apa citation law article

APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation
• Audiovisual
• Conference Presentations
• Social Media
• Legal References

Standard Format

Formatting rules, various examples.

• Reports and Gray Literature
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Reference Page
• Legal style order- Title, source, and date (What, Where, When)
• Optional- provide a URL for the version used
• Court Cases: Title or name of the case is written in standard type for reference entry (italics for in-text citation)
• Use this format for enacted bill or resolution not signed into law
• Bills and resolutions passed by Congress & signed by the President to become law should be cited as statutes

Additional Resources:

Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School : Guidance on legal citations.  Verify legal references containing necessary information and reflect current statues of legal authority (so you're not using amended, repealed or overturned cases).

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How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style: Federal Laws/Statutes

• House and Senate Reports and Documents
• Congressional Hearings & Testimony
• Congressional Record
• Congressional Bills and Resolutions
• Federal Laws/Statutes

Statute (law/act) appears in a single section of the United States Code

Statute (act/law) spans a range of sections in the united states code, statute (public law/act) is spread out among different sections of the code, law (statute) does not yet appear in the united states code.

• Executive Documents -- Presidential Papers, Proclamations and Executive Orders
• Rules/Regulations -- Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) and the Federal Register
• Foreign Relations of the United States
• State Legislative Documents
• State Statutes (Laws)
• Court Cases
• Government Agencies
• Other legal citations

Statutes (laws/acts) are "codified" on a continuous basis in the online United States Code (U.S.C.) by the Office of Law Revision Counsel. In general, you should cite statutes (laws/act) to their location in the online United States Code (U.S.C.)

You can find the relevant U.S.C. title and section(s) in the text of the law. You can find official sources of the law in:

• Congress.Gov: Public Laws (1974 - current)
• Govinfo: Statutes at Large (1951- 2013) 
• Proquest Congressional Publications (library subscription database)

In the U.S.C., or in the Public Law, look for statements about where the law applies to the Code ( U.S.C. "Titles" and "sections" ) .

• If the law spans a ranges of sections, add "et seq." after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows." Note: You do not include U.S.C. "chapters" in citations.
• If the statute (law/act) is spread out among scattered sections of the U.S.C . , and you wish to cite the law as a whole, cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to the law's location in the Statutes at Large , when available.
• If the statute (law/act) does not appear in the United States Code , cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large, when available.

See examples, below.

When a statute is codified in a single section of the United States Code (U.S.C.), cite to the U.S.C..

Example: Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act .

In the header for this Act, you will see the U.S.C. citation: 20 U.S.C. § 6301. This is the start of the range of sections it applies to, but if you read this Act closely, you will see that the Act itself appears in section 7705, Impact Aid .

In Reference List:

• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act. 20 U.S.C § 7705 (2020).

Explanation: This Act appears (was codified) in a single section of the the U.S.C. in Title 20, section 7705, in 2020.

Note: You can find the section symbol in Word > Insert > Symbols > Special Characters

• (Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act, 2020)
• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act (2020)

If the law spans a ranges of sections, add " et seq. " after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows."

Tip: Browse and search the official United States Code to find the "reference notes: "

Pub. L. 111–260, §1(a), Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2751 , provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 615c and 616 to 620 of this title , amending sections 153, 225, 303, 330, 402, 503, 610, and 613 of this title , and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 153, 303, 613, and 619 of this title ] may be cited as the 'Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010'."

• (Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, 2020)
• Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (2020)

Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2020. 47 USC 609  et seq. (2009). URL

When a statute applies to numerous sections of the Code , and you wish to cite the Act as a whole, cite using the Public law number.

To determine where the statute is codified (where it appears in the United States Code ), follow this process:

• Find the U.S.C. number listed in the header of the law. For example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes this location in the United States Code: 42 U.S.C. § 15801 .

Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-58, 119 Stat. 594 (2005). https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ58/PLAW-109publ58.pdf

Explanation: In the example above, Pub. L. No. 109-58 refers to Public Law number 58  from the 109th Congress, with a parallel citation to its location in volume 119, page 594 of the US Statutes at Large (119 Stat. 594). Because I retrieved this from a publicly available website, rather than an academic database, the URL is appended to the end.

• (Energy Policy Act, 2005)
• Energy Policy Act (2005)

If the law has just passed and does not yet appear in the United States Code, cite to the Public Law Number with a parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large.

Example: If you were citing this law shortly after it passed in 2005, and it had not yet appeared in the United States Code.*

* There may be only a few months lag between when a law is passed and when it appears in the United States Code. See Office of Law Revision Council, Currency and Updating .

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ZSR Library

Apa 7th ed. style guide: legal sources.

• Getting Started
• Scholarly Journal Articles
• Books, Reports, Gray Literature & Presentations
• News & Blogs
• Online & Audiovisual Media
• Datasets & Tests
• Legal Sources
• Government Documents This link opens in a new window
• Citing Sources in Text
• Tables & Figures This link opens in a new window
• Formatting an APA Paper
• APA Sample Paper This link opens in a new window

On This Page

Cases or Court Decisions

U.S. Supreme Court

U.S. Circuit Court

U.S. District Court

Statutes (Laws and Acts)

Federal statute

State statute in state code

Legislative Materials

Federal testimony

Full federal hearing

Unenacted federal bill or resolution

Federal report

Administrative and Executive Materials

Federal regulation, codified

Federal regulation, not yet codified

Executive order

Legal References

• In APA Style, most legal materials are cited in the standard legal citation style used for legal references across all disciplines. This legal style has notable differences from other APA Style formats.
• For more information on preparing legal references, consult  The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation .

Key Differences Between APA Style References and Legal References

Sample citations - cases or court decisions.

U.S. Supreme Court

• Decisions from the U.S. Supreme Court are published in the United States Reports  (other reporters may also publish Supreme Court decisions). Cite Supreme Court decisions as published in the  United States Reports  whenever possible; cite the  Supreme Court Reporter  for cases that have not yet been published in  United States Reports.  
• Unlike other reference types, the title or name of a case is written in standard type in the reference list entry and in italic type in the in-text citation.
• For cases that have not yet been assigned a page number, include three underscores instead of the page number in the reference list entry. (see example below)
• Reference list : Name v. Name, Volume U.S. Page (Year). URL
• Parenthetical citation : ( Name v. Name , Year)
• Narrative citation : Name v. Name (Year)

Example: U.S. Supreme Court case, with a page number

Example: U.S. Supreme Court case, without a page number

• Decisions from the U.S. Circuit Court are published in the  Federal Reporter .
• The title or name of a case is written in standard type in the reference list entry and in italic type in the in-text citation.
• Reference list : Name v. Name, Volume F. [ or  F.2d, F.3d] Page (Court Year). URL

• Decisions from the U.S. District Court are published in the  Federal Supplements .
• Reference list : Name v. Name, Volume F. Supp. Page (Court Year). URL

Sample Citations - Statutes (Laws and Acts)

Federal Statute:

• Federal statutes are published in the  United States Code  (U.S.C.). The U.S.C. is divided into sections, called titles-- for example, Title 42 refers to public health and welfare. 
• Reference List : Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL
• Parenthetical Citation : (Name of Act, Year)
• Narrative Citation : Name of Act (Year)

State Statute in State Code

• Consult the  Bluebook  for formats of other states. 

