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In-text Citations in Harvard Referencing Style

When you incorporate quotes or ideas of other authors in your work, you must provide an in-text citation in order to credit those authors properly. For in-text citations, Harvard referencing style uses author-date format. In other words, Harvard style uses parenthetical and narrative citations that show the name of the author and the publication year of the source.  

Harvard style does not use footnotes or endnotes.  

For details about the in-text citation format for different types of sources, see these Harvard referencing examples .

In-text citations and references

Every Harvard style in-text citation has a corresponding reference in a reference list.  

In-text citations only refer to the author surname, publication year, and sometimes the page numbers.  Less information is included here so as not to interrupt the flow of the reader. This guide on formatting page numbers in Harvard style provides more details on how to include page numbers in your citations.

References include additional information about a source, such as its title, publisher name, location, etc. More information is given here, so the reader can track down the source, should they want to read more details. All references are consolidated into a single reference list that is placed at the end of the work.

Narrative and parenthetical citations

As mentioned above, there are two types of in-text citation: narrative and parenthetical. Both have the following source details:

• Author surname
• Publication year
• Page numbers; only needed if you are using a direct quotation AND there are page numbers available

A parenthetical citation includes all of the information within round brackets in the sentence that contains the borrowed information.

(Author Surname, Publication Year)  

(Author, Year, p. nn)  

(Author, Year, pp. nn-nn)

A narrative citation includes the author’s name in the text of the sentence and the other information within round brackets.

Author Surname (Publication Year)  

(Year, p. nn)  

(Year, pp. nn-nn)

Let’s look at several examples of these citations below.

One author/company  

When you are providing a Harvard style in-text citation for a work that has only one author or one company accredited to its name, the following format is used:

Basic citation structures:  

(Author Surname or Company Name, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author Surname or Company Name (Publication Year, p. nn)

Only include a page number if you are using a direct quotation and if page numbers exist in the source.

Examples:  

“Miss Maudie had known Uncle Jack Finch, Atticus’s brother, since they were children.” (Lee, 1960, p. 48)

In the online report, Smith postulated that the cause was due to vasodilation (2019).

When including a direct or paraphrased quote that spans multiple pages, use ‘pp.’ instead of ‘p.’ to denote a range of pages.

The author talks about ‘the events of a summer in the countryside while the British army prepared for the Second World War’ (Henderson, 1955, pp. 11-21).

Two authors

Sometimes the work that you are referring to has two or three authors. In such cases, the following format is used for in-text citation in Harvard style:

Citation structure (two authors) :  

(Author 1 Surname and Author 2 Surname, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1 and Author 2 (Year, p. nn)

Examples :  

The stock market predictions were right, based on their educated theories (Holland and Smithson, 2011).

Holland and Smithson (2011) stated in their work that…

“The president’s predictions were right on target” (Holland and Smithson, 2011, p. 55).

Three authors

Citation structure (three authors):

(Author 1 Surname, Author 2 Surname and Author 3 Surname, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3 (Year, p. nn)

A closer examination of the study demonstrated that researcher biases had influenced the data (Bolton, Lopez and Dawson, 2018).

Bolton, Lopez and Dawson stated that “the data was biased towards local businesses” (2018, p. 11).

More than four authors

When the work that you are citing has more than four authors, you only show the first author listed, then use the Latin term ‘ et al.’ in italics. This helps you succinctly show that the source has four or more authors.

Citation structure (four or more authors):

(Author 1 Surname et al. , Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1 et al. (Year, p. nn)

Watson et al. found that “nothing more could be gained from continued experimentation” (1999, p. 271).

Research began because of urgings by the local ethics board (Watson et al. , 1999).

No author or editor

When the work that you are citing does not have a known author or editor, first consider that the name of the publishing company could be used in place of the author. This is often the case with reports or white papers put out by associations and organizations.

The online report showed that lychee demand increased internationally by 50 percent (Lychee Growers Association, 2002).

According to the Lychee Growers Association, international demand for lychee grew by 50 percent (2002).

If it does not make sense to use a company name, use the title of the source instead of the author’s name.

“Music is a universal language” ( Music Theory for Dummies , 2012, p. 13).

If you cannot find the date of publication of the document or paper that you are citing, then [n.d.] should be used in place of the date.

Example :  

“Nothing they said would convince them otherwise” (Cristosomo, [n.d.], p. 32).

Footnotes are used to reference quotes or paraphrases of a text used in another work. The Harvard style referencing does not use footnotes . The citation of the sources is provided in the text instead of in footnotes.

The Harvard author-date style is often used by both writers and readers of academic texts, as it does not interrupt the flow of reading. It saves time and keeps the attention focused on the text, whereas, in the styles that incorporate footnotes, the attention of the reader is constantly diverted to the footnotes.  

Published October 29, 2020.

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Citing authors with Harvard

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Harvard referencing uses in-text citations, in an author-date format. 

Sometimes you might be referencing a source that has more than one author. Or, you might reference several different sources by the same author published in the same year.

This page gives you guidelines and examples for using Harvard in these scenarios. 

Multiple sources with the same author and year

If you are citing more than one source by the same author which are also published in the same year, you will need to differentiate between the sources in your in-text citations. 

You can do this by adding a lower-case letter to the publication date in your in-text citation, and again in your reference list so that the dates and letters match. The first reference should appear as (Author, Yeara), the second as (Author, Yearb) and so on. 

The rest of the reference should follow the usual style for the type of source you are citing.  

In-text citations: 

(Kubler-Ross, 1993a)

(Kubler-Ross, 1993b)

Reference list: 

Kubler-Ross, E. (1993a).  AIDS: The ultimate challenge.  New York, NY: Collier Books.

