essay questions on autism

Presentations made painless

Get Premium

104 Autism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Writing an essay on autism can be challenging, as there are numerous aspects to consider and various topics to explore. To help you get started, here are 104 autism essay topic ideas and examples that cover different aspects of this disorder:

Historical Perspectives on Autism: Explore the evolution of autism research and how our understanding of the disorder has changed over time.
Diagnostic Criteria for Autism: Discuss the diagnostic criteria used to identify individuals with autism and how they have evolved.
Early Signs of Autism: Explore the early signs and red flags that may indicate the presence of autism in young children.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Explain the concept of the autism spectrum and how it encompasses a wide range of abilities and challenges.
Social Communication Challenges in Autism: Discuss the difficulties individuals with autism face in social interactions and communication.
Sensory Processing Issues in Autism: Explore how individuals with autism may experience sensory processing issues and how it affects their daily lives.
Autism and Language Development: Investigate the language development challenges faced by individuals with autism and the different communication methods used.
The Role of Genetics in Autism: Discuss the genetic factors that contribute to the development of autism and how they interact with environmental influences.
Autism and Brain Structure: Explore the differences in brain structure and connectivity observed in individuals with autism.
Autism and Executive Functioning: Discuss the executive functioning challenges faced by individuals with autism and how it affects their planning, organizing, and problem-solving skills.
Autism and Theory of Mind: Investigate the theory of mind deficit commonly observed in individuals with autism and its impact on their understanding of others' thoughts and emotions.
Autism and Mental Health: Explore the high prevalence of mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, among individuals with autism.
Autism and Co-occurring Conditions: Discuss the common co-occurring conditions associated with autism, such as ADHD, epilepsy, and intellectual disabilities.
Autism and Gender Differences: Investigate the differences in autism prevalence, presentation, and diagnosis between males and females.
Autism in Adulthood: Explore the challenges faced by adults with autism, including employment, relationships, and independent living.
Autism and Education: Discuss the educational strategies and interventions that are effective in supporting individuals with autism in school settings.
Inclusive Education for Students with Autism: Investigate the benefits and challenges of including students with autism in mainstream classrooms.
Autism and Specialized Therapies: Explore the various therapies used to support individuals with autism, such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy.
Autism and Assistive Technology: Discuss how assistive technology can enhance communication, socialization, and independence for individuals with autism.
Autism and Employment: Investigate the barriers and opportunities faced by individuals with autism in the workforce.
Autism and Bullying: Discuss the increased vulnerability of individuals with autism to bullying and strategies to prevent and address it.
Autism and Parenting: Explore the unique challenges and experiences of parents raising a child with autism.
Autism and Siblings: Discuss the impact of having a sibling with autism on neurotypical siblings and the importance of support and understanding.
Autism and Society: Investigate how society can become more inclusive and accepting of individuals with autism.
Autism and Advocacy: Discuss the importance of advocacy and self-advocacy for individuals with autism in promoting their rights and well-being.
Autism and Cultural Perspectives: Explore how autism is understood and treated in different cultures and the impact of cultural beliefs on individuals with autism.
Autism and Vaccines: Investigate the controversies surrounding the alleged link between vaccines and autism and the scientific evidence debunking this myth.
Autism and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): Discuss the use of CAM therapies in treating autism and the importance of evidence-based practices.
Autism and Technology: Explore how technology, such as mobile apps and virtual reality, can be used to support individuals with autism.
Autism and COVID-19: Discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with autism and the challenges they face during lockdowns and social distancing measures.
Autism and Animal-Assisted Therapy: Investigate the benefits of animal-assisted therapy for individuals with autism, including emotional support and social interaction.
Autism and Peer Relationships: Discuss the difficulties individuals with autism face in forming and maintaining friendships and strategies to promote positive peer interactions.
Autism and Sleep Disorders: Explore the high prevalence of sleep disturbances among individuals with autism and the impact on their overall well-being.
Autism and Aging: Discuss the unique challenges faced by individuals with autism as they transition into older adulthood.
Autism and Stigma: Investigate the stigma attached to autism and its impact on individuals' self-esteem and social inclusion.
Autism and Social Skills Training: Explore the effectiveness of social skills training programs in improving social interaction and communication for individuals with autism.
Autism and Sensory-Friendly Environments: Discuss the importance of creating sensory-friendly spaces to support individuals with autism in various settings, such as schools, workplaces, and public spaces.
Autism and Sleep Interventions: Investigate evidence-based interventions and strategies to improve sleep quality for individuals with autism.
Autism and Music Therapy: Explore the benefits of music therapy in supporting individuals with autism, including emotional expression and social engagement.
Autism and Art Therapy: Discuss the therapeutic benefits of art therapy for individuals with autism, including self-expression and sensory integration.
Autism and Sports: Investigate the role of sports and physical activities in promoting social skills, physical fitness, and overall well-being for individuals with autism.
Autism and Transition Planning: Discuss the importance of transition planning for individuals with autism as they move from school to adulthood, including vocational training, independent living, and community integration.
Autism and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Explore the principles and techniques of ABA and its effectiveness in improving skills and reducing challenging behaviors in individuals with autism.
Autism and Medication: Discuss the use of medication in managing symptoms associated with autism, such as hyperactivity, anxiety, and aggression.
Autism and Assistive Communication Devices: Investigate the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices in facilitating communication for nonverbal individuals with autism.
Autism and Eating Disorders: Explore the increased risk of eating disorders among individuals with autism and the importance of early detection and intervention.
Autism and Transition to College: Discuss the challenges and support services available for individuals with autism transitioning to higher education.
Autism and Employment Accommodations: Explore the reasonable accommodations that can be provided in the workplace to support individuals with autism.
Autism and Independent Living Skills: Discuss the importance of teaching and developing independent living skills for individuals with autism to enhance their autonomy and quality of life.
Autism and Emotion Regulation: Investigate the difficulties individuals with autism face in regulating emotions and strategies to support emotional well-being.
Autism and Visual Supports: Explore the use of visual supports, such as visual schedules and social stories, in promoting understanding and independence for individuals with autism.
Autism and Executive Functioning Interventions: Discuss evidence-based interventions to improve executive functioning skills in individuals with autism.
Autism and Transition to Adulthood: Investigate the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to adulthood for individuals with autism, including housing, employment, and social relationships.
Autism and Specialized Schools: Explore the benefits and limitations of specialized schools for individuals with autism and inclusive education options.
Autism and Special Interests: Discuss the role of special interests in the lives of individuals with autism and its potential benefits in skill development and well-being.
Autism and Savant Skills: Investigate the phenomenon of savant skills observed in some individuals with autism and the theories explaining this exceptional ability.
Autism and Executive Dysfunction: Explore the impact of executive dysfunction on daily living skills and strategies to support individuals with autism in managing tasks and responsibilities.
Autism and Mental Health Interventions: Discuss evidence-based interventions and therapies used to address mental health issues in individuals with autism, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness.
Autism and Employment Discrimination: Investigate the challenges and legal protections against employment discrimination for individuals with autism.
Autism and Early Intervention: Explore the benefits of early intervention programs in promoting positive outcomes for children with autism.
Autism and Parent Training: Discuss the importance of parent training programs in equipping parents with the necessary skills and knowledge to support their child with autism.
Autism and Transition to Independence: Investigate the challenges and resources available for individuals with autism transitioning to independent living.
Autism and Mental Health Stigma: Explore the stigma associated with mental health issues in individuals with autism and strategies to promote acceptance and understanding.
Autism and Special Education Laws: Discuss the legal protections and rights of individuals with autism in the education system, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Autism and Sleep Hygiene: Investigate the importance of establishing good sleep hygiene habits for individuals with autism and strategies to promote healthy sleep patterns.
Autism and Peer-Mediated Interventions: Explore the effectiveness of peer-mediated interventions in promoting social skills and inclusion for individuals with autism.
Autism and Classroom Accommodations: Discuss the accommodations and modifications that can be implemented in the classroom to support students with autism.
Autism and Mental Health Screening: Investigate the importance of early mental health screening and intervention for individuals with autism.
Autism and Social Media: Explore the pros and cons of social media use for individuals with autism, including opportunities for connection and potential risks.
Autism and Trauma: Discuss the increased vulnerability of individuals with autism to experiencing trauma and strategies for trauma-informed care.
Autism and Parental Stress: Investigate the impact of raising a child with autism on parental stress levels and the importance of self-care and support.
Autism and Executive Functioning Apps: Explore the use of mobile applications and technology to support executive functioning skills in individuals with autism.
Autism and Employment Training Programs: Discuss vocational training and employment programs available for individuals with autism.
Autism and Gender Identity: Investigate the experiences of individuals with autism who identify as transgender or nonbinary and the unique challenges they face.
Autism and Mental Health Services: Explore the availability and accessibility of mental health services for individuals with autism.
Autism and Bullying Prevention Programs: Discuss the effectiveness of bullying prevention programs in schools and communities for individuals with autism.
Autism and Epilepsy: Investigate the relationship between autism and epilepsy, including prevalence rates and shared risk factors.
Autism and Access to Healthcare: Explore the barriers and challenges individuals with autism face in accessing healthcare services and the importance of healthcare providers being autism-informed.
Autism and Post-Secondary Education: Discuss the resources and support services available for individuals with autism pursuing post-secondary education.
Autism and Sleep Training Programs: Investigate evidence-based sleep training programs specifically designed for individuals with autism.
Autism and Mental Health Disparities: Explore the disparities in mental health services and outcomes for individuals with autism from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
Autism and Transition to Work: Discuss the importance of supported employment programs and job coaching for individuals with autism transitioning into the workforce.
Autism and Social Skills Groups: Explore the benefits of social skills groups in promoting social competence and peer relationships for individuals with autism.
Autism and Physical Therapy: Discuss the role of physical therapy in addressing motor coordination difficulties and promoting physical well-being for individuals with autism.
Autism and Mindfulness Interventions: Investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing anxiety and improving emotional regulation in individuals with autism.
Autism and Sleep Hygiene Interventions: Explore evidence-based interventions to improve sleep hygiene and establish healthy sleep routines for individuals with autism.
Autism and Mental Health Policy: Discuss the impact of mental health policies on the availability and quality of services for individuals with autism.
Autism and Transition to Retirement: Investigate the unique challenges faced by individuals with autism

Want to create a presentation now?

Instantly Create A Deck

Let PitchGrade do this for me

Hassle Free

We will create your text and designs for you. Sit back and relax while we do the work.

Explore More Content

Write my thesis
Thesis writers
Buy thesis papers
Bachelor thesis
Master's thesis
Thesis editing services
Thesis proofreading services
Buy a thesis online
Write my dissertation
Dissertation proposal help
Pay for dissertation
Custom dissertation
Dissertation help online
Buy dissertation online
Cheap dissertation
Dissertation editing services
Write my research paper
Buy research paper online
Pay for research paper
Research paper help
Order research paper
Custom research paper
Cheap research paper
Research papers for sale
Thesis subjects
How It Works

100 Autism Research Paper Topics

Careful selection of autism research paper topics is very important. That’s because there are many autism topics that students can research and write about. The topic that a learner chooses dictates the direction that their research and writing process will take. As such, students should select their topic ideas based on their academic goals. Ideally, what a learner opts to write about should help them accomplish their study goals.

Autism can be defined as a spectral disorder that makes a child seem to have a world of their own. Many parents misinterpret this disorder and assume that the child does not notice them. However, this is usually not the case. Parents are the first people to notice this disorder. With more children being diagnosed with this disorder, educators are asking learners to write about autism essay topics.

If you’ve been asked to write about this subject, take your time to research this disorder. You can even read the autobiographies of autistic people. If possible, meet and interact with autistic people before you start writing. This will give you an idea of what this condition is all about. Our psychology topics may also come in handy. In most cases, you will be required to focus your paper or essay on the creation of more autism awareness. This article highlights some of the topics in autism that you can consider for your paper or essay.

Basic Autism Research Paper Topics

Autism is a broad research area. Researchers have delved into this field and came up with different findings. However, you can still pick a topic for your research in this field and come up with new information. Here are some of the most interesting research topics in autism that can form the basis of your academic paper or essay.

Why some people autistic and others are not?
Does being autistic have advantages?
Why is being autistic disadvantageous?
Some people have a good memory or recall skills, explain why
Facts that people should know about autism
Explain the chemical brain differences between autistic and non-autistic individuals
Discuss some of major breakthroughs in autism research
Why do people with autism have difficulty socializing with others?
What can normal people learn from autistic people’s brains?
What characteristics should a person with autism have?
How should an autistic person be trained during care provision?
What should caregivers understand about autism to do their job right?
Explain the behavior of autistic individuals towards family members
Provide an average autistic individual’s overview
How can the social interactions of autistic people be improved?
Explain what causes autism
What educational programs do autistic people have?
How to diagnose autism in the early stages
Explain the role of music in an autistic person’s life
Is there a treatment for reducing autistic people’s disadvantages?
What are the employment limitations and opportunities for autistic people?
Discuss the major stories about autism that have been shared in the media
What is yet to be discovered about autism?
Explain how healthcare workers can help autistic individuals go through their daily life
Describe the top 5 autistic individuals that are best known in history

These are some of the most interesting autism topics for research paper or essay. However, you should research them extensively before you start writing. That’s because each of these topics requires you to include verifiable facts in your paper or essay.

Strong Autism Dissertation Topics

With so many children being diagnosed with autism, more learners are writing dissertations on this subject. And there are many autism research topics from which a learner can choose. Here are some of the best autism thesis topics to consider.

Is there evidence to prove that environmental triggers are responsible for rising autism cases?
Explain the relationship between stimming self-regulator for anxiety and autism
Why is autism prevalence in western society greater?
How is autism related to mental health?
How can family doctors be supported to take care of autistic people?
Discuss autism and childhood immunization
Discuss some of the prominent individuals in history that were most likely autistic
How can autistic people be supported at the workplace?
How do autistic females differ from autistic males?
Can autistic children adapt to mainstream education?
What are the positives and negatives of special education for autistic children?
Should autistic children attend special schools?
Why do people consider autism a spectrum disorder?
What diagnostic changes have raised the concern that Asperger’s Syndrome might no longer exist
Does lifestyle play a role in autism?

Some of these topics on autism may seem complex to research and write about. However, you can find relevant and sufficient supporting evidence from different sources. You just need the time and resources required to write about any of these topics about autism.

Autism Parent Training Topics

Raising an autistic child is not easy. Parents and caregivers should learn about autism spectrum disorder and its effects on their children. They should also learn how this disorder affects the entire family. It’s for this reason that researchers focus on research topics in autism that educate parents and caregivers about taking care of autistic children. Here are some of the best autism social learning topics.

How to manage the parenting challenges for people with autistic children
How to enhance the communication skills of autistic children
How to enhance the coping skills of autistic children
How to address the negative behaviors of autistic children
How to increase the play skills of autistic children
How to diagnose autism early in children
How to increase the independence of autistic children
How to improve self-help in autistic children
How does autism in one child affect the other family members?
How to solve the daily problems of autistic children

Each of these topics is meant to produce a paper or essay that can help parents of autistic children cope with the disorder. The information can also help the parents make their children lead a better life despite their condition.

Paper Topics about Autism and Education

Since it’s a complex disorder that affects brain development, autism touches on education as well. Here are some of the good research paper topics on autism and education that you can write about.

Why is autism worth researching?
Discuss the causes of autism
Discuss the development realms that are affected by autism
What resources do autistic people have access to?
Explain how autistic children learn
Explain how autism affects the learning process
Explain the struggles of autistic students
Explain parent training autism
Discuss the major types of autism
How does learning differ between autistic and normal students?

These topics focus on the relationship between autism and learning or education. Just like the topics in the other categories, they require extensive research to write about too.

Autism Research Proposal Topics

A lot of information about autism is being discussed by researchers across the world. This makes it hard for some learners to pick proposal topics for their autism papers. Here are some of the topics to consider if struggling to pick your proposal topic.

What is autism therapy?
Is autism therapy helpful?
How should caregivers provide care to autistic persons?
What is the best way to work for an autistic person?
Working with an autistic person- What are the major challenges?
How do you cope with an autistic family member?
How should autistic people be treated in social places?
What limitations do autistic people have in modern society?
Is the current society considerate of autistic people?
How does modern technology benefit autistic people?

If you pick a research topic on autism from this category, take the time to research it extensively to write a brilliant paper or essay.

Thought-Provoking Autism Debate Topics

Perhaps, you want to write a paper or essay that can form the basis of a debate about autism. In that case, consider one of these topics.

How celebrities and pseudo-scientists have caused serious damage by claiming that autism is related to vaccinations
How to educate society about autism
How to change the future of autistic children with early interventions
How school officials can help autistic children
How to help autistic kids whose parents are uncooperative or in denial
How autistic children can benefit from occupational therapy
Discuss the DSM-V regarding autism
How educational opportunities for autistic children compare to those of normal children
How health officials can convince the public that shots don’t cause autism
Should children that have not been vaccinated because parents believe that vaccines cause autism be taken to school?
How to support siblings of an individual with autism
How to transition a person with autism to community-based services from school-based services.
How to fight for autistic people’s rights
How to deal with the psychological struggles of autistic children
How music affects autistic patients
Social organizations for autistic people
Why diagnosing autism early is important
Can autism be prevented?
How to interact with autistic people
What employment options do autistic people have?
How to manage autism in adults
A brief history of autism
How living with an autistic person can affect your life
How genetics affect autism
Can the environment cause autism?
Can medical treatment cause autism?
A review of autism in different countries
A review of autism in different cultures
What signs of autism should parents watch out for?
How to develop a treatment plan for autism

This category has controversial topics autism researchers can explore too. Nevertheless, whether you choose parenting or autism biology topics for research paper, take the time to research extensively before you start writing. Don’t hesitate to contact us if you need thesis writing help .

206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples

Are you looking for research topics on autism spectrum disorder for your paper in psychology? You’re at the right place! StudyCorgi has prepared a list of topic ideas and questions you can use for your essay, thesis, debate, dissertation, and other writing assignments. Read on to discover the latest and most interesting autism topics to write about!

🏆 Best Research Topics on Autism

✍️ autism essay topics for college, 👍 good research topics about autism, 💡 simple autism essay ideas, 🎓 most interesting autism research paper topics, 🔥 hot topics in autism for a research proposal, 📌 easy autism essay topics, ❓ autism research questions, 🔎 more research questions about autism, ✅ autism topics for presentation, 🗣️ controversial autism topics for discussion.

Literature Review on Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Behavior Analysis
A Skill Acquisition Plan for Children with Autism
Experience of Work with Children with Autism
Autism in the “A Boy Called Po” by Asher
Autism Spectrum Disorder Communication The study aims to study the communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder by assessing their ability to converse effectively within a dialogue.
Inclusive Education for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorder has become widely spread in the US today, resulting in developing the debates on the appropriateness of inclusive education for students with ASD.
Autism, Autism Spectrum Sisorder (ASD), and Theory of Mind This paper aims to explore some common features of ASD, its impact on children’s cognitive, social, and physical development, and its relation to the theory of mind.
Autism: Child and Family Involvement Autism spectrum disorder affects many people aside from its primary target, emphasizing the significance of early identification, and behavioral programs.
Technical Quality of Autism Test (GARS-3) The work provides a review and analysis of articles devoted to the GARS-3 implication in the early diagnosis of autism among children.
Cell Phones May Cause Autism The main idea of the article is the harmful effect of the wireless radiation which ray cell phones in particular.
Causes and Treatment of Autism in Children This report focuses on determining the symptoms, causes, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in kids.
“Autism: Insight From Inside” Movie Reflection The movie “Autism: Insight from Inside” by Robert Parish reflects the issue of ASD’s effect on people’s lives.
Social Science Perspectives on the Autism Spectrum This report will discuss autism, its characteristics, causes, diagnosis, and management. Autism refers to developmental disorder that impedes a person’s ability to communicate and relate to people.
Autism and the Education System Teaching children with autism in the context of their growth and development is one of the urgent issues in the modern education system in the United States.
Development and Management of Autism The paper examines the causes, development process, and symptoms of autism and describes the ways how the disorder can be manageable.
Biological Bases of Autism: General Analysis The purpose of this paper is to explain the biological bases of the disease while considering specific areas of the brain that are affected together with their associated symptoms.
Literature Review: How Can Token Economy Diminish Off-Task Behavior in Students with Autism? The students’ academic success largely depends on their behavior, which is determined not only by the environment but also by psychological states.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Twins: Genetics Study Autism spectrum disorder is a behavioral condition caused by genetic and environmental factors. Twin studies have been used to explain the hereditary nature of this condition.
The Autism-Gender Relationship Analysis This paper examines the relationship between gender and autism, including the possible involvement of various genetic, environmental, and physiological factors.
Teaching Students With Autism Spectrum The bibliography analyzes educators’ current practices, approaches, tactics, and strategies for teaching students with autism.
Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum One of the symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder is communication difficulties. Children with ASD may be sluggish to learn to speak.
Applied Behavior Analysis with Children with Autism This paper discusses the application of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.
Importance of Learning More About Autism Autism awareness addresses stereotypes and misunderstandings, increases early intervention, and makes society more accepting of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Autism Among Kindergartners in Victoria, Australia This paper will postulate two teaching frameworks in an attempt to support previous legislation and policies formulated by different stakeholders.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Dialogue Framework The research aims to assess the communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder by assessing their ability to converse effectively within a dialogue framework.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Analysis Autism spectrum disorder is a collection of neurological conditions in which a person’s speech, motor motions, and social interaction are disrupted.
Functional Communication Training via Telehealth for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Randomized Controlled Trial was employed for the investigation to compare the therapy with Functional Communication Training.
Causes and Treatment of Autism in Children Autism spectrum disorder is broadly complicated, and with time and research, it becomes a more significant brain condition.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Immunization Autism is a more frequently diagnosed ailment than was formerly acknowledged, and much is now being written in the mainstream media.
Autism: Diagnostics and Treatment Shedding light on the condition, its key symptoms and treatment options will help improve the quality of life in autistic people.
Evidence-Based Strategy in Autism The report discusses the various evidence-based practices that can be adopted in diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder among children.
Autism and Vaccination: The False Health Claim One of the most popular false health claims concerns the relationship between autism and vaccination, suggesting that the latter causes the former.
Accessibility For Students With Autism in Education in K-12 For most children and teenagers, K-12 education is the most valuable and influential part of their lives, providing them with many experiences.
Childhood Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum disorders may be accompanied by genetic syndromes. Also, they can coexist with non-spectrum diagnoses, which include language disorders and learning disabilities.
Autism Complementary Treatmen: Diet and Relaxation The following paper proposes diet and relaxation as a form of complementary therapy to the main treatment of autism disorder.
Correlation Between Vaccines and Autism Before vaccination, large numbers of people with different backgrounds suffered from smallpox and other diseases.
Dietary and Relaxation-Based Treatment for Autism Exploration studies have been conducted to determine the value of casein/gluten free diets as an intercession to improve cognitive and social functioning of autism patients.
Complementary Alternative Therapy for Autism The report suggests diet and relaxation as the form of complementary therapy to the central treatment of autism disorder.
Social Skills for Preschoolers With Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder is a family of mental disorders that cause deficits in social awareness, communication skills, and stereotyped behaviors.
The Effectiveness of Peer-Mediated Intervention for Young Children with Autism Peer-mediated intervention is a prominent technique for developing social skills and fostering involvement in children suffering from autism.
Sources Credibility: The Case of Autism Attention to sources’ reliability is vital for any realm, including the healthcare system, especially – the evidence-based models.
The Link Between Epidurals and Autism Spectrum Disorder This study captures the uproar that followed after a recent study attributed autism spectrum disorder to labor epidural analgesia.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Antecedent Manipulation Project L. is a 10-years-old male student, who was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The student is to be observed, and his parents and educators are to be interviewed.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents Below 18 Years The problem that has been chosen for conducting nursing evidence-based practice is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children and adolescents below 18 years.
Teaching Communication Skills for Elementary School Students With Autism Documentation by research has shown that non-handicapped youths can be of great assistance in teaching social skills for students with autism.
Inclusive Education for Children with Autism The study seeks to establish if some specialized programs can be employed to cater to children who are frequently diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.
Inclusion of Students With Autism in General Education Classrooms The article’s main purpose is to sensitize the need for new strategies that would harness the inclusion of students with ASD into general classrooms.
Behavior Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders The purpose of the article is to expound on the interfering behaviors in persons with autism spectrum disorders, formulate an approach for preventing them.
Autism and Other Neurological Disorders Autism and other neurological disorders are defined by characteristics of behavior and are commonly considered to be biological in origin and not caused by improper parenting.
Autism and Associated Healthcare Issues This paper attempts to understand Autism as a health care issue by studying deeply its causes, characteristics, conditions, treatment options, and who can live with it.
Contributing Factors of Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental condition that affects the way a person communicates and socializes.
Autism as Developmental Medical Condition The paper tries to discuss the meaning of autism, the causes and the possible treatments that have been found to curb the severe symptoms experienced by the victims.
Autism and Alzheimer’s Comparison This work is aimed at identifying differences and similarities in the mechanism of the formation of Alzheimer’s disease and autism and consideration of their progression.
Autism in Toddler: Effects of Dietary Intervention Rigorous behavioral programs for developing positive behaviors, correcting certain sensory problems, will be the best alternative to control problems caused by autism.
“Assessing the Value of Token Reinforcement for Individuals With Autism” the Article by Fiske, et al. The article raises the problem of assisting the children with autism with their learning and interaction with a teacher in a classroom.
Autism Universal Screening: Response to Media Article The paper provides discussion of the article “Why There’s Disagreement over Screening Every Child for Autism?” published in The New York Times.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Analysis Three children aged between 9 and 11 years are regarded as the ones having ASD, as stated by the licensed psychologist.
Autism, Myths and Realities Autism belongs to developmental disabilities that are frequently characterized by brain-functioning complications.
Autist Students Identification: Distinctive Features of Autism In identifying autism, there is the triad of autism which consists of autistic aloneness; speech and language disorder, and obsessive desire for sameness.
Genetics and Autism Development Autism is associated with a person’s genetic makeup. This paper gives a detailed analysis of this condition and the role of genetics in its development.
Autism in Adults: Daily Challenges Siri Carpenter’s article “For Adults with Autism, a Lack of Support When They Need It Most” explores the way adult individuals with autism cope with the daily challenges.
Vaccines and Autism: Does the Controversy Persist? Scientists managed to find quite a few vaccines against various diseases. The connection between vaccines and autism was proposed recently.
Supporting Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Depending on the situation, the representatives of the general public interact with autists when being at home, in the educational establishment, workplace, or other locations.
Autism Treatment: Natural vs. Medications The purpose of the paper is to prove that natural treatment must be the basis for addressing the autism issue.
Pharma Controversy Presentation: Vaccination and Autism Parents often associate MMR vaccination with autism. No qualitative evidence for the MMR vaccination-autism link.
Vaccines and Autism Relationship and Debates The link between vaccination and autism is hotly debated in the media despite the fact that the alleged evidence is definitively disproven by the scientific community.
Diagnosing Adults with Autism There is no single theory which any researcher in the study of autism has found to be convincing in that it thoroughly explains the origin and behavioral attributes of autism.
Early Social Interaction: Children with Autism This paper analyzes an article addressing how the involvement of parents in the ESI programs affects the outcome of improved social and communication skills among children with autism disorders.
Pharma Controversy: Vaccines and Autism At the end of the 20th century, Andrew Wakefield conducted his research, revealing the connection between childhood vaccines and autism.
Autism Ethics: Accept or Cure? The paper considers the debate on whether autistic people should be accepted by the community as a diversity of the society or a cure should be found out and developed.
The Effects of Risperidone on Children with Autism The goal of this paper is to determine if using risperidone can affect cognitive performance in pre-adolescents and adolescents with autism.
Autism Syndrome Psychosocial Characteristics Autism spectrum disorders present symptoms that may be tricky for the parents to correctly diagnose the condition. The symptoms are sometimes mistaken for other disorders.
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Control and Prevention This paper aims at determining whether television watching by children below the age of two years can lead to the development of autism.
Teaching Communication Skills for Students with Autism Ehrough games and other forms of interaction with his/her peers, a child with autism disorders is able to develop in his/her areas of deficiency.
Concept and Cause of Autism: Reports on Autism A recent survey on people’s attitude toward Autism reveals that a significant percentage of parents still believe that the disease is caused by vaccines taken during childhood.
Childhood Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorders In case of autism spectrum disorders the presence of other childhood disorders in a patient often complicates the traditional diagnostic procedure.
Education for Students with Autism in Saudi Arabia Students with autism in Saudi Arabia are secluded from the mainstream learning institutions because teachers lack the knowledge and awareness related to the condition.
Effects of Music Therapy for Adolescents with Autism Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional.
Autism and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
How Autism Affects Regular Brain Functions as Well as Socialization Skills
Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Similarities and Differences
How Autism Affects the Person With It and Those Around Them
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Comorbidities
Music Therapy and Drug Therapy for Children With Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attitudes About Inclusion Teaching
Psychological and Social Factors in Informed Consent for Patients With Autism
Autism and Environmental Determinants of Behavior
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Narcolepsy: A Possible Connection That Deserves to Be Investigated
Augmentative and Alternative Communication: For Students With Autism
Dietary Patterns Impact Temporal Dynamics of Fecal Microbiota Composition in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Understanding
Diagnose Autism Simply With ‘iPad’ Games
Atypical Resource Allocation May Contribute to Many Aspects of Autism
Early Behavioral Treatments for Children With Autism
Children With Autism May Be Especially Susceptible to Bullying
Autism and the Physiological Effects on the Brain
Common Chromosomal Abnormalities Associated With Autism
Parent and School Autism Wars: A Civil Rights Struggle
Genetics Studies Indicate That Neural Induction and Early Neuronal Maturation Are Disturbed in Autism
Aberrant Cerebellar Cerebral Functional Connectivity in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dynamical Methods for Evaluating the Time-Dependent Unfolding of Social Coordination in Children With Autism
Causal Relationship Between Autism & Vaccine
China Multi-Center Preschool Autism Project: Design and Methodologies to Identify Clinical Symptom Features and Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Effective Education Strategies
How People With Autism Experience the World
Chromatin Regulators, Phenotypic Robustness, and Autism Risk
Autism: How Developmental Psychology Can Inform Practice
Music Therapy Use for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Individuals With Autism and the Difficulties to Understand Different Emotions
Asperger’s Syndrome: “The Higher Functioning Form of Autism
Self Management, Autism, and Skills of Social Interaction Questions
Are There Cultural Differences in Parental Interest in Early Diagnosis and Genetic Risk Assessment for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Improving Interactive Play for Students With Autism
Evidence for Brainstem Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorders
Early Childhood Education for Children With Autism: How Teacher and Classroom Characteristics Influence Student Learning
Communication Barriers That Exist With Autism
Abnormal Functional Connectivity During Visuospatial Processing Is Associated With the Disrupted Organization of White Matter in Autism
Genetically Modified Foods Cause Autism
Elevated Plasma Reelin Levels in Children With Autism
Researchers Are Still Unsure of the Origin and Causes of Autism
Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Modern Computer Technologies for Autism
Dismantling the Presumptions About Autism in the Reason I Jump by Naoki Higashida
How Autism Spectrum Disorder Affects Students Reading
Acoustic Hyper-Reactivity and Negatively Skewed Locomotor Activity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Living With an Autism Spectrum Disorder in Hanoi, Vietnam
How the Media Perpetuated the Autism-Vaccine Scare
Living With the Form of Autism Called Asperger’s Syndrome
Autism and Its Treatment: Applied Behavior Analysis and the Developmental, Individual-Difference, Relationship-Based Model
Gluten and Casein Diet for Children With Autism
Diagnosis, Symptoms, Theories, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in the United States
Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Fluoxetine but Not Risperidone Increases Sociability in the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Interpersonal
Lost for Emotion Words: A Study on Autism Spectrum
Autism Prevalence, Research, and the Historical Viewpoint
Families and Therapeutic Goals Regarding Autism
Increased Awareness Benefits Autism Spectrum Disorder
Play-Based Therapy for Children With Autism
Arousal and Attention Re-Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Evidence From Auditory Event-Related Potentials
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Perioperative Management
Financial Issues Associated With Having a Child With Autism
Autism Explain the Importance of a Person-Centered Approach
Genetics and the Possible Causation of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Precentral Gyrus Functional Connectivity Signatures of Autism
Autism Among Preschool Children and the Interventions to Help Them
Genetic Syndromes, Maternal Diseases and Antenatal Factors Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Does Autism Really Affect People’s Daily Lives?
Which Areas of the Brain Are Impacted in Autism and or ADHD?
Does Autism Spectrum Disorder Affect the Brain Development of a Person?
How Is the Brain Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What Is the Mental Age of Someone With Autism?
Can Brain Scans Identify Autism?
How Does Autism Affect a Child Intellectual Development?
When Does the Autistic Brain Stop Developing?
How Is an Autistic Brain Different From a Normal Brain?
Can a Child With Autism Go to Normal School?
What Are the Negative Effects of Autism?
How Does Autism Affect the Brain and Nervous System?
Is High Functioning Autism Considered a Disability?
What Are the Main Difficulties of Students With Autism?
How Does an Autistic Child Learn Best?
What Should You Avoid if Your Child Has Autism?
How Does Autism Affect Regular Brain Functions and Socialization Skills?
What Is the Hardest Part of Life for a Child With Autism?
Can Autism Go Away Without Treatment?
What Does a Psychologist Do for Autism?
Which Is the Best Therapy for Autism Adults?
How Do Doctors Test for Autism?
Does Autism Come From the Mother or Father?
Can a Child With Autism Live a Normal Life?
What Jobs Are Good for High-Functioning Autism?
How does genetics contribute to autism development?
What are the gender differences in autism prevalence and symptoms?
What is the role of environmental factors in autism development?
What social and emotional challenges do people with autism face?
How can assistive technology enhance communication for people with autism?
How do cultural beliefs affect autistic children’s parents’ experiences?
What factors contribute to the burnout of caregivers of people with autism?
How does nutrition affect autism symptoms?
What are the long-term psychological effects of growing up with an autistic sibling?
How does social media foster social connections for people with autism?
Understanding autism: a condition overview and diagnostic criteria.
Brain structure and function in autism.
Strategies for enhancing verbal and non-verbal communication skills in people with autism.
ABA therapy for autism: principles, applications, and controversies.
Assistive technologies in autism: applications and latest developments.
Autism-friendly classroom practices.
Strategies for reducing sensory overload in people with autism.
Ways to support autistic adolescents’ transition to adulthood.
Creating opportunities for autistic people’s participation in sports.
Sleep problems in autism: causes, effects, and interventions.
Is there a link between vaccination and autism?
ABA therapy in autism treatment: is it effective or harmful?
Inclusive vs. special education for autistic children.
Alternative and complementary treatments for autism: are they safe?
Should autism research receive more funding?
Medications in autism: are they overprescribed or necessary?
Chelation therapy for autism treatment: is it worth the risk?
Do parents of autistic children receive enough support?
Are individuals with autism capable of providing informed consent in healthcare?
Should teachers be allowed to restrain and seclude misbehaving students with autism?

Cite this post

Chicago (N-B)
Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2021, September 9). 206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/autism-essay-topics/

"206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples." StudyCorgi , 9 Sept. 2021, studycorgi.com/ideas/autism-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . (2021) '206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples'. 9 September.

1. StudyCorgi . "206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/autism-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/autism-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/autism-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Autism were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 5, 2024 .

Questions? Call us:

Email:

How it works
Testimonials

Essay Writing

Essay service
Essay writers
College essay service
Write my essay
Pay for essay
Essay topics

Term Paper Writing

Term paper service
Buy term papers
Term paper help
Term paper writers
College term papers
Write my term paper
Pay for term paper
Term paper topic

Research Paper Writing

Research paper service
Buy research paper
Research paper help
Research paper writers
College research papers
Write my research paper
Pay for research paper
Research paper topics

Dissertation Writing

Dissertation service
Buy dissertation
Dissertation help
Dissertation writers
College thesis
Write my dissertation
Pay for dissertation
Dissertation topics

Other Services

Custom writing services
Speech writing service
Movie review writing
Editing service
Assignment writing
Article writing service
Book report writing
Book review writing

Popular request:

144 comprehensive autism research paper topics that will help you.

July 28, 2021

Do you need autism research paper topics that will impress your educator to award you high grades? If yes, this article lists the best 140-plus ideas to consider for your papers and essays.

Simple Autism Topics for Research Paper

Perhaps, you want to write a paper about an easy topic. In that case, select the idea to work with from this category. Any of these topics can be a brilliant idea for an autism paper. Nevertheless, take your time to investigate it extensively, gather, and analyze data to develop a winning piece.

Investigating the autism spectrum disorder’s prevalence
Autism Diagnostic interview
What are the primary causes of autism?
Reasons for the increasing autism cases in children
Effective learning and teaching methods for autistic children
Mainstream education and autism
Are there advantages of being autistic?
What are the disadvantages of being autistic?
Why are some individuals autistic while others are not
Explain why some individuals have a good recall or memory skills
What should people know about autism?
Who are the top five most known autistic individuals in human history?
How healthcare workers assist autistic persons in their daily lives
What are humans yet to discover about autism?
Discuss autism stories that people have shared on social media
Describe the employment opportunities and limitations for autistic individuals
Describe a treatment that can reduce autistic individuals’ disadvantages
What is the primary cause of autism?
What role does music play in the life of an autistic person?
Explain autism diagnosis during the early stages
Describe the educational programs for autistic persons
What’s the average overview of an autistic person?
Explain ways of improving autistic people’s interactions
Explain an autistic individual’s behavior towards his family members?
How the chemical brain of an autistic person differs from that of a non-autistic individual
What are the most prominent research breakthroughs in autism?
Why autistic persons struggle to socialize with others
What normal individuals should learn from the brains of autistic persons
Describe the characteristics of autistic persons
Tips for training autistic persons when providing care
Things caregivers should know about autism to do an excellent job
How family members should behave towards autistic individuals

Autism Biology Topics Research Paper Ideas

Students can also write autism biology papers and score top grades. If interested in autism biology, here is a list of topics to consider for your research paper. Any of these topics can be the basis of a debate because people have varying views towards them. You need sufficient and reliable information to support your argument.

Is there sufficient evidence proving that environmental triggers are responsible for the rising autism cases?
Why is western society reporting higher autism prevalence?
Do literature and art help in raising awareness about autism?
Reviewing films whose basis is an autism spectrum disorder
How the media portrays autism and its effects
Prominent public figures that lived with autism for years
The impact of maternal age on autism
Asperger’s syndrome and autism- An explorative study
Analyzing the genome’s dark regions and their effect on autism mutation
Gene expression control and its impact on autism mutation
The connection between genetic variants and autism
Obesity and autism- Is there a correlation?
How a subtle genetic modification can affect an autistic person
Autism and fragile x syndrome
How brain homes affect autism
Autism and vasopressin- What’s the link?
Brain signature similarities with autism
Investigating the unusual sensory response in an autistic person
The effects of the cerebellum on an autistic person’s social behavior
Anybody that loves biology will be interested in reading a paper on any of these ideas. However, make sure that your essay is on-point.
Thought-Provoking Autism Controversial Issues to Write About
Perhaps, you want to research and write about a thought-provoking topic about autism. In that case, consider one of these issues.
Is autism a disorder or a difference?
Timeline and history of autism
Why are autism rates increasing dramatically?
Things that scientists have disproven about autism causes
Questionable and risky autism treatments
The best autism treatments
Should autistic children have a unique educational setting?
Which are the best educational options for autistic children?
Autistic children should have a unique home
Autism and vaccinations- Is there any relations?
Ways to raise autism awareness in society
Changing the autistic children’s future through early interventions
How educators can help children with autism
Ways to help autistic children with uncooperative parents
Can occupational therapy help autistic children?
DSM-V and autism
A comparison of autistic children’s and normal kids’ educational opportunities
Ways health officials can convince their clients that vaccines don’t cause autism
Should schools vaccinate children that haven’t received their shots because parents believe they cause autism?

Research Paper Topics Dealing with Autism and Education

Experts recommend teaching people and caregivers about autistic persons. Through training, educators, parents, and other people can know how to treat autistic persons. Here are good research paper topics on autism and education. These topics relate expert advice with parenting and the daily life of autistic individuals. But like the other ideas, they need thorough research to come up with impressive papers.

Ways to solve autistic children’s daily problems
Why is autism research necessary?
Differences in education among autistic kids and normal children
Different autism types
Understanding the struggles of students suffering from autism
What are the possible autism causes?
Managing parenting challenges when you have an autistic child
Ways to improve autistic children’s communication skills
How to enhance autistic kids’ coping skills
Addressing negative behaviors among autistic children
Increasing autistic children’s play skills
Ways to diagnose autism early in children
Ways to increase autistic children’s independence
Effects of autism in a single child on family members
Improving self-help among autistic children
How autism affects different developmental realms
Learning in autistic kids
Resources available for autistic people
Effects of autism on the learning process
Why do parents need training about autism?

Autism Research Analysis Paper Topics

Perhaps, you want to autism research topics you can analyze extensively in your paper or essay. If so, consider these ideas for your project. You can analyze any of these research topics on autism in your paper with proper references to impress the educator and earn the top grade in your class.

Qualities of an effective autism treatment plan
Autism signs that every parent should know
Reviewing autism in various regions
Analyzing the probability of medical treatment causing autism
Analysis of the effects of genetics on autism
Investigating the impact of an autistic person on a standard individual
Analysis of autism history
Ways adult patients can manage autism
Analyzing the employment opportunities for autistic people
Exploring parental education benefits in managing autism in children
Analyzing the variations in social implications depending on autistic spectrum disorder and gender
Analysis of the support autistic people need at the workplace
Examining the socio-cultural effects of autism on understanding and behavior
Do autistic children need special schools?- A detailed analysis
Investigating the contextual drives affecting autism understanding in society
Analyzing the peer group role in autism
Investigating the increasing autism prevalence in western society
Post-traumatic stress disorder- Analyzing its impact on parents with autistic kids
Exploring the cross-cultural experiences of autistic persons
Analyzing the role technology can play in improving autistic people’s social skills

Autism Research Questions

One of the best ways to develop good research topics is by asking questions about the subject you find interesting. For instance, you can brainstorm autism thesis topics by asking questions about this illness. Here are some of the queries you can ask about autism, which can form the basis of your paper.

Which is the most accepted theory about autism spectrum disorder’s pathophysiology?
How can caregivers improve service delivery when dealing with autistic persons?
How can ordinary people understand sensory processing among autistic persons?
How can companies encourage ordinary people to support autistic employees?
How can employers implement person-centered intervention to support autistic employees?
How can companies maximize the performance and potential of autistic people at the workplace?
How can hospitals improve autism diagnostic procedures?
How can hospitals ensure the appropriate diagnosis of autistic adults?
How can family members and parents provide quality care for autistic kids?
How can ordinary people support families and parents with autistic kids?
What support is ideal for autistic children?
Which environments are suitable for helping autistic persons achieve quality education and life skills?
How can society help autistic persons get the most from life?
Which interventions can enhance mental health in autistic persons?
How can caregiver reduce mental health issues among autistic persons?
How can caregivers adapt mental health interventions for autistic individuals?
Which interventions work in developing language skills in autistic persons?
How can society support social care for autistic adults?
Which intervention work in reducing anxiety among autistic people?
Is autism treatable?
Who suffers more, an autistic child or their family?
What facts do most people not know about autism?
Which brain part does autism damage?
Does autism escalate with age?
Is autism the same as brain damage?
How can you tell that your kid is not autistic?
Can a person inherit autism?
Does an autistic person have a higher risk of having an autistic child?
Is autism a disability?
How does level I differ from level II autism?
Which questions does the doctor ask during an autism assessment?

Students have many autism spectrum disorder research topics and questions to consider as titles for their papers. However, learners should pick exciting topics to develop outstanding pieces. If you are unable to select a topic and write an essay, seek professional writing help online. Expert writers can help you with topic selection or even write a high-quality, custom paper for you.

Take a break from writing.

Top academic experts are here for you.

How To Write An Autobiography Guideline And Useful Advice
182 Best Classification Essay Topics To Learn And Write About
How To Manage Stress In College: Top Practical Tips
How To Write A Narrative Essay: Definition, Tips, And A Step-by-Step Guide
How To Write Article Review Like Professional
Great Problem Solution Essay Topics
Creating Best Stanford Roommate Essay
Costco Essay – Best Writing Guide
How To Quote A Dialogue
Wonderful Expository Essay Topics
Research Paper Topics For 2020
Interesting Persuasive Essay Topics

Copy of Art Therapy Log (500 x 250 px) (500 x 200 px).png

Jackie Schuld Art Therapy Blog

Feb 17, 2023

The Great List of Autistic Essays

I’m a late-identified autistic who loves writing about autism. How much do I love it? I’ve written over 150 essays on it in the past six months alone.

How do I think of so many autistic topics to write about? I’m an art therapist who specializes in late-identified autistic adults. That means I not only have my personal experience to draw from, but also the hundreds of hours spent listening to my clients.

I share most of my essays here on Medium, which means it has now become quite the library. In an effort to make my essays more accessible to those wanting clear, relatable information about late-identified autism in adults, I’ve sorted my essays into topics below. While I wish I could provide a link to each of them for you… I’ve got to prioritize my time and energy. So if a specific essay interests you, just pop it into the search and it’ll come up

Autism in a Neurotypical World

What Would a World Designed by Autistic People Be Like

The Harm in "They're a Little Autistic"

Autism Does Not Directly Cause Socializing Problems

Please Trust My Lived Autistic Experience

Can Someone Please Create a Neurodivergent Intentional Living Community

What if I Accept that Most Neurotypicals Won't Like Me

How Neuro-Bias Shows Up in Professional Testing

Your Autistic Experience Sounds Just LIke my Neurotypical One

Neurotypical Words that Don't Work for Autistics: Overachiever

But Neurotypicals Experience That, Too!

Neurotypical Norms That Don’t Work for Autistics: Hustle Goals

The Fear of Being a Hypocritical Autistic

Neurodiversity: Us vs Them?

How to Meet an Autistic Adult Exactly Where They're At

Autism Characteristics

The Autistic Mind Loves to Take Detours

4 Reasons Why Autism Symptoms Lists are Confusing

My Autistic Brain: Sunshine and Detours

The Joys of Being Autistic: Part 1

Stop Saying Autistic People Can't Empathize

Redefining Fun for Autistic Adults

9 Reasons Why Autism Looks So Similar to CPTSD

We Need More Depictions of the Interior Experience of Autism

Clarity is What my Autistic Mind Craves

How Trauma and Autism Can be a Confusing Mix to Decipher

Why am I like This? Understanding the Autistic Brain

My Autistic Mind Does What it Wants

The Dissociated Autistic Performance State

The Joys of Being Autistic: Increased Creativity and Innovation

My Autistic Memory Is Not the Same as Others

The Firehouse Dilemma: Autism and Infodumping

The Variability of the Autistic Sensory System

5 Reasons Autistics are Especially Hard on Themselves

The Shame That Often Accompanies Autism

Knowing You’re Different as an Autistic Adult

3 Reasons Autism is Worse After You Learn You're Autistic

Disability and Internalized Ableism

I Had to Dismantle My Fear of Autistic People

Is Autism a Disability?

I’m Ok With Saying I have a Disability, Right?

Dog Training

The Difficulties of Adjusting to a New Dog When You're Autistic

Tips for Adjusting to a New Dog When You're Autistic

5 Tips to Integrate a Dog into Your Autistic Life

Defining and Explaining Autism

What I Wish Others Knew About Autism

Let’s Drop the “Disorder” From Autism Spectrum Disorder

How Low and High Autism Labels are Misleading

We Need All the Autism Theories and Models

Autism Can Be a Murky Thing To Understand

How I Explain Autism to Someone Unfamiliar With It

What is Late Identified Autism

Autistic Statistics are Not Accurate for Late-Identified Autistics

I'm Here for the Autistic Awakening

How It Helps to Know You’re Autistic

Why It Matters to Know You're Neurodivergent

What is Neurodiversity and Why Does it Matter

How Neurodivergent Acceptance Can Improve Our Lived Experiences

How Unidentified Autistics are Taught to Socially Camouflage and Mask

Is There a World Where I can Be Unmasked?

The False Dichotomy of Masked and Unmasked Autism

6 Reasons Why UnMasking Is Harder Than it Sounds

What if You have to Mask Everywhere?

My Personal Experience as an Autistic

Hating Cooking as an Autistic Adult

I Make Giant Lists About Autism for Fun

The Challenges of Writing Publically About Autism

The Risk of Sharing my Autistic Passions with Others

I'm Reclaiming Weird for My Autistic Self

I Expand and Then I Contract

I Stopped Seeing Myself As Broken When I learned I was Autistic

Respecting my Limits as an Autistic Business Owner

I Need to Lessen the Pressure on my Autistic Self

My Autistic Brain Doesn’t Want to Watch TV Right Now

Embracing Who I am as an Autistic Adult

I Used to be a Very Judgemental When I Didn’t Know I was Autistic

A Letter from An Autistic Adult to Trust

Don’t Get So Upset: A Line that Doesn’t Work for This Autist

Why This Autistic Writer Didn't Respond to Your Comment

Relationships

Is Dating Worth it as an Autistic Adult?

Is it Possible to be Happily Partnered as an Autistic Adult?

Not Liking People as an Autistic Adult

Self-Identification

So You Think You Might Be Autistic

Dearly Newly Identified Autistic Person

Am I Actually Autistic?

Dearest Smart, Weird, and Caring Autistic

I Am Deeply Unsure About Autism

How to Self Identify Autism as an Adult

When the Past Makes Sense after a Late-Identification of Autism

Where to Start When You First Learn You’re Autistic

6 Strategies to Harness the Hyperfocus Power of an Autistic Mind

Leave the Gremlin In the Cave: Self-Isolation as a Necessary Autistic Tool

No Plans Days as an Autistic Tool

Making Accommodations for Myself as an Autistic Adult

How Many Accommodations Can We Ask for as Autistic Adults?

Using Art to Help Your Autistic Mind

Dissociation as an Autistic Tool

The Power of the Home Environment for Autistics

Is It Ok to Honor My Autistic Needs?

Recognizing When It's Not Time to Make Decisions as an Autistic

Therapy for Autistics

Dearest Autistic Client of Mine

8 Ways Therapy Can Help With Late Identified Autism

Gaslighting the Autistic Experience

Dearest Therapist Who Knows Barely Anything About Autism

I'm an Autistic Therapist: Sometimes It's Easier Than Everyday Life

Does Your Therapist Know Enough About Autism to Help You?

Questions to Ask a Potential Therapist When You're Autistic

How I Work with Newly Identified Autistic People

What to Ask When You're Seeking Therapy for Late-Identified Autism

12 Ways Therapy Can Enhance Life for Late Identified Autistic Adults

Therapy is Not for Fixing Autism

The Harm I Caused When I Didn't Know about Autism

A Newly Identified Autistic Therapist Working with Newly Identified Autistics

Common Therapy Advice That is Counterproductive for Autistics

A Therapist Told Me Treating Autism is Like Treating Depression

Who Can Diagnose Autism in Adults?

Autistic Adults Deserve Better from the Mental Health Field

Undiagnosed Autism

The Correlation Between Intelligence and Undiagnosed Autism

10 Consequences of a Life with Unidentified Autism

The Gap Between “Diagnosable Autism” and a Lifetime of Unidentified Autism

Autism Diagnosis Criteria are Limiting for Men Too

No Autistic Should Receive a Diagnosis Letter Like Mine

Identifying Autism in Undiagnosed Women Abstract

How I Identify Autism in Undiagnosed Women

Autistic Stereotypes Block People From Knowing They're Autistic

Thank you for reading. If you’d like to read more, sign up for my FUNletter . If you would like to explore your autistic identity with an autistic therapist, you can learn more about my therapy services here .

Want to read more on topics that interest you? Subscribe to my FUNletter.

Thanks for submitting!

The Pulse focuses on stories at the heart of health, science and innovation in the Philadelphia region.

Listen Live

Here and Now

Here! Now! In the moment! Paddling in the middle of a fast moving stream of news and information. Here & Now is a daily news magazine, bringing you the news that breaks after "Morning Edition" and before "All Things Considered."

Behavioral Health

Autism found me, and then I found my voice

Since my diagnosis with autism in 2015 at age 30, a bolder, more outspoken side of myself has emerged..

Marta Rusek

Author Marta Rusek is shown in various photographs at various ages of her life.

(Images courtesy of the author)

‘Coming out’ as autistic

Encouraging greater awareness and advocacy.

WHYY is your source for fact-based, in-depth journalism and information. As a nonprofit organization, we rely on financial support from readers like you. Please give today.

Brought to you by Speak Easy

Thoughtful essays, commentaries, and opinions on current events, ideas, and life in the Philadelphia region.

About Marta Rusek

Want a digest of WHYY’s programs, events & stories? Sign up for our weekly newsletter.

Together we can reach 100% of WHYY’s fiscal year goal

One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children Essay

Introduction, literature review, challenges teachers and children with autism face, potential benefits of one-to-one programs, potential disadvantages of one-to-one programs, suggestions and recommendations.

Autism is defined as a neuro-developmental disorder which mostly affects children by impairing their neural development making it difficult for them to interact with other children and adults socially (Newschaffer et al 2007).

The impairment in their neural developmental network causes the sufferer to engage in repetitive behaviour such as repeating the same words or actions because it affects the information processing part of the brain (Caronna et al 2008).

The causes of autism are mostly genetic although some disorders have been caused by birth defects, exposