did your friend initiate you to do sex?” [ 18 ].

Pocket money when the individual said yes/no to question saying “did you have pocket money?” [ 19 ].

Data collection instrument and process

Data were collected using a semi-structured, pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire adapted from the literatures. The data collection tool was prepared in English and then translated into local language Amharic and finally returned to English by English language expertise. Four midwives were involved in the data collection process.

Appropriate information and instructions were given on the objective, the relevance of the study, confidentiality of information, respondent’s rights, informed consent, and technique of data collection and 1-day training was given to data collectors and the supervisor on data collection. Before the actual data collection, pre-test was done on 5% of students in Dejen secondary and preparatory school which was out of the study setting but nearby. The collected data checked for completeness and clarity by principal investigator and supervisor. Privacy and confidentiality of the respondents were maintained throughout the data collection period.

Data analysis

Data coded and entered into a computer using Epi info version 7.2.0.1 and checked for completeness and transferred to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentage, proportion and mean computed. Bi-variate logistic regression used to identify variables that crudely associated and variables with p-values less than or equal to 0.05 fitted to multiple logistic regression. Then association between dependent and independent variables was assessed using adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 95% CI and p value of ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Socio-demographic characteristics

From the selected 624 school adolescents, a total of 600, adolescents aged between 10 and 19 completed the questionnaire while 24 refused to participate in the study, giving a response rate of 96.15%. Three hundred four (50.7%) of the respondents were females. The mean age was 17.31 years. The minimum and maximum ages were 15 and 18 years respectively. Five hundred eighty-three (97.2%) were Amhara in ethnicity (Table  1 ).

Table 1

Socio-demographic characteristics of adolescent students in Debre-Markos secondary and preparatory schools, from Nov. 23–27, 2017 (n = 600)

Parental characteristics

From the total participants, three-hundred thirty three (55.4%) responded that they were living with their mothers and fathers, 583 (97.2%) and 552 (92%) of respondents reported that their mothers and fathers were alive respectively. Two hundred sixty-four (44.3%) reported that they did not know their parents’ income and 263 (44.1%) participants responded this as greater than 53.6 USA dollars (Table  2 ).

Table 2

Parental characteristics of adolescent students in Debre-Markos secondary and preparatory school from Nov. 23–27, 2017 (n = 600)

b Whose mother died

Habits of the respondents

Greater than two third, 413 (68.8%) of the participants responded that they were not alcohol users but 62 (10.3%) reported that they were khat users.

Sexual behavior of respondents

Two hundred forty seven (41.2%) of the participants responded that they usually watch films and magazines having sexual contents and nearly one third, 188 (31.3%) of the whole participants responded that they had girl/boyfriends and practiced sexual intercourse.

Reproductive health

From the total respondents, only 95 (15.8%) participants responded that they had sexual issue discussion with their parents. Three hundred seventeen (52.8) responded that they had sexual issue discussion with their close friends and 72 (12%) were pressured to have sexual intercourse.

Associated factors of premarital sexual a intercourse

Crudely associated variables were: sex, current residence, pocket money, with whom usually live, mother alive, father alive, place of parent’s live, discussion the sexual issue with close friends and peer pressure.

Independently and positively associated variables in adjusted analysis were: being male, having pocket money, adolescents who did not discuss the sexual issue with close friends and Peer pressure (Table  3 ).

Table 3

Bivariable and multivariable analysis of factors associated with premarital d sexual intercourse among adolescent students in Debre-Markos secondary and preparatory school from Nov. 23–27, 2017 (n = 600)

* p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01 and *** p-value < 0.001

Proportion of adolescents who had premarital sex was 31.3%, 95% CI (27.3, 34.8). It was in line with the study from Bahir-Dar, 30.8% [ 10 ], Maichew, 29.3% [ 5 ], Gondar and Meteme, 31.9% [ 13 ].

But this study’s finding was lower than the study from Nepal, 36.5% [ 20 ]. This disparity could be justified by the difference in a background of the study participants and variation in the study areas.

Also, this study’s finding was higher than a study from Shendi, 19% [ 14 ], Shire-Endasellassie, 19% [ 9 ], Alamata, 21.1% [ 21 ] and Jimma, 25.3% [ 17 ]. This could be explained by decrement of discussion about reproductive health risks and rise of peer pressure.

One of the predictor variables in this study was sex. It shows that male students were more engaged for premarital sexual intercourse (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.21, 2.9). It was consistent with studies from Yabello [ 15 ], Bahir Dar [ 22 ] and Malaysia [ 23 ]. It might be due to males have more freedom in sexual engagement than females.

The other variable that was positively associated with premarital sexual intercourse was having pocket money. It triggers adolescent student to have sexual intercourse (AOR = 3, 95% CI 1.9, 4.8). It was similar with the studies from Arba Minch [ 24 ] and Jimma [ 19 ]. It could be due to financially equipped students are likely to drink alcohol, to date their opposite friends and to buy the porn films that all can trigger for sexual intercourse.

And also, the other positive predicator variable for premarital sexual intercourse was having discussions with close friends. Those who did not have discussions with their close friends were more engaged with premarital sexual intercourse (AOR = 8.6, 95% CI 5.28, 13.9). It could be explained as those who have discussions are likely to be knowledgeable about premarital sexual intercourse risks including HIV transmission which can make adolescent students to abstain from sexual intercourse.

The additional positive predictor variable for premarital sexual intercourse was peer pressure. Those who were pressurized by their friends were more engaged with premarital sexual intercourse (AOR = 7.7, 95% CI 3.7, 15.7). It was consistent with studies from Bahir-Dar [ 10 ], Maichew [ 5 ], Alamata [ 21 ], Gondar and Metema [ 13 ]. It could be due to the fact that peers in adolescents is an important factor to influence personality and behavior changes.

Limitations

It was good if the data collection tools were triangulated with the qualitative data collection techniques like in-depth interview.

Authors’ contributions

GKB brought the idea. GKB, KTA and GLA equally contributed on proposal development, data collection process, data management and analysis, and write up. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We would like thank the University of Gondar, a College of the Health Science, School of Midwifery for approving the topic, assigning advisors and giving ethical clearance and Amhara Regional Health Bureau for their financial support for this study. We want to thank study participants for their time and willingness to participate, data collectors and supervisors for their commitment. Our appreciation also extended for Debre-Markos education bureau for their cooperativeness and provision of supportive letters.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

Consent for publication.

Not applicable because there are no individually detailed data, videos or images.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical clearance obtained from institutional reviewers board of University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Midwifery. A formal letter submitted to Debre-Markos educational office to receive their support. Support letters were received from the educational office. These letters were submitted to schools to get permission. And then, permission letters were obtained from school directors. Study participants and the authorized representatives who were parents or guardians (for those participants whose age group was from 15 to 17 years) were informed about the purpose of the study and a written consent was taken from each participants and the authorized representative parents or guardians (with assent from each participants who were incapable of giving an informed consent) before the collection. Moreover, all the study participants were told their right to refuse at any time. Furthermore, the study participants assured for the attainment of confidentiality for the information obtained from them and the information they gave not contain their names or any identifiers which refer to them.

The article was not funded.

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Abbreviations

Contributor information.

Geremew Kindie Behulu, Email: moc.liamg@eidnikwemereg .

Kiber Temesgen Anteneh, Email: moc.liamg@usomrebik .

Getie Lake Aynalem, Email: moc.liamg@45gnivilrehtom .