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How to Cite an Appendix in Harvard Referencing

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• 21st January 2023

You’ve got your hands on some highly useful – yet non-essential – information that provides background information for your reader on the issue you’re writing about. You decide to include it as an appendix in your academic paper. Good move!

But how do you cite an appendix in your academic paper using Harvard referencing? Look no further! We’ve got you covered.

Original Work or Borrowed?

The first question to ask yourself is: who authored the supplementary information you’re offering as an appendix? Did you write it, or did someone else?

If the ideas and work in the appendix are your own, there’s no need to cite it. Instead, simply call attention to the appendix by signposting it in your text. Perhaps you’ve transcribed some interviews for an assignment. In this case, you might write:

You can help your readers to find additional information easily by assigning appendices letters (A) or numbers (1). It’s important to be consistent with this.

If you refer to someone else’s work in any part of the appendix, simply cite it as you normally would in the Harvard referencing style with an in-text citation corresponding to the entry in your references list.

Referencing an Appendix from Someone Else’s Work

If you stumble upon an already compiled appendix of useful information that you think would be perfect to highlight in your own work, by all means, do so. As long as you give credit where credit’s due, there’s no problem. Simply add the appendix information and page number to the in-text and reference citations as needed. For example:

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If you’re thinking about citing an appendix in a Harvard style paper, we hope this post helps you to:

●  Call attention to an appendix.

●  Cite the work of others within an appendix.

●  Reference an appendix from another’s work.

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Q. How do I cite an appendix in text using Harvard WesternSydU?

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An appendix will go at the end of your essay or report and before the reference list. All items that are placed in an appendix must be cited in the body of your essay/report as Appendix. If there is more than one appendix, distinguish them using letters or numbers e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B or Appendix 1, Appendix 2 etc.

If the item in the appendix is from a published source place a short citation in the appendix (not in the body of your essay/report) and add the full citation in the reference list.

• Start the appendix on a new page with the title Appendix or Appendixes (if there is more than one item).
• Order the appendix items in the same order they are referred to in text.
• Create a label and descriptive title for each appendix item.
• Centre the label and title. Change the label to bold type e.g. Appendix A .
• If the material is from a published source, use the word 'Source:' followed by a short citation (author and year of publication) and place it at the bottom left of the appendix item. Enter the full reference in your reference list.

The full citation is placed in the reference list in alphabetical order by author with all other references from your essay or report.

 Example reference list:

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / Harvard Referencing In-text Citations

In-text Citations in Harvard Referencing Style

When you incorporate quotes or ideas of other authors in your work, you must provide an in-text citation in order to credit those authors properly. For in-text citations, Harvard referencing style uses author-date format. In other words, Harvard style uses parenthetical and narrative citations that show the name of the author and the publication year of the source.  

Harvard style does not use footnotes or endnotes.  

For details about the in-text citation format for different types of sources, see these Harvard referencing examples .

In-text citations and references

Every Harvard style in-text citation has a corresponding reference in a reference list.  

In-text citations only refer to the author surname, publication year, and sometimes the page numbers.  Less information is included here so as not to interrupt the flow of the reader. This guide on formatting page numbers in Harvard style provides more details on how to include page numbers in your citations.

References include additional information about a source, such as its title, publisher name, location, etc. More information is given here, so the reader can track down the source, should they want to read more details. All references are consolidated into a single reference list that is placed at the end of the work.

Narrative and parenthetical citations

As mentioned above, there are two types of in-text citation: narrative and parenthetical. Both have the following source details:

• Author surname
• Publication year
• Page numbers; only needed if you are using a direct quotation AND there are page numbers available

A parenthetical citation includes all of the information within round brackets in the sentence that contains the borrowed information.

(Author Surname, Publication Year)  

(Author, Year, p. nn)  

(Author, Year, pp. nn-nn)

A narrative citation includes the author’s name in the text of the sentence and the other information within round brackets.

Author Surname (Publication Year)  

(Year, p. nn)  

(Year, pp. nn-nn)

Let’s look at several examples of these citations below.

One author/company  

When you are providing a Harvard style in-text citation for a work that has only one author or one company accredited to its name, the following format is used:

Basic citation structures:  

(Author Surname or Company Name, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author Surname or Company Name (Publication Year, p. nn)

Only include a page number if you are using a direct quotation and if page numbers exist in the source.

Examples:  

“Miss Maudie had known Uncle Jack Finch, Atticus’s brother, since they were children.” (Lee, 1960, p. 48)

In the online report, Smith postulated that the cause was due to vasodilation (2019).

When including a direct or paraphrased quote that spans multiple pages, use ‘pp.’ instead of ‘p.’ to denote a range of pages.

The author talks about ‘the events of a summer in the countryside while the British army prepared for the Second World War’ (Henderson, 1955, pp. 11-21).

Two authors

Sometimes the work that you are referring to has two or three authors. In such cases, the following format is used for in-text citation in Harvard style:

Citation structure (two authors) :  

(Author 1 Surname and Author 2 Surname, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1 and Author 2 (Year, p. nn)

Examples :  

The stock market predictions were right, based on their educated theories (Holland and Smithson, 2011).

Holland and Smithson (2011) stated in their work that…

“The president’s predictions were right on target” (Holland and Smithson, 2011, p. 55).

Three authors

Citation structure (three authors):

(Author 1 Surname, Author 2 Surname and Author 3 Surname, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3 (Year, p. nn)

A closer examination of the study demonstrated that researcher biases had influenced the data (Bolton, Lopez and Dawson, 2018).

Bolton, Lopez and Dawson stated that “the data was biased towards local businesses” (2018, p. 11).

More than four authors

When the work that you are citing has more than four authors, you only show the first author listed, then use the Latin term ‘ et al.’ in italics. This helps you succinctly show that the source has four or more authors.

Citation structure (four or more authors):

(Author 1 Surname et al. , Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1 et al. (Year, p. nn)

Watson et al. found that “nothing more could be gained from continued experimentation” (1999, p. 271).

Research began because of urgings by the local ethics board (Watson et al. , 1999).

No author or editor

When the work that you are citing does not have a known author or editor, first consider that the name of the publishing company could be used in place of the author. This is often the case with reports or white papers put out by associations and organizations.

The online report showed that lychee demand increased internationally by 50 percent (Lychee Growers Association, 2002).

According to the Lychee Growers Association, international demand for lychee grew by 50 percent (2002).

If it does not make sense to use a company name, use the title of the source instead of the author’s name.

“Music is a universal language” ( Music Theory for Dummies , 2012, p. 13).

If you cannot find the date of publication of the document or paper that you are citing, then [n.d.] should be used in place of the date.

Example :  

“Nothing they said would convince them otherwise” (Cristosomo, [n.d.], p. 32).

Footnotes are used to reference quotes or paraphrases of a text used in another work. The Harvard style referencing does not use footnotes . The citation of the sources is provided in the text instead of in footnotes.

The Harvard author-date style is often used by both writers and readers of academic texts, as it does not interrupt the flow of reading. It saves time and keeps the attention focused on the text, whereas, in the styles that incorporate footnotes, the attention of the reader is constantly diverted to the footnotes.  

Published October 29, 2020.

Harvard Formatting Guide

Harvard Formatting

• et al Usage
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• Page Numbers
• Writing an Outline
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LSBU Harvard Referencing: Appendices

• Act of Parliament
• Artwork on location
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• Book (edited book)
• Book (print book)
• British National Formulary (BNF) (print)
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When you add appendices to your work, make sure they are clearly labelled with a letter (A) or number (1).

When you refer to the appendices in your work, you can add (see Appendix A) at the end of your sentence or Appendix A shows that...at the beginning of your sentence.

If you have included an appendix in your work and have added references within it, insert the citations in the text of your appendix as normal and include the full references in your reference list.

If the appendix you have created consists entirely of text written by someone else, then add the citation at the end of the text (as you would in your essay) and include the full reference in your list.

Referencing appendices in someone else's work

If you refer to an appendix in someone else's work, then you add this to your usual citation, as well as the page number if appropriate.

For example:    ....embedded in policy and practice (McCormack and McCance, 2022, Appendix A, p.2).

The resource is referenced in the normal way in your reference list.

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RGU Harvard Templates: Appendices

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RGU Harvard Templates

By Ownership

My own appendices.

If the appendix is something you have written yourself, then you may have included references within it. If so, you just insert the citations in the text of your appendix as normal and include the full references along with all the others in your reference list.

If the appendix you have created consists entirely of text written by someone else, then put the citation at the bottom and include the full reference in your list.

It is clear (see Appendix 1) that...

Reference List :

Not required.

Someone Else's Appendices

It has been shown (Smith 1959 appendix 1 p. 4) that...

Reference the book, article etc. in the normal way.

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Harvard Referencing Guide

• In-text citations

Using in-text citations

• No specific font type or size required . Recommendations include  Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier New for Windows, or Times, Helvetica, or Courier for Mac ) at size 12.
• The last name of the author(s) and the year of publication are generally needed.
• They can appear within a sentence or at the end of a sentence before the full stop eg. .... this week (Brown 2019).
• A page number is included for a direct quote. Place a colon directly after the year and separate multiple pages with a dash eg. (Dombrow 2014:155) or (Wardell 2018:32-33). There is no spacing between these elements. If there is no identifiable page number, provide another way for the reader to find the quoted information, eg. (heading or section name, paragraph, chapter, table or figure number).
• if work is not yet published , use in press  eg. Smith (in press).

The Learning Zone Quick Guides to Writing at University

• Using paraphrases as evidence
• Summarising and Paraphrasing
• Use reporting verbs to introduce evidence

In-text citation formats

In-text citations can be presented in two formats:.

• Information focused format - the citation is usually placed at the end of a sentence.
• Author focused format  -  the name of the author appears as part of the text, it need not be repeated in parenthetical citation. The date should immediately follow the author's name.

Example - Information focused

The wellbeing of workers is important (rodrıguez-garavito 2005), and managers must check in with their staff (ngai 2005)., example - author focused, in the long run, saarinen (2006) argues, development of tourism may not always be the most favourable use of natural and cultural resources ….

• If quoting and using a page number, add a colon next to the date, followed by the page number/ range.

(Rodrıguez-Garavito 2005:14)

Saarinen (2006:35-36), citing quotations, citing a direct quote.

You must include page number(s) in the in-text citation when incorporating a direct quotation into a sentence. Use single quotation marks to enclose short quotations (sentence fragments, a sentence or sentences with less than 30 words). Fit quotations within your sentences, making sure the sentences are grammatically correct.

When Ladkin (2011:1136) suggests that knowledge of tourism and hospitality labour ‘clearly has a contribution to make to current wider societal debates’ she is, as we are, reflecting on the shifting phenomenon of hospitality work.  

There seems to be a 'consensus among researchers and policy makers that experiments constitute a gold standard in policy evaluation, although they are not a complete recipe for policy evaluation’ (danielson 2007:381–382)., citing a block quote.

A direct quote that is more than 30 words long is usually indented from the text margin in a block format and use one size smaller font in single line spacing. Quotation marks are not needed.

New institutional studies of organisations in the 1970s and 1980s are largely characterised by an emphasis on diffusion, isomorphism, and decoupling:

The new institutionalism in organisation theory and sociology comprises a rejection of rational-actor models, and interest in institutions as independent variables, a turn towards cognitive and cultural explanations, and an interest in properties of supra individual units of analysis that cannot be reduced to aggregations or direct consequences of individuals' attributes or motives (DiMaggio and Powell 1991:8).

Modifying a direct quote

If you need to omit a word or words from a quote, indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots) with a space before and after the ellipsis ( ... ). A direct quote should neither start nor end with an ellipsis. Words should only be omitted from a quote if they are superfluous to the reason why you are using the quote and the meaning of the quote is not affected by the change.

For example (in a block quote):

The modernist view of the individual voice has been debated:

As with an early modernist like Lautréamont ... the subject or “character” is always an unstable collective, perpetually on the make, on trial and in degeneration, as much as it is in productive process, riven by contradiction and interruption, and by virtue of the textual mosaic, it hosts a crazed polyphony with no “originary” voice (Campbell 2014:157).

Square brackets

If you need to add a word or words to a quote, or change the capitalisation of a word to fit with your syntax, put the word(s)/letter in square brackets [ ]. Words should only be added to a quote for explanatory reasons (e.g. a name might be added to explain who a pronoun is referencing).

For example:

The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured, as '[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home' (jones 1998:89)..

If you need to indicate a misspelling, grammatical error or lack of inclusive language, insert the word [sic] (meaning  so  or  thus ) in square brackets immediately following the error but do not change the error in the quote.

For example (non-inclusive language):

According to havelock (1986:63), the written word can be looked at as an extension of conversation where the author ‘writes down what he [sic] is saying so that another person can read what he [sic] says instead of just hearing it.’, for example (spelling):, the claim that ‘confiscation of these lands was both illegal and sacrilegious [sic]’ takes the approach that the church should be involved in these decisions (hamilton and strier 1996:165)., list of abbreviations and expressions, acceptable abbreviations and expressions to use in citations and reference list include the following:, author information, one author - in-text citation, (author last name year), .....finding information (richardson 2018)  or  richardson (2018) claimed that …, two authors - in-text citation, (author last name and author last name year) -  use the word  'and'  not  '&'  between names., (black and jacobsen 2020)  or  black and jacobsen (2020) mention that .., three authors - in-text citation, (first author last name et al. year) or first author last name et al. (year), (jackson et al. 2018)  or  jackson et al. (2018), group authors - in-text citation, format , (group author name [abbreviation] year), subsequent references, (abbreviation year) or abbreviation (year), in text citation:, (department of foreign affairs and trade [dfat] 2021)  or  department of foreign affairs and trade (dfat 2021), authors with same surname - in-text citation.

• When citing sources written by authors with the same surname, include the authors’ initials in in-text citations.

D Nguyen (2009) and L Nguyen (2009) both reported the same effects occurring in lakes and rivers.

Three or more authors, same first author - in-text citation.

• When referencing two or more sources published in the same year, and all these sources have the same first author and maybe even the same second, third authors, provide the names of enough authors in the in-text citation to show the difference.

(Larour, Morlighem, et al. 2012)

(larour, schiermeier, et al. 2012), (milillo, rignot, mouginot, scheuchl, li, et al. 2017), (milillo, rignot, mouginot, scheuchl, morlighem, et al. 2017), multiple works by same author(s) and same year - in-text citation.

• Works published in the same year by the same author are listed alphabetically by the title of the work and a lower-case letter (a, b, c, ...) is added immediately after the date, in both the reference list and in-text citations.

She has written extensively on Australia – New Zealand relations (Dobell 2018a, 2018b).

Multiple works by same author - in-text citation.

• If you cite two or more works from the same author/s at one point in the text , arrange the sources in chronological order , starting with the earliest date.

The process first identified by Watson (1960, 1966, 1968), shows..

Multiple sources cited at one point - in-text citation.

• When citing  multiple works  in the  same in-text citation , use  semicolons  between citations. Place  authors names  in  alphabetical order .
• Enclose all the citations in one set of parentheses.

Other researchers reported similar results (Abaza 2019; Black 2018; White and Jones 2017).

Works with no author - in-text citation.

• When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year . Use the first few words if the title is too long. 

This was apparently not the case before about 1995 ( The entrepreneur's guide to the law  1999).

Works with no publication date - in-text citation.

• For works without a date, write n.d. (for ‘no date’) instead of the year of publication.

White and Jones (n.d.) reported similar results.

Other researchers reported similar results (white and jones n.d.)..

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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

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Table of contents

Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

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A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal with no DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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• Writing Tips

How to Format In-Text Citations in Harvard Referencing

3-minute read

• 5th April 2020

Harvard referencing, also known as parenthetical author–date referencing, is one of the most common citation styles used by universities. In this post, we will look at the basic format for in-text citations in Harvard referencing .

In-Text Citations in Harvard Referencing

With Harvard referencing, you will need to provide bracketed citations in the text and a full reference list at the end of your document.

The basic format for an in-text citation in Harvard referencing is to give the author’s name and year of publication for the source that you are citing in brackets, separated by a comma. For example, you could cite a source written by Ferguson and published in 2007 like this:

Having flowers in the workplace can reduce stress (Ferguson, 2007).

When you name the author in the text, though, you only need to give the year of publication in brackets. This helps prevent repetition:

Ferguson (2007) says that havig flowers in the workplace can reduce stress.

Quoting Sources in Harvard Referencing

When you quote a source in Harvard referencing, you need to include the page number of the quoted material in your in-text citation. Typically, this goes at the end of the citation, after a comma and the abbreviation “p.”:

Ali considers potted plants “a mood enhancer” (1999, p. 32).

This shows the reader that the quote came from page 32 of the source. If a quote extends over more than one page, though, give a page range using the abbreviation “pp.” Take this extended quote, for instance:

This is further evidenced by anecdotal evidence. In the study, one office worker said, “I used to hate coming into the office. But a little greenery has made a big difference. It feels fresher, more homely. I don’t find myself feeling as tense as I used to” (Ali, 1999, pp. 35–36).

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Citing Sources with More Than One Author

If a source has two authors, separate their names in citations with “and”:

Potted plants are more effective than cut flowers (Kim and Moore, 2007).

And if a publication has three or more authors, give the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (a Latin phrase meaning “and others”). For example, we would cite a source by Tony, Uberti, and Wilson as follows:

The color green has a calming effect (Tony et al., 2013).

You would then provide the names of all authors in the reference list:

Tony, M., Uberti, A., Wilson, T. (2013) “The color green: Stress reduction via introduction of plant life to an office environment,” Journal of Environmental Health , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–23.

Variations on Harvard Referencing

Harvard referencing is a generic style, so the exact requirements can vary. In the post above, we explain the Open University version , which is the default style guide that we currently use for this system.

However, make sure to check your style guide if you have one , as your university may use a slightly different format.

For more information on Harvard referencing, see our other blog posts . And if you’d like to have one of our Harvard referencing experts check that the citations in a document are error free, simply submit it for proofreading today and let us know which version of Harvard you are using.

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Introduction to referencing using Harvard

Welcome to the UCL guide to referencing with Harvard. This site contains guidance on how to reference a range of different types of source using (a form of) Harvard. Watch the video above for an overview of Harvard referencing, and some of the basic principles to follow when using Harvard.

Essentials for referencing with Harvard

Harvard referencing uses in-text citations, in an author-date format. This means that when citing a source in your work you will include:

• author(s) or editor(s) surname or family name.
• year of publication.
• page number(s) if needed.

For example:

There is a broadly accepted view of the secondary school Maths classroom as one in which the didactic method reigns: an expert/teacher communicates subject-specific information and a room of pupils ‘sit in rows passively absorbing knowledge’ (Wright, 2020, p. 735).  However this view is one that Wright challenges ...

The full reference to each source that you cite in your work should be included in a References section, at the end of the essay. This will list each source referenced, ordered alphabetically by author's surname. 

The information included will vary depending on the type of source, but will broadly include:

• Who has ‘made’ the item (the author, creator, compiler…)?
• What is it called?
• If part of a larger work, what is that called?
• Where was (is) it disseminated/published?
• Who is responsible for the dissemination/publishing?
• When was it disseminated/published?
• A direct quotation, or allusion, should always include the page number(s).

Common examples

An example of a reference for a book:

Ronson , J. (2012). The psychopath test: a journey through the madness industry. London: Picador.

An example of a reference for a journal article

Skelton, A. (2011). ‘Value conflicts in higher education teaching’, Teaching in Higher Education, 17(3), pp.257-268. doi : 10.1080/13562517.2011.611875.

A References list, that includes the three examples above, will look as follows:

References Ronson, J. (2012). The psychopath test: a journey through the madness industry . London: Picador. Skelton, A. (2011). ‘Value conflicts in higher education teaching’,  Teaching in Higher Education , 17(3), pp.257-268. doi: 10.1080/13562517.2011.611875. Wright, P. (2020). ‘Visible and socially-just pedagogy: implications for mathematics teacher education', Journal of Curriculum Studies , 52(6), pp.733-751. doi: 10.1080/00220272.2020.1790667.

Harvard Versions

This guide supports the UCL Library Services Harvard style, which has been developed for UCL staff and students. However, there are many variations of the Harvard style. Be sure to match the Harvard style that best suits the style recommended in your course handbook, and always ask your tutor which referencing style they want you to use in your academic work.

Referencing examples in this guide are based on the 9th Edition of Cite them right: the essential referencing guide by Pears and Shields (2013). Other examples in this guide have been adapted from online support produced by Sue Stevens and Alex Jubb at the University of Birmingham.

The content in this guide is available under a CC-BY-NC-SA License.

This guide will be reviewed and updated annually.

What do you think?

We review this guide regularly, please complete the short form to let us know your thoughts, and how this resource might be improved.

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Harvard: citing in- text

A version of the Harvard (author-date) System of referencing has been adopted as the standard for the presentation of academic text at the University of Birmingham.  The examples on this page refer to this version, as found on the Cite Them Right Online website.  For detailed guides on how to reference and cite different sources see the right-hand side panel.

What to put in your text 

The author's surname and year of publication are inserted in the text wherever a source is cited. The way this is done will depend on whether the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence or not.

Using this method of referencing, the in-text citations in your work must be included in the final word count. In-text citations give brief details of the source that you are quoting from or referring to. These citations will then link to the full reference that will be found in your reference list at the end of your work. The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical order by author. If you have cited a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your text, this should still be included in the reference list.  The list of references is not included in the word count.

Footnotes and endnotes are NOT used in this style.

There are many ways in which citations can be used in your work, but your tutor or supervisor should advise you on which format they prefer.

Your citations should always include the following elements;

(i)            Author(s) or editor (s) surname/family name

(ii)           Year of publication

(iii)          Page number(s) if required

If you have used a direct quote or an idea from a specific page, or set of pages, you should include the page numbers in your citations. The abbreviation for page is p. or pp. for multiple pages. See the examples below to see how they are used correctly.

• According to Guy (2001, p. 37), the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the British…
• It is maintained that medicine has improved (Jones, 1985, p. 74)

Citing one author/editor

• In his novel (Stevens, 2013)…

Citing a corporate author

• … as shown by the decrease in ratings (ITV, 2014).

 Citing two authors/editors

• Banerjee and Watson (2011, p. 87) suggested…
• It is clear (Banerjee and Watson, 2011, p. 87) that…

Citing three authors/editors

• It was evident (Smith, Jones and Thomas, 2015)…

 Citing four or more authors/editors

Cite the first name listed in the source followed by  et al .

• This was proved by Dym  et al.  (2009)…

Citing a source with no author/editor

Use the title in italics; do NOT use ‘anonymous’ or anything similar.

• It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved ( Medicine in old age,  1985, p. 74)…

Citing multiple sources

These can be listed separated by semicolons. The publications should be cited in chronological order. If more than one work is published in the same year, then they should be listed alphabetically by author/editor.

• A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield, 2013; Rogers, 2015) suggested that…

Citing sources - same year/same author

In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of rationality in the former’s argument. However, it is clear that this was not the only strength of the original author (2007b).

The reference list would look like this;

       Harris, S. (2007a)  Dawkins: a history . London: Evolutionary Press.

       Harris, S. (2007b)  Evolutionary thought . London: Evolutionary Press.

Citing the same work, different editions

Separate the dates of publication with a semicolon with the earliest date first.

• In both editions (Hitchens, 2010; 2012)…

Citing a source with no date

Use the phrase ‘no date’.

• The evidence (Stevens and Jubb, no date) was clear.

Citing a source with no author or date

Use the title and ‘no date’.

• Thunderstorms have become increasingly common ( Trends in atmospheric pressure , no date)…

Citing a web page

When citing a web page, it should follow these guidelines;

• By Author and date (where possible)
• By title and date if there is no identifiable author
• Or by URL if neither author nor title can be identified

The latest survey by health professionals ( http://www.onlinehealthsurvey.org , 2012) reveals that… 

Source quoted in another work 

You may wish to refer to an author’s idea, model or dataset but have not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author’s discussion or report of it. Similarly, you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author’s letters or diary, or a government report, that you have only ‘read’ as cited or reproduced within another author’s text. In both cases you should acknowledge the use of a secondary source.

"The model of Mitchell (1996) (cited in Parry and Carter, 2003, p.160) simulates the suppressing effects of sulphate aerosols on the magnitude of global warming."

In this example ideally you should list both the Parry and Carter (2003) and Mitchell (1996) sources in your reference list but many schools will accept the listing of the secondary source (i.e. Parry and Carter) only.

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Harvard referencing

Reference list vs. Bibliography

In the Harvard style, references are listed at the end of your work, and are organised alphabetically by the surname of the author.

A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in the assignment.

A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing your assignment even if you have not cited them within it.

Many people use these terms interchangeably so, if you are unsure about whether you need to include a bibliography as well as a reference list, ask your tutor.

View this guide as a PDF .

This guide details the Harvard style of referencing based upon the advice given in the "Cite Them Right (2016) 10th rev. and expanded edn." This is the style of Harvard that The University Of Sheffield supports.

Referencing in the Harvard style is a two–part process:

• Citation in the text : this is the brief indication of the source within the text of your work immediately following the use of the source whether quoted or summarised.
• Reference list : a complete list of all the cited references used in your work with full bibliographic details, to allow the reader to follow up these references and find the original text.

Creating a citation and reference list

Creating a citation.

Harvard style referencing is an author/date method. Sources are cited within the body of your assignment by giving the name of the author(s) followed by the date of publication. All other details about the publication are given in the list of references or bibliography at the end.

Citations which are used with direct quotations, or are referring to a particular part of a source, should include the page number in your citation, e.g. (Smith, 2017, p. 42) or Smith (2017, p. 42).

Tips on citing where page numbers are not present

If a citation does not have page numbers then you should use the number of the paragraph (if available), e.g. Climate change can refer to local, regional, and global changes in weather (Met Office, 2013, para. 2.).

If the paragraph number is not available then you may direct the reader to a specific section of the item, and then the number of the paragraph, e.g. Using the factor command can...(Gaubatz, 2015, Generating Factors, para. 2.).

If the name of the section is long you may use the first few words of the section in quotation marks, e.g. The value of numbers needs to be random...(Gaubatz, 2015, "Random Numbers and Generating" section, para. 2.).

Tips for citing

• If the author(s) name appears in the text as part of the body of the assignment, then the year will follow in round brackets, e.g. According to Smith (2017)...
• If the author(s) name does not appear in the body of the text, then the name and date should follow in round brackets separated by a comma, e.g. The terminology has been called into question when it was discovered...(Smith, 2017).
• If you are quoting or paraphrasing someone else's work you will need to include the page number(s) of the original material in your citation (see the sections on Quoting and Paraphrasing).
• The abbreviations ibid. and idem. should not be used within the Harvard referencing system.
• If more than one of your citations has the same author and year of publication, then you should distinguish between them by using a lower–case letter following the year, e.g. It was discovered that...(Smith, 2017a), this was supported by... (Smith, 2017b).
• Some authors have the same surname and works published in the same year, if this is the case use their initial to distinguish between them, e.g. When looking at the average income it was found that...(Williams, A., 2009). However, it was also discovered that...(Williams, J., 2009).
• In some instances you may need to cite more than one piece of work for an idea. If this occurs, you should separate the references with a semicolon and cite them in chronological order, e.g. This point has been shown by numerous authors...(Jones, 2014; Smith, 2017).
• When citing in-text, include the name of up to three authors. If there are four or more authors for the work you are citing then use the name of the first author followed by " et al ." written in italics, e.g. This was shown to be the case when Taylor et al . (2015)...Or, the study shows...(Taylor et al ., 2015).
• If there are two or three authors use "and" in between the names rather than "&".
• For items where the author is a corporation, cite the name of the corporation in full, e.g. Birdwatching in the woods...(Woodland Trust, 2016), unless their abbreviation is well–known, e.g. The governance of the network...(BBC, 2017).
• If a work is designated as Anonymous or there is no author, use the title in italics in place of the Author, e.g. ( OED online , 2008).
• If no date can be found then you would state that there is no date, e.g. The ancient text indicated the use of... (Wells, no date).

Quoting is including a section of a source in your own work using exactly the same words as those used by the original author.

Paraphrasing can be used to avoid inserting too many direct quotations into your work, as this can distract from the coherence of the argument you are presenting. The use of quotations varies considerably from discipline to discipline. If in doubt, check with your tutor or in your course handbook for further guidance.

If you are directly quoting from a source, then you should include the page number in your citation.

A short quotation (under two lines), should be within the body of the text and in quotation marks, e.g.

There is still a labelling issue when it comes to flavourings in food, it is noted that, "flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called ‘nature–identical’. The label does not have to state where it comes from." (Wilson, 2009, p. 257).

If the quote is more than two lines, then it should be presented as a new paragraph which is preceded by a colon and indented from the rest of the text. You do not need to use quotation marks, e.g.

Wilson (2009, p. 257) has looked at food flavourings in the UK and makes the following observation about vanilla:

In Britain, flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called ‘nature–identical’. The label does not have to state where it comes from. A flavouring only counts as fully ‘artificial’ if it does not occur in nature at all, as is the case with another, stronger vanilla–substitute called ethyl–vanillin (often used in chocolate).

Omitting material from quotations

If you are omitting materials from an original source, use three dots [...] to indicate this, e.g.

Canter and Canter (1992) state that students come to the classroom with "their own needs, their own past experiences and ... their preconceptions of who you are, what your limits will be" (p. 49). It is important to manage the expectations of students effectively.

This does not need to be done at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Reference List

Wilson, B. (2009) Swindled: From poison sweets to counterfeit coffee – the dark history of the food cheats. London: John Murray (Publishers).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is putting someone else's ideas into your own words. It does not mean changing the odd word or rearranging the sentence. When you paraphrase, you should restate the meaning of the original text in your own words. Be sure to cite and reference when you are paraphrasing someone else's work, e.g.:

Booth et al . (2016, pp. 208-209) give the example of acceptable paraphrasing using Gladwell (2008) as their example:

This this the original quote from Gladwell (2008, p. 38)

"Achievement is talent plus preparation. The problem with this view is that the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play."

Below is an unacceptable paraphrase of the above quote because it follows the original too closely:

Success seems to depend on a combination of talent and preparation. However, when psychologists closely example the gifted and their careers, they discover that innate talent plays a much smaller role than preparation (Gladwell, 2008, p. 38).

The next is an example of an acceptable paraphrase as the meaning of the original has been restated in the author's own words:

As Gladwell (2008, p. 38) observes, summarising studies on the highly successful, we tend to overestimate the role of talent and underestimate that of preparation.

Booth, W.C. et al . (2016) The craft of research . 4th edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gladwell, M. (2008) Outliers: The story of success. New York: Back Bay Books.

Summarising

Summarising means briefly stating the main ideas or arguments of a complete information source or a substantial portion of an information source.

Be sure to cite and reference when you are summarising someone else's work. A citation for a summary should include the author and date, e.g. (Smith, 2017) or Smith (2017), but there is no need to include a specific page number.

Secondary Referencing

Secondary referencing.

This is when you reference one author who is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available (refer to the primary source where it is available). Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible - if you have only read the later publication you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the author's original intention.

You must make it clear to your reader which author you have read whilst giving details of the original source by using ‘cited in’, e.g. (Ecott, 2002, cited in Wilson, 2009) or (Cannon, 1989, quoted in Wilson, 2009, p. 269).

In the reference list you should give details of the item you looked at. Looking at the above examples, you would reference Wilson (2009) in your bibliography/reference list.

Creating a reference list

A reference list is the list of items you have used in your work. Reference lists in Harvard are alphabetical.

General tips for creating a list are:

• If you have distinguished between authors with the same name and year of publication in your citation, you should use the same letter in your reference list to distinguish them, e.g. (Smith, 2017b) will be Smith, S. (2017b) ...
• A reference with one author will appear before a reference with two or more authors if the first author has the same last name, e.g. Smith, S. (2017b) would appear before Smith, S. and Jones, A. (2017).
• Multiple references by the same author or creator are listed in chronological order.
• Corporations are listed using the first proper noun of the name, e.g. Royal Academy of Arts (The).
• For references with four or more authors, include only the first author followed by et al written in italics. See Journal Article with many authors for an example.
• Author/Editor names should be given in the following format: Surname, INITIAL(S). e.g. Smith, F.G.
• The Edition of a book is not included for the first edition, only for later editions, e.g. 2nd edn, 3rd edn, etc. Edition is abbreviated to edn to distinguish it from the abbreviation for Editor (ed.).

OED online (2017) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://www.oed.com (Accessed: 26 January 2017).

A woman in Berlin (2011) Translated by Philip Boehm. London: Virago.

• If no date can be found, then you would use (no date).
• Include the state abbreviation for items published in the United States if it is not obvious where the location is, e.g. you wouldn't need to include NY after New York, but you would include the state abbreviation in 'Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press' as there is also a Cambridge in the UK.

Browne, J. (2010) Securing a sustainable future for higher education: an independent review of higher education funding and student finance [The Browne Report] .

• If a publisher is not listed or cannot be found, use one of the following (listed in order or preference):
• Publisher or production company
• Distributor or issuing body
• Printer or manufacturer
• Sponsoring body
• If there is more than one place of publication, only include the most local one in the reference.
• Each reference should end in a full stop unless it is a URL or DOI (a full stop after a URL or DOI may be presumed to be part of the link and prevent it from working).

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

• For a source with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the source.
• Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references, e.g. doi:

Citing and referencing foreign language materials

Citing material from non-roman script e.g. cyrillic, east asian languages.

If you are citing materials from non-roman script, you should transliterate the references to roman script. If you are unsure, you may wish to consult with an expert of the language or an international standard to check.

For in-text citations

• Spell out the author's family name, or the corporate name, in roman script. If you are unsure of the correct spelling, you may wish to consult with an expert of the language to check.

For references in the reference list/bibliography

• The family name of the author should be written in full roman script. The initials of the author(s) should also be given in roman script. The name should be given in the order in the reference.
• The title of the item (article/book/book chapter, etc.) should be given in roman script using the standard conventions for that language.
• The title should be translated into English and placed in square brackets immediately after the romanised title. The words in the square brackets should not use italics.
• The journal title or title of a book (if it is an edited book), and publisher's name all need to be given in roman script, but do not need to be translated. If there is an official English translation then you may use it, especially in cases where it provides greater understanding of the subject or publication.

Terao, M. (1998) Denai kugi wa suterareru [The nail that does not stick up may be thrown away]. Tokyo: Fusosha.

• See more from East Asian Studies on the Romanisation of East Asian Languages

Materials in roman script

If you are citing materials produced in a language other than English, but in roman script, you may need to place a translated title in square brackets after the original title, depending on who the intended audience for your work will be.

Frequently referenced items

For a full list of items see Alphabetical list of items

• Book (with a single author)

In the text

For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Bryman (2016) recommends... Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to... (Bryman, 2016).

In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Bryman, A. (2016) Social research methods. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.

• Book (with two or more authors)

Book with two authors

Wallace and Wolf (2006) found that... Globalization is a theory that has many concepts... (Wallace and Wolf, 2006).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Wallace, R. A. and Wolf, A. (2006) Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Book with three authors

Greig, Taylor and MacKay (2013) found that... Finding the reasons behind a child's behaviour... (Greig, Taylor and MacKay, 2013).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S)., Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Greig, A., Taylor, J. and MacKay, T. (2013) Doing research with children: a practical guide. 3rd edn. London: Sage.

Book with four or more authors

Begg et al . (2014) found that... The elasticity of demand demonstrates... (Begg et al ., 2014).

First Author Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Begg, D.K.H. et al . (2014) Economics . 11th edn. London: McGraw-Hill.

• For references with four or more authors, include only the first author followed by et al written in italics.

Book – Chapter in an edited book

He (1997) found that... The ethnic relations in China ...(He, 1997).

Zheng (1997) looked at the cultural influences... The culture of western business during the period...(Zheng, 1997).

Chapter Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of chapter', in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) Initial. (ed. or eds.) Title of book . Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

He, X. (1997) 'The market economy and ethnic relations in China', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 190–205.

Zheng, X. (1997) 'Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 35–54.

Images and Figures

This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the "Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work."

The overflow of the Ladybower Reservoir can be seen in the image (andy_c, 2005)...

Schnabel (1984) created the artwork using paint on velvet...

The photograph (Nicholls, 1919) shows the 18th Battalion...

The painting shows the effects of intense heat on the structure of a building (Sutherland, 1941).

From an online collection/social media site, e.g. Flickr, Instagram, etc.

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). OR screen name (Year) Title of image/figure [Description]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

andy_c (2005) Ladybower Plughole [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/andycpics/3035948922 (Accessed: 6 July 2016).

From a museum/gallery (either viewed in person or online)

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of image/figure [Description]. Name of museum/gallery, Location. [If viewed in person] (Viewed: Date). [If viewed online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Nicholls, H. (1919) Preparations for the Peace Day Celebrations, July 1919 [Photograph]. Imperial War Museum, London. Available at: http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205297061 (Accessed: 2 January 2016).

From a journal

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of image/figure’ [Description], in Author of journal article (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal Volume(Issue), Page number. [If online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date) OR doi:

Schnabel, J. (1984) ‘Ethnic Types #15 and #72’ [Oil, animal hide, modeling paste on velvet], in Sans, J. (2020) ‘Julian Schnabel: The Myth Unfurls’, Art in Translation 12(3), p. 400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1876831

From a book/ebook

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of image/figure’ [Description], in Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, INITIAL(S). Title of book (Year). Place of publication: Publisher, Page number.

Sutherland, G. (1941) ‘Devastation 1941: City, twisted girders’ [Painting], in Mellor, L. Reading the ruins: Modernism, bombsites and British culture (2011). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 119.

• Reference an ebook in the same way as a print book. You do not need to add the URL.
• In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available, which may be the case with image sharing or social media websites.
• If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artist/creator, omit the artist/creator and start the reference with the title.
• If there is no clear title to the image, a popular title may be used if one exists. If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the image with a title, in square brackets, providing the following where possible:
• The subject matter.
• The name or place of the object depicted, i.e. the person, the building, the location, etc.
• Some online journal articles group multiple figures together as one downloadable image. If you are only referring to one of the figures within the image, make this clear by using the title of that particular figure in your citation/reference.
• Include a description of the item in square brackets, e.g. [Photograph], [Diagram], [Table], etc. If it is a painting or drawing you can either describe it as [Painting] or [Drawing], or if the medium used is available you can use this as the description, e.g. [Watercolour], [Oil on canvas], [Charcoal on paper], etc.
• If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above, include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image.
• You don't need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself. Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise, i.e. by citing someone else's work.

Journal Article – Print

Austin (2009) argues that periodical conflict may be expected... It can be assumed that pickpocketing...(Austin, 2009)

Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range.

Austin, T. (2012) 'Takers keepers, losers weepers: theft as customary play in southern Philippines', Journal of Folklore Research, 49(3), pp. 263–284.

• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.
• Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic)

What is a doi.

If you are unsure if the article you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.

Dobson (2006) identified that the depiction... The stereotypical portrayal of cultures...(Dobson, 2006).

Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). doi:

Dobson, H. (2006) 'Mister Sparkle meets the 'Yakuza': depictions of Japan in The Simpsons', Journal of Popular Culture , 39(1), pp. 44–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

• For a journal article with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the article.
• Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references, e.g. doi.
• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number.
• Never put a full stop after a DOI or URL as it may be assumed that it is part of the DOI or URL and prevent it from working.

For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Johnson and Fitzpatrick (2007) note that street users... Enforcement areas for the problem...(Johnson and Fitzpatrick, 2007)

J Sainsbury (2016) acknowledged the amount of food waste... Supermarkets are aware of the waste created due to...(J Sainsbury, 2016)

The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2015) reported that... ...the supply of new homes would need to be sustainable (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2015)

Snowdon (2017) looked at the cost of healthy eating... It was found that the cost of a healthy diet...(Snowdon, 2017)

Schonfeld and Sweeney (2019) note that art museums... To reach and engage new audiences...(Schonfeld and Sweeney, 2019)

Physical item

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report . Paper number (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Johnson, S. and Fitzpatrick, S. (2007) The impact of enforcement on street users in England . Bristol: The Policy Press.

Online/Electronic with a URL

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report . Paper number (if applicable). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2015) Building sustainable homes . Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/file/46481/download?token=UXZzH3XM&filetype=full-report (Accessed: 4 May 2017).

J Sainsbury (2016) Sainsbury's food surplus and food waste: how we are delivering a positive impact . Available at: http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/media/3442510/Sainsbury's%20food%20surplus%20and%20food%20waste%20figures%2015-16%20report.pdf (Accessed: 4 May 2017).

Snowdon, C. (2017) Cheap as chips: Is a healthy diet affordable? IEA Discussion Paper No. 82. Available at: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Cheap-as-Chips-PDF.pdf  (Accessed: 30 March 2017).

Online/Electronic with a DOI

If you are unsure if the item you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report . Paper number (if applicable). doi:

Schonfeld, R.C. and Sweeney, L. (2019) Organizing the work of the art museum . doi: https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.311731

• For a report with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the report.

Web page with an individual author

In Michael Rosen's biography (2021)... He began writing poetry at the age of twelve...(Rosen, 2021)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Rosen, M. (2021) Michael Rosen Biography . Available at: https://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/ (Accessed: 26 April 2021).

Web page with a group or organisation as author

The NHS (2019) lists the main symptoms... The causes of diabetes...(NHS, 2019)

Group or Corporate author (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

NHS (2019) Diabetes . Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/ (Accessed: 26 April 2021).

Web page with no author

The Grey to Green Sheffield project (2016) has had national recognition... A sustainable drainage system was used...( Grey to Green Sheffield , 2016)

Title of web page (Year site was published/last updated). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Grey to Green Sheffield (2016). Available at: http://www.greytogreen.org.uk/index.html (Accessed: 26 April 2021).

• If a web page has no author, use the title of the page in italics in place of the author for both the in-text citation and the reference.
• If the Corporate Author is well known by an abbreviation, for the first time you cite the resource write out the name in full followed by the abbreviation in round brackets, then use just the abbreviation for second and further citations, e.g. for the first citation use (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2016) or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), (2016). The second and further citations would then read (NICE, 2016) or NICE (2016).
• You can then use the abbreviation in your reference list rather than writing out the name in full.
• If you cannot find the date that the web page was published or last updated, use (no date).

Alphabetical list of items

Jump to: A, B | C, D | E, F, G | H, I, J, K | L, M, N, O, P | Q, R, S, T | U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Act of Parliament (Government Publication)

For Acts of Parliament see Government Publication - Act of Parliament

Amendment (Government Publication)

For Amendments see Government Publication - Parliamentary Bills, Amendments and Explanatory Notes.

Ancient or Historical Texts

Southey (1876) provided a culturally... The Common-place book (Southey, 1876)...

Hobbes (1651) demonstrates an example of... The demonstration of a social structure can be identified...(Hobbes, 1651).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of publication) Title . Translated by INITIAL(S). Surname (if relevant). Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher or Printing statement. Series and Volume number (if relevant).

Southey, R. (1876) Common-place book . London: Reeves and Turner.

Some early printed books were privately printed and do not have a publisher, in which case give the printing statement from the book in your reference. For example:

Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan . London: Printed for Andrew Crooke.

Online/Electronic

If the online version you are referencing is a scanned version of the printed book with the same page numbers and publication information, reference it in the same way you would reference a printed book. You do not need to include the URL in your reference.

However, if you have downloaded the ebook onto an edevice and the page numbers are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation. See Book - Electronic for further information

• If there is no author or the author is designated as "Anonymous", use the title in italics in place of the author in both the reference and the in-text citation.
• Reference the edition that you have read.

For texts translated from the original see Translated item .

campusM (2021) created... The app iSheffield allows the user...(campusM, 2021)

Developer/Producer (Year of release/update) Title of app (Version) [Mobile app]. Available at: app store name (Downloaded: date).

campusM (2021) iSheffield (Version 9.5.4) [Mobile app]. Available at: Google Play (Downloaded: 25 March 2021).

• If the name of the Developer/Producer is not available, use the title of the app in italics in place of it in the reference and the in-text citation.
• The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the app onto your device.

Art e.g. in an art gallery, museum or online

Paintings/drawings viewed in a gallery or museum.

The Mona Lisa by DaVinci (1503-18) focuses closely on the subject... The famous smile on the Mona Lisa (DaVinci, 1503-18) has become...

Blake's The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks (1824-27) portrays... The illustration shows Virgil helping Dante... (Blake, 1824-27)

Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Medium]. Holding institution, City.

Blake, W. (1824-27) The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks [Graphite, ink and watercolour on paper]. Tate Gallery, London.

DaVinci, L. (1503-18) Mona Lisa [Oil on wood]. Musée du Louvre, Paris.

Paintings/drawings viewed online

See Images and Figures

Installation/exhibit viewed in a gallery or museum

Long's Delabole Spiral (1981) is made from slabs of slate... The spiral of jagged-edged slate (Long, 1981) represents...

The Brandy saucepan made by Nathaniel Smith & Company (1789) was used to heat... The saucepan (Nathaniel Smith & Company, 1789) was hallmarked in Sheffield...

Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Installation or Exhibit]. Holding institution, City (Viewed: date).

Long, R. (1981) Delabole Spiral [Installation]. Graves Gallery, Sheffield (Viewed: 19 January 2019).

Nathaniel Smith & Company (1789) Brandy saucepan [Exhibit]. Millennium Gallery, Sheffield (Viewed: 19 January 2019).

Installation/exhibit viewed online

• The subject matter
• If no exact date can be found then you would use (no date).
• The original title of a translated information resource, or a translation of the title, may be supplied immediately after the original title, e.g. Kinderhände im washbecken [Children's Hands in Washbasin] .
• If the artwork has a popular or traditional title, then you may use this, e.g. Mona Lisa.

Bill (Government Publication)

For Bills see Government Publication - Parliamentary Bills, Amendments and Explanatory Notes.

Chaurey (2020) considers ethical review processes... The limitations of the framework...(Chaurey, 2020)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of blog post', Title of blog, Day/Month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Chaurey, K. (2020) 'Decolonising ethics frameworks for research in Africa', Africa at LSE, 8th January. Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2020/01/08/decolonising-ethics-frameworks-research-africa/ (Accessed: 29 March 2021).

• If the author of a blog post has used an alias instead of their real full name, you may use this in the in-text citation and reference.

Blu–Ray

For Blu–Ray see Video - Physical Format

Chapter Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of chapter', in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title of book . Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

Book – Edited

In the bibliography/reference list for one editor.

Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed.) (Year) Title . Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Ikeo, A. (ed.) (1997) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge.

In the bibliography/reference list for two editors

Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). and Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (eds.) (Year) Title . Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Parker, R. and Aggleton, P. (eds.) (2007) Culture, society and sexuality: a reader. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.

In the bibliography/reference list for three editors

Alcock, P., May, M. and Wright, S. (eds.) (2012) The student's companion to social policy. 4th edn. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.

In the bibliography/reference list for four or more editors

First Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Ritchie, J. et al. (eds.) (2014) Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Sage.

• If there are two or three editors use "and" in between the names rather than "&".
• For references with four or more editors, include only the first editor's name followed by et al written in italics.

Book – Electronic

• Book - Chapter in an edited book
• Book - Edited

For an e-reader (e.g. Kindle)

The main sociological theories are explained (Bruce, 2018)... Bruce explains this particular theory as...(2018, 52%)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of item . Edition (if not the first). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Bruce, S. (2018) Sociology: a very short introduction . 2nd edn. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sociology-Very-Short-Introduction-Introductions-ebook/dp/B07DP6M3XM/ref=sr_1_1 (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).

The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the book onto your device.

Please note that case law is formatted in one of two ways:

• For cases from approximately 2001 onwards, where a neutral citation is available, this should be included in the citation.
• For pre-2001 cases, or any other case where there is no neutral citation , you will only need to include a law report citation .

Neutral citations enable people to find cases online more easily and are independent of any printed series of law reports. Each neutral citation is made up of:

• The year that the case was heard.
• An abbreviation for the relevant court (e.g. UKSC for the United Kingdom Supreme Court; EWCA Crim for the Court of Appeal Criminal Division; AC for the Appeals Court).
• Case number (i.e. the number 4 would mean the fourth case heard in that particular court that year).

An example of a neutral citation would be:

[2010] UKSC 42.

In a neutral citation, the abbreviated court name will start with "UK" or "EW" to indicate that the court's jurisdiction extends to the United Kingdom or England and Wales.

Law report citations are made up of:

• The year the law report was made available, contained within [square brackets].
• The law report volume number.
• Abbreviation of the law report title.
• Page or case number from the law report.

An example of a law report citation would be:

[2011] 1 AC 534.

When citing a judgement from a law report, cite the 'best report' ( as indicated in hierarchy of law reports ). If there is no neutral citation (for cases before 2001), also indicate the court in brackets at the end of the law report citation, e.g. (SC) for the Supreme Court.

For example:

[2011] 1 AC 534, (SC).

In the text citation (for cases with and without neutral citation)

You should use the party names (in italics) and the year the case was heard in court.

In the case of ' Radmacher v Granatino ' (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that... ...when a court grants a decree of divorce, nullity of marriage or judicial separation it has the power to order ancillary relief (' Radmacher v Granatino ', 2010).

Cases with a neutral court citation (from approximately 2001 onwards)

Standard citation, where there is no link to a publicly accessible website or where you have referred to a paper/hard copy of the case law.

' Case name ', neutral court citation, law report citation.

' Radmacher v Granatino ', [2010] UKSC 42, [2011] 1 AC 534.

Standard citation from a publicly accessible website

' Case name ', neutral court citation. Database or website name [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

' Radmacher v Granatino ' [2010], UKSC 42. BAILII [Online]. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2010/42.html (Accessed 16 August 2018).

Cases before 2001

For cases without a neutral citation.

' Case name ', law report citation, (court abbreviation).

' James v Eastleigh BC ', [1990] 2 AC 751, (HL).

' Case name ', law report citation, (court abbreviation). Database or website name [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

' James v Eastleigh BC ', [1990] 2 AC 751, (HL). BAILII [Online]. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1990/6.html (Accessed 12 June 2023).

Important note about referencing online case reports

• Only use URLs from publicly available websites such as the "British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII)" , not from databases such as Nexis or Westlaw as these are not publicly available. If you are citing from Westlaw (or another database which is not freely available and accessible) cite as a "Standard citation, where there is no link to a publicly available website", and do not include a web link. For example: ' Radmacher v Granatino ', [2010] UKSC 42, [2011] 1 AC 534.

Census Data

For Census Data see Dataset

Chapter in a book

For Chapter in a book see Book - Chapter in an edited book

Clinical Guidelines

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2015) guideline... ...the guideline stipulates...(National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2015).

The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) (2017) guideline... ...initial investigations should include...(British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), 2017).

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of Guideline . Reference Number (if given). Place of publication: Publisher.

NICE (2004) The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care . CG20. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of Guideline . Reference Number (if given). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

BSG (2017) Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests . Available at: https://www.bsg.org.uk/clinical-resource/guidelines-on-the-management-of-abnormal-liver-blood-tests/ (Accessed: 30 March 2021).

NICE (2015) Obesity in children and young people: prevention and lifestyle weight management programmes . QS94. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs94 (Accessed: 4 August 2017).

• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

It’s important to acknowledge the source of code just like you would acknowledge the source of any work that is not your own. Referencing correctly will help to distinguish your work from others, give credit to the original author and allow anyone to identify the source.

See Referencing Code for guidance. You will need to adapt the guidance to your referencing style.

Command Paper (Government Publication)

For Command Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

Compact Disc (CD)

For Compact Disc (CD) see Music - Album (Physical Format) or Music - Album Track (Physical Format)

Conference Papers

Galar et al . (2014) identified that the risks of... SMART risk assessments...(Galar et al ., 2014)

Redknap (2004) questioned whether settlements in North Wales... The geographical location of Anglesey meant that...(Redknap, 2004).

Fujikami et al . (2015) identified that in order to improve Fast Device Discovery... Fast Device Discovery can be aided by...(Fujikami et al ., 2015)

Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

Galar, D. et al. (2014) 'SMART: integrating human safety risk assessment with Asset Integrity', Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013 . Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer, pp. 37–59.

Redknap, M. (2004) 'Viking–age settlements in Wales and the evidence from Llanbedrgoch', Land, sea and home, proceedings of a conference on Viking–period settlement . Cardiff, July 2001. Leeds: Manay Publishing, pp. 139–175.

Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference, Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Fujikami, S. et al. (2015) 'Fast device discovery for vehicle–to–pedestrian communication using wireless LAN', 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015). Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. pp. 35–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2015.7157943

• The name of the conference, in italics, should be used as the author if an individual author, or corporate author, cannot be identified.
• You don't need to include the Place of publication or Publisher if you are referencing an online source.

Conference Poster

Bazela, Grant and Tucker (2014) presented the poster... ...the poster shows the use of technology enhanced learning...(Bazela, Grant and Tucker, 2014).

Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld (2016) demonstrated the... ...the conference poster showed...(Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld, 2016).

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference.

Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC . Sheffield, 23-25 April.

If accessed online (published in conference proceedings)

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference. Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Kleinschmidt, T., Fuhr, O. and Wietfeld, C. (2016) 'Synchronised charging of electric vehicles with distant renewable energy resources' [Poster], 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) . Columbus, OH, 8-10 December. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC.2016.7835983

If accessed online (via conference website)

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC . Sheffield, 23-25 April. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/bazela-grant-tucker-poster (Accessed: 31 May 2017).

Conference Proceedings

Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference . Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher. Volume (if needed).

Dalpiaz, G. et al. (eds.) (2014) Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013 . Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer.

Orman, W. and Valleau, M.J. (eds.) (2014). Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on language development . Boston, MA, 1-3 November 2013. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. Volume 2.

Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference . Place of conference, Date of conference. Volume (if needed). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2015) 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015) . Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?asf_pun=7151874 (Accessed: 10 December 2015).

Confidential Information

There may be cases where the source you are citing and referencing will need to be anonymised, e.g. names in medical, legal or business material. In place of real names you may use terms such as “Patient X” or “Placement School”. If the source is a medical image, e.g. a patient X-ray or scan, use the format in the Medical images section of Images and Figures .

The treatment strategies for these patients (Placement hospital, 2022)...

[Anonymised institution/agency] (Year produced) Anonymised title with square brackets around the anonymised name if it appears in the title . Location: [Anonymised producer].

[Placement hospital] (2022) [Placement hospital] treatment strategies for cardiology patients . South Yorkshire: [Placement hospital].

• If the location of the town or city would be likely to identify a specific institution, use the county as the location instead, e.g. South Yorkshire: [Placement hospital].

For Court Case see Case Law .

The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) provided the statistics for... The statistics show that social divisions within the UK... (The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division, 2019)

NHS Digital (2015) provided the statistics for obesity, these show... The statistics show that physical activity...(NHS Digital, 2015)

Curwen (2021) conducted experiments to confirm whether synaesthesia... The data showed that synaesthesia for written musical keys...(Curwen, 2021)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). OR Organisation (Year) 'Title of dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number or Version of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Curwen, C. (2021) 'Synaesthesia for reading written musical keys'. Version 3. Available at: https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Synaesthesia_for_written_musical_keys/13140086 (Accessed 28 June 2021).

NHS Digital (2015) 'Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet, England'. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_obesity_physical_activity_and_diet_england (Accessed 23 January 2017).

Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) 'Annual Population Survey, April 2015-2016'. 6th edn. SN: 8003. doi: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8003-6

Dictionary Entry – Print

'Research' (2009) is defined as... This is the process of...('Research', 2009)

Berges (2012) notes that 'moral development'... 'Moral development' is associated with...(Berges, 2012)

Author of Section Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title: Volume (if applicable). Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers.

Berges, S. (2012) 'Moral Development', in Chadwick, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics: Volume 3 M–R. 2nd edn. London: Academic Press. pp. 141–151.

'Research' (2009) in Concise Oxford English Dictionary . 11th rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1222.

Dictionary Entry – Online

Author of Section Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title: Volume (if applicable). Edition (if not first). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

'Research, n.1' (2015) in OED Online. Available at: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163432 (Accessed: 14 December 2015).

Full Dictionary – In Print

Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title (no. of vols. if applicable). Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Chadwick, R. (ed.) (2012) Encylopedia of applied ethics (4 vols.). 2nd edn. London: Academic Press.

Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Full Dictionary Online

Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (replace with Title if no editor) (Year) Title (no. of vols. if applicable). Edition (if not first). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

OED online (2021). Available at: http://www.oed.com (Accessed: 28 June 2021).

Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

Vickers (2008) noted that the impact of technology has changed the way spaces within a library building are provided... Learning spaces and services provided are changing due to technological advances (Vickers, 2008)...

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title . Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.

Vickers, S. (2008) An oral history examination of how technology has impacted on library space using the University of Sheffield Library as a case study. MA Dissertation. University of Sheffield.

For DVD see Video - Physical Format

Electronic Book

For Electronic Book see Book - Electronic

Electronic Journal

For Electronic Journal see Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic) or Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic)

Encyclopedia

For Encyclopedia see Dictionary

Full exhibition

The exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery ( Elizabeth I & Her People, 2013–2014)... In the exhibition Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014)...

Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) showcased the acts of the 1960s... Images of music personalities and memorabilia from the 1960s formed a major exhibition in the National Portrait Gallery ( Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed , 2009–2010)...

The exhibition The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists (2016) at Graves Gallery exhibited... Use of colour, pattern and line have been explored in a recent exhibition ( The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists , 2016) which delves...

Title of exhibition (Year) [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.

Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 15 October 2009–24 January 2010.

Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 10 October 2013–5 January 2014.

The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists (2016) [Exhibition]. Graves Gallery, Sheffield. 5 February 2016–29 October 2016.

Item type as part of an exhibition

For an in–citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

The portrait of Elizabeth I by Hilliard (1585)... The painting of Elizabeth I (Hilliard, 1585) shows the monarch...

Bebbington (1969) captures David Bowie... The image of David Bowie (Bebbington, 1969)...

Artist Surname, INITIAL(S). (Date of artwork) Title of Artwork [Item type], in Title of exhibition [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.

Bebbington, D. (1969) 'David Bowie' [Photograph] in Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 15 October 2009–24 January 2010.

Hilliard, N. (1585) 'Elizabeth I, the "Ermine" portrait' [Oil painting] in Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 10 October 2013–5 January 2014.

• An exhibition may run over a period of two years, if this is the case you may enter a date range, e.g. 2013–2014.

For Facebook see Social Media

For Fact Sheet see Information Sheet

For Film see Video section

Forum Post/Message Board

For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite your reference as follows:

Keith (2019) discusses network connectivity issues on Ubuntu... Network connectivity issues in the software...(Keith, 2019)

McNaught (2021) posted details about the survey... ...about the barriers experienced in implementing accessibility (McNaught, 2021).

Username or Surname, INITIAL(S). of creator (Year) 'Title/Subject of message', Title of host message system (required if applicable), Day/Month message was posted. Available at: URL or Available email: email address (Accessed: date).

Keith (2019) 'usb wireless adapter for Ubuntu18.04', Linux Forums , 11 July. Available at: https://linuxforums.org.uk/index.php?topic=13634.msg110605#msg110605 (Accessed: 26 May 2021).

McNaught, A. (2021) 'Implementing digital accessibility regulations', DIGITALACCESSIBILITYREGULATIONS , 4 May. Available email: [email protected] (Accessed: 26 May 2021).

• If the author of a post has used an alias instead of their real full name, you may use this in the in-text citation and reference.

Government Publication – Act of Parliament

It is now possible to face up to 7 years imprisonment for supplying psychoactive substances ( Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 )... The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 introduced the ban on...

Title of Act including year and chapter number . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted (Accessed: 6 May 2021).

Or if you are referencing the PDF version:

Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted/data.pdf (Accessed: 6 May 2021).

• In the in-text citation, the date does not need to be stated separately in round brackets as it already appears in the title of the Act.
• Most Acts will be available to access online and you can either reference the web page or the PDF, whichever one you viewed it as.

Government Publication – Command Paper

The principles of the Teaching Excellence Framework were introduced as a way...(Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2015) The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) introduced the framework...

In a report on the knowledge economy (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2016)... The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) has stated that...

Challenges facing the NHS...(Department of Health, 2016) The Department of Health (2016) suggests that demand reduction...

Government Department (at the time of publication) (Year) Title (Paper number). Place of publication: Publisher.

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) Fulfilling our potential: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9141). London: HMSO.

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) Success as a knowledge economy: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9258). London: HMSO.

Department of Health (2016) Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care (Cm 9385). London: HMSO.

Government Department (at the time of publication) (Year) Title (Paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) Fulfilling our potential: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9141). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/474227/BIS-15-623-fulfilling-our-potential-teaching-excellence-social-mobility-and-student-choice.pdf (Accessed: 1 December 2015).

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) Success as a knowledge economy: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9258). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf (Accessed: 17 June 2016).

Department of Health (2016) Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care (Cm 9385). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/577910/DH_Gov_Response_Accessible.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2017).

The numbering of Command Papers is done by running numbers with a prefix which changes as the number gets close to 10,000. The prefixes are listed below:

• 1899–1869 – 1–4222
• 1870–1899 – C 1–C 9550
• 1900–1918 – Cd 1–Cd 9239
• 1919–1956 – Cmd 1–Cmd 9889
• 1956–1986 – Cmnd 1–Cmnd 9927
• 1986–2018 – Cm 1–Cm 9756
• 2019–current – CP 1–

Government Publication – Government Statistics or Dataset

The Department of Health (2015) statistics show... The DoLS statistics (Department of Health, 2015) show that the trend...

Governmental Department (Year) 'Title of Dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Department of Health (2015) 'DoLS monthly summary statistics'. Quarter 2, 2015 to 2016: raw data. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/deprivation-of-liberty-safeguards-dols-july-to-september-2015 (Accessed 1 February 2017).

Government Publication – Hansard

The Hansard House of Commons and House of Lords official records from 1802 to the present day are available at the "UK Parliament Hansard" website.

For an in–text citation in your work, you would reference the in-text citation as follows:

Jonathan Ashworth MP (2021) questioned how the care system would be integrated... The need for a sustainable social care plan (Ashworth, 2021)...

Clive Betts MP (2017) mentions the mixture of funding for social care... Questioning the future of funding (Betts, 2017)...

Name of speaker/author (Year) 'Subject of debate or speech', Hansard: Name of House of Parliament debates/written statement/Westminster Hall or petitions , Day and Month, Volume, Column or Page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Ashworth, J. (2021) 'Future of Health and Care', Hansard: House of Commons debates, 11 February, 689, c. 508. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-02-11/debates/1A5C67A2-7FE5-4ECE-9E0F-A98A85639918/FutureOfHealthAndCare (Accessed 17 May 2021).

Betts, C. (2017) 'Health and Social Care Budgets', Hansard: House of Commons Westminster Hall, 14 March, 623, cc. 28WH–29WH. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2017-03-14/debates/43778548-9da5-492a-aa3c-2611f9e6f29d/WestminsterHall (Accessed 17 May 2021).

• If you are citing one column use c. as the prefix to the column number. If you are citing more than one column, use cc. as the prefix.

Government Publication – House of Lords and House of Commons Papers

More than 30 fully funded Marshall Scholarships were awarded during the academic year...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a) The Marshall Aid Commemoration Committee (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a) awarded scholarships...

Affordable housing remains on the agenda for the current government...(Parliament. House of Lords, 2016) The Select Committee for Economic Affairs (Parliament. House of Lords, 2016) looked at the provision of affordable housing...

If the provision of the regulation is broken...(Parliament. House of Lords, 2017) The Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee (Parliament. House of Lords, 2017) found that maximum penalties could be...

The deficits within the NHS...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b) The Health Committee (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b) found that the deficit within the NHS...

Parliament. House of Commons or House of Lords. (Year) Title . (HC or HL Session and Paper number). Place of publication: Publisher.

Parliament. House of Commons (2016a) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 2015–2016 (HC 2016–2017 539). London: National Audit Office.

Parliament. House of Commons (2016b) Impact of the spending review on health and social care: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HC 2016–2017 139). London: By the authority of the House of Commons.

Parliament. House of Lords (2016) Building more homes : First Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (20)). London: By the authority of the House of Lords.

Parliament. House of Lords (2017) Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Bill: 12th Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (94)). London: By the authority of the House of Lords.

Parliament. House of Commons or House of Lords (Year) Title (HC or HL Session and Paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Parliament. House of Commons (2016a) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 2015–2016 (HC 2016–2017 539). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/542143/MACC_account_2015_to_2016.pdf (Accessed 7 August 2016).

Parliament. House of Commons (2016b) Impact of the spending review on health and social care: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HC 2016–2017 139). Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhealth/139/139.pdf (Accessed 1 February 2017).

Parliament. House of Lords (2016) Building more homes: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (20)). Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeconaf/20/20.pdf (Accessed 8 September 2016).

Parliament. House of Lords (2017) Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Bill: 12th Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (94)). Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/lddelreg/94/94.pdf (Accessed 12 November 2017).

• If more than one of your citations has the same author and year of publication, then you should distinguish between them by using a lower–case letter following the year, e.g. The paper...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a)...this was supported by...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b).
• In your references, paper numbers for the House of Lords papers are put within round brackets after the Session dates to distinguish them from identical House of Commons paper numbers, e.g. paper number 20 from the House of Commons Session 2016–2017 would be written (HC 2016–2017 20) whereas paper number 20 from the House of Lords Session 2016–2017 would be written (HL 2016–2017 (20)).

Government Publication – Parliamentary Bills, Amendments and Explanatory Notes

The Digital Economy Bill (2016) has attracted controversy... The House of Commons proposed that the BBC could face more regulation from Ofcom ( Digital Economy Bill , 2016)

Increased measures for child safety have been included in amendments to the Crime and Policing Bill (2016)... The House of Lords ( Crime and Policing Bill , 2016) have amended...

The Oil and Gas Authority were transferred regulatory powers from the Secretary of State for Energy ( Energy Bill Explanatory Notes , 2015) The House of Lords note in the Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015) that the Oil and Gas Authority...

Title (Year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons or House of Lords. Bill no. Place of publication: Publisher.

Digital Economy Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 45. London: The Stationery Office.

Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 56–EN. London: The Stationery Office.

Policing and Crime Bill Amendments (2016). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 55 c. London: The Stationery Office.

Title (Year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons or House of Lords. Bill no. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Digital Economy Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 45. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2016-2017/0045/cbill_2016-20170045_en_1.htm (Accessed: 16 August 2016).

Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 56–EN. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2015-2016/0056/en/16056en.pdf (Accessed 30 August 2016).

Policing and Crime Bill Amendments (2016). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 55 c. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2016-2017/0055/17055(c).pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2016).

Government Publication – Statutory Instruments

For an in–text citation in your work, you would reference the citation as follows:

The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 introduced changes... Conflicts of interest for Police Officers should be reported to their senior...( The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 )

Name of Statutory Instrument including year (SI year/number). Place of publication: Publisher.

The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3449). London: The Stationery Office.

Name of Statutory Instrument including year (SI year/number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3449). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/3449/pdfs/uksi_20063449_en.pdf (Accessed: 28 September 2016).

Government Publication – Other Official Publications

The ongoing decommissioning of nuclear plants in scheduled...(Office for Nuclear Regulation, 2016) The Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) have set out their strategic aims...

The funding of care must be provided by either NHS or the local authority...(Department of Health, 2016). The Department of Health (2016) found that funding...

Government Department or Office (at time of publication, if available) (Year) Title . Place of Publication: Publisher. (Series if applicable).

Department of Health (2019) National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care . London: Department of Health.

Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 2016–2020: Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 25(3) of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013, March 2016 . London: Office for Nuclear Regulation.

Government Department or Office (at time of publication, if available) (Year) Title . (Series if applicable). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Department of Health (2019) National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care . Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-framework-for-nhs-continuing-healthcare-and-nhs-funded-nursing-care (Accessed: 17 May 2021).

Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 2016–2020: Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 25(3) of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013, March 2016 . Available at: http://www.onr.org.uk/documents/2016/strategic-plan-2016-2020.pdf (Accessed: 17 May 2021).

For Graphs see Images and Figures

Green Paper (Government Publication)

For Green Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

Hansard (Government Publication)

For Hansard see Government Publication - Hansard

Historical Texts

For Historical Texts see Ancient or Historical Texts

House of Lords and House of Commons Papers (Government Publication)

For House of Lords and House of Commons Papers see Government Publication - House of Lords and House of Commons Papers

House of Lords or House of Commons Official Report. Parliamentary Debates (Government Publication)

For House of Lords or House of Commons Offical Report. Parliamentary Debates see Government Publication - Hansard

Medical images

The tumour can clearly be seen in Patient A's MRI scan (2022).

[Anonymised patient's name] (Year image produced) Image title [Medium]. Location: Name of institution.

[Patient A] (2022) Upper mandible [MRI scan]. Sheffield: Weston Park Hospital.

• If you are referencing an image of an individual patient’s scan or X-ray, you must obtain permission to use the image from both the patient and the hospital.

Information Sheet

The SOLiD System allows...(Applied Biosystems, 2008) Applied Biosystems (2008) manufacture...

The Boots decongestant tablet...(Boots Pharmaceuticals, 2020). Boots Pharmaceuticals (2020) recommend that their decongestant...

The patient information leaflet for Doxycycline recommends (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2020)... Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2020) indicate that Doxycycline...

Corporate Author or Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of Information Sheet . Place of publication: Publisher. Publication Number.

Applied Biosystems (2008) Application Fact Sheet SOLiD System Accuracy . Foster City, C.A.: Applied Biosystems. 139AP04-04.

Boots Pharmaceuticals (2020) Decongestant tablet (Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) . Nottingham: The Boots Company PLC. 00014/0375.

Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2020) Patient information leaflet: Doxycycline 50mg capsules. Ashford: Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. PL 30464/0060.

Corporate Author or Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of Information Sheet . Publication Number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Applied Biosystems (2008) Application Fact Sheet SOLiD System Accuracy . 139AP04-04. Available at: http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/SOLiD_Accuracy.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Boots Pharmaceuticals (2020) Decongestant tablets (Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) . 00014/0375. Available at: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/PIL.21466.latest.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2020) Patient information leaflet: Doxycycline 50mg capsules . PL 30464/0060. Available at: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.4050.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic)

Ashby (1999) identified Zappa's style... The melodies in Zappa's work...(Ashby, 1999).

Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Ashby, A. (1999) 'Frank Zappa and the anti–fetishist orchestra', The Musical Quarterly , 83(4), pp. 557–606. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/742617 (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Journal Article – Preprint (Ahead of Publication)

Lichtenthaler (2016) demonstrated an innovation–based view... Complex relationships that appear in companies...(Lichtenthaler, 2016)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of Article'. To be published in Title of Journal (if stated), Volume(Issue) [Preprint]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Lichtenthaler, U. (2016) 'Towards an innovation–based perspective on company performance'. To be published in Management Decision , 54(1) [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/MD-05-2015-0161 (Accessed: 7 January 2016).

• There may not be any information about which journal the article will be published in, so that part of the reference doesn't have to be included.

Journal Article with many authors

In some fields, such as medicine and physics, an article may have hundreds of authors and it would be impractical to list each one. You would reference an article with four or more authors as follows:

Abbott et al . (2016) observed gravitational waves... The first observation of a binary black hole merger included...(Abbott et al ., 2016)

First or lead author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range.

Abbott, B.P. et al . (2016) 'Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger', Physical Review Letters, 116(6), 061102.

First or lead author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Aubert, B. et al . (2002) 'The BABAR detector', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 479(1), pp. 1-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)02012-5

• For references with up to three authors, list all the authors in the reference list in the order they appear in the source. In some cases there may be a long list of authors (in medical and scientific papers). If this is the case you only need to include the first author followed by et al written in italics.

Kindle or other e-reader

For Kindle or other e-reader see Book - Electronic

L, M, N, O, P

For Law Report see Case Law

Lecture notes, lecture recordings, handouts and other unpublished teaching materials

Citing informal or unpublished materials, such as handouts, lecture recordings and lecture notes, is not generally recommended. Instead you should look to cite a primary source (such as a textbook or journal article) which describes or summarises the idea you are referring to. You may wish to ask your lecturer for recommended reading.

Guidance from Cite Them Right, 10th rev. and expanded edn, suggests that a magazine article should be referenced as a Journal Article .

In order to locate some of the information required for referencing you may need to look at the following locations:

• The front of the magazine near the barcode
• The back of the magazine near the barcode
• The table of contents
• The publication information, which is normally written in very small text near the front of the magazine, or near the back of the magazine. This usually contains contact emails and copyright statements as well.

In his letter, Ellis (no date) mentions... The correspondence with John Holmes...(Ellis, no date)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of Manuscript, Date (if available). Name of Collection and Reference number. Location of Archive or Repository.

Ellis, H. (no date) Letter to John Holmes, assistant keeper, Department of Manuscripts, British Museum. Single Manuscript Collection, MS 24 (42). Special Collections and Archives, University of Sheffield.

• If no date can be found then you would use (no date).

The Inverness and Strathglass Ordnance Survey map (1996) shows Loch Ness... The area covered by the map...(Ordnance Survey, 1996)

The Information Commons (Google Maps, 2021) is near... The library can be seen using Google Maps (2021)...

Name of creator or creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of map, Sheet number, Map scale, Edition (if needed). Place of publication: Publisher. (Series).

Ordnance Survey (1996) Inverness and Strathglass , Sheet 26, 1:50000, 7-GSGS edn. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. (Landranger Series).

Name of creator or creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of map' (Format if available), Scale if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Google Maps (2021) 'Information Commons, Sheffield'. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/ (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Ordnance Survey (2020) 'Castleton, Derbyshire', 1:50000. Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Masters Dissertation

For Masters Dissertation see Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

Message Board

For Message Board see Forum Post/Message Board

Music - Album (Physical Format)

The controversy caused by the album by The Prodigy (1997)... The track listing on The Fat of the Land (The Prodigy, 1997)...

The Beatles (1967) produced the self-titled album... The album known as The White Album (The Beatles, 1967) was the follow up album...

Recorded by Queens of the Stone Age (2002)... The album Songs for the Deaf (Queens of the Stone Age, 2002) featured the guest drummer...

Name of Artist (Year) Title of Album [Format]. Edition (if needed). Place of Publication: Record Label.

The Beatles (1967) The Beatles [The White Album] [CD]. Heyes: Parlophone/EMI.

The Prodigy (1997) The Fat of the Land [Vinyl]. London: XL-Recordings.

Queens of the Stone Age (2002) Songs for the Deaf [CD]. Limited Edition UK Version. Santa Monica: Interscope Records.

• If the item is widely known by, or was originally issued under, a title different from that of the item, the alternative title may also be provided in brackets if necessary, e.g. The Beatles [The White Album] .

Music - Album Track (Physical Format)

The Prodigy (1997) recorded the song... The song 'Breathe' (The Prodigy, 1997) demonstrated...

Lennon and McCartney wrote the Beatles (1968) song... 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps' (The Beatles, 1968) is a...

The Runaways (1976) song 'Cherry Bomb' appears on the compilation album... The song 'Cherry Bomb' (The Runaways, 1976) is used in the film...

Name of Artist (Year) 'Title of song', Title of Album (Year if different to the original song recording) [Format]. Edition (if needed). Place of Publication: Record Label.

The Beatles (1968) 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', The Beatles [The White Album] [CD]. Heyes: Parlophone/EMI.

The Prodigy (1997) 'Breathe', The Fat of the Land [Vinyl]. London: XL-Recordings.

The Runaways (1976) 'Cherry Bomb', Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol.1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2014) [CD]. Hollywood: Marvel Music.

Music - Digital formats

For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite your reference as follows

Pink Floyd's (1977) Animals album... Animals (Pink Floyd, 1977) shows political statements...

Hardwired...to Self-Destruct is the latest album by Metallica (2016)... Hardwired...to Self-Destruct (Metallica, 2016) includes the track...

Name of Artist (Year) Title of Album . Edition (if needed). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Metallica (2016) Hardwired...to Self-Destruct . Available at: https://open.spotify.com/album/4kizef5du9TgAGfNhWbKmt (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

Pink Floyd (1977) Animals . 2011 Remastered Version. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Animals-2011-Remastered-Version-Floyd/dp/B005NNZ9IM/ (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

For an album track

Pink Floyd's (1977) song 'Sheep' describes the political... The song 'Sheep' (Pink Floyd, 1977) is a view on political followers...

Metallica's (2016) song 'Moth into Flame'... 'Moth into Flame' (Metallica, 2016) was used as part of...

Name of Artist (Year) 'Title of song', Title of Album . Edition (if needed). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Metallica (2016) 'Moth into Flame', Hardwired...to Self-Destruct . Available at: https://open.spotify.com/album/4kizef5du9TgAGfNhWbKmt (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

Pink Floyd (1977) 'Sheep', Animals . 2011 Remastered Version. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Animals-2011-Remastered-Version-Floyd/dp/B005NNZ9IM/ (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

• The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the music onto your device.

Music Score

Bowie (1998) used the... The score represents (Bowie, 1998)...

Busoni (1992) represented the... The piano concerto...(Busoni, 1992)

Wagner's score (1900) shows... Tristan and Isolde (Wagner, 1900) represents...

Composer Surname, INITIAL(S). (Date) Title of score . Notes on version (including librettists, editors, translators) if applicable. Edition (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher.

Bowie, D. (1998) The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 . London: Wise Publications.

Busoni, F. (1992) Kadenzen zu klavierkonzerten Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Cadenzas to piano concertos of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] . Edited by Reiner Weber. Edition Breikopf Nr. 8577. Weisbaden: Breitkoff & Härtel.

Wagner, R. (1900) Tristan and Isolde . Score by Hans Von Bülow, English Translation by H. and F. Corder. Leipzig: Breitkoff & Härtel.

Newspaper Article

Sample (2014) highlights the research which has taken place... The research was reported in the national news...(Sample, 2014)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of Article', Title of newspaper . Date (Day, Month). Page range.

Sample, I. (2014) 'Why an octopus never gets itself tied in knots', The Guardian , 16 May, p. 17.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Date (Day Month), Page number (if available). Available at: URL or doi: (Accessed: date).

Sample, I. (2014) 'Why an octopus's suckers don't stick its arms together', The Guardian , 15 May. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/15/octopus-suckers-arms-chemical-skin (Accessed: 17 January 2015).

Newspaper database e.g. Nexis

If you have accessed an article via a password-protected institutional database, e.g. Nexis, you do not need to iclude the database details in the reference as it may not be accessible to everyone. Give enough detail in the reference for the reader to be able to find the article, e.g. as in the examples above.

NICE Guidelines

For NICE Guidelines see Clinical Guidelines

For an in-text citation, you would cite the reference as follows:

Hollis and Tan's helical gradient coil (2017)... The helical gradient coil demonstrates...(Hollis and Tan, 2017)

Carter and Lawless (2010) show the gimbaled... The gimbaled-shoulder design...(Carter and Lawless, 2010).

Inventor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year patent granted) Title of patent . Authorising organisation Patent number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Carter, R.W. and Lawless, K.G. (2010). Gimbaled-shoulder friction stir welding tool. United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent no. 7,686,202. Available at: https://patents.justia.com/patent/7686202 (Accessed: 12 April 2021).

Hollis, T.J. and Tan, F. (2017). Helical gradient coil for magnetic resonance imaging apparatus . UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no. GB2494259. Available at: https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-find-publication-getPDF.pdf?PatentNo=GB2494259&DocType=B&JournalNumber=6664 (Accessed: 12 April 2021).

• If using a patent retrieved from Espacenet you will need to ensure you use the correct patent code as they are not all European Patents. A European patent will have a code that begins with EP.

For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.

Patient Information Leaflet (PIL)

For Patient Information Leaflet see Information Sheet

Personal Communications

This includes any personal communication you have had either physically or online, e.g. a face-to-face conversation, a phone conversation, a Skype or FaceTime conversation, an email, a text message, a letter or a fax.

In the conversation with Smith (2021)... It was decided that the information would be included...(Smith, 2021)

Sender/Speaker/Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of communication) Medium of communication to/with Receiver of communication, Day/Month of communication.

Smith, S. (2019) Email to Jennifer Jones, 11 February.

Smith, S. (2020) Text message to Julia Carpenter, 28 June.

Smith, S. (2021) Skype conversation with Max Williams, 16 March.

You may need permission from anyone involved in the communication before using them in your work.

You may include a copy of written communications in your appendices.

For PhD Thesis see Thesis (PhD)

For Photograph see Images and Figures

Shakespeare (1984) displays the tragedy... Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare, 1984) uses...

Shakespeare (2010) shows the use of... The Taming of the Shrew (Shakespeare, 2010)...

Individual play

Author of play Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of Publication) Title of play . Edition (if needed). Edited by Full Name. Place of publication: Publisher.

Shakespeare, W. (1984) Romeo and Juliet . Edited by G. Blakemore Evans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shakespeare, W. (2010) The Taming of the Shrew . Edited by Barbara Hodgson. London: Methuen Drama.

In an anthology/complete works

Author of play Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of publication) 'Title of play', in Editor(s) Surname(s), INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.). Title of book . Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers.

Shakespeare, W. (2007a) 'The taming of the shrew', in Bate, J. and Rasmussen, E. (eds.) William Shakespeare Complete Works . Basingstoke: Macmillan. pp. 526-583.

Shakespeare, W. (2007b) 'The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet', in Bate, J. and Rasmussen, E. (eds.) William Shakespeare Complete Works . Basingstoke: Macmillan. pp. 1679-1743.

If accessed online

Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination, publisher details, etc., so the in-text citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book; you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference. Cite and reference plays in an electronic format as you would for plays in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available:

If the page numbers of an ebook are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation. The date that you downloaded it onto your electronic device is included at the end of the reference.

Shakespeare (2021) explores the theme of jealousy... Othello (Shakespeare, 2021) uses...

Author of play Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of Publication) Title of play . Edition (if needed). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Shakespeare, W. (2021) Othello . Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Othello-William-Shakespeare-ebook/dp/B095M94KCT/ref=sr_1_5? (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).

When directly quoting from a play, you should use Act.Scene:Line e.g. (Shakespeare 2007, 2.1:176-179)

The Year of publication is the year that the item you are referencing was published, rather than the year the play was written.

The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the play onto your device.

Bragg (2021) discusses the deciphering of hieroglyphics... The role of Champollion...(Bragg, 2021).

Thompson (2021) discusses the history... The use of blackface in Shakespeare...(Thompson, 2021).

The Centre for the History of the Emotions (2017) investigates... The concept of what is normal...(Centre for the History of the Emotions, 2017).

Surname of Author/Presenter, INITIAL(S). (Year site was published/last updated) Title of Podcast [Podcast]. Day/Month posted (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Bragg, M. (2021) The Rosetta Stone [Podcast]. 11 February. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000s2qd (Accessed: 22 May 2021).

Centre for the History of the Emotions (2017) The Museum of the Normal [Podcast]. Available at: https://soundcloud.com/user-357683788/the-museum-of-the-normal (Accessed: 24 May 2021).

Thompson, A. (2021) Blackface: a brief history [Podcast]. 12 May. Available at: https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/blackface-history-podcast-ayanna-thompson/ (Accessed: 18 May 2021).

Reference where the podcast was published or displayed rather than referencing it as a download on your edevice.

If there is no author or presenter, use the name of the organisation who created it in place of Author/Presenter.

For Preprint see Journal Article - Preprint (Ahead of Publication)

Presentation

Grant (2016) demonstrates the issues... The artwork expresses the...(Grant, 2016).

Sciamanna, Bazela, and Bullingham (2016) presented the work surrounding... The case study within the presentation focused on...(Sciamanna, Bazela, and Bullingham, 2016).

Surname of presenter, INITIAL(S). (Year of presentation) 'Title of presentation' [Medium, e.g. PowerPoint presentation]. Name of event. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Grant, V. (2016) 'Voice, agency and the medical arts' [ PowerPoint presentation]. Medical Arts Seminar, HRI, University of Sheffield. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/missvagrant/voice-agency-and-the-medical-arts? (Accessed: 22 May 2017).

Sciamanna, C., Bazela, C. and Bullingham, L. (2016) 'Reconceptualising information and digital literacy in a fluid digital world' [ PowerPoint presentation]. Northern Collaboration Conference 2016. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/northerncollaboration/reconceptualising-information-and-digital-literacy-in-a-fluid-digital-world (Accessed: 18 May 2017).

For an in-text citation in your work, you would reference as follows:

World at One (2017) provided the update on... The new head judge...( World at One , 2017)

Desert Island Discs: Bernardine Evaristo (2020) played the song... The discussion with the Booker Prize-winning author...( Desert Island Discs: Bernardine Evaristo , 2020)

Recall of the Rock (2021) shares the oral history of women climbers... Helen Mort's poem is interwoven with interviews... ( Recall of the Rock, 2021).

Original Broadcast

Title of programme (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission.

World at One (2017) BBC Radio 4, 9 May.

Original broadcast as part of a series

Title of show, episode number (if available), episode title (if available) (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission.

Desert Island Discs: Bernardine Evaristo (2020) BBC Radio 4, 25 September.

Broadcast accessed via online/database/streaming service.

Title of programme (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission. Available at: URL or name of streaming service/database (Accessed: date).

Recall of the Rock (2021) BBC Sounds, 11 April. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000v2mr (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

Original broadcast as part of a series accessed via online/database/streaming service

Title of show, episode number (if available), episode title (if available) (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission. Available at: URL or name of streaming service/database (Accessed: date).

Desert Island Discs: David Olusoga (2021) BBC Radio 4, 15 January. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r314 (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

Sacred Texts

Naomi's advice to her daughter-in-law (Ruth 2: 22)...

Book of the Bible Chapter: verse, Holy Bible. Version of the Holy Bible.

Ruth 2: 22, Holy Bible. King James Version.

• The author is not required as this may not be clear.
• The page numbers are not required as these will vary between printings.
• The publisher and publication date are not required.

Helping those in need (Devarim 15: 11)...

Torah. Book Chapter: verse.

Torah. Devarim 15: 11.

"Give what you can spare." (Qur'an 2: 219)

Qur'an Surah (or chapter): verse (Year of publication) Translated by Surname, INITIAL(S). Place of publication: Publisher.

Qur'an 2: 219 (2008) Translated by Abdel Haleem, M.A.S. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

For Score see Music Score

Keegan's (1991) sculpture shows the use of raku–fired earthenware... The sculpture Newby the Dog (Keegan, 1991)...

The sculpture of Neptune and Triton by Bernini (no date) shows the use of... The marble sculpture of Neptune and Triton (Bernini, no date)...

Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Sculpture]. Place, Gallery or Name of collection, department (if available), identifier or reference number (if available).

Bernini, G. (no date) Neptune and Triton [Sculpture]. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, A.18:1–1950.

Keegan, S. (1991) Newby the dog [Sculpture]. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, C.196:1, 2–1991.

• The original title of a translated information resource, or a translation of the title, may be supplied immediately after the original title, e.g. Kinderhände im washbecken [Children's Hands in a Washbasin] .

Social Media

For an in-text citation you would cite the reference as follows:

Uni of Sheffield Library (2017) celebrated the opening of the... The anniversary of the Western Bank Library was marked on social media (Uni of Sheffield Library, 2017).

University of Sheffield Library (2017) marked the first library opening at the university... The first library at the University opened in 1909 (University of Sheffield Library, 2017).

In the bibliography/reference list:

Name of Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). or Screen name if proper name not available (Year) Title of message - up to 40 words [Medium] Day/Month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Uni of Sheffield Library (2017) On this day in 1959, our Western Bank Library (then called the 'Main Library') was officially opened by T.S. Eliot http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/special/libcoll ... [Twitter] 12 May. Available at: https://twitter.com/UniSheffieldLib/status/862945694457274368 (Accessed 15 May 2017).

University of Sheffield Library (2017) On this day, in 1909, the first library opened at the University of Sheffield [Facebook] 26 April. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/UniSheffieldLib/posts/1346273698788324 (Accessed 15 May 2017).

• You are not required to ask permission from anyone involved in the post/conversation before using them in your work, but you may wish to do so as a courtesy. You are only required to do so if the conversation occurred in a private context (locked X (formerly Twitter) accounts, members-only forums, etc.).
• You may need to provide a title for the social media post if there is not one provided. Use up to the first 40 words of the post in square brackets as the title.
• It is acceptable to use the main page URL of the social media platform in your reference if the post is not openly accessible to everyone, e.g. use https://www.facebook.com/ as the URL in your reference if you are referring to a discussion between yourself and another member of Facebook that is not open to everyone to view.
• If the post is not accessible to everyone, you may include a copy of any discussions between yourself and another member of a social media platform as an appendix to your work.

Standards e.g. British Standards

The British Standards Institution (2017) have produced updated guidelines... The use of BS 8888:2017 (British Standards Institution, 2017)...

The ASTM (2012) standard... The standard specification for...(ASTM, 2012).

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Number of Standard: Title of Standard . Place of publication: Publisher.

ASTM (2012) A53/A53M-12: Standard specification for pipe, steel, black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and seamless . West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

British Standards Institution (2017) BS 8888:2017: Technical product documentation and specification . London: British Standards Publications.

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Number of standard: Title of Standard. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

ASTM (2020) A53/A53M-20: Standard specification for pipe, steel, black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and seamless. Available at: https://www.astm.org/Standards/A53.htm (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

British Standards Institution (2019) BS 8888:2020: Technical product documentation and specification. Available at: https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030384746 (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

State Paper (Government Publication)

For State Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

Statutory Instruments (Government Publication)

For Statutory Instruments see Government Publication - Statutory Instruments

Study Score

For Study Score see Music Score

For Tables see Images and Figures

Thesis (PhD)

Wilson (2014) notes that whilst Rage Against the Machine signed with a major record label, their music still holds the intended meaning to the audience... Popular music is still relevant to society when it makes a political statement even though the artist may be signed to a major record label... (Wilson, 2014).

Tomlinson (2009) found that differing amounts of grip... Moisture can affect grip when examining...(Tomlinson, 2009)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) (Year) Title . Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.

Wilson, B. (2014) It sounds like revolution: the changing role of popular music within political resistance movements . PhD thesis. University of Sheffield.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title . Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Tomlinson, S.E. (2009) Understanding the friction between human fingers and contacting surfaces. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield. Available at: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/150 (Accessed: 14 October 2015).

Television Programme

For Television Programme see Video section

Translated item

Tolstoy (2008) explores the story of... Anna Karenina (Tolstoy, 2008) tells the story of...

Homer (1997) presents the tale... The Odyssey (Homer, 1997) demonstrates...

Dostoyevsky (2003) shows the dilemmas... The character of Raskolnikov...(Dostoyevsky, 2003).

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of item . Edition (if not the first). Translated from the (language) by (Translator(s) INITIAL(S) and Surname). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Homer (1997) The Odyssey . Translated by R. Fagles. Introduction and notes by B. Knox. New York: Penguin.

Tolstoy, L. (2008) Anna Karenina . Translated from the Russian by L. Maude and A. Maude. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination, publisher details, etc., so the in-text citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book; you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference. Cite and reference books in an electronic format as you would for books in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available:

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of item . Edition (if needed). Translated from the (language) by (Translators full name). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Dostoyevsky, F. (2003) Crime and punishment . Rev. edn. Translated from the Russian by David McDuff. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Punishment-Penguin-Classics-Fyodor-Dostoyevsky-ebook/dp/B002RI936U/ref=sr_1_4? (Downloaded 30 April 2021).

Tolstoy, L. (2019). Anna Karenina . Translated from the Russian by Constance Garnett. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anna-Karenina-AmazonClassics-Leo-Tolstoy-ebook/dp/B07YWRTHMC/ref=sr_1_4? (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).

Use the year of publication for the specific item you read, as there may be different translations of the same item available.

You may not need to add the language the item is translated from, but include the language if appropriate.

Transliteration

For Transliteration of items see Citing and referencing foreign language materials in the Creating a citation and reference list section.

U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Uk public general act (government publication).

For UK Public General Act see Government Publication - Act of Parliament

Undergraduate Dissertation

For Undergraduate Dissertation see Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

Unpublished item

Hall (2011) noted that the changes... ...the changes that occured meant...(Hall, 2011).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). or Corporate author (Date) Title of item . Place of holding organisation: Holding organisation. Unpublished.

Hall, D. (2011) Making sense of changes . Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Unpublished.

Video - Physical Format

Film/one-off documentary.

Black Swan (2010) used imagery to represent... The hidden images contained in the film...( Black Swan , 2010)

The premise of Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)... The use of green screen in the film ( Captain America: The Winter Soldier , 2014)...

For a film/documentary viewed at the cinema

Title of Film/Documentary (Year of distribution) Directed by INITIAL(S). Surname [Film]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) Directed by A. Russo and J. Russo [Film]. New York: Marvel Entertainment.

For a film/documentary viewed on DVD or Blu-ray

Title of Film/Documentary (Year of distribution) Directed by INITIAL(S). Surname [DVD] or [Blu-ray]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Black Swan (2010) Directed by D. Aronofsky [Blu-ray]. Los Angeles: Fox Searchlight Pictures.

TV Episode from a series

The detectives Bulk and McNulty revisit an old crime scene...('Old Cases', 2002) ...in the episode 'Old Cases' (2002)

The episode uses visions to reveal the events...('The Door', 2016) ..In 'The Door' (2016) we see the visualisation of...

'Title of Episode' (Year of distribution) Title of Programme/Series In Title of compilation or box-set [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

'Old Cases' (2005) The Wire In The Wire: the complete first season [DVD] New York: HBO.

'The Door' (2016) Game of Thrones In Game of Thrones: the complete sixth season [Blu-ray] New York: HBO.

Video - Streaming Service

This includes Films and TV Series or Episodes that you have viewed via subscription services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Now TV, etc., and catch-up services such as Box of Broadcasts, BBC iPlayer, All 4, My 5, etc.

Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) is set in 18th century France... ...the film ( Portrait of a Lady on Fire , 2019) was written and directed by...

An unofficial segregation policy is uncovered in Small Axe: Education (2020)... ...the film ( Small Axe: Education , 2020) is part of a series directed by...

The use of mirrors in Atlantics (2019)... ...the film ( Atlantics , 2019) was co-written and directed by...

Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by INITIAL(S). Surname. Available at: Name of service (Accessed: date).

Atlantics (2019) Directed by M. Diop. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 25 May 2021).

Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) Directed by C. Sciamma. Available at: MUBI (Accessed: 15 April 2020).

Small Axe: Education (2020) Directed by S. McQueen. Available at: Box of Broadcasts (Accessed: 25 May 2021).

Current Affairs Programme

The BBC News at Six (2021) covered the story... When this news story was first reported ( BBC News at Six , 2021)

The Year Britain Stopped (2021) chronicles... Frontline workers and scientists tell their stories...( The Year Britain Stopped , 2021)

Title of Programme (Year of original broadcast) Name of Channel, Day/Month, Time of broadcast. Available at: Name of Streaming Service (Accessed: date).

BBC News at Six (2021) BBC One, 20 May, 18:00. Available at: BBC iPlayer (Accessed: 21 May 2021).

The Year Britain Stopped (2021) Channel 4, 24 May, 21:00. Available at: All 4 (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

The first episode of Stranger Things , 'The Vanishing of Will Byers' (2016), uses aspects of... The monster makes a first appearance...('The Vanishing of Will Byers', 2016)

In the episode 'Cooper's Dream' (1990) the stage is set for... Agent Cooper visits the Log Lady ('Cooper's Dream', 1990) which represents...

'Title of Episode' (Year of original broadcast/release) Title of Series/Season , Series/Season and episode numbers OR day/month (if available). Production Company. Available at: Name of streaming service. (Accessed: date).

'Cooper's Dream' (1990) Twin Peaks , Season 1, episode 6. Propaganda Films. Available at: NowTV (Accessed: 29 December 2016).

'The Vanishing of Will Byers' (2016) Stranger Things , Season 1, episode 1. 21 Laps Entertainment. Available at: Netflix (Accessed 29 December 2016).

Video - Sharing Website (e.g. YouTube)

This includes sharing platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, IGTV, TED, etc.

YouTube Movies (2016) have... Doctor Strange (YouTube Movies, 2016) shows the...

The University of Sheffield (2019) have created... Campus Tour (The University of Sheffield, 2019) takes a tour of the campus...

Climate and data scientist Angel Hsu (2020) gave a TED Talk... In Cities are driving climate change. Here's how they can fix it (Hsu, 2020, 3:47) she observes the disparities...

Name of Person/Organisation posting video (Year video posted) Title of Film . Day/Month uploaded (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Hsu, A. (2020) Cities are driving climate change. Here's how they can fix it . October. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/angel_hsu_cities_are_driving_climate_change_here_s_how_they_can_fix_it (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

The University of Sheffield (2019) Campus Tour . 5 June. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/tv/ByVQviAhJ9i/ (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

YouTube Movies (2016) Doctor Strange . 24 February. Available at: https://youtu.be/bLaKpGUsMmU (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

• For a TED Talk, use the name of the speaker in the video as the Name of Person/Organisation in your reference and in-text citation.
• If you need to refer to a specific place within a video, include the time stamp in your in-text citation in the format minutes:seconds, e.g. (YouTube Movies, 2016, 18:33).

Vinyl Record

For Vinyl Record see Music - Album (Physical Format) or Music - Album Track (Physical Format)

Only reference a source as a web page if the source does not fall into another category, such as journal article, conference proceedings, report, blog, image, etc.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

If you are not citing specific information or a specific page from a website you do not need to create an in-text citation or a reference for it.

When mentioning a website within your text, provide the name of the website followed by the URL in parentheses, e.g.

Participants were surveyed using SurveyMonkey (https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk).

White Paper (Government Publication)

For White Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

X (formerly Twitter)

For X see Social Media

For YouTube videos see Video - Sharing Website (e.g. YouTube)

TUS Athlone Campus Harvard: Section A: In Text Referencing (More detail)

• Section A: In Text Referencing (More detail)
• Section B: Rules for your reference list
• Company Information
• Conference Proceedings
• Images, Figures and Tables
• Internet / Websites
• Interviews & Personal communication
• Journal Articles
• Lecture Notes
• Moodle References and Digital Repositories
• Multi-Media; Digital Media and Design
• Other formats.. maps,
• Patents and Standards and Acts
• Some Nursing references for online material
• AIT Harvard Guide PDF
• Other Referencing Styles
• Harvard Referencing Exercises
• Paraphrasing & avoiding Plagiarism
• Endnote Zotero Mendeley

In-Text information links

• What is In text Referencing
• Examples of In-text Referencing
• In-text Quotations: Examples
• Multiple authors: In text examples
• Secondary Reference: Source within a source Examples
• Multiple References: Same Author and Year: Examples
• Two or more references together
• Page numbering for In-text referencing
• Chapter in edited book: In-text examples
• Appendices: In-text example

The Harvard Style stipulates that you must cite in two places:

  In the body of the text of your essay/document, this is called an In-text citation or In-text reference

In the Reference List or Bibliography at the end of the essay/document

There are two main types of In-text citation:  

Paraphrasing:   A restatement of a text or passage in your own words ( This is most commonly used)

Direct quotation : Reproduction of a phrase or passage from a book, articles, report. etc.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing examples  (Idea taken from another and put in one's own words)

Use the surname(s) of the author(s) and the date of publication, also include the page number if it is a specific idea

On the subject of employee motivation, Evenden and Anderson (1992, p. 45) suggest that in order to improve motivation for appraisal, that an objective for each key area of a job need to be developed

Further examples of different ways to include the in-text reference in a sentence

In-text citation: Further Examples

Pagination: whether to use a page number

In-Text Citation (Author date, page number) -  use this in the body of your paper after a direct quote or when paraphrasing a passage, summarising an idea from a particular page or you want to direct the reader to a specific page. 

Use the Surname(s) of the author(s) and the date of the publication, (and the page number if a book)

As a general rule (which varies depending on subject matter), quotations should be  less than 10% of your total word count

When quoting a page or paragraph from a book the page number is always required within the in-text citation

Examples of In-text citation for quotes:

Example of an extended quote    

If the quotation is of 30 words or over then it should be: (a) On a separate paragraph, (b) In a one size smaller font, (c) Left indented, (d) No quotation marks, (e) Preceded by a full colon.

In speaking of the relationship between empowerment and self-efficacy, French (2005) has this to say: 

The concept of empowerment is founded on the belief that everyone has an internal need for self-determination and a need to cope with environmental demands directly. This suggests that appropriate empowerment strategies can raise the perception of low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief that they can perform adequately in a situation. (p.185)  

2 Authors: 

(Smith and Doheny, 2003, p. 31)

Multiple authors :

You can use the first author surname 'et al.' for in-text citations for multiple authors

However in your full reference you must list all authors - see examples on Tab C of this guide.

According to Critser et al., 'all human psychology is influenced by upbringing'. (2003, p. 31)

'All human psychology is influenced by upbringing'. (Critser et al., 2003, p. 31) 

If you refer to a source which you have not read, but which is mentioned in a source you  have  read, you cite both in your in-text reference but include only the work you have actually read in the full reference list at the end.

In text examples

text....(Allen, 2001 cited in Parker, 2009, p.45) A study by Allen (2001, cited in Parker, 2009, p. 45) showed that… or according to Allen, 2001 (cited in Parker, 2009, p. 45) there is ample evidence to claim ...

Full Reference example: In your full list of references you should include only the work you have read, i.e. the primary reference; in this instance 'Parker'.

Parker, N.L. (2009) Strategic management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western

These are distinguished by lower-case letters following the year

Note: The sources should be cited chronologically by year of publication with the most recent source first. If more than one work is published in the same year, then they should be listed alphabetically by author/editor.

• When quoting directly, or when using ideas from a specific page or paragraph of a work, the page number(s) should be included in the citation though it is not essential for paraphrasing.
• If the idea used is a general one that runs through the work then the citation would be of author and date only.
• Page numbers are not required for in text citation of articles in a journal unless it is a direct quotation
• If you are quoting from a webpage or source without a page number you do not need to include a page reference
• You can structure your sentence to include the in-text citation: EG: Critser said in 2003 (p.31) 
• If there are no page numbers: Count your paragraphs and refer if possible to the paragraph number and/or section heading: (Critser 2003, para. 11) OR (Critser 2003, Introduction, para. 2)

Use  the author of the chapter  and and date of the book in your in text reference

Full reference see  Reference format Books 

Example in-text citation for Appendices:

Your Own Appendix

Add your appendix immediately following your reference pages and label it as Appendix A, B, C, etc. Use these labels when discussing the appendix in the body of your paper. In the paper, after the sentence in which you are referencing your appendix, format the in-text citation as (See Appendix A). The letter should match the appropriate appendix label. Do not cite your own appendix on the reference page. If there is only one Appendix just refer to it as Appendix

Another Author's Appendix

When using an appendix from another author, include this information on your reference page. For example, a citation on the reference page for an appendix found in a book should read: Author. (year). Appendix A of Title of work. Location: Publisher. The appendix letter should match the appropriate section you are using.

An in text reference to an appendix can also give some more details:

Example: Inner city mental health care access continues to be a problem (see Appendix for a table showing mental health care access by city).

Overview: all in-text referencing information

 In the body of the text of your essay/document, this is called In-text citation

Direct quotation: Reproduction of a phrase or passage from a book, articles, report. etc.

Paraphrasing:  A restatement of a text or passage in your own words

In-text citation: Paraphrasing examples

In-text paraphrasing (Idea taken from text but put in different words)

Use the Surname(s) of the author(s) and the date of the publication, also include the page number for books if it is a specific idea

On the subject of employee motivation, Evenden and Anderson (1992, p. 45) suggest that in order to improve motivation for appraisal, that an objective for each key area of a job need to be developed

Further examples of different ways to include the in text reference in a sentance

In-Text Citation (Author date, page number) - use this in the body of your paper after a direct quote or when paraphrasing a passage, summarising an idea from a particular page or you want to direct the reader to a specific page. When referencing journal articles do not include a page number

Further notes on pagination

In-text citation: Direct Quotation examples:

• Use single quotation marks for quotes.  
• Double quotation marks for a quoted speech or for a quote within a quote

The concept of empowerment is founded on the belief that everyone has an internal need for self-determination and a need to cope with environmental demands directly. This suggests that appropriate empowerment strategies can raise the perception of low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief that they can perform adequately in a situation. (p.185)  

In-text referencing for Multiple Authors (3 or more)

In-text citation for a secondary reference

Two or more documents with the same author and year of publication

Referring to two different sources at the same time

In-text reference of a chapter in an edited book

Note: Inserting Pagination: 

Appendices In-Text Referencing

Figures and tables in the appendices are labeled A1, A2, B1, and so forth, according to the appendix in which they appear. (Note: Omit the letter if there is only one appendix.)

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Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

Back to top

Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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fa3d988da6f218669ec27d6b6019a0cd

A publication of the harvard college writing program.

Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

• The Honor Code
• In-Text Citations

In MLA style, you use parenthetical citations within the text of your paper to credit your sources and to refer your reader to a more detailed citation of the source in the "Works Cited" list at the end of your paper. You should use parenthetical citations when you paraphrase, quote, or make any reference to another author's work. A parenthetical citation in MLA style should include the author's last name and the page number to which you refer in that author's work.

If you mention the author’s name in the sentence or sentences preceding the citation, then you do not need to repeat the name in the parenthetical citation. If the work you are citing does not have page numbers (many articles published online will not have page numbers), or if you are referring to the entire work, then you do not need to include a page number in the citation. If you are having trouble keeping track of the MLA guidelines, it might help to think of it this way: You are including citation information so that your reader will be able to find your sources easily if they want to take a closer look. That means you only need to include information that will help readers; you don’t need to repeat information that you have already provided in your sentence.

You should not use a comma to separate author and page number in an MLA in-text citation. When the citation appears at the end of a sentence, the period goes outside the parentheses at the end of the sentence. If you need to put the citation before the end of the sentence (in cases where you have more than one citation in a sentence), place any necessary punctuation after the citation as well.

If you find an article through an online database and you have the option of choosing a PDF version or an HTML version, you should choose the PDF. The PDF version will have stable page numbers, which will make it easier for a reader to find the material you cite. You should not count the pages of a document yourself and add numbers to them. A reader could print or view that document differently, and your numbering will not make sense in that context.

E-book page numbers vary depending on how someone is reading the e-book. If you are referring to an e-book that has page numbers, you should not include those page numbers. You should include stable numbers like section numbers, line numbers, or chapter numbers.

• Citation Management Tools
• In-Text Citation Examples
• Works Cited Format
• Examples of Commonly Cited Sources
• Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Sources in MLA Format
• Sample Works Cited List

PDFs for This Section

• Citing Sources
• Online Library and Citation Tools

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Free Harvard Citation Generator

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

What is the Harvard Referencing System?

The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.

It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:

• In-text citations including the author’s surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
• A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work

While in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.

Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).

Use the Cite This For Me Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didn’t use our citation generator sooner!

Popular Harvard Referencing Examples

• Chapter of a book
• Conference proceedings 
• Court case 
• Dissertation 
• Encyclopedia article 
• Image online or video
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film, or DVD

Cite This For Me Harvard Referencing Guide

The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If you’re not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about the Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions while offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.

Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark on to degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. It’s a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.

So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Me’s automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.

It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.

The powerful citation generator above can auto-generate citations in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides citation generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.

Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.

Why Do I Need to Cite?

Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but it’s absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article, etc.

Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.

Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g., Brazil is a country in South America. While plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.

This may sound overwhelming, but using our Harvard citation generator can help you avoid plagiarism and carry out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow while you are working on an assignment.

How to avoid plagiarism:

• Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
• Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g., If you are citing a book you should note the author or editor’s name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard referencing generator to automate the process.
• Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
• When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
• Every quote or paraphrase should have a corresponding reference in the text. In addition, a full reference is needed on the final page of the project.
• Save all of your research and citations in a safe place – organise and manage your Harvard style citations

If you carefully check your college or publisher’s advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.

Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.

Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using the Cite This For Me citation management tool.

Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School

• Anglia University Harvard Referencing
• Anglia Ruskin University
• Bath University
• Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
• Cape Peninsula University of Technology
• Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
• City University London
• Coventry University Harvard Referencing
• Cranfield Harvard
• DMU Harvard Referencing
• Durham University Business School
• Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
• European Archaeology
• Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
• Institute of Physics
• Leeds University Harvard Referencing
• King’s College London
• LSBU Harvard Referencing
• Manchester Business School
• MMU Harvard Referencing
• Newcastle University
• Northwest University
• Oxford Brookes University
• Oxford Centre for Mission Studies
• SHU Harvard Referencing
• Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
• Swinburne University of Technology
• The Open University
• UCA Harvard Referencing
• University of Abertay Dundee
• University of Birmingham
• University of Cape Town
• University of Gloucestershire
• University of Greenwich Harvard
• University of Hull
• University of Kent – Harvard
• University of Limerick
• University of Melbourne
• University of Northampton
• University of Sunderland
• University of Technology, Sydney
• University of West London
• UWE Harvard Referencing
• UWS Harvard Referencing
• Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing
• York University

How Do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations?

In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignment’s final word count.

When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:

• Provide the author’s surname and date of publication in parentheses right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence

There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).

• If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the author’s surname is mentioned.

In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…

• If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation

“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …

• Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’).

The results showed that respondents needed to reach out to multiple health agencies in order to cover the costs of their services (Wolbeck Minke et al., 2007).

• If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference. You are encouraged to track down the original source – usually this is possible to do by consulting the author’s reference list – but if you are unable to access it, the Harvard referencing guidelines state that you must only cite the source you did consult as you did not actually read the original document. Include the words ‘cited in’ in the in-text citation to indicate this.

Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students’ memory can be as good as that of young people…

(Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)

Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, the Cite This For Me generator can help you easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if you’re looking for an easy way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation.

How Do I Format My Reference List?

Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is one way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.

As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, while a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Certain fields ask you to provide an annotated bibliography that includes your full citations with the addition of notes. These notes are added to further analyze the source, and can be of any length.

Many people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.

Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:

• Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
• General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
• Use ‘Reference List’ as the heading
• Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
• Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the work’s title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
• When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order – with the earliest work listed first
• Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
• Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher

Creating and managing your reference list with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator will help improve the way you reference and conduct research.

Reference list / bibliography examples:

• Book, one author:

Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project . 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

• One author, book, multiple editions:

Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes . 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.

• Chapter in an edited book:

Jewsiewicki, B. (2010). ‘Historical Memory and Representation of New Nations in Africa’, in Diawara, M., Lategan, B., and Rusen, J. (eds.) Historical memory in Africa: Dealing with the past, reaching for the future in an intercultural context . New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 53-66.

If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference

If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:

Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)

• More than three authors, journal article*:

Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.

• Conference papers:

Drogen, E. (2014) ‘Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology’, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference . The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.

• Web page, by an individual:

Moon, M. (2019) Ubisoft put an official video game design course inside a video game . Available at https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/25/ubisoft-video-game-design-course/ (Accessed 19 November 2019).

• Web page, by a company or organization:

RotoBaller (2019) NFL player news . Available at https://www.rotoballer.com/player-news?sport=nfl (Accessed 17 September 2019).

For both types of web page references, the date the page was published or updated is placed in parentheses immediately following the author information. If a date is missing from the source, place (no date) next to the author’s name and make sure to include an accessed date at the end of the reference.

Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can help you?

Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using the Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list.

Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines

Accurate referencing doesn’t only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style’s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the style’s formatting guidelines.

How to format in Harvard referencing:

• Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
• Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
• Double-space the entirety of the paper
• ½ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
• Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all Harvard citations are in the same font as the rest of the work
• Reference list on a separate page at the end of the body of your work

Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.

A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style

The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.

• Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Mark’s 1881 paper:

[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)

• Mark’s rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:

*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.

A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.

The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style

Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.

It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the style’s guidelines and our citation generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. The Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.

Key differences from previous Harvard referencing Cite Them Right editions:

• Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 10th edition, both are now referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device.
• URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of source information – such as an author name – are missing.
• When a source has more than 3 authors, use the abbreviation “et al.” instead of listing each out.

These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram , a podcast or a mobile app, the Cite This For Me generator will take care of your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So don’t be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.

How Do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?

Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our citation generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly-valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.

Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.

Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me for Chrome – an intuitive, handy browser extension that allows you to create and edit a citation while you browse the web. Use the extension on any webpage that you want to cite, and add it to your chosen project without interrupting your workflow.

The Cite This For Me citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!

Reference List

Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).

Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.

Manage all your citations in one place

Create projects, add notes, and cite directly from your browser. Sign up for Cite This For Me today!

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Footnotes & Appendices 

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

APA style offers writers footnotes and appendices as spaces where additional, relevant information might be shared within a document; this resource offers a quick overview of format and content concerns for these segments of a document. Should additional clarification be necessary, it is always recommended that writers reach out to the individual overseeing their work (i.e., instructor, editor, etc.). For your convenience, a student sample paper is included below; please note the document is filled with  Lorem Ipsum  placeholder text and references to footnotes and appendices are highighlighted. Additional marginal notes also further explain specific portions of the example. 

Footnotes 

Footnotes are supplementary details printed at the bottom of the page pertaining to a paper’s content or copyright information. This supporting text can be utilized in any type of APA paper to support the body paragraphs.

Content-Based Footnotes

Utilizing footnotes to provide supplementary detail can enrich the body text and reinforce the main argument of the paper. Footnotes may also direct readers to an alternate source for more detail on a topic. Though content footnotes can be useful in providing additional context, it is detrimental to include tangential or convoluted information. Footnotes should detail a focused subject; lengthier sections of text are better suited for the body paragraphs.

Acknowledging Copyright

When citing long quotations, images, tables, data, or commercially published questionnaires in-text, it is important to credit the copyright information in a footnote. Functioning much like an in-text citation, a footnote copyright attribution provides credit to the original source and must also be included in a reference list. A copyright citation is needed for both direct reprinting as well as adaptations of content, and these may require express permission from the copyright owner.

Formatting Footnotes

Each footnote and its corresponding in-text callout should be formatted in numerical order of appearance utilizing superscript. As demonstrated in the example below, the superscripted numerals should follow all punctuation with the exception of dashes and parentheses.

For example: 

Footnote callouts should not be placed in headings and do not require a space between the callout and superscripted number. When reintroducing a footnote that has previously been called out, refrain from replicating the callout or footnote itself; rather, format such reference as “see Footnote 4”, for example. Footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page on which the corresponding callout is referenced. Alternatively, a footnotes page could be created to follow the reference page. When formatting footnotes in the latter manner, center and bold the label “Footnotes” then record each footnote as a double-spaced and indented paragraph. Place the corresponding superscripted number in front of each footnote and separate the numeral from the following text with a single space.

Formatting Copyright Information

To provide credit for images, tables, or figures pulled from an outside source, include the accreditation statement at the end of the note for the visual. Copyright acknowledgements for long quotations or questionnaires should simply be placed in a footnote at the bottom of the page.

When formatting a copyright accreditation, utilize the following format:

• Establish if the content was reprinted or adapted by using language such as “from” for directly copied material or “adapted from” for material that has been modified
• Include the content’s title, author, year of publication, and source
• Cite the copyright holder and year of copyright or indicate that the source is public domain or licensed under Creative Commons
• If express permission was required to reprint the material, include a statement indicating that permission was acquired

Appendices 

When introducing supplementary content that may not fit within the body of a paper, an appendix can be included to help readers better understand the material without distracting from the text itself. Primarily used to introduce research materials, specific details of a study, or participant demographics, appendices are generally concise and only incorporate relevant content. Much like with footnotes, appendices may require an acknowledgement of copyright and, if data is cited, an adherence to the privacy policies that protect participant identities.

Formatting Appendices

An appendix should be created on its own individual page labelled “Appendix” and followed by a title on the next line that describes the subject of the appendix. These headings should be centered and bolded at the top of the page and written in title case. If there are multiple appendices, each should be labelled with a capital letter and referenced in-text by its specific title (for example, “see Appendix B”). All appendices should follow references, footnotes, and any tables or figures included at the end of the document.

Text Appendices 

Appendices should be formatted in traditional paragraph style and may incorporate text, figures, tables, equations, or footnotes. In an appendix, all figures, tables, and other visuals should be labelled with the letter of the corresponding appendix followed by a number indicating the order in which each appears. For example, a table labelled “Table B1” would be the first table in Appendix B. If there is only one appendix in the document, the visuals should still be labelled with the letter A and a number to differentiate them from those contained in the paper itself (for example, “Figure A3” is the third figure in the singular appendix, which is not labelled with a letter in the heading). 

Table or Figure Appendices 

When an appendix solely contains a table or figure, the title of the figure or table should be substituted with the title of the appendix. For example, if Appendix B only includes a figure, the figure should be labelled “Appendix B” rather than “Figure B1”, as it would be named if there were multiple figures included.

If an appendix does not contain text but includes numerous figures or table, the appendix should be formatted like a text appendix. The appendix would receive a name and label, and each figure or table would be given a corresponding letter and number. For example, if Appendix C contains two tables and one figure, these visuals would be labelled “Table C1”, “Table C2”, and “Figure C1” respectively.

Sample Paper    

Media File: APA 7 - Student Sample Paper (Footnotes & Appendices)