essay on water movement

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Egg Osmosis: Understanding The Movement of Water Across Membranes

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Published: Mar 16, 2024

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The egg as a model system for osmosis studies, experimental procedure, results and analysis, significance of egg osmosis.

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Essay on Water for Students and Children

500+ words essay on water.

Water is one of the most important substances for life on earth to function. It is equally important for humans as well as animals. Water does not merely help us survive, but it is significant for our day to day functioning. It has numerous uses when we come to think about it. Majority of our earth is covered with water itself, but, not all of it is safe for consumption. Therefore, it makes it essential for us to utilize this transparent substance chemical wisely. Moreover, if we look at the shortage of water happening in our country, it makes it all the more important to conserve it immediately.

Uses of Water

As we have already said that water has numerous uses, we will see where it is used. This part will most importantly help us realize the importance of water . It will make humans aware of what absence of water in the following areas can do to human life. As India’s main occupation is agriculture, water is exhaustively used here. Irrigation and cattle rearing requires a lot of water. Thus, a lot of farmers’ livelihood depends on it.

Further, industries use water for various purposes. It comes in handy when cooling, manufacturing and transporting several goods. For instance, thermal power plants consume quite a substantial amount of water for their running.

Furthermore, the domestic use of water cannot be left behind. In the day to day life of the common man, water plays a vital role. That is to say, from drinking water to washing utensils, we need water every step of the way.

After that, plants need water to survive and make food. It is one of the main elements which help them grow. Hence, water is extremely important for humans, animals, and plants to survive .

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Do not Waste Water

While water is quite essential and yet so scarce, however, people fail to realize this fact. They waste water with little or no care for the results of this activity. There are various ways in which one can avoid wasting water . To begin with, all households must get their leaking taps checked. They should fix them immediately as every drop is precious.

Similarly, we must choose buckets instead of showers for bathing. This is a very debatable topic and it needs to be settled. Showers waste a lot of water, so people must prefer buckets. This particular habit is quite commonly found in most of the households. People do not turn off their taps while brushing their teeth and washing utensils. Always remember to keep the tap off when doing so.

In addition, encourage rainwater harvesting system in all homes. This can help conserve water like never before.

In short, water is essential for the survival of mankind. But, it is, unfortunately, being waster rapidly. Every citizen and government must come together to tackle this issue. Governments must ensure all areas get water equally. On the other hand, citizens must keep in mind to use it wisely and not waste it unnecessarily.

FAQs on Water

Q.1 State the importance of water.

A.1 Water is of the utmost importance for human and animal life. It gives us water to drink. It also comes in great use for farmers and industries. Even common man requires water for various purposes like drinking, cleaning, bathing and more.

Q.2 List the ways to avoid wastage of water.

A.2 Everyone must avoid wasting water. We can do so by fixing our leaking taps, avoiding showers for bathing, and turning off taps when brushing. Furthermore, we can adopt rainwater harvesting system to conserve water.

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The Process of the Water Cycle Research Paper

Introduction, water cycle process, works cited.

Nature comprises many processes that recycle various elements to avoid human wastage. Nature does not waste any of its elements and recycles them all including water, air and organic fertility. Recycling of natural elements occurs in order to maintain ecological balance for survival of all living species.

However, human beings have meddled with nature so much that problems such as depletion of ozone layer and global warming are inflicting the human race adversely (Kalman and Sjonger 11). An example of a process in which nature recycles one of its constituent elements is the water cycle. By definition, the water cycle is a continuous movement of water between the earth surface and the atmosphere (Kalman and Sjonger 11).

The water moves from water bodies such as oceans and rivers into the atmosphere and vice versa. It involves several states of matter including solid, gas and liquid in which water changes its form in an unending cycle of precipitation (Kalman and Sjonger 2). The cycle involves several steps that include evaporation, precipitation, run-off and percolation. Each of these steps plays a role in continuing the water cycle.

The water cycle is important in maintaining the right amount of water in nature. In addition, it facilitates the storage of underground water that is used when there is no precipitation (Olien 8). There are several steps involved in the water cycle.

They include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, sub-surface flow and run-off (Olien 8). In all these steps, water is converted into different states of matter including liquid, gas and solid. Heat exchange is one of the processes that are involved in all the steps. In each of these steps, heat is either lost or gained.

Evaporation

This is the process by which water changes from liquid form to gaseous form (Olien 9). It is the primary process that drives the movement of water from water bodies into the atmosphere in form of water vapor. The main water bodies include oceans, sea, lakes, rivers, dams, streams and ponds.

They provide approximately 90% of the vapor in the atmosphere. The other 10% comes from plants through the process of transpiration (Olien 9). Evaporation takes place when heat from solar energy heats up water in water bodies and causes it to change from liquid to gas. On the other hand, evapotranspiration is the process of water release from the surface of plants and soil due to evaporation (Olien 10).

Transpiration contributes a very low percentage of water vapor in the water cycle. Evaporation is the main process that drives the water cycle. Afterwards, the water vapor rises to the atmosphere and the next step of condensation begins. Research has established that after water molecules rises into the atmosphere, they spend approximately 10 days before being released as precipitation.

Condensation

This is the process by which water vapor changes from vapor into liquid, and is the reverse process of evaporation (Olien 11). Condensation plays a significant part in the water cycle because it results in the formation of clouds. After clouds are formed, they possess the ability to produce precipitation.

Precipitation is the main route through which water returns to the earth surface after the process of evaporation (Olien 11). In times when clouds are not visible, water is still present but in the form of vapor and small water droplets.

Clouds are formed from the combination of these water droplets with atmospheric elements such as dust, smoke and salt. They form tiny cloud droplets that enlarge into clouds as more droplets combine with atmospheric elements. Cloud droplets have different sizes that range from 10 microns to 5 millimeter (Olien 12).

This process takes place in the higher parts of the atmosphere because the weather conditions found there encourage condensation. This is because temperatures are cooler than the lower parts of the atmosphere. As water droplets coalesce, clouds and precipitation may form at the same time. Precipitation refers to clouds in either liquid or solid form falling to the surface of the earth from the clouds (Olien 13).

Precipitation

Precipitation refers to the process by which water is discharged from the atmosphere in a liquid or solid form into the surface of the earth, be it land or water surface (Kalman and Sjonger 16). Precipitation is released from the atmosphere in many forms that include snow, hail, freezing rain, sleet or rain.

It is the main channel that returns water into the surface of the earth. In most cases, precipitation is released as rain. Some precipitation is released from the atmosphere in form of snow, which accumulates in certain places on the ground to form glaciers and icecaps. When temperatures rise during spring, they melt and the water flows back into water bodies.

These structures store water for long periods. Clouds comprise water vapor, which accumulates over a long period to form precipitation (Kalman and Sjonger 16). Precipitation happens when these droplets gain a fall velocity that is greater than the cloud updraft speed. This takes a long time because a single raindrop is made by a combination of millions of tiny cloud droplets.

Surface run-off

This is the runoff of precipitation on the surface of the earth (Kalman and Sjonger 18). When rain hits an impervious surface on the ground, it flows over the surface. This water then flows back into water bodies and evaporates to continue the cycle. It flows into lakes, rivers and streams, from which t floes into the oceans.

Approximately, a complete water cycle takes 9 days. During runoff, water may infiltrate the ground, evaporate or flow back into water bodies. Only about 30% of precipitation that falls from the atmosphere flows back into the oceans. The other 70% evaporates, infiltrates the ground or is transpired (Olien 20). Human beings can also divert surface runoff to desired places for use in agriculture.

Infiltration

This refers to the process of water movement from the earth surface into the ground. A small portion of infiltrated water is held by the shallow soil layer from which it flows horizontally and vertically through the soil layer into the atmosphere (Olien 21). Some water seeps through the ground surface and flows into streams while the rest infiltrates further into the ground and replenishes the ground-water aquifers.

If these aquifers are porous, then people can drill water holes into the aquifers to draw water for domestic and agricultural uses (Kalman and Sjonger 23). Water that infiltrates into the ground stays there for some time before seeping into streams or moving vertically to the surface from where it evaporates.

Ground water storage and discharge

Some water infiltrates into the deep regions of the earth surface and is stored there for long periods. Despite being trapped in the depths of the earth, the water moves slowly since it is part of the water cycle. Ground water is stored in structures known as aquifers. To participate effectively in the water cycle, ground water seeps through the ground and enters the main water bodies by horizontal movement.

The structure of quifers and confining soil and rock layers are the main factors that determine the speed of groundwater movement. In addition, the movement of the water depends on the permeability and porosity of the soil constituents that hold the water. Because of gravity, groundwater moves further downwards into the ground surface and may never move back to the water cycle. It remains trapped in the ground for thousands of years.

Nature comprises many processes that recycle various elements for reuse. Nature has no wastage and recycles all elements including water, air and organic fertility. An example of a process in which nature recycles one of its constituent element is the water cycle. By definition, water cycle is a continuous movement of water between the earth surface and the atmosphere.

The water moves from water bodies found on the surface of the earth to the atmosphere and vice versa. Steps involved in the water cycle include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, sub-surface flow and run-off. In all these steps, water is converted into different states of matter including liquid, gas and solid. Water evaporates from the surface of the earth, moves into the atmosphere as vapor and condenses to form clouds.

These clouds fall back to the earth surface as precipitation in form of rain, sleet or snow. Some water seeps through the ground surface and flows into streams while the rest infiltrates further into the ground and replenishes the ground-water aquifers. It stays there for some time before seeping into streams or moving vertically to the surface from where it evaporates.

The water cycle is important in maintaining the right amount of water in nature. In addition, it facilitates the storage of underground water that is used when there is no precipitation or during droughts. Some water infiltrates into the deep regions of the earth surface and is stored there for long periods. Despite being trapped in the depths of the earth, the water moves slowly since it is part of the water cycle.

Kalman, Bobbie and Sjonger, Rebecca. The Water Cycle . New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2006. Print.

Olien, Rebecca. The Water Cycle . New York: Capstone, 2005. Print.

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"The Process of the Water Cycle." IvyPanda , 24 Nov. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/the-process-of-the-water-cycle/.

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IvyPanda . 2023. "The Process of the Water Cycle." November 24, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-process-of-the-water-cycle/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Process of the Water Cycle." November 24, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-process-of-the-water-cycle/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Process of the Water Cycle." November 24, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-process-of-the-water-cycle/.

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Essay on Water Management

Students are often asked to write an essay on Water Management in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Water Management

Introduction.

Water management is the control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to life and property. It involves managing water usage, quality, and distribution.

Importance of Water Management

Water is a limited resource. With increasing population, the demand for water is rising. Hence, effective water management is essential to ensure its availability for future generations.

Methods of Water Management

Water management methods include water conservation, recycling, and rainwater harvesting. These methods help to reduce water wastage and ensure its efficient use.

Water management is crucial for our survival. By conserving water, we can contribute to a sustainable future.

Also check:

• 10 Lines on Water Management

250 Words Essay on Water Management

Water is an essential resource for life on Earth, and managing this resource effectively is crucial for the survival and prosperity of human societies. Water management refers to activities that manage water resources to meet the needs of society, including the provision of safe drinking water, irrigation for agriculture, and water for industry and energy production.

Water management is vital to maintain the health of ecosystems, to ensure economic productivity, and to sustain human health. Without effective water management, we risk depleting water resources, causing environmental degradation, and exacerbating social and economic inequalities.

Challenges in Water Management

There are numerous challenges in water management. These include overuse and wastage of water, pollution of water sources, and the impacts of climate change, which can alter rainfall patterns and increase the frequency of droughts and floods.

Strategies for Effective Water Management

Strategies for effective water management include reducing water use and waste, protecting and restoring water sources, and adapting to the impacts of climate change. This can involve a range of measures, from implementing water-saving technologies and practices, to enforcing regulations to prevent pollution, to planning for the impacts of climate change on water availability.

In conclusion, water management is a critical issue that requires urgent attention. By adopting effective strategies, we can ensure the sustainable use of this vital resource, benefiting both people and the planet.

500 Words Essay on Water Management

Water is the lifeblood of our planet, a resource so vital that its careful management should be a global priority. Water management involves the planning, developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a complex issue that requires a comprehensive understanding of the water cycle and human demands on this precious resource.

The Necessity of Water Management

Water management is not merely a matter of ensuring a sufficient supply for human consumption. It is a multifaceted endeavor that involves environmental, economic, and social considerations. With climate change intensifying water scarcity issues and population growth increasing demand, effective water management has become more critical than ever.

Water management is also essential for preserving ecosystems. It helps to maintain the health of wetlands, rivers, and lakes, which are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. These ecosystems play a crucial role in filtering pollutants, buffering against floods, and providing habitats for wildlife.

Despite its importance, water management faces numerous challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the unequal distribution of water resources. While some regions have abundant freshwater, others suffer from severe scarcity. This inequality can lead to conflict and requires careful management to ensure fair access.

Another challenge is the increasing pollution of water bodies. Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and domestic sewage can contaminate water sources, making them unfit for consumption or use. Addressing this issue requires robust laws and enforcement, as well as public education about the importance of protecting water resources.

Given these challenges, what strategies can be employed for effective water management? One approach is the use of technology. Advances in data collection and analysis can help us understand water usage patterns and identify areas for improvement. For instance, remote sensing technology can monitor changes in water levels, while smart meters can provide real-time data on water use.

Another strategy is the adoption of sustainable practices. This includes water conservation measures such as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. Moreover, shifting towards more sustainable agricultural practices can significantly reduce water usage, as agriculture is one of the largest consumers of water.

In conclusion, water management is a complex but vital task. It requires a comprehensive approach that considers environmental, economic, and social factors. By harnessing technology and adopting sustainable practices, we can make strides towards more effective water management. As we face an uncertain future with climate change and population growth, the importance of managing our water resources wisely cannot be overstated.

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Movements of ocean water: Waves, Tides and Ocean Currents

Last updated on April 5, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

The movement of ocean water is a complex and dynamic process driven by various factors, including wind, temperature, salinity, the Earth’s rotation, and the geography of the ocean basins. Ocean currents, tides, and waves are the primary manifestations of ocean water movement. Read here to learn more.

Our Geography notes continue. Having covered the most important concepts in the land, we are now dealing with the water (hydrosphere). In the last article, we have seen the ocean bottom topography .

In this comprehensive post, we will cover the movements of ocean water – waves, tides, and ocean currents. We hope the notes will be highly handy for quick learning and last-minute revision.

Also read: High Seas Treaty

Table of Contents

Movements of ocean water

You all know that the ocean water is never still. There are different types of movements of ocean water under the influence of different physical characteristics like temperature, salinity, density, etc. Movements of ocean water are also affected by external forces like the sun, moon, and winds.

The major movements of the ocean waters can be classified into three. They are:

Learn more from: ClearIAS Study Materials

Ocean Currents

Waves and ocean currents are horizontal movements of ocean waters while the tide is a kind of vertical movement of the ocean water.

• Waves are nothing but oscillatory movements that result in the rise and fall of water’s surface.
• Waves are a kind of horizontal movements of the ocean water.
• They are the energy, not the water as such, which moves across the ocean surface.
• This energy for the waves is provided by the wind .
• The size and strength of waves depend on factors like wind speed, duration, and fetch (the distance over which the wind blows).
• In a wave, the movement of each water particle is circular.
• A wave has two major parts: the raised part is called the crest while the low point is called the trough .

Read:  Swell waves: What is Kallakadal?

• Tides are the periodical rise and fall of sea levels , once or twice a day, caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the sun, the moon, and the rotation of the earth.
• They are vertical movements of water and are different from movements of ocean water caused by meteorological effects like the winds and atmospheric pressure changes.
• Note: The water movements that are caused by the meteorological effects like the said above are called surges and they are not regular like tides.
• The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent is the major cause of the occurrence of tides (the moon’s gravitational attraction is more effective on the Earth than that of the sun).
• Sun’s gravitational pull and the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the earth are the other forces that act along with the moon’s gravitational pull.
• The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundi in Canada.
• When the tide is channeled between islands or into bays and estuaries, they are termed Tidal Currents.
• The regular interval between two high or two low tides is 12 hours and 25 minutes.

Also read: Deep Water Circulation

Flow Tide and Ebb Tide

• A flow tide or a flood tide is a rising tide or incoming tide which results in a high tide.
• It is thus the period between a low tide and a high tide (i.e., the rising time).
• Ebb Tide is the receding or outgoing tide . It is the period between high tide and low tide during which water flows away from the shore.

Types of Tides

A. Tides based on the frequency

• Semi-diurnal Tide : They are the most common tidal pattern, featuring two high tides and two low tides each day.
• Diurnal Tides : Only one high tide and one low tide each day.
• Mixed Tide : Tides having variations in height are known as mixed tides. They generally occur along the west coast of North America.

B. Tides based on the sun, the moon, and the earth’s positions

• Spring Tides : When the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a straight line, the height of the tide will be higher than normal. These are called spring tides. They occur twice a month on the full moon (Poornima) and the other on the new moon (Amavasya).
• Neap Tides : Normally after seven days of a spring tide, the sun and the moon become at a right angle to each other concerning the earth. Thus, the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon tend to counteract one another. The tides during this period will be lower than the normal which are called the neap tides. They also occur twice in a month- during the first quarter moon and the last quarter moon.

Magnitude of Tides

Perigee : When the moon’s orbit is closest to the Earth, it is called a perigee. During this period, unusually high and low tides occur.

Apogee : When the moon’s orbit is farthest from the earth, it is called an apogee. Tidal ranges will be much less than the average during this period.

Perihelion : It is the position where the earth is closest to the sun (around January 3 rd ). Unusual high and low tides occur during this time.

Aphelion : It is the position where the earth is farthest from the sun (around July 4 th ). Tidal ranges are much less than the average during this period.

When the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave/ waves of water that travel up a river or a narrow bay against the direction of the river or bay’s current, it is called a tidal bore. The Indian rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, etc. exhibit tidal bores.

Inter-Tidal Zone

The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide (i.e., the area between the tide marks).

Effects of tides

• Tides act as a link between the port and the open sea. Some of the major ports of the world, such as London port on the river Thames and Kolkata port on river Hugli are located on the rivers away from the sea coast.
• The tidal current clears away the river sediments and slows down the growth of the delta.
• It increases the depth of water which helps ships to move safely to the ports.
• It also acts as a source for producing electricity.

Read: Tidal Energy

• The ocean currents are the horizontal flow of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over great distances.
• They are just like a river flowing in an ocean.
• Ocean currents can be formed by the winds, density differences in ocean waters due to differences in temperature and salinity, gravity, and events such as earthquakes.
• The direction of movement of an ocean current is mainly influenced by the rotation of the earth ( due to the Coriolis force, most ocean currents in the northern hemisphere move in a clockwise manner, and ocean currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise manner ).

Gyre, Drift, and Stream

• Any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements is called a Gyre . They are caused by the Coriolis force.
• When the ocean water moves forward under the influence of prevailing wind, it is called Drift (The term ‘drift’ is also used to refer to the speed of an ocean current which is measured in knots). E.g. North Atlantic Drift.
• When a large mass of ocean water moves in a definite path just like a large river on the continent, it is called a Stream . They will have greater speed than drifts. E.g. Gulf Stream.
• Ocean eddies are swirling, rotating masses of water that can occur within ocean currents. They can have a significant impact on local oceanic and atmospheric conditions.

Types of Ocean Currents

Warm Ocean Currents:

• Those currents that flow from equatorial regions towards poles which have a higher surface temperature and are called warm current.
• They bring warm waters to the cold regions.
• They are usually observed on the east coast of the continents in the lower and middle latitudes of both hemispheres.
• In the northern hemisphere, they are also found on the west coast of the continents in the higher latitudes (E.g. Alaska and Norwegian Currents).

Cold Ocean Currents:

• Those currents that flow from polar regions towards the equator have a lower surface temperature and are called cold currents.
• They bring cold waters into warm areas.
• These currents are usually found on the west coast of the continents in low and middle latitudes of both hemispheres.
• In the northern hemisphere, they are also found on the east coast in the higher latitudes (E.g. Labrador, East Greenland, and Oyashio currents).

The ocean currents can be also classified as:

• Surface Currents : They constitute about 10% of all the water in an ocean. These waters are occupied at the upper 400m of an ocean or the Ekman Layer . It is the layer of ocean water which moves due to the stress of blowing the wind and this motion is thus called Ekman Transport .
• Deep Water Currents : They constitute about 90% of the ocean water. They move around the ocean basin due to variations in the density and gravity.

Factors influencing the origin and nature of ocean currents

Difference in density

• As we all know, the density of seawater varies from place to place according to its temperature and proportion of salinity.
• The density increases with an increase in salinity and decreases with a decrease in salinity.
• But when the temperature increases, density decreases, and when the temperature decreases density increases.
• This increase and decrease in density due to the differences in temperature and salinity causes the water to move from one place to another.
• Such a movement of water due to the differences in density as a function of water temperature and salinity is called the Thermohaline Circulation .
• In polar regions, due to a lower temperature, the waters will be of high density. This causes the waters to sink to the bottom and then to move towards the less dense middle and lower latitudes (or towards the equatorial regions).
• They rise (upwelling) at the warm region and push the already existing less dense, warm water towards the poles.
• While considering the equatorial region, the high temperature in those regions causes the water to expand. Thus, the waters in these regions will be at a higher level than that of the middle and upper latitudes. This also creates a gradient and results in the movement of waters from the equatorial region to the middle and upper latitudes.

The earth’s rotation

• Earth’s rotation causes Coriolis force which deflects the air to its right in the northern hemisphere and its left in the southern hemisphere.
• Similarly, ocean water is also affected by the Coriolis force and follows Ferrel’s Law.
• Hence, ocean currents in the northern hemisphere move in a clockwise (towards right) direction, and ocean currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise (towards left) direction (In the Indian Ocean due to the impact of the Asian monsoon, the currents in the northern hemisphere do not follow this pattern of movements all time).
• The winds like trade winds and westerlies drive the ocean water in a steady flow in front of them.
• When the direction of the winds changes, the direction of the current also gets changed.

The movement of ocean water is a critical component of Earth’s climate system and has far-reaching effects on weather patterns, marine ecosystems, and global climate regulation. Scientists continue to study and monitor these processes to better understand their impacts on our planet.

Article by: Jijo Sudarsan

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Reader Interactions

July 21, 2016 at 8:04 am

Excellent explanation regarding waves currents winds and tides

July 21, 2016 at 12:20 pm

Great. Explained in a very systematic way. Keep it up

July 24, 2016 at 6:28 pm

July 24, 2016 at 11:30 pm

Fantastic article

August 4, 2016 at 6:13 pm

Good and Easy explaination

September 2, 2016 at 10:26 pm

thank you very much ……..clear ias

September 12, 2016 at 1:14 pm

Very specifically explained. Thanks CLEARIAS.

October 14, 2016 at 10:36 am

Lucid and crisp info. Keep it up

December 25, 2016 at 11:50 am

Thanks for providing free study material for poor students one who does not purchase books.this is good study material for ias pre and mains and pcs.

December 30, 2016 at 8:43 pm

Dear sir I am 3rd year mechanical engineering student I am requesting you to Please explain the syllabus separate for a mechanical engineering student so that I can understand in a good way.Thankyou

May 29, 2017 at 8:37 am

Very helpful information for all times. Very appreciative. Thanks

August 22, 2017 at 5:21 am

Thank u very much .

This helped me a lot for my Geography Exam.

October 1, 2017 at 11:18 am

In-depth knowledge of ocean water and it’s subsequent formations collected through this extensive artical can help a lot in preparation of any competitive exam..

November 30, 2017 at 11:08 am

Mind-blowing article with depth knowledge

January 8, 2018 at 12:44 am

I was in Mozambique last week…at or about 11am I found the sea shore muddy as if the sea was dried up..at or about 12pm the water started coming to the shore until 4pm.i could not understand the physics

April 30, 2018 at 7:17 am

bade bade shehro m choti choti bate hoti rhti h victor.hahahaha

April 5, 2018 at 2:58 pm

that is a great explanation about the movements of ocean water and what causes so i would say to you thank you and hope you good health

August 31, 2018 at 10:02 pm

its very useful but i need a brief notes of waves

March 23, 2019 at 1:17 pm

Neap tides should 1st and 3rd quarter of moon that had been written as 1st and last quarter….

May 18, 2019 at 3:53 am

There are 2 mismatched info in “Magnitude of Tides” section: 1. You stated: “Perihelion: It is the position where the earth is closest to the sun (around January 3rd). Unusual high and low tides occur during this time.”

My understanding: When the earth is closest to the sun, it must be mid summer (around July).

2. You stated: “Aphelion: It is the position where the earth is farthest from the sun (around July 4th). Tidal ranges are much less than the average during this period.”

My understanding: When the earth is farthest from the sun, it must be mid winter (around January).

October 13, 2020 at 6:41 am

Summers and winters occur due to the tilt of Earth’s axis and not due to its distance from the sun. The seasons occur due to apparent movement of sun and not its distance from the Earth or aphelion or perihelion.

September 15, 2020 at 12:38 am

Good stuff for faster revision thanks clear ias

January 28, 2021 at 4:14 pm

Wow!! Amazing, notes are very systematically arranged easy to read and learn. Thank you so much for these notes.🙏

February 12, 2021 at 12:42 pm

it should be Sathya sai baba

March 3, 2021 at 12:36 pm

these notes are amazing! thankyou so much.

August 1, 2022 at 5:35 pm

How much is made up and assumptions. We need to take a closer look at natural phenomena. Here is a simple example of another approach We know that in any vessel, if it is filled with substances of different specific weights, their separation will occur. The heaviest will precipitate, lighter above and very light at the top. A simple example is an aquarium. Rocks and sand at the bottom, then toys, fish, and a feeder at the top and all this in the water. Our planet, for the Sun, is the same aquarium. And why should she have the hardest part in the center? The heavy part should be on the sunny side all the time. After all, if we tilt the aquarium, then the stones and sand will slide towards the Earth?

a short list of phenomena that are explained by this model – Mountain formation, the magnetic field of the planets – is understandable even to a schoolboy, The main Ocean currents are the real reasons Tides in the ocean are another mechanism, The movement of the planets- for example, why the Moon comes to us all the time with one side, the change in the time of the Earth’s revolution Other physics of earthquakes. Solar. 11 year old, active Gravitational waves , etc.

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ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Water cycle.

The water cycle is the endless process that connects all of the water on Earth.

Conservation, Earth Science, Meteorology

Deer Streams National Park Mist

A misty cloud rises over Deer Streams National Park. The water cycle contains more steps than just rain and evaporation, fog and mist are other ways for water to be returned to the ground.

Photograph by Redline96

Water is one of the key ingredients to life on Earth. About 75 percent of our planet is covered by water or ice. The water cycle is the endless process that connects all of that water. It joins the Earth’s oceans, land, and atmosphere.

The Earth’s water cycle began about 3.8 billion years ago when rain fell on a cooling Earth, forming the oceans. The rain came from water vapor that escaped the magma in the Earth’s molten core into the atmosphere. Energy from the sun helped power the water cycle and Earth’s gravity kept water in the atmosphere from leaving the planet.

The oceans hold about 97 percent of the water on Earth. About 1.7 percent of Earth’s water is stored in polar ice caps and glaciers. Rivers, lakes, and soil hold approximately 1.7 percent. A tiny fraction—just 0.001 percent—exists in the Earth’s atmosphere as water vapor.

When molecules of water vapor return to liquid or solid form, they create cloud droplets that can fall back to Earth as rain or snow—a process called condensation . Most precipitation lands in the oceans. Precipitation that falls onto land flows into rivers, streams, and lakes. Some of it seeps into the soil where it is held underground as groundwater.

When warmed by the sun, water on the surface of oceans and freshwater bodies evaporates, forming a vapor. Water vapor rises into the atmosphere, where it condenses, forming clouds. It then falls back to the ground as precipitation. Moisture can also enter the atmosphere directly from ice or snow. In a process called sublimation , solid water, such as ice or snow, can transform directly into water vapor without first becoming a liquid.

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The Water Dancer

Ta-nehisi coates, everything you need for every book you read..

As the title of the novel shows, water and movement are central elements of The Water Dancer ; together, they represent the freedom that the enslaved characters in the novel are constantly seeking. Water and movement are tied together in several ways, the first of which is water dancing , something Hiram ’s mother Rose and aunt Emma used to do when he was a child. During a water dance, dancers must move while trying to keep a vessel of water perched on their heads from spilling. Water and movement are also connected by the fact that throughout the novel, enslaved people move from place to place via water. This happens both involuntarily (i.e., when enslaved people are “sold down the [Mississippi] river” into the deep South, or when they were brought over from Africa via the Atlantic) and voluntarily (as when Hiram uses the River Goose to Conduct himself to faraway places). The novel shows that while part of the legacy of slavery is traumatic movement as captives across water, moving through water is also the path back into freedom.

The novel explicitly frames water dancing as a reclamation of water from the trauma of the Middle Passage, the journey enslaved people were forced to make across the Atlantic while confined in slave ships. The Middle Passage signifies the end of freedom, yet the water itself symbolized freedom. This is made particularly clear by the story Sophia tells about the African chief who led a rebellion aboard a slave ship, only to be surrounded by military ships. As Sophia explains, “The chief told his people to walk out into the water, to sing and dance as they walked, that the water-goddess brought ’em here, and the water-goddess would take ’em back home.” The captives may have been forced to move across water by enslavers, but choosing to dance and sing as they jumped from the ship was a way of reclaiming their own movement as they chose the freedom offered by death rather than a life of captivity. Indeed, the association between water, death, and freedom is made even more clear when Hiram mentions stories Rose would tell him about their ancestors who live “in that paradise under the sea,” presumably after jumping from slave ships.

Sophia explains that water dancing is a way to honor the African chief who led the rebellion and all other captive Africans who jumped into the water during the Middle Passage. As such, it is a radical assertion of freedom in the midst of bondage. Sophia says, “And when we dance as we do, with the water balanced on our head, we are giving praise to them who danced on the waves. We have flipped it, you see?” The fact that this ritual involves honoring the rebels through dance is also significant. Throughout the novel, dance is depicted as an expression of agency, of the freedom of one’s own body even as slavery attempted to assert total control over the body. Observing Sophia dance, Hiram sees “a flurry of limbs, but all under control.” The phrase “under control” illustrates that for Sophia, dancing is a reminder (to herself and others) of her ownership of her own body. Indeed, when Hiram witnesses a group of enslaved people about to be sold, he thinks about the contrast between this sight and the image of people dancing: “where their arms and their legs had once been dancing, I saw now that from ankle to wrist they were chained.” Dancing and captivity are depicted as opposites.

Water and movement are also linked to freedom through the Goose, the river near Lockless , which carries enslaved people into the “hell” of the Deep South yet ultimately becomes the route via which Hiram accesses freedom. The novel opens with both Hiram and his half-brother Maynard in the Goose. Convinced that he is about to die, Hiram has a vision of Rose, and is miraculously saved via Conduction. Maynard, meanwhile, drowns. Because Maynard is Hiram’s captor—the man he is assigned to serve—Maynard’s death becomes the beginning of Hiram’s liberation (even though it doesn’t immediately free Hiram when it happens). Whereas Maynard is overpowered and killed by the water, Hiram’s ancestral connection to the water as a site of freedom (shown through Rose’s appearance) means that he is able to survive. It also teaches him that Conduction is linked both to his memoires of his mother and to water, and it is this realization that eventually allows him to gain control over this superpower, which will eventually be key to securing his freedom.

While water is a means of movement and thus a route to freedom, Hiram must learn to trust the water in order to take advantage of the powers it offers. This is difficult; as Hiram’s near-death experience shows, the danger of drowning—and particularly the ancestral memory of those who drowned after jumping or being thrown overboard during the Middle Passage—means that water is frightening. It is Harriet , who also has the power of Conduction, who teaches Hiram to trust the water, thereby allowing it to carry him to freedom. Importantly, she does so by comparing Conduction to dancing: “It’s just like dancing. Stay with the sound, stay with the story and you will be fine.” Given that dancing is an expression of freedom, Harriet is imploring Hiram to trust the freedom that remains inside him. Hiram is eventually able to escape slavery and help others to freedom because he remembers that freedom is inside him, a truth that he expresses by again connecting freedom to water: “I was freedom-bound, and freedom was as much in my heart as it was in the swamps.” Both freedom and water are external to Hiram, but also within him; this helps to show how freedom is a state he must move toward, yet also something that stays alive inside him all along.

Water, Movement, and Freedom ThemeTracker

Water, Movement, and Freedom Quotes in The Water Dancer

I had always avoided that bridge, for it was stained with the remembrance of the mothers, uncles, and cousins gone Natchez-way. But knowing now the awesome power of memory, how it can open a blue door from one world to another, how it can move us from mountains to meadows, from green woods to fields caked in snow, knowing now that memory can fold the land like cloth, and knowing, too, how I had pushed my memory of her into the “down there” of my mind, how I forgot, but did not forget, I know now that this story, this Conduction, had to begin there on that fantastic bridge between the land of the living and the land of the lost.

At every gathering there was this dispute about my mother’s mother, Santi Bess, and her fate. The myth held that she had executed the largest escape of tasking folk—forty-eight souls—ever recorded in the annals of Elm County. And it was not simply that they had escaped but where they’d been said to escape to—Africa. It was said that Santi had simply led them down to the river Goose, walked in, and reemerged on the other side of the sea.

Maybe the power was in some way related to the block in my memory, and to unlock one was, perhaps, to unlock the other. And so in those dark and timeless hours in the pit, it became my ritual to reconstruct everything I had heard of her and all that I had seen of her in those moments down in the Goose. Rose of the kindest heart. Rose, sister of Emma. Rose the beautiful. Rose the silent. Rose the Water Dancer.

And in all of these words, and each of these stories, I saw as much magic as anything I’d seen in the Goose, souls conducted as surely as I was out from its depths.

“We forgot nothing, you and I,” Harriet said. “To forget is to truly slave. To forget is to die.” […] “To remember, friend,” she said. “For memory is the chariot, and memory is the way, and memory is bridge from the curse of slavery to the boon of freedom.”

“It’s just like dancing. Stay with the sound, stay with the story and you will be fine.”

Corrine Quinn was among the most fanatical agents I ever encountered on the Underground. All of these fanatics were white. They took slavery as a personal insult or affront, a stain upon their name. They had seen women carried off to fancy, or watched as a father was stripped and beaten in front of his child, or seen whole families pinned like hogs into rail-cars, steam-boats, and jails. Slavery humiliated them, because it offended a basic sense of goodness that they believed themselves to possess. And when their cousins perpetrated the base practice, it served to remind them how easily they might do the same. They scorned their barbaric brethren, but they were brethren all the same. So their opposition was a kind of vanity, a hatred of slavery that far outranked any love of the slave.

“Was a big king who come over from Africa on the slave ship with his people. But when they got close to shore, him and his folk took over, killed all the white folks, threw ’em overboard, and tried to sail back home. But the ship run aground, and when the king look out, he see that the white folks’ army is coming for him with they guns and all. So the chief told his people to walk out into the water, to sing and dance as they walked, that the water-goddess brought ’em here, and the water-goddess would take ’em back home.

And when we dance as we do, with the water balanced on our head, we are giving praise to them who danced on the waves. We have flipped it, you see?”

“What will I say to her, Hi? What will I be? What will I do when I look at her and all I can see are my lost ones?”

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Guest Essay

The Supreme Court Got It Wrong: Abortion Is Not Settled Law

By Melissa Murray and Kate Shaw

Ms. Murray is a law professor at New York University. Ms. Shaw is a contributing Opinion writer.

In his majority opinion in the case overturning Roe v. Wade, Justice Samuel Alito insisted that the high court was finally settling the vexed abortion debate by returning the “authority to regulate abortion” to the “people and their elected representatives.”

Despite these assurances, less than two years after Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, abortion is back at the Supreme Court. In the next month, the justices will hear arguments in two high-stakes cases that may shape the future of access to medication abortion and to lifesaving care for pregnancy emergencies. These cases make clear that Dobbs did not settle the question of abortion in America — instead, it generated a new slate of questions. One of those questions involves the interaction of existing legal rules with the concept of fetal personhood — the view, held by many in the anti-abortion movement, that a fetus is a person entitled to the same rights and protections as any other person.

The first case , scheduled for argument on Tuesday, F.D.A. v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, is a challenge to the Food and Drug Administration’s protocols for approving and regulating mifepristone, one of the two drugs used for medication abortions. An anti-abortion physicians’ group argues that the F.D.A. acted unlawfully when it relaxed existing restrictions on the use and distribution of mifepristone in 2016 and 2021. In 2016, the agency implemented changes that allowed the use of mifepristone up to 10 weeks of pregnancy, rather than seven; reduced the number of required in-person visits for dispensing the drug from three to one; and allowed the drug to be prescribed by individuals like nurse practitioners. In 2021, it eliminated the in-person visit requirement, clearing the way for the drug to be dispensed by mail. The physicians’ group has urged the court to throw out those regulations and reinstate the previous, more restrictive regulations surrounding the drug — a ruling that could affect access to the drug in every state, regardless of the state’s abortion politics.

The second case, scheduled for argument on April 24, involves the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (known by doctors and health policymakers as EMTALA ), which requires federally funded hospitals to provide patients, including pregnant patients, with stabilizing care or transfer to a hospital that can provide such care. At issue is the law’s interaction with state laws that severely restrict abortion, like an Idaho law that bans abortion except in cases of rape or incest and circumstances where abortion is “necessary to prevent the death of the pregnant woman.”

Although the Idaho law limits the provision of abortion care to circumstances where death is imminent, the federal government argues that under EMTALA and basic principles of federal supremacy, pregnant patients experiencing emergencies at federally funded hospitals in Idaho are entitled to abortion care, even if they are not in danger of imminent death.

These cases may be framed in the technical jargon of administrative law and federal pre-emption doctrine, but both cases involve incredibly high-stakes issues for the lives and health of pregnant persons — and offer the court an opportunity to shape the landscape of abortion access in the post-Roe era.

These two cases may also give the court a chance to seed new ground for fetal personhood. Woven throughout both cases are arguments that gesture toward the view that a fetus is a person.

If that is the case, the legal rules that would typically hold sway in these cases might not apply. If these questions must account for the rights and entitlements of the fetus, the entire calculus is upended.

In this new scenario, the issue is not simply whether EMTALA’s protections for pregnant patients pre-empt Idaho’s abortion ban, but rather which set of interests — the patient’s or the fetus’s — should be prioritized in the contest between state and federal law. Likewise, the analysis of F.D.A. regulatory protocols is entirely different if one of the arguments is that the drug to be regulated may be used to end a life.

Neither case presents the justices with a clear opportunity to endorse the notion of fetal personhood — but such claims are lurking beneath the surface. The Idaho abortion ban is called the Defense of Life Act, and in its first bill introduced in 2024, the Idaho Legislature proposed replacing the term “fetus” with “preborn child” in existing Idaho law. In its briefs before the court, Idaho continues to beat the drum of fetal personhood, insisting that EMTALA protects the unborn — rather than pregnant women who need abortions during health emergencies.

According to the state, nothing in EMTALA imposes an obligation to provide stabilizing abortion care for pregnant women. Rather, the law “actually requires stabilizing treatment for the unborn children of pregnant women.” In the mifepristone case, advocates referred to fetuses as “unborn children,” while the district judge in Texas who invalidated F.D.A. approval of the drug described it as one that “starves the unborn human until death.”

Fetal personhood language is in ascent throughout the country. In a recent decision , the Alabama Supreme Court allowed a wrongful-death suit for the destruction of frozen embryos intended for in vitro fertilization, or I.V.F. — embryos that the court characterized as “extrauterine children.”

Less discussed but as worrisome is a recent oral argument at the Florida Supreme Court concerning a proposed ballot initiative intended to enshrine a right to reproductive freedom in the state’s Constitution. In considering the proposed initiative, the chief justice of the state Supreme Court repeatedly peppered Nathan Forrester, the senior deputy solicitor general who was representing the state, with questions about whether the state recognized the fetus as a person under the Florida Constitution. The point was plain: If the fetus was a person, then the proposed ballot initiative, and its protections for reproductive rights, would change the fetus’s rights under the law, raising constitutional questions.

As these cases make clear, the drive toward fetal personhood goes beyond simply recasting abortion as homicide. If the fetus is a person, any act that involves reproduction may implicate fetal rights. Fetal personhood thus has strong potential to raise questions about access to abortion, contraception and various forms of assisted reproductive technology, including I.V.F.

In response to the shifting landscape of reproductive rights, President Biden has pledged to “restore Roe v. Wade as the law of the land.” Roe and its successor, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, were far from perfect; they afforded states significant leeway to impose onerous restrictions on abortion, making meaningful access an empty promise for many women and families of limited means. But the two decisions reflected a constitutional vision that, at least in theory, protected the liberty to make certain intimate choices — including choices surrounding if, when and how to become a parent.

Under the logic of Roe and Casey, the enforceability of EMTALA, the F.D.A.’s power to regulate mifepristone and access to I.V.F. weren’t in question. But in the post-Dobbs landscape, all bets are off. We no longer live in a world in which a shared conception of constitutional liberty makes a ban on I.V.F. or certain forms of contraception beyond the pale.

Melissa Murray, a law professor at New York University and a host of the Supreme Court podcast “ Strict Scrutiny ,” is a co-author of “ The Trump Indictments : The Historic Charging Documents With Commentary.”

Kate Shaw is a contributing Opinion writer, a professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School and a host of the Supreme Court podcast “Strict Scrutiny.” She served as a law clerk to Justice John Paul Stevens and Judge Richard Posner.

Baltimore bridge collapse: What happened and what is the death toll?

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Get weekly news and analysis on the U.S. elections and how it matters to the world with the newsletter On the Campaign Trail. Sign up here.

Writing by Lisa Shumaker; Editing by Steve Gorman, Daniel Wallis and Bill Berkrot

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Thomson Reuters

Lisa's journalism career spans two decades, and she currently serves as the Americas Day Editor for the Global News Desk. She played a pivotal role in tracking the COVID pandemic and leading initiatives in speed, headline writing and multimedia. She has worked closely with the finance and company news teams on major stories, such as the departures of Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey and Amazon’s Jeff Bezos and significant developments at Apple, Alphabet, Facebook and Tesla. Her dedication and hard work have been recognized with the 2010 Desk Editor of the Year award and a Journalist of the Year nomination in 2020. Lisa is passionate about visual and long-form storytelling. She holds a degree in both psychology and journalism from Penn State University.

UN chief hopes Israel quickly, effectively boost Gaza aid access

U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said on Friday that he sincerely hopes Israel quickly and effectively boosts aid access to the Gaza Strip, describing the situation in the Palestinian enclave after six months of war as "absolutely desperate."