Sample Citations - Legislative Materials

Federal Testimony:

• For the title of the federal testimony, include the title as it appears on the work and the subcommittee and/or committee name (if any), separated by a comma. Then provide the number of the Congress, the year in parentheses, and "testimony of" followed by the name of the person who gave the testimony in separate parentheses. When the testimony is available online, also include a URL.
• Reference List : Title of testimony, xxx Cong. (Year) (testimony of Testifier Name). URL
• Parenthetical Citation : (Title of testimony, Year)
• Narrative Citation : Title of testimony (Year)

Full Federal Hearing

• For the title of a full federal hearing, include the name of the hearing and the subcommittee name. Provide the number of the Congress and year. When a video or other information about the hearing is available online, include its URL.
• Reference List : Title of hearing , xxx Cong. (Year). URL
• Parenthetical Citation : ( Title of hearing , Year)
• Narrative Citation : Title of hearing (Year)

Unenacted Federal Bill or Resolution

• The number should be preceded by "H.R." (House of Representatives) or "S." (Senate), depending on the source of the unenacted bill or resolution.
• Reference List : Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. bill number, xxx Cong. (Year). URL
• Reference List : Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. resolution number, xxx Cong. (Year). URL
• Parenthetical Citation : (Title, Year)
• Narrative Citation : Title (Year)

Federal Report

• For reports submitted to the House of Representatives, use the abbreviation "H.R. Rep. No." in the reference list entry and "House of Representatives Report No." in the in-text citation.
• For reports submitted to the Senate, use the abbreviation "S. Rep. No." in the reference list entry and "Senate Report No." in the in-text citation.

Sample Citations - Administrative and Executive Materials

Federal Regulation, Codified:

• Official federal regulations are published in the  Code of Federal Regulations . In the reference, provide the title or number of the regulation, the volume number in which the regulation appears in the  Code of Federal Regulations , the abbreviation "C.F.R.", the section number, and the year in which the regulation was codified. If the regulation is available online, provide the URL.
• Use the section symbol (§) and the section number in the reference. 
• Reference List : Title or Number, Volume C.F.R. § xxx Page (Year). URL
• Parenthetical Citation : (Title or Number, Year)
• Narrative Citation : Title or Number (Year)

Federal Regulation, Not Yet Codified

• Reference list : Title or Number, Volume F.R. Page (proposed Month Day, Year) (to be codified at Volume C.F.R. § xxx). URL
• Parenthetical citation : (Title or Number, Year)
• Narrative citation : Title or Number (Year)

Executive Order

• Executive orders are reported in Title 3 of the  Code of Federal Regulations , so "3 C.F.R." is always included in the reference list entry for an executive order.
• Reference list : Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year). URL
• Parenthetical citation : ( Exec. Order No.  xxxxx, Year)
• Narrative citation : Exec. Order No.  xxxxx (Year)

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APA (7th ed.) Citation Style Guide: Legal Citation

• Paper Format Guidelines
• Four Elements of a Reference
• Missing Reference Information
• In-Text Citations
• Secondary Sources
• Tables and Figures
• Book Sections (Chapters)
• Reference Works
• Business Sources
• Audiovisual Material
• Social Media & Software
• Government Documents
• Open Textbooks
• Course Related Material
• Personal Communications
• Further Examples

Legal Citation

• Nursing Resources

The APA, 7th ed. only includes examples for legal material from the United States and the United Nations.  APA suggests following The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (2015).  These guidelines adopt the style outlined in the Canadian equivalent, the  Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 9th ed . (also known as "The McGill Guide."). This is  available in the Library's Reference collection at KE 259 C264 2018.

The APA Manual suggests adding URLs where it will aid retrieval.  When citing cases or court decisions to include the "URL from which you retrieved the case information (optional: this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval). (p. 358).   For legislation , one may "include the URL from which you retrieved the statute after the year.  This is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval." (p. 361) 

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., 2020.

For a more detailed explanation of legal citation, see the Douglas College Library Legal Citation Online Guide

Quick Links

• Douglas College Library Legal Citation Online Guide For a more detailed explanation, see the Douglas College Library Legal Citation Online Guide
• Douglas College Library Guide to Legal Citation The Douglas College Library provides a comprehensive guide to Legal Citation handout. It is available in the library in print or at this link.

In Text Citation - Statutes and Case Law

"Most in-text citations consist of the title and the year (e.g. Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990; Brown v. Board of Education , 1954).  If the title is long...shorten it for the in-text citation, but give enough information in the in-text citation to enable readers to locate the entry in the reference list." ( Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., 2020, p.  357)

Cite the name of the statute and the year:

Parenthetical citation: (Library Act, 1996)

Narrative citation:  Library Act  (1996)

To cite the reference in text, give the case name, in italics, and the year:

Parenthetical citation: ( R v Kirkland , 2005)

Narrative citation: R v Kirkland  (2005)

Citing Case Law

Traditional Citation

The traditional form of citation requires these elements:

     *  the case name , or "style of cause" (in italics)             *  the year of the decision (in parentheses, followed by a comma)      *  the volume number      *  the abbreviated title of the reporter (e.g. - DLR for Dominion Law Reports)      *  the series number , if included (in parentheses)      *  the starting page number      *  the abbreviated name of the court , if not included in the reporter name (in parentheses)

Example :  R v Latimer (1995), 126 DLR (4th) 203 (Sask CA).

In the next example, the name of the court is not required because the name of the reporter, the Supreme Court Reports (SCR), includes this information.

Example :  R v Chaisson , [2006] 1 SCR 415.

Neutral Citation

Many courts assign a neutral citation when a decision has been rendered.  It is independent of any printed reporter or online database.  When citing an electronic version of a decision, such as through Quicklaw or another database, it is not necessary to include the name of the database or online source.

If a judgment is published in a reporter, list the neutral citation first , followed by the printed reporter.  List at least one parallel citation, whenever possible.  The following example cites the case reported online through the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) first, followed by the report of the case published in the printed Dominion Law Reports (DLR).

Example :   R v Latime r, 2001 SCC 1, 193 DLR (4th) 577.

Neutral citations include these elements:

     * the "style of cause" or case name (in italics, followed by a comma)      * the year of the decision      * the court identifier (e.g. - BCSC for British Columbia Supreme Court)      * the decision number

Example : R v Coulson , 2003 BCSC 144.