Kubler-Ross, E. (1993b).  Questions and answers on death and dying.  New York, NY. Collier Books.

Sources with two or three authors

If you are citing a source with two or three authors, the surname of all of the authors should be listed in your in-text citation. You should keep the names in the same order as they are in the source.

The surname and initial(s) of all the authors should appear in the full reference for the source. 

In-text citation:

(Reiss and White, 2013, p.6)

Reference list:

Reiss M.J. and White, J. (2013).  An aims-based curriculum: the significance of human flourishing for schools.  London: IOE Press.

Sources with four to seven authors

If you are citing a source with four, five, six or seven authors, the surname of only the first person attributed as one of the source's authors should be included in your in-text citation, followed by the words 'et al'.

(Rogers et al., 2018)

Rogers, L., Hallam, S., Creech, A. and Preti, C. (2018). ‘Learning about what constitutes effective training from a pilot programme to improve music education in primary schools’,  Music Education Research , 10(4), pp.485-497.

Sources with eight or more authors

If you are citing a source with eight or more authors, the surname of only the first person attributed as one of the source's authors should be included in your in-text citation, followed by the words 'et al'.

The surname and initial(s) of the first eight attributed authors should appear in the full reference for the source, followed by the words 'et al'. If there are more than eight authors, do not include the word 'and' between the seventh and eight author.

(Clark et al., 2020)

Clark, K., Cletheroe, D., Gerard, T., Haller, I., Jozwik, K., Shi, K., Thomsen, B., Williams, H., et al. (2020). ‘Synchronous subnanosecond clock and data recovery for optically switched data centres using clock phase caching’,  Nature Electronics , 3, pp.426-433.

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• When neither the author nor the page number is mentioned in the body of the sentence, you should include both the author’s last name and the page number in the parenthetical citation.

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack 24).

• When the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, you should include only the page number in your parenthetical citation.

As Anthony Jack argues, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (24).

• If the source you are writing about does not have page numbers, or if you consulted an e-book version of the source, you should include only the author’s name in the parenthetical citation:

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack).

• If you mention the author in the body of the sentence and there is no page number in the source, you should not include a parenthetical citation.

As Anthony Jack argues, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students.

• If you are referring to an entire work rather than a specific page, you do not need to include a page number.

In The Privileged Poor, Anthony Jack describes many obstacles that low-income students face at selective colleges and universities.

• If you are referring to a source that has no listed author, you should include the title (or a shortened version of the title) in your parenthetical citation.

Harvard College promises “to educate the citizens and citizen-leaders for our society” (“Mission, Vision, & History”).

• If you are referring to a source that has two authors, you should include both authors in your parenthetical citation.

The researchers tested whether an intervention during the first year of college could improve student well-being (Walton and Cohen 1448).

• If you refer to a source that has more than two authors, you should include the first author’s name followed by et al. ( Et al. is an abbreviation for et alia which means “and others” in Latin.) When you use et al. in a citation, you should not put it in italics.

The researchers studied more than 12,000 students who were interested in STEM fields (LaCosse et al. 8).

• If you refer to more than one source by the same author in your paper, you should include the title (or a shortened version of the title) in your parenthetical citation so that readers will know which source to look for in your Works Cited list. If you mention the author’s name in the sentence, you only need to include the title and page number. If you mention the author and title in the sentence, you only need to include the page number.

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack, Privileged Poor 24).

According to Anthony Jack, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students ( Privileged Poor 24).

As Anthony Jack writes in Privileged Poor, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (24).

• If you want to credit multiple authors for making the same point, you can include them all in one parenthetical citation. 

Students who possess cultural capital, measured by proxies like involvement in literature, art, and classical music, tend to perform better in school (Bourdieu and Passeron; Dumais; Orr).

• If you refer to a source that includes line numbers in the margins, numbered paragraphs, numbered chapters, or numbered sections rather than page numbers, you should include the number in your parenthetical citation, along with “line,” “ch./ chs.,” or “sec./secs.”   You can include stable numbering like chapters even when there are no stable page numbers (as in an e-book). You should separate “line” or other designation from the work’s title or author’s name with a comma.  If the source does not include this type of numbering, you should not include it either.

We learn that when he went to the store to buy clothes for his son, “a frantic inspection of the boys’ department revealed no suits to fit the new-born Button” (Fitzgerald, ch.2).

• If you are citing a play, you should include the act and scene along with line numbers (for verse) or page numbers, followed by act and scene, (for prose).

Guildenstern tells Hamlet that “there has been much throwing about of brains” (Shakespeare, 2.2. 381-382).

Chris is in this mindset when he says, “a couple minutes, and your whole life changes, that’s it. It’s gone” (Nottage, 13; act 1, scene1).

• If you are referring to a video or audio recording that contains time stamps, you should include the time in your parenthetical citation to make it easy for your readers to find the part of the recording that you are citing.

In the Stranger Things official trailer, the audience knows that something unusual is going to happen from the moment the boys get on their bicycles to ride off into the night (0:16).

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• In-text citations

Using in-text citations

• No specific font type or size required . Recommendations include  Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier New for Windows, or Times, Helvetica, or Courier for Mac ) at size 12.
• The last name of the author(s) and the year of publication are generally needed.
• They can appear within a sentence or at the end of a sentence before the full stop eg. .... this week (Brown 2019).
• A page number is included for a direct quote. Place a colon directly after the year and separate multiple pages with a dash eg. (Dombrow 2014:155) or (Wardell 2018:32-33). There is no spacing between these elements. If there is no identifiable page number, provide another way for the reader to find the quoted information, eg. (heading or section name, paragraph, chapter, table or figure number).
• if work is not yet published , use in press  eg. Smith (in press).

The Learning Zone Quick Guides to Writing at University

• Using paraphrases as evidence
• Summarising and Paraphrasing
• Use reporting verbs to introduce evidence

In-text citation formats

In-text citations can be presented in two formats:.

• Information focused format - the citation is usually placed at the end of a sentence.
• Author focused format  -  the name of the author appears as part of the text, it need not be repeated in parenthetical citation. The date should immediately follow the author's name.

Example - Information focused

The wellbeing of workers is important (rodrıguez-garavito 2005), and managers must check in with their staff (ngai 2005)., example - author focused, in the long run, saarinen (2006) argues, development of tourism may not always be the most favourable use of natural and cultural resources ….

• If quoting and using a page number, add a colon next to the date, followed by the page number/ range.

(Rodrıguez-Garavito 2005:14)

Saarinen (2006:35-36), citing quotations, citing a direct quote.

You must include page number(s) in the in-text citation when incorporating a direct quotation into a sentence. Use single quotation marks to enclose short quotations (sentence fragments, a sentence or sentences with less than 30 words). Fit quotations within your sentences, making sure the sentences are grammatically correct.

When Ladkin (2011:1136) suggests that knowledge of tourism and hospitality labour ‘clearly has a contribution to make to current wider societal debates’ she is, as we are, reflecting on the shifting phenomenon of hospitality work.  

There seems to be a 'consensus among researchers and policy makers that experiments constitute a gold standard in policy evaluation, although they are not a complete recipe for policy evaluation’ (danielson 2007:381–382)., citing a block quote.

A direct quote that is more than 30 words long is usually indented from the text margin in a block format and use one size smaller font in single line spacing. Quotation marks are not needed.

New institutional studies of organisations in the 1970s and 1980s are largely characterised by an emphasis on diffusion, isomorphism, and decoupling:

The new institutionalism in organisation theory and sociology comprises a rejection of rational-actor models, and interest in institutions as independent variables, a turn towards cognitive and cultural explanations, and an interest in properties of supra individual units of analysis that cannot be reduced to aggregations or direct consequences of individuals' attributes or motives (DiMaggio and Powell 1991:8).

Modifying a direct quote

If you need to omit a word or words from a quote, indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots) with a space before and after the ellipsis ( ... ). A direct quote should neither start nor end with an ellipsis. Words should only be omitted from a quote if they are superfluous to the reason why you are using the quote and the meaning of the quote is not affected by the change.

For example (in a block quote):

The modernist view of the individual voice has been debated:

As with an early modernist like Lautréamont ... the subject or “character” is always an unstable collective, perpetually on the make, on trial and in degeneration, as much as it is in productive process, riven by contradiction and interruption, and by virtue of the textual mosaic, it hosts a crazed polyphony with no “originary” voice (Campbell 2014:157).

Square brackets

If you need to add a word or words to a quote, or change the capitalisation of a word to fit with your syntax, put the word(s)/letter in square brackets [ ]. Words should only be added to a quote for explanatory reasons (e.g. a name might be added to explain who a pronoun is referencing).

For example:

The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured, as '[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home' (jones 1998:89)..

If you need to indicate a misspelling, grammatical error or lack of inclusive language, insert the word [sic] (meaning  so  or  thus ) in square brackets immediately following the error but do not change the error in the quote.

For example (non-inclusive language):

According to havelock (1986:63), the written word can be looked at as an extension of conversation where the author ‘writes down what he [sic] is saying so that another person can read what he [sic] says instead of just hearing it.’, for example (spelling):, the claim that ‘confiscation of these lands was both illegal and sacrilegious [sic]’ takes the approach that the church should be involved in these decisions (hamilton and strier 1996:165)., list of abbreviations and expressions, acceptable abbreviations and expressions to use in citations and reference list include the following:, author information, one author - in-text citation, (author last name year), .....finding information (richardson 2018)  or  richardson (2018) claimed that …, two authors - in-text citation, (author last name and author last name year) -  use the word  'and'  not  '&'  between names., (black and jacobsen 2020)  or  black and jacobsen (2020) mention that .., three authors - in-text citation, (first author last name et al. year) or first author last name et al. (year), (jackson et al. 2018)  or  jackson et al. (2018), group authors - in-text citation, format , (group author name [abbreviation] year), subsequent references, (abbreviation year) or abbreviation (year), in text citation:, (department of foreign affairs and trade [dfat] 2021)  or  department of foreign affairs and trade (dfat 2021), authors with same surname - in-text citation.

• When citing sources written by authors with the same surname, include the authors’ initials in in-text citations.

D Nguyen (2009) and L Nguyen (2009) both reported the same effects occurring in lakes and rivers.

Three or more authors, same first author - in-text citation.

• When referencing two or more sources published in the same year, and all these sources have the same first author and maybe even the same second, third authors, provide the names of enough authors in the in-text citation to show the difference.

(Larour, Morlighem, et al. 2012)

(larour, schiermeier, et al. 2012), (milillo, rignot, mouginot, scheuchl, li, et al. 2017), (milillo, rignot, mouginot, scheuchl, morlighem, et al. 2017), multiple works by same author(s) and same year - in-text citation.

• Works published in the same year by the same author are listed alphabetically by the title of the work and a lower-case letter (a, b, c, ...) is added immediately after the date, in both the reference list and in-text citations.

She has written extensively on Australia – New Zealand relations (Dobell 2018a, 2018b).

Multiple works by same author - in-text citation.

• If you cite two or more works from the same author/s at one point in the text , arrange the sources in chronological order , starting with the earliest date.

The process first identified by Watson (1960, 1966, 1968), shows..

Multiple sources cited at one point - in-text citation.

• When citing  multiple works  in the  same in-text citation , use  semicolons  between citations. Place  authors names  in  alphabetical order .
• Enclose all the citations in one set of parentheses.

Other researchers reported similar results (Abaza 2019; Black 2018; White and Jones 2017).

Works with no author - in-text citation.

• When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year . Use the first few words if the title is too long. 

This was apparently not the case before about 1995 ( The entrepreneur's guide to the law  1999).

Works with no publication date - in-text citation.

• For works without a date, write n.d. (for ‘no date’) instead of the year of publication.

White and Jones (n.d.) reported similar results.

Other researchers reported similar results (white and jones n.d.)..

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Southern Cross University acknowledges and pays respect to the ancestors, Elders and descendants of the Lands upon which we meet and study. We are mindful that within and without the buildings, these Lands always were and always will be Aboriginal Land.

In-text citation

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Harvard style uses in-text citations when referring to or quoting people’s work. The essential elements of an in-text citation are the author surname/s and year. There are two styles of citation, known as author-prominent and information-prominent. Both styles are equally acceptable and you can use both styles within one text.

1. Information prominent

In information prominent citations, you include both the author's surname and the date of publication in parentheses. 

(Author's surname Year)

Connections can be made between current politics and curriculum in schools based on established theories (Green 2018).

2. Author prominent

In author prominent citations, the author's surname is included in the text of the sentence, outside the parentheses, and the year (in parentheses) is included directly after the author's name.

Author's surname (Year)

Green (2018) makes connections between politics and curriculum drawing on preceding theorists.

Quotes and page numbers

(Author's surname Year:page)

Author's surname (Year:page)

'Representation is inherently, inescapably political. Representation and power go hand in hand' (Green 2018:33).

Green (2018:33) states that 'representation is inherently, inescapably political. Representation and power go hand in hand'.

• You only need to include page numbers in in-text citations when you are directly quoting another person's work. Some unit coordinators may want you to include page numbers in your in-text citations as a general rule.  Check your assignment instructions and ask your unit coordinator if you are unsure. See the Style Manual for more information.
• The  Style Manual  specifies to use single quotation marks (e.g. 'quote') for direct quotes.  However, text-matching software such as Turnitin does not recognise single quotation marks, it only recognises double quotation marks (e.g. "quote"). If you use single quotation marks for quotes, Turnitin will show these as text matches. If you are unsure what quotation marks to use for your assignment, check with your unit coordinator. 

Examples of in-text citations

Author's surname (Year)

(Jones 2017)

Jones (2017)

Two authors

(Author 1's surname and Author 2's surname Year)

Author 1's surname and Author 2's surname (Year)

(Francis and Black 2019)

Francis and Black (2019)

• The Style Manual states to always use the term 'and' to separate authors, rather than using symbols such as '&'.

Three or more authors

(Author 1's surname et al. Year)

Author 1's surname et al. (Year)

(White et al. 2016)

White et al. (2016)

• Use the term et al. (a Latin term meaning 'and others') after the first author's surname in all citations. List all authors in the reference list.

Organisation as author

(Abbreviation of organisation Year)

Abbreviation of organisation (Year)

(DFAT 2016)

DFAT (2016)

The Style Manual states to use the abbreviation for the organisation's name in all in-text citations. For organisations with no abbreviation, use the full name of the organisation.

In-text citations - no year of publication

(Author's surname n.d.)

(Francis n.d.)

Citing multiple sources at the same time

(Author's surname Year; Author's surname Year; Author's surname Year)

(Jones 2017; Francis and Black 2019; White et al. 2016)

Unknown author

('First ten words of the work...' Year)

. . . the worst election loss in the party's history ('This is the end' 1968).

• Use up to the first ten words of the title. Make sure that the name that you use in the reference list matches the name that you use for these citations.

Citing secondary sources

(Author's surname cited in work Year as cited in Author's surname you have read Year)

(Thomas 1980 as cited in Williams 2015)

• A secondary citation should only be used when the original source is unavailable.
• In the reference list, only include the source that you actually read (Williams 2015 in the example above).

Multiple works by the same author in the same year

(Author's surname Yeara) ... Author's surname (Yearb)

(Wright 2015a) ...Wright (2015b)

• Use a lower case letter after the year for each citation, and use these letters in the reference list as well, so that your readers can identify each source. Use the letter a for the first source you cite, the letter b for the second source, etc.

Personal communications

(Interviewee/respondent surname, personal communication, Day Month Year)

(Mary Smith, personal communication, 24 October 2020)

• Personal communications can include emails and conversations. Don't include these sources in your reference list.

Editor in place of an author

(Editor's surname ed Year)

(Fleming and Baldwin eds 2020)

Translated works

For translated works, use the original author’s name in the in-text citation.

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Harvard Citation Guide: In-Text Citations

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In-Text Citation Basics

The Harvard referencing style uses the author-date system for in-text citations , which means the author's surname and the year of publication in round brackets are placed within the text. If there is no discernible author, the title and date are used.

EXAMPLE : Basic in-text citation

There are five strategies to implement Diversity Management in companies (Cox, 2001).

In-Text Citation Examples

In-text references have two formats:  parenthetical  and  narrative . In  parenthetical citations , the author's name and publication date appear in parentheses. When citing in-text, provide the author's surname and date of publication in brackets right after the borrowed information or at the end of the sentence.

If you have already mentioned the author's name in the text, you only need to place the date of publication in brackets directly after where the author's surname is mentioned. When a parenthetical citation is at the end of a sentence, place the period or other end punctuation after the closing parentheses. 

EXAMPLE : Book with one author (parenthetical citation)

All of those factors contribute to climate change (See, 2012).

EXAMPLE : Book with editor or multiple authors (parenthetical citation)

.. as claimed by the authors (Raab et al., 2015).

In narrative citations, the name and publication date is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence. The author appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author's name:

EXAMPLE : Book with two authors (narrative citation) 

Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998) explain that a higher level of labor productivity means more output per person.

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How to Cite References with Harvard Referencing

This page outlines examples of how to complete various kinds of references using the Harvard Referencing method .

Quotations, paraphrases and summaries

An author who attributes information to another source.

In-text citations

You must acknowledge both sources in your text:

Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning wrote that "because students are aware of their tutor's mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all" (Gibbs 1981, p. 39, cited in Bowden & Marton 1998, p. 35).

List of References

Record the book that you actually sourced:

Bowden, J & Marton F 1998, The university of learning,  Kogan Page, London. 

Multiple authors

One to three authors:

Include both names in the order in which they appear on the title page:

(Gerster & Basset 1987) or:

Gerster and Basset (1987) assert that...

Gerster, R & Basset, J 1991, Seizures of youth: the sixties and Australia,  Hyland House, Melbourne.

More than three authors:

Use the surname of the first author and et al. ('and others') in the text:

Leeder et al. (1996, p. 78) argued ... or :

(Leeder et al. 1996) 

Don't use et al in the list of references. List all the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page.

Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Matthews, PS, Williams DW & Mariot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry, Dominion Press, Adelaide.

A work reproduced in a publication—image, poem, painting, etc.

Refer to the work in the text, then include book author, date, and page number:

De Kooning's 1952 painting "Woman and Bicycle" (Hughes 1980, p. 295) is an example of ...'

List the publication containing the image:

Hughes, R 1980, The shock of the new: art and the century of change , British Broadcasting Corporation, London. 

More than one work by the same author

  In-text citations

Arrange citations in chronological order:

(Smith 1981, 1984, 1985)

Each source requires a separate reference list entry. 

Part of a publication contributed by someone other than the main author—a preface, introduction, foreword, etc.

Drabble (in Bronte 1978) suggests...

Provide the details of the publication to which the contribution was made:

Bronte, E 1978, Wuthering Heights and poems , H Osborne (ed.), Orion Publishing Group, London. Introduction by Margaret Drabble.

An author who published more than one work in the same year

Attach an a, b, c, d etc. after the year:

Dawkins (1972a, 1972 b) completed a number of studies on... 

Each source requires a separate reference list entry.

To refer to more than one work

Separate the references either with a semicolon or the word  and

(Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969) or:

Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (1969) both demonstrated...

To refer to authors with the same family name who have published in the same year

Use their initials to indicate different people:

The theory was first developed early this century (Smith, A K 1979) but later many of its elements were refuted (Smith, J A 1979). 

Finding more information

The material in this guide is based on the 6th edition of the Government Style Manual:

Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002, 6th edn, revised by Snooks & Co., AGPS, Canberra.

For more detailed information and examples, we recommend that you consult this source, especially Chapter 12 (pp. 187-232). Copies of this Style Manual are available for loan at UNSW Library . 

Many faculties and schools at UNSW have style guides indicating how referencing for assignments should be done, so if you're not sure, check with them about which method to use.

It is impossible to include every referencing format in this guide. If you need referencing information for a format not listed here, seek further assistance from:

• your lecturer or tutor
• a Harvard referencing website (try an internet search)
• or a style manual. Style manuals for different citation systems are available in the UNSW Library .

How to cite a website and online resources

Harvard referencing

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How to Format In-Text Citations in Harvard Referencing

3-minute read

• 5th April 2020

Harvard referencing, also known as parenthetical author–date referencing, is one of the most common citation styles used by universities. In this post, we will look at the basic format for in-text citations in Harvard referencing .

In-Text Citations in Harvard Referencing

With Harvard referencing, you will need to provide bracketed citations in the text and a full reference list at the end of your document.

The basic format for an in-text citation in Harvard referencing is to give the author’s name and year of publication for the source that you are citing in brackets, separated by a comma. For example, you could cite a source written by Ferguson and published in 2007 like this:

Having flowers in the workplace can reduce stress (Ferguson, 2007).

When you name the author in the text, though, you only need to give the year of publication in brackets. This helps prevent repetition:

Ferguson (2007) says that havig flowers in the workplace can reduce stress.

Quoting Sources in Harvard Referencing

When you quote a source in Harvard referencing, you need to include the page number of the quoted material in your in-text citation. Typically, this goes at the end of the citation, after a comma and the abbreviation “p.”:

Ali considers potted plants “a mood enhancer” (1999, p. 32).

This shows the reader that the quote came from page 32 of the source. If a quote extends over more than one page, though, give a page range using the abbreviation “pp.” Take this extended quote, for instance:

This is further evidenced by anecdotal evidence. In the study, one office worker said, “I used to hate coming into the office. But a little greenery has made a big difference. It feels fresher, more homely. I don’t find myself feeling as tense as I used to” (Ali, 1999, pp. 35–36).

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Citing Sources with More Than One Author

If a source has two authors, separate their names in citations with “and”:

Potted plants are more effective than cut flowers (Kim and Moore, 2007).

And if a publication has three or more authors, give the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (a Latin phrase meaning “and others”). For example, we would cite a source by Tony, Uberti, and Wilson as follows:

The color green has a calming effect (Tony et al., 2013).

You would then provide the names of all authors in the reference list:

Tony, M., Uberti, A., Wilson, T. (2013) “The color green: Stress reduction via introduction of plant life to an office environment,” Journal of Environmental Health , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–23.

Variations on Harvard Referencing

Harvard referencing is a generic style, so the exact requirements can vary. In the post above, we explain the Open University version , which is the default style guide that we currently use for this system.

However, make sure to check your style guide if you have one , as your university may use a slightly different format.

For more information on Harvard referencing, see our other blog posts . And if you’d like to have one of our Harvard referencing experts check that the citations in a document are error free, simply submit it for proofreading today and let us know which version of Harvard you are using.

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In-text citations

Two or more works cited at one point in the text

If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:

(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)

The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.

Two or three authors or authoring bodies

When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:

(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995) 

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Harvard: citing in- text

A version of the Harvard (author-date) System of referencing has been adopted as the standard for the presentation of academic text at the University of Birmingham.  The examples on this page refer to this version, as found on the Cite Them Right Online website.  For detailed guides on how to reference and cite different sources see the right-hand side panel.

What to put in your text 

The author's surname and year of publication are inserted in the text wherever a source is cited. The way this is done will depend on whether the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence or not.

Using this method of referencing, the in-text citations in your work must be included in the final word count. In-text citations give brief details of the source that you are quoting from or referring to. These citations will then link to the full reference that will be found in your reference list at the end of your work. The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical order by author. If you have cited a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your text, this should still be included in the reference list.  The list of references is not included in the word count.

Footnotes and endnotes are NOT used in this style.

There are many ways in which citations can be used in your work, but your tutor or supervisor should advise you on which format they prefer.

Your citations should always include the following elements;

(i)            Author(s) or editor (s) surname/family name

(ii)           Year of publication

(iii)          Page number(s) if required

If you have used a direct quote or an idea from a specific page, or set of pages, you should include the page numbers in your citations. The abbreviation for page is p. or pp. for multiple pages. See the examples below to see how they are used correctly.

• According to Guy (2001, p. 37), the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the British…
• It is maintained that medicine has improved (Jones, 1985, p. 74)

Citing one author/editor

• In his novel (Stevens, 2013)…

Citing a corporate author

• … as shown by the decrease in ratings (ITV, 2014).

 Citing two authors/editors

• Banerjee and Watson (2011, p. 87) suggested…
• It is clear (Banerjee and Watson, 2011, p. 87) that…

Citing three authors/editors

• It was evident (Smith, Jones and Thomas, 2015)…

 Citing four or more authors/editors

Cite the first name listed in the source followed by  et al .

• This was proved by Dym  et al.  (2009)…

Citing a source with no author/editor

Use the title in italics; do NOT use ‘anonymous’ or anything similar.

• It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved ( Medicine in old age,  1985, p. 74)…

Citing multiple sources

These can be listed separated by semicolons. The publications should be cited in chronological order. If more than one work is published in the same year, then they should be listed alphabetically by author/editor.

• A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield, 2013; Rogers, 2015) suggested that…

Citing sources - same year/same author

In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of rationality in the former’s argument. However, it is clear that this was not the only strength of the original author (2007b).

The reference list would look like this;

       Harris, S. (2007a)  Dawkins: a history . London: Evolutionary Press.

       Harris, S. (2007b)  Evolutionary thought . London: Evolutionary Press.

Citing the same work, different editions

Separate the dates of publication with a semicolon with the earliest date first.

• In both editions (Hitchens, 2010; 2012)…

Citing a source with no date

Use the phrase ‘no date’.

• The evidence (Stevens and Jubb, no date) was clear.

Citing a source with no author or date

Use the title and ‘no date’.

• Thunderstorms have become increasingly common ( Trends in atmospheric pressure , no date)…

Citing a web page

When citing a web page, it should follow these guidelines;

• By Author and date (where possible)
• By title and date if there is no identifiable author
• Or by URL if neither author nor title can be identified

The latest survey by health professionals ( http://www.onlinehealthsurvey.org , 2012) reveals that… 

Source quoted in another work 

You may wish to refer to an author’s idea, model or dataset but have not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author’s discussion or report of it. Similarly, you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author’s letters or diary, or a government report, that you have only ‘read’ as cited or reproduced within another author’s text. In both cases you should acknowledge the use of a secondary source.

"The model of Mitchell (1996) (cited in Parry and Carter, 2003, p.160) simulates the suppressing effects of sulphate aerosols on the magnitude of global warming."

In this example ideally you should list both the Parry and Carter (2003) and Mitchell (1996) sources in your reference list but many schools will accept the listing of the secondary source (i.e. Parry and Carter) only.

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Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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Learn how to access library databases, take advantage of the functionality they offer, and devise a proper search technique.

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Harvard Style Guide: In-text citations

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• Harvard Tutorial

In-text citations

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• Citing same author, multiple works, same year

When you cite, you are giving brief (abbreviated) details of the work that you are quoting or referring to in your text.  Harvard in-text citing is author-date format i.e.  (author, year). You will need to give page numbers when you are quoting, summarising or paraphrasing specific content from a work. Included below are examples of how to cite various works.

(Smith, 2021)

Page numbers

(smith, 2021, p. 11) OR (Smith, 2021, pp. 11-12)

Up to three authors

(Smith, Jones and Ryan, 2022)

Four or more authors

(Murphy et al. , 2019)

Corporate authors

Cite the full name (or initials if well known)

(UCD, 2021)

Item with no author

Use the title in italics

( Health of the nation , 2011)

Citing multiple sources

separate with semicolon and list in chronological order with the earliest first. If there is more than one source in the same year list them alphabetically by author

( Smith, 2013; Jones, 2015; Murphy, 2015)

Multiple items by the same author in the same year

Use lower-case letters in alphabetical order to differentiate between them.

(Murphy, 2015a) (Murphy, 2015b)

Different editions of the same work

Put the earliest date first

(Murphy, 2015; 2016)

Multiple works by the same author

(Jones, 2016; 2017)

Source with no date

(Murphy, no date) or  (Murphy, n.d.)

Secondary source citation

(Waltham, 2010, cited in Seeberg, 2013, p. 10)

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Cite using Harvard

In-text citations.

• About Harvard

1-3 authors

4 authors or more, organisation as author, direct quotations, multiple works by the same author, different authors, same name, multiple sources in one parenthesis.

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To cite a reference in the text of your work, place the author's surname and the year of publication in parenthesis, e.g.(Smith, 2012). All in-text citations must have fully detailed, corresponding entries placed in a reference list at the end of your assignment. 

The in-text citation can be placed in or at the end of a sentence, but always before the period. If the author's name is mentioned in the text you may omit it from the parenthesis which then only contains the year of publication and possibly a page number.

Some examples of in-text citations:

If a publication has 1-3 authors, all last names are included in the citation. The names are written in the same order as in the publication.

If a publication has four or more authors, name the first author of the publication followed by "et al.".

If there is no information about the author but the work is published by an organisation, the name of the organisation is indicated as author.

If there is a widely known abbreviation for an organisation, that abbreviation can be used. But it is good practice to use the full name in the first citation.

If there is no author for a work, you can use Anon. (short for anonymous) instead of a name.

Another possible way to cite a source without an author is to use its title in italics.

When using a direct quote, you should include the specific page number(s) where the quotation was found.

Same author, different years

Multiple works by the same author or organisation are usually distinguished by the year of publication. (Smith, 2012) and (Smith, 2019) for example.

Same author, same year

If you are citing multiple works by the same author published the same year  you must add a letter to differentiate them. The first of the references becomes (Smith, 2012a) and the second (Smith, 2012b) and so forth. The same letters are also added to the reference list entries respectively.

In-text citations:

In the reference list:

Citing different authors sharing the same last name is generally not a problem. As long as the works cited are published in different years the reader will be able to differentiate them.

In the rare situation that you have to cite two works written by different authors, sharing the same last name and year of publication, you add their first name initial to the in-text citation to differentiate them.

If you want to reference multiple sources to support a single statement you may include all of them in one parenthesis. They should be separated with semicolons. The order is sometimes dictated by the importance or weight of the referenced works, but they can also be written in alphabetical or chronological order.

If you want to cite multiple sources with different perspectives you can not put them in the same parenthesis. It must be perfectly clear what information is taken from which source.

If the year of publication is unknown for the source you want to cite, you can use the copyright year instead with a "c" before it: c2007. If there is no copyright year either, write "n.d." (short for no date) in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.

In-text citation:

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Citation Guide: Harvard In-text Citation

• Introduction to Citation
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A Guide to Harvard Referencing

🌐   What Is Harvard Referencing Style? Formatting, Tips, and Examples by Grammarly  

Harvard Referencing (In-text Citation)

Harvard Reference (Reference List)

For Complete Guides

The style guides/manuals below have extensive examples of citations in the Harvard Style:

The requirements of Harvard citation may vary slightly depending on the guideline that is being used. Always confirm the correct Harvard citation format with your lecturer beforehand. Most importantly, please ensure the chosen format is used throughout the entire assignment.

Harvard Style

When referring to a source or document in the body of your report/paper, indicate the author's surname and year of publication.

Refer to these Guides for more examples of how to cite in the Harvard Style.

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Multiple Authors / Sources

back to top  

Anonymous / No author

Asian & non-typical western authors, material published by an organisation or company, illustrations / tables / charts / pictures.

Illustrations / Tables / Figures

When referring to data from a table or chart, include the author and page number to enable the reader to verify the data. Example In the latest set of findings resulted in the 2014 Comprehensive Labour Force Survey, non-seasonally adjusted resident unemployment rate was reported to have risen to 3.9% from 3.7% in 2013 (Singapore Ministry of Manpower, 2014, p. 33). The breakdown of the resident unemployment rate by age and highest qualification attained have been included in  Table 1 .

*Note: If the source of data is not the author's own, but from another source, it is cited as a second hand reference. If the entire illustration, table, chart or picture is to be reproduced in your report, you can place the citation as a footnote.

(Singapore Ministry of Manpower, p.33).

Generative AI / ChatGPT

Lecture notes, using ibid. and op. cit..

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• Harvard Referencing for Journal Articles | Templates & Examples

Harvard Referencing for Journal Articles | Templates & Examples

Published on 20 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style, to reference a journal article, you need the author name(s), the year, the article title, the journal name, the volume and issue numbers, and the page range on which the article appears.

If you accessed the article online, add a DOI (digital object identifier) if available.

Scribbr’s free Harvard reference generator can instantly create accurate references for a wide variety of source types:

Harvard Reference Generator

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Table of contents

Online-only journal articles, articles with multiple authors, referencing a whole issue of a journal, referencing a preprint journal article, frequently asked questions about referencing journal articles in harvard style.

To reference an online journal article with no print version, always include the DOI if available. No access date is necessary with a DOI. Note that a page range may not be available for online-only articles; in this case, simply leave it out, as in this example.

Online-only article with no DOI

When you need to reference an online-only article which doesn’t have a DOI, use a URL instead – preferably the stable URL often listed with the article. In this case, you do need to include an access date.

Note that if an online article has no DOI but does have a print equivalent, you don’t need to include a URL. The details of the print journal should be enough for the reader to locate the article.

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Journal articles often have multiple authors. In both your in-text citations and reference list, list up to three authors in full. Use the first author’s name followed by ‘ et al. ’ when there are four or more.

When you want to reference an entire issue of a journal instead of an individual article, you list the issue editor(s) in the author position and give the title of the issue (if available) rather than of an individual article.

When you reference an article that’s been accepted for publication but not yet published, the format changes to acknowledge this.

If it’s unknown where or whether the article will be published, omit this information:

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).

You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Referencing for Journal Articles | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 2 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-journal-article-reference/

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In-text citations in Harvard style

Create a spot-on reference in harvard, general rules of in-text citations.

Within the Harvard citation style, a work is cited in text in parentheses (the traditional 'author-date' approach). This method assumes two schemes of in-text citations:

If the author's name is given in the fragment of the text:

Last Name of the author ( year )

If the author's name is not given in the text:

( Last Name of the author year )

Compare the following examples:

Reference in a list of references:

Crespo,   C.   T., (2018). CuNbO 3  as a solar energy converter to fuel and electricity.  Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells [online]. 179 , 305–311. [Viewed 26 January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2017.12.025

In-text citation:

With the author indicated in the text fragment:

As stated by Crespo (2018), solar energy converters are <…>.

Without the author indicated in the text fragment:

Solar energy converters are <…> (Crespo 2018).

Number of authors in in-text citations

A bibliographic reference in a list of references under the Harvard system traditionally contains the full list of authors (except when the number of authors is very large: see in more detail in this article ). In contrast, an in-text citation contains the names of up to three authors:

– if a source has one to three authors, give all authors' last names in an in-text citation;

– if a source has more than three authors, give only the first author's last name followed by 'et al.' in an in-text citation.

Templates of in-text citations:

( Last Name year )

(Posen 1986)

2 to 3 authors:

( Last Name of the 1 st author , Last Name of the 2 nd author and Last Name of the 3 rd author year )

(Yurteri, Hartman and Marijnissen 2010)

4 authors or more:

( Last Name of the 1 st author et al. year )

(Watts et al. 2020)

Special cases

There are a number of special cases when the templates of Harvard style in-text citations above require being modified. Below, we provide an overview of the most widespread of such cases.

The bibliographic service Grafiati takes into account all these and other nuances of the Harvard referencing system and of other international citation styles: using our service, you will get correct bibliographic references and in-text citations without the need to analyse multiple specific aspects. To do this, just find the required source in the catalogues on our homepage or fill in the details manually, and we will take care of the rest.

Different authors with the same last name and year of publication

If multiple works cited have authors with the same last name but different initials and were published during the same year, add the authors' initials to their last names in the in-text citations:

(Walters,   P. 2014)

(Walters,   K.   E. 2014)

NB: The last name and initials are given in the inverted form, just as in a list of references.

Same author and year of publication

If you are citing multiple works by the same author published during the same year, add a Latin minuscule to the year value in the in-text citation, just as in the list of references (see in detail here ):

(Ying 2018a)

(Ying 2018b)

Citing multiple works in parentheses

If you are citing multiple works at once in parentheses, separate each element of the citation with a semicolon and order chronologically:

(Wiedeman 1982; Lanzkowsky 2011; Logan et al. 2019)

Citing particular pages, etc.

If you are citing a particlar page or range of pages (section, paragraph, etc.), separate this data in the in-text citation with a comma:

(Geuzendam 2019, pp.   136–137)

The web service Grafiati allows generating bibliographic references and in-text citations automatically online in accordance with the rules of the Harvard style. Once the required citation has been generated, you can click on it to copy and then paste it into your work, replacing 'XXXX' with the cited page number or range of pages.

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
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• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
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• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style

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Zotero and Zotero Bib

In your time at Harvard, you'll hear more than one librarian suggest that you use Zotero, a "citation management tool."  Zotero will be great for big projects that require you to keep track of many sources -- semester-long research assignments, capstone projects that are research heavy, and senior theses, for example.

Next semester, or next year, you might want to graduate into using  Zotero  itself.  It will take the process of collecting and organizing sources and  incorporating footnotes or in-text citations to the next level. 

In the meantime,   we recommend you generate citations with   ZoteroBib . 

It's more reliable than the internal HOLLIS citation generator and you don't need an account or special software to use it.  Some of its handy features are  described on this page .

A good guide to  Zotero itself, if you're interested, is available here:  https://guides.library.harvard.edu/zotero

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Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2021 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.

Breast imaging with an ultra-low field MRI scanner: a pilot study

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Breast cancer screening is necessary to reduce mortality due to undetected breast cancer. Current methods have limitations, and as a result many women forego regular screening. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can overcome most of these limitations, but access to conventional MRI is not widely available for routine annual screening. Here, we used an MRI scanner operating at ultra-low field (ULF) to image the left breasts of 11 women (mean age, 35 years ± 13 years) in the prone position. Three breast radiologists reviewed the imaging and were able to discern the breast outline and distinguish fibroglandular tissue (FGT) from intramammary adipose tissue. Additionally, the expert readers agreed on their assessment of the breast tissue pattern including fatty, scattered FGT, heterogeneous FGT, and extreme FGT. This preliminary work demonstrates that ULF breast MRI is feasible and may be a potential option for comfortable, widely deployable, and low-cost breast cancer diagnosis and screening.

Competing Interest Statement

MSR is a founder and equity holder of Hyperfine, Inc. All other authors declare no conflicts.

Funding Statement

This study was funded by: - National Institutes of Health grant 1R21CA267315 (KEK, MSR) - Kiyomi and Ed Baird MGH Research Scholar award (MSR) - German-American Fulbright Commission (FKL) - National Institute of Standards and Technology (KEK, SEO) - NIST-PREP 70NANB18H006 from U.S. Department of Commerce (SEO)

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

The prospective pilot study was granted institution review board approval from the Office for Human Research Studies (protocol 21-579) at the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during the study are available in the main text.

View the discussion thread.

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about medRxiv.

NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article.

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