Citing Legislation

Statutes are published at the end of each parliamentary session.  Every so often, all of the sessional volumes are pulled together, along with all existing statutes, into one complete set of statutes in alphabetical order, called the Revised Statutes.

The Statutes of Canada were last revised in 1985.  Statutes in effect at that time will thus be cited as RSC 1985, for the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985.  The chapter number of the statute includes the initial letter of the name of the act.

Examples :  Criminal Code , RSC 1985, c C - 46.                          Privacy Act , RSC 1985, c P- 21.

Federal statutes passed after 1985 are cited as SC for the Statutes of Canada . In this case, chapters are indicated by numbers only, with no initial letters.

Examples :  Youth Criminal Justice Act , SC 2002, c 1.                     Nunavut Act , SC 1993, c 28.

If citing a specific section or subsection of an act, add the section/subsection numbers at the end of the citation.

Example :  Youth Criminal Justice Act , SC 2002, c 1, s 38(2).

The Statutes of British Columbia were last revised in 1996 . Statutes in effect at that time are cited as RSBC 1996 , for the Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1996 . 

Example :  Motor Vehicle Act , RSBC 1996, c 318.        

BC provincial statutes passed after 1996 are cited as SBC for the Statutes of British Columbia .

Example :  Parental Responsibility Act , SBC 2001, c 45.     

When citing bills, include the bill number, the title of the bill, the session of Parliament, the number of the Parliament, and the year.   

Example :                Bill C-27, An Act to Amend the Canadian Human Rights Act , 2nd Session, 39th Parliament, 2007.

When citing provincial bills, include the jurisdiction.

Example :                Bill 16, Police Amendment Act , 1997, 2nd Session, 36th Parliament, British Columbia, 1997.

Regulations

Federal regulations were last consolidated in 1978 .  Regulations in effect in 1978 are cited to the Consolidated Regulations of Canada (CRC) .

Example :       Air Cushion Vehicle Regulations , CRC, c 4.

After 1978, federal regulations are cited by the year and number.

Example :      Trade-marks Regulations (1996) , SOR/96-195.

SOR stands for Statutory Orders and Regulations, 96 is the year and 195 is the number of the regulation.

Provincial regulations are also cited by year and number, but include the jurisdiction.  In the following example, 74 is the year and 181 is the number of the regulation.

Example :  BC Reg 181/74.

APA for Online Legal Materials

The APA Manual suggests adding URLS  where it will aid retrieval.  When citing cases or court decisions  to include the "URL from which you retrieved the case information (optional: this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval)." (p. 358).  For legislation  one may "include the URL from which you retrieved the statute after the year.  This is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval." (p. 361)   Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., 2020.

The following examples were created by a Douglas College librarian.   You need to use your own judgment.  We suggest you check with your instructor first .

Apology Act , SBC 2006, c 19.  http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/

document/id/complete/statreg/06019_01

In Text  

( Apology Act , 2006)

-----------------------------------------------------

Nunavut Ac t, SC 1993, c 28. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/

eng/acts/N-28.6/index.html

( Nunavut Act , 1993)

------------------------------------------------------

R v Villaroman , 2016 SCC 33, [2016] 1 SCR 1000. https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16078/index.do

In Text 

( R v Villaroman, 2016)

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Citation Help for APA, 7th Edition: Legal Materials

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• Ethically Use Sources

Introduction

When creating legal references in APA Style, most legal materials are cited using the standard legal citation style found in the Bluebook, 20th edition. 

Legal materials include federal and state statutes, court decisions and court cases, executive orders, legislative materials, federal hearings and testimony, federal regulations, patents, constitutions and charters, treaties, and international conventions. 

Copies of the Bluebook , 20th edition can be found on Reserve in the CSS Library. Request Reserve materials as the main circulation desk on the first floor of the Library. 

More Information: For more information about citing legal materials, see Chapter 11 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.

Legal Citation Help

When citing legal sources, APA Style follows the standard legal citation style used across all disciplines. APA provides examples of legal references; however, they advise to consult The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation,  20th edition. Additionally, the APA Manual suggests seeking assistance from law school websites or law libraries. They specifically mention the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to locate free guidance with legal citations.   

More information:

For more information about legal references, see Chapter 11 on pages 355-368 in the APA Manual, 7th edition.

Additionally, when creating legal references, consult The Bluebook , which is on Reserve in the CSS Library. 

• Intro. to Basic Legal Citation From Cornell Law School
• State Abbreviations State abbreviations for Legal references. From Cornell Law School.
• Bluebook Guide From Georgetown Law
• Bluebook Citation for Legal Materials From OWL Purdue

Variations - URLs?

Some URLs may be long and complicated. APA 7th edition allows the use of shorter URLs. Shortened URLs can be created using any URL shortener service; however, if you choose to shorten the URL, you must double-check that the URL is functioning and brings the reader to the correct website. 

Common URL Shortner websites include:

More Information

For more information about URLs, see Section 9.36 on page 300 of APA Manual, 7th edition. 

NOTE:  Check your instructor's preference about using short URLs. Some instructors may want the full URL. 

Variations - Live Hyperlinks?

Should my urls be live.

It depends. When adding URLs to a paper or other work, first, be sure to include the full hyperlink. This includes the http:// or the https://. Additionally, consider where and how the paper or work will be published or read. If the work will only be read in print or as a Word doc or Google Doc, then the URLs should not be live (i.e., they are not blue or underlined). However, if the work will be published or read online, then APA advises to include live URLs. This would allow the reader to click on a link and go to the source.   

For more information, see Section 9.35 on pages 299-300 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

NOTE: Check your instructor's preference about using live URLs. Some instructors may not want you to use live URLs. 

State Statute

Uniform Limited Partnership Act 2001, Minn. Stat.  § 321.0101-1208 (2001 & rev. 2004).  https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/321

Name of the Act:  Uniform Limited Partnership Act 2001,

Begin the reference with the name of the act. Capitalize all majors words in the title of the act. After the title of the act, add a comma.  

Source:  Minn. Stat.

Next, add the official source for the state statutes. For Minnesota, it is the Minnesota Statutes. Use the official abbreviation, which is "Minn. Stat." Be aware that there is a period after each abbreviation, and there is a space between each abbreviation.   

Section Number:   §  321.0101-1208

Next, add the section number of the statute. Before the section number, add the section symbol ( §).  Then, add the first section number, a hyphen, and the last section number. Do not add a period after the section numbers. NOTE: You can find the symbol for section numbers in Word by following these steps: click on the "Insert" tab, then "Symbol," then "More Symbols," and then "Special Characters."  

Year: (2001 & rev. 2004).

Next, add the year the statute was codified in the state statutes. This statute was first codified in 2001. It was then revised in 2004. After the date the statute was first codified, add an ampersand (&), then the abbreviation for revised (rev.), and then the date it was revised.   

URL: https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/321

Complete the reference with the web address (URL) where the act can be found. For most course papers, you will want to remove the hyperlink from the URL. Additionally, do not add a period after the URL. NOTE: Check your instructor's preference for live hyperlinks. In general, if the assignment is an online assignment (e.g., Brightspace discussion, webpage, etc.), then keep the live hyperlinks. If the assignment is a paper, then remove the hyperlinks.    

More Information:

For more information about state statutes, see Section 11.5 on pages 361-363 and example 13 on page 363 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

Parenthetical Citation Example

(Uniform Limited Partnership Act, 2001/2004)

Narrative Citation Example

The Uniform Limited Partnership Act (2001/2004) set up ...

For more information about author format in parenthetical and narrative citations, see Section 8.17 and Table 8.1 on page 266 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C.  § 2601-2654 (2006). 

https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title29/chapter28&edition=prelim

Name of the Act:  Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993,

Title number: 29.

Next, add the title number where the act can be found. Title numbers identify the subject matter for the statute.   

Source:  U.S.C.

Next, add the official source for federal statutes, which is the United States Code. Use the official abbreviation, which is "U.S.C." Be aware that there are no spaces between each letter of the abbreviation and there is a period after each letter.   

Section Number(s):   § § 2601-2654

Next, add the section number of the statute. Before the section number, add the section symbol ( §).  Many statutes are divided into multiple sections and subsections. If the act you are referring to has more than one section, add two section symbols before first section number. Then, add the first section number, a hyphen, and the last section number. Do not add a period after the section numbers. NOTE: You can find the symbol for section numbers in Word by following these steps: click on the "Insert" tab, then "Symbol," then "More Symbols," and then "Special Characters."  

Year: (2006).

Next, add the year the statute was codified in the United States Code.   

URL:  https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title29/chapter28&edition=prelimhttps://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title29/chapter28&edition=prelim

For more information about statutes, see Section 11.5 on pages 361-363 and examples 8-12 on pages 362-363 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

(Family & Medical Leave Act of 1993, 2006)

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (2006) established ...

For more information about author format within parenthetical and narrative citations, see Section 8.17 and Table 8.1 on page 266 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

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Applications for the Student Curator Project are now OPEN through November 1st.

Citing Your Sources

Paper formatting, in-text citations, reference list, journal articles, conference papers, court decisions, federal statutes, government reports, newspaper articles, youtube video, is the example you need missing.

• Blue Book Legal Citations
• Chicago Humanities: Notes & Bibliography Style
• Chicago Scientific: Author-Date Style
• CSE: Name Year Style
• Plagarism and Copyright Law

A title page is required for all APA Style papers, unless noted otherwise by your professor. Students should follow the guidelines fo their instructor when determining which title page format is mst appropriate to use. If not instructed otherwise, students should include the following elements on the title page. 

NOTE: Student title pages do not require a running head, unlike a professional title page. 

Title Name  University attended, including department or division Course number and name Instructor name Assignment due date

Paraphrasing

When the author's name appears in the sentence, it does not need to be repeated in the citation.

Example:  Recent literature has examined long-run price drifts following initial public offerings and other factors (Luna, 2020). Luna (2020) reaches more or less the same conclusion.

Two or more sources within same parentheses

Order the citations of two or more works by different authors within the same parentheses alphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference list (including citations that would otherwise shorten to et al.). Separate the citations with semicolons. 

Example:  Several studies (Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017))...

For people with osteoarthritis, "painful joints should be moved through a full range of motion every day to maintain flexibility and to slow deterioration of cartilage" (Flores, 2019, p. 20).  (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015, p. 210) 

More than three authors

Example: (Smith et al., 2014, p. 203)

No author (Title Page #)

Example:  (Plagiarism and You 1942)  ("Five Ways to Protect Yourself" 1993)

No page number

Because the material does not include page numbers, you can include any of the following in the text to cite the quotation:

• A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document.
• An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section.
• A short title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full.

(Anderson, 2013, para. 1).

Start the reference list on a new page after the txt and before any tables, figures, and/or appendices. Label the reference list "References," capitalized, in bold, and centered.

Double-space all reference list entries (including between and within references). 

Use a hanging indent for all references, meaning that the first line of each reference is flush left and subsequent lines are indented by 0.5 in. 

Works are listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the first listed author. 

 Last name, Initials. (Year). Article title, sentence style capitalization.  Journal title , volume(issue, if available), pages. URL, if no DOI available

 Ahmann, E. (2018). A descriptive review of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. J ournal of Postsecondary Education and Disability , 31(1), 17-39. https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-31

Journal article with multiple authors

 Last name, Initials., & Last name, Initials. (Year). Article title, sentence style capitalization.  Journal title , volume(issue, if available), pages. URL, if no DOI available

Example: 

 McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development.  Psychological Review , 126(1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126

When a source has twenty-two or more authors, include first twenty-one … last listed author.

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kitler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woolen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetman, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77(3), 437-471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9

 Last name, Intials. (Year). Title , sentence style capitalization. Publisher's name. 

 Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: frameworks of power . Routledge. 

Books with multiple authors

 Last name, Initials, & Last name, Initials. (Year).  Title , sentence style capitalization (edition, if available). Publisher's name. 

 Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: the computer science of human decisions . Henry Holt and Co.

Chapter in edited book

 Last name, Initials. (Year). Chapter title, sentence style capitalization. In Editor (eds.),  Title , sentence style capitalization (pages). Publisher's name. 

 Weinstock, R., Leong, G., & Silva, J. A. (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: roles and responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.),  Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry  (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press. 

If a conference paper has been published (for example, in a proceedings), the published form is usually either a chapter of an edited book or an article in a journal.

Papers published in conference proceedings, book

Last name, Initials. (Year). Title. In Editor (eds.),  Title of proceedings  (pages). Publisher's name. 

Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.),  Latest trends on engineering education  (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.

Papers published in conference proceedings, journal

Last name, Initials., & Last name, Initials. (Year). Article title, sentence style capitalization.  Journal title , volume(issue, if available), pages. URL, if no DOI available

Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade and labor market imperfections in developing countries: Theory and evidence. Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic Education, 20

The presentation delivered at a conference may only be available as an informally published work online, or may only have been delivered live and is not available in full. 

Paper or session presented at conference, not formally published

Last name, Initials, & Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day).  Title [Paper or poster presentation], sentence style capitalization. Conference name, Location.

McDonald, E., Manessis, R., & Blanksby, T. (2019, July 7-10).  Peer mentoring in nursing - improving retention, enhancing education  [Poster presentation]. STARS 2019 Conference, Melbourne, Australia.  https://unistars.org/papers/STARS2019/P30-POSTER.pdf

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date)

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)

In-Text Citation 

To cite the reference in text, give the case name, in italics, and the year.

Name v. Name (Year) (Name v. Name, Year)

Lessard v. Schmidt (1972) (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972)

​In APA Style, most legal materials are cited in the standard legal citation style used for legal references across all disciplines.

A statute is a law or act passed by a legislative body. As with court decisions, statutes exist on both the federal and state levels, such as an act by Congress or by a state government. 

Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL

Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015). https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ95/PLAW-114publ95.pdf

In-Text Citation  The in-text citation format for a federal statute is similar to that for other APA Style references. Cite the name of the statute and the year.

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (2006) (Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 2006)

 Last name, Initials, & Last name, Initials. (Year).  Title , sentence style capitalization (Report number, if available). Publisher's name.URL. 

 National Cancer Institute. (2018).  Facing forward: life after cancer treatment  (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf

 Last name, Initials. (Year).  Title , sentence style capitalization. Journal name, volume, starting page. 

 Martin, L. H. (1991). Case worker liability for the negligent handling of child abuse reports . University of Cincinnati Law Review, 60, 191.

 Last name, Initials, & Last name, Initials. (Year, month day). Title, sentence style capitalization. Newspaper name. URL

 Guariano, B. (2017), December 4). How will humanity react to alien life? Psychologists have some predictions. The Washington Post . https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/04/how-will-humanity-react-to-alien-life-psychologists-have-some-predictions

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day).  Title , sentence style capitalization [Webinar]. Organization name. URL

Anderson, K. (2018, January 23). Disease prevention basics  [Webinar]. Montana State University. https://www.montana.edu/webinar/disease-prevention-basics-anderson

 Author or organization name. (Date of publication, if available).  Webpage title . URL

 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, January 23).  People at high risk of developing flu-related complications . https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/high_risk.htm

When no date is listed

 Author or organization name. (n.d.). Webpage title . URL

 National Nurses United. (n.d.). What employers should do to protect nurses from Zika . https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/pages/what-employers-should-do-to-protect-rns-from-zika

Account name. (Date of publication).  Video name  [Video]. Webpage title. URL

Asian Boss. (2020, June 5). World’s leading vaccine expert fact-checks COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy: stay curious #22 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdLDMLrYIA

 (Asian Boss, 2020; Harvard University, 2019)

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APA 7 Citations: Legal and Government Documents

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We are reference librarians. We are not legal experts.  This page is not designed for those who are studying law or who work in the legal field.

Any columbus state student who has more questions about how to create legal citations, after reviewing the information below, may contact us. , i f our librarians are not sure how to cite your source we shall refer you to a local law library for more help. or we may suggest you ask your course instructor to give you an example of the citation format they require..

• Franklin County Law Library
• Supreme Court Law Library

Parts of a Legal Reference

Cases or Court Decisions include the following information:

• title or name of the case (e.g., Brown v. Board of Education );
• citation , usually to a volume and page of the reporter where published.
• precise jurisdiction of the court writing the decision (e.g., Supreme Court, New York Court of Appeals) in parentheses.
• date of the decision , in parentheses (in the same set of parentheses as the jurisdiction, if both are present); and
• URL from which you retrieved the case information (optional, but it may aid readers in retrieval).

When a reference list entry for a case or court decision includes a page number, provide only the first page number.

The template to format decisions from the U.S. Supreme Court:

Reference list: Name v. Name, Volume Number U.S. Page Number (Year). URL

• Parenthetical citation: ( Name v. Name , Year)
• Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

NOTE: Unlike other reference types, the title or name of a court case is not italicized in the reference list entry and it is italicized in the in-text citation.

The template for State Court Decisions:

Reference list: Name v. Name, Volume Reporter Page (Court Year). URL

The template for federal or state statutes:

Reference list: Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL

• Parenthetical citation: (Name of Act, Year)
• Narrative citation: Name of Act (Year)

See the example in the Statutes box on this page!

Videos for Citing Ohio and Federal Statutes

Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School

• Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School Offers free guidance on legal citations.
• Introduction to Basic Legal Citation Read this article by Peter W. Martin (online ed., 2019).

Miscellaneous Notes about Legal References

Information about legal references are in Chapter 11, pages 314, 355-368, in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed .

"Guidelines from The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation continues to be the foundation for APA Style Legal references, with some modifications."

Legal style is notably different from other apa references..

"Most legal references (e.g., court cases and laws) are formatted in a legal reference style."

"Existing legal references are usually already written in legal style and require few, if any change for an APA style reference list entry. "...some court decisions are reported in multiple places, which is called parallel citation . When a work has parallel citations, include all citations in your reference list entry.

Each reference form usually includes a popular or formal title or name of the legislation and the reference information, which is called the citation . Please note that the term "citation" is used differently for legal references than it is in standard APA style. This is not the same as "in-text citation."

• Order of elements in the Legal style reference list entry -  title , source , and date.
• In-text citation for a legal reference - usually the title and year.
• Version being referenced - the version of record as published in an official legal publication such as the United States Code or the F ederal Register , plus a URL (optional) for the version used.
• Use of standard abbreviations - Used for common legal entities and publications (e.g., "S." for the Senate and "H.R." for the House of Representatives).

The in-text citation for a legal work is created from the reference list entry. Most legal reference entries begin with the title of the work, thus, most in-text citations consist of the title and the year (e.g., Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990; Brown v. Board of Education , 1954). If titles are long, shorten them for the in-text citation.

Treaties and International Conventions - Reference and In-text Citation Examples

Treaties and international conventions.

References should include the name of the treaty, convention, or other agreement; the signing or approval date; and a URL, if available. Provide the name of the treaty or convention and the year in your in-text citations.

The North Atlantic Treaty, April 4, 1949, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/stock_publications/20120822_nato_treaty_en_light_2009.pdf

• Parenthetical citation: (The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949)
• Narrative citation: The North Atlantic Treaty (1949)

Patents - Reference and In-text Citation Examples

Patent references include the author (inventor), (year).  title , patent number, and source. Citations include the inventor and year.

Reference list: Inventor, A.A. (Year Patent Issued). Title of patent (U.S. Patent No. x,xxx,xxx). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. URL

Here's link to the United States Patent and Trademark Office  (a truly challenging place to search!).

Here's an example of a patent issued in 2016

Hiremath, S.C., Kumar, S., Lu, F., & Alehi, A. (2016). Using metaphors to present concepts across different intellectual domains . (U.S. Patent No. 9,367,592). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.  h ttp://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=9367592.PN.&OS=PN/9367592&RS=PN/9367592

• Parenthetical citation: (Hiremath et al., 2016)
• Narrative citation: Hiremath et al. (2016)

Supreme Court Cases - Reference and In-text Citation Examples

U.S. Supreme Court case, with a page number: 

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483

• Parenthetical citation: ( Brown v. Board of Education , 1954)
• Narrative citation:  Brown v. Board of Education  (1954)

U.S. Supreme Court case, without a page number

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf

• Parenthetical citation: ( Obergefell v. Hodges , 2015)
• Narrative citation: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Note : For cases that have not been assigned a page number, include three underscores (as shown in the reference example immediately above) instead of the page number in the reference list entry.

More examples of cases can be found on pages 357-361 in the Publication Manual , 7th ed.

Watch this library video for detailed instructions on how to create Supreme Court citation.

Statutes - Reference and In-text Citation Examples

Statutes (laws and acts).

Federal statute, Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990

Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990). https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm

• Parenthetical citation: (Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990)
• Narrative citation: Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)

More examples of statutes can be found on pages 361-363 in the Publication Manual , 7th ed.

Legislative Materials

Included are federal testimony, hearings, bills, resolutions, reports, and related documents. Below is an example of an unenacted federal bill or resolution:

To temporarily provide for Federal insurance of transaction accounts during the COVID-19 emergency, H. R. 6380, 116th Cong. (2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6380

• Parenthetical citation: (To temporarily provide for Federal insurance of transaction accounts during the COVID-19 emergency, 2020)
• Narrative citation: To temporarily provide for Federal insurance of transaction accounts during the COVID-19 emergency (2020)

Here is the general template for an unenacted federal bill or resolution:

Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. bill number, xxx Cong. (Year). URL

More examples can be found on pages 363-365 in the Publication Manual , 7th ed.

Concerning state bills and resolutions : According to the 21st edition of The Bluebook ®: A Uniform System of Citation , section 13.2 ,

"when citing state bills and resolutions, include

• the name of the legislative body, abbreviated according to tables T6, T9, and T10,
• the number of the bill or resolution,
• the number of the legislative body (or if not numbered, the year of the body), and the number or designation of the legislative session.
• Parenthetically indicate the name of the state, abbreviated according to table T10 [Ohio is abbreviated as Ohio], and the year of enactment (for an enacted bill or resolution) or the year of publication (for an unenacted bill or resolution)."

Here's an example of an enacted Ohio bill:

S.B. 23, 133rd Gen. Assemb., (Ohio 2019). https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/legislation-summary?id=GA133-SB-23

According to APA, adding a url is optional.  The Bluebook does not include this.

Administrative and Executive Materials - Reference and In-text Citation Examples

Administrative and executive materials.

Included are rules and regulations, advisory opinions, and executive orders.

Template: Title or number, Volume C.F.R. § xxx (Year). URL

Official federal regulations are published in the Code of Federal Regulations -  Code of Federal Regulations (Annual Edition)  or the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations . In the reference, provide the title or number of the regulation, the volume number in which the regulation appears in the Code of Federal Regulations , the abbreviation "C.F.R.," the section number, and the year in which the regulation was codified. If the regulation is available online, provide the URL.

Federal Regulation, codified

Protection of Human Subjects, 45 C.F.R. § 46 (2020). https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=58d96a013d3e34979d7d98ede819e917&mc=true&node=pt45.1.46&rgn=div5

• Parenthetical citation: (Protection of Human Subjects, 2020)
• Narrative citation: Protection of Human Subjects (2020)

Federal Regulation, not yet codified

If the regulation has not yet be codified in the  Code of Federal Regulations , it will appear in the  Federal Register  first.  Indicate this by the abbreviation F.R. instead of "C.F.R." Also include the  section of the  Code of Federal Regulations  where the proposed rule will be codified. 

Title or Number, Volume F.R. Page (proposed Month Day, Year) (to be codified at Volume C.F.R. § xxx). URL

See the example on page 365, in the Publication Manual , 7th ed.

Executive order

Template: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year). URL

The example below was created on March 23, 2020 and has not yet been published in the Code of Federal Regulations and was found in the Federal Register. It is President Trump's order "Preventing Hoarding of Health and Medical Resources to Respond to the Spread of COVID-19."

Reference list:

Exec. Order 13,910, 85 F.R. 17001 (2020)  https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/03/26/2020-06478/preventing-hoarding-of-health-and-medical-resources-to-respond-to-the-spread-of-covid-19

• Parenthetical citation: (Exec. Order No. 13,910, 2020)
• Narrative citation: Executive Order No. 13,910 (2020)

Constitutions & Charters -Reference and In-text Citation Examples

Constitutions and charters.

"To cite a whole federal or state constitution, a citation is not necessary. Simply refer to the constitution in text."

Create reference list entry and in-text citations for citations to articles and amendments of constitutions. Abbreviate U.S. Constitution to "U.S. Const." and use the legal state abbreviation for a state constitution.

U.S. Constitution article and amendment numbers are Roman Numerals. State constitution article numbers are also Roman numerals, but state constitution amendment numbers are Arabic numerals.

Article of the U.S. Constitution

Template: U.S. Const. art. xxx, § x.

Reference example:

U.S. Const. art. II, § 4.

• Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Const. art II, § 4)
• Narrative citation: Article 1, Section 4, of the U.S. Constitution

Article of a state constitution

S.C. Cons., art. XI, § 3

• Parenthetical citation: (S.C. Const. art. IX § 3)
• Narrative citation: Article IX, Section 3, of the South Carolina Constitution

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Template: U.S. Const. amend. xxx.

U.S. Const. amend. XIII.

• Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Const. amend. XIII)
• Narrative citation: Amendment XIII to the U.S. Constitution

For more information see pages 366-368 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.

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APA Style Citations

• Academic journal articles
• Magazine, news, and other articles
• Images, video, and audio
• Social media
• Reports and conferences
• Academic journal articles header

Appellate court case

Federal statute, state statute, law review article.

• Company profiles, market reports, and other business sources

Legal resources

References for federal, state statutes and court decisions are different from other types of sources. The following examples are based on chapter 11 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , pp. 355-368, and examples from the APA Style Blog .

APA Style references versus Legal references

Legal citations use the same form across many disciplines outlined by the law field and standard legal citation style. Because of this, many existing legal citations do not need editing to fit into APA format. 

General information 

Statutes are laws written and enacted by the legislative branch of government. Most new laws are created through statutes (as opposed to being created by judges through case opinions). At the federal level, when a statute is published, it will be assigned a Public Law Number to identify it. The Public Law Number (i.e. Pub.L. No. 112-25) is made up of two parts: the first number represents the number of the Congress that passed the law; the second number represents the chronological order in which the law was passed. In the example above, Pub.L. No. 112-25 is the 25th law passed by the 112th Congress. 

Common legal reference abbreviations table

Due to the possibility of some legal references containing large amounts of information, a series of abbreviations are utilized to help shorten citations. You will find some examples of commonly used legal abbreviations in the table bellow. 

Basic format

Name of Act or Court Case, Source. Section Number, Year(s). URL

For specific examples scroll down! And f or more information about state statutes, see Section 11.5 on pages 355-368 of the APA Manual , 7th edition.

( M.S.D. of Martinsville v. Jackson,  2014)

Reference list:

M.S.D. of Martinsville v. Jackson, 9 N.E.3d 230 (Ind. App. 2014).   https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.bsu.edu/api/document?collection=cases&id=urn:contentItem:5C7H-76B1-F04G-501X-00000-00&context=1516831

Note:  If you are citing a decision which you found in Nexis Uni, it is one which has been appealed.

(No Child Left Behind Act, 2002)

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, § 101, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).  https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ110/pdf/PLAW-107publ110.pdf  

(Bar to Recovery, 2020)

Bar To Recovery, Ind. Stat. § 34-51-2-6 (Current through all legislation of the 2020 Second Regular Session of the 121st General Assembly). https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.bsu.edu/api/document?collection=statutes-legislation&id=urn:contentItem:5D2H-KYW1-6FSR-S50S-00000-00&context=1516831

(Grada, 2005)

Reference list: 

Garda, R. A. (2005). The new idea: Shifting educational paradigms to achieve racial equality in special education. Alabama Law Review, 56, 1071. Retrieved from https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.bsu.edu/api/document?collection=analytical-materials&id=urn:contentItem:4HT6-BCY0-00CV-Y00G-00000-00&context=1516831

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APA 7th Referencing

• Legislation & Cases

APA 7th Referencing: Legislation & Cases

• In-text referencing
• Compiling a Reference list
• Citing tables and figures
• DOIs and Live hyperlinks
• Secondary sources
• Journal Articles
• Reports & Grey Literature
• Conference Materials
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• Sound & video
• Personal Communications
• Standards & Patents
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• Generative AI
• Sample Reference List

On this page

Basic format to reference legislation and cases.

• Referencing legislation and cases: Examples

The APA style guide refers readers wishing to reference legal materials to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation ; however, The Bluebook is unsuitable for use in Australia.  The fourth edition of the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC4) should be used for reference list entries for Australian and international legal materials.  The examples in this guide are based on AGLC4 style.  For more examples, please see our AGLC4 guide .

In text references must adhere to APA7 style.  Most references should follow the format for works without an author.  

Please note:  Students studying Law units at VU should use the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC).

The basics of a reference list entry for an Act:

• Short Title of Act (in italics ).
• Year (in italics).
• Jurisdiction abbreviation (in round brackets).
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

Example:  Yarra River Protection (Wilip-Gin Birrarung Murron) Act 2017 (Vic)

The basics of a reference list entry for a Bill:

• Short title of bill (no italics).
• Year (no italics).

Example:  Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic)

The basics for a reference list entry for a Case:

• Case name (in italics ).
• Year (in round brackets).
• Volume number.
• Law report abbreviation.
• First page number.

Example:  Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367

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Legal Citation Guide: Law Review Articles

• U.S. Constitution
• Law Review Articles

A law review article is essentially a scholarly article about a legal issue or topic. Therefore, they are cited the same way your citation style recommends citing journal articles. See below for examples from APA, MLA, and Chicago style.

HPU Libraries subscribes to  HeinOnline,  which contains  a collection dedicated to full-text law review articles.

APA and MLA Style

Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle of article.  Journal Title in Italics,  volume number (issue number), page numbers. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxxxx

Reference list:

Fee, J. (2020). The freedom of speech-conduct. Kentucky Law Journal, 109 (1), 81-126.

In-text:  (Fee, 2020)

Note:  If there is no DOI listed and the article was retrieved online, include the URL. Do not, however, include URLS to library databases or any subscription not accessible to your reader. In this case, just leave off this part and format it as a print article.

Lastname, Firstname, MI. “Article Title.”  Journal Title in Italics , vol. #, no. #, Season Publication Date, Page(s).  Title of Database,  URL.

Works Cited:

Fee, John. "The Freedom of Speech-Conduct." Kentucky Law Journal , vol.109, no.1, 2020,

pp.81-126.  HeinOnline , https://heinonline-org.libproxy.highpoint.edu/HOL/P?

h=hein.journals/kentlj109&i=91.

In-text:  (Fee 112)

Tips & FAQs

Q. Are law reviews primary or secondary sources?

A. Law review articles are considered secondary sources, as they are analyzing and interpreting the law. Statutes and case documents are considered primary sources.

For academic citation styles, be sure to spell out the name of the journal in which the article appears (you may see them abbreviated in strict Bluebook  examples).

Chicago Style

Lastname, Firstname, MI. "Article Title." Journal Title in Italics volume #, no. # (Publication Date): Page(s). Accessed month day, year. URL.

Bibliography:

Fee, John. "The Freedom of Speech-Conduct."  Kentucky Law Journal  109, no. 1 (2020): 81-126.

Accessed June 28, 2021. https://heinonline-org.libproxy.highpoint.edu/HOL/P

?h=hein.journals/kentlj109&i=91.

1. John Fee, "The Freedom of Speech-Conduct,"  Kentucky Law Journal  109, no. 1 (2020):

81-126, accessed June 28, 2021. https://heinonline-org.libproxy.highpoint.edu/HOL/P

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Films/Videos/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi - one author, journal article from library database with doi - multiple authors, journal article from a website - one author.

Journal Article- No DOI

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

• APA 7th. ed. Journal Article Reference Checklist

If an item has no author, start the citation with the article title.

When an article has one to twenty authors, all authors' names are cited in the References List entry. When an article has twenty-one or more authors list the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.

Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).

Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize or use quotation marks for the titles of articles.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.

Volume and Issue Numbers

Italicize volume numbers but not issue numbers.

Retrieval Dates

Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, like a free website or a wiki.

Page Numbers

If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14)

Library Database

Do not include the name of a database for works obtained from most academic research databases (e.g. APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) because works in these resources are widely available. Exceptions are Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ERIC, ProQuest Dissertations, and UpToDate.

Include the DOI (formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/...) if it is available. If you do not have a DOI, include a URL if the full text of the article is available online (not as part of a library database). If the full text is from a library database, do not include a DOI, URL, or database name.

In the Body of a Paper

Books, Journals, Reports, Webpages, etc.: When you refer to titles of a “stand-alone work,” as the APA calls them on their APA Style website, such as books, journals, reports, and webpages, you should italicize them. Capitalize words as you would for an article title in a reference, e.g., In the book Crying in H Mart: A memoir , author Michelle Zauner (2021) describes her biracial origin and its impact on her identity.

Article or Chapter: When you refer to the title of a part of a work, such as an article or a chapter, put quotation marks around the title and capitalize it as you would for a journal title in a reference, e.g., In the chapter “Where’s the Wine,” Zauner (2021) describes how she decided to become a musician.

The APA Sample Paper below has more information about formatting your paper.

• APA 7th ed. Sample Paper

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number

Smith, K. F. (2022). The public and private dialogue about the American family on television: A second look. Journal of Media Communication, 50 (4), 79-110. https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.x

Note: The DOI number is formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.xIf. 

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Smith, 2000)

In-Text Quote:

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (Smith, 2000, p. 80)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number

Note: Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.

Note: In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including 20 authors. When a source has 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name. Don't include an ampersand (&) between the ellipsis and final author.

Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."

Reference List Examples

Two to 20 Authors

Case, T. A., Daristotle, Y. A., Hayek, S. L., Smith, R. R., & Raash, L. I. (2011). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3 (2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010

21 or more authors

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 (3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

In-Text Citations

Two Authors/Editors

(Case & Daristotle, 2011)

Direct Quote: (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57)

Three or more Authors/Editors

(Case et al., 2011)

Direct Quote: (Case et al., 2011, p. 57)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any.  Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number if given). URL

Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area.  Electronic Green Journal, 1 (30). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4

Example: (Flachs, 2010)

Example: (Flachs, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 3)

Note: In this example there were no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, in this case you can cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. If there are no page or paragraph numbers and no marked section, leave this information out.

Journal Article - No DOI

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any.  Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. URL [if article is available online, not as part of a library database]

Full-Text Available Online (Not as Part of a Library Database):

Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. (2017). What do we know about school discipline reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions.  Education Next, 17 (1), 44–52.  https://www.educationnext.org/what-do-we-know-about-school-discipline-reform-suspensions-expulsions/

Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017)

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page number)

Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017, p. 47)

Full-Text Available in Library Database:

Jungers, W. L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back.  Nature, 463 (2), 433-434.

Example: (Jungers, 2010)

Example: (Jungers, 2010, p. 433)

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

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Reference List: Electronic Sources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Important Note: Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. APA style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., [bracketed content] should look like this). When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication. Additionally, APA 7 th  edition no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs or DOIs; special exceptions, however, are made for resources that are unarchived. Including the retrieval date for these sources indicates to readers that the version of the work they retrieve may be different than what was originally used. 

Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited electronic sources. For a complete list of how to cite electronic sources, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

Webpage or Piece of Online Content

If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page . Site name. URL

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist . Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page . Site name. URL

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims . https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited).

Title of page . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Tuscan white bean pasta.  (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from  https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/

If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.). 

Author or Group name. (n.d.).  Title of page . Site name (if applicable). URL

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions . https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

Wikipedia Article

APA 7 treats Wikipedia articles as special instances of entries in reference works. Thus, there are a few differences between reference entries for pages on Wikipedia and those for generic webpages.

Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In  Wikipedia.  URL of archived version of page

Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810

Wikipedia articles often update frequently. For this reason, the date refers to the date that the cited version of the page was published. Note also that the manual recommends linking to the archived version of the page, rather than the current version of the page on the site, since the latter can change over time. Access the archived version by clicking "View History," then clicking the date/timestamp of the version you'd like to cite.

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs

Please note: Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many—but not all—publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.

Note also that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOIs from print publications or ones that go to dead links with doi.org's "Resolve a DOI" function, available on the site's home page .

APA 7 also advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source.

Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.( Issue), page numbers. DOI

Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23 (2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

Article from an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned

If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website, include the URL. If an online scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a database, do not include a URL or any database information. The only exception is for databases that publish articles that are in limited circulation (like ERIC) or that are only available on that particular database (like UpToDate). Note that retrieval dates are required for unarchived sources that are likely, or intended, to change over time. 

Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and exercise. UpToDate . Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical-activity-and-exercise

APA 7 th edition does not provide guidance on how to cite abstracts. However, if you only use information from the abstract but the full text of the article is also available, we advise you to add "[Abstract]" after the article or source name. If the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary source.

Online News Article

Note:  The format for this type of source depends on whether your source comes from a site with an associated newspaper.

If the source  does  come from a site with an associated newspaper, leave the title of the article unformatted, but italicize the title of the newspaper.

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication . URL

Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post . https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html

On the other hand, if the source  doesn't  come from a site with an associated newspaper, italicize the title of the article, but leave the name of the site unformatted.

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article . Name of publishing website. URL

Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market . BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market

Electronic or Kindle Books

It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a physical book. However, you should distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged, or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook.

Lastname, F. M. (Year).  Title of book . Publisher. URL

Lastname, F. M. (Year).  Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.

Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students  (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

Note:  An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a publication date (like in the example below). If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation.

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work . URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved January 13, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI

Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds.), Encyclopedia of big data . SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1

Note: If the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition, simply skip that step.

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL

Grantmakers in the Arts. (2019). Arts funding trends, United States, 1994-present (ICPSR 37337) [Data set]. National Archive of Data on Arts & Culture. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337

Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps, Infographics, and Other Graphic Representations of Data)

Give the name of the organization or individual followed by the date and the title. If there is no title, in brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Include the URL and the retrieval date if there is no publication date.

HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic]. HatchMed.com. https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-improve-patient-satisfaction

Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If the interview transcript is published in an online periodical, like a magazine, cite the interview the same way you would cite the medium where it is published, as shown below:

Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock

If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the author and use the following model:

Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL

Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017

Computer Software/Downloaded Software

Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software.

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL

Maplesoft. (2019). Maple companion (Version 2.1.0). Cybernet Systems Co. https://www.maplesoft.com/products/MapleCompanion/

E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you should parenthetically cite them in your main text:

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Online Forum or Discussion Posting

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL

Stine, R. L. [RL__Stine]. (2013, October 23). I’m R.L. Stine and it’s my job to terrify kids. Ask me anything! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Tweet]. Site Name. URL

Note : If the tweet includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they’ve been documented assisting other members of their species—even strangers [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154

Twitter Profile

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

MLA Style [@mlastyle]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://twitter.com/mlastyle

Facebook Post

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

Note: If the Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater

Facebook Page

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Little River Canyon National Preserve (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/

Instagram Photo or Video

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/

Blog Post  

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher . URL

Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR . https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

YouTube or other Streaming Video

Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL

Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s

Note : The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author. If the author’s name is the same as the username, you can omit the [Username].

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL

Al-Mutawa, N. (2010, July). Superheroes inspired by Islam [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/naif_al_mutawa_superheroes_inspired_by_islam#t-4909

Or (if on YouTube)

Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL

Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing race [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU

Podcast Episode

Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast . Publisher. URL

Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab . WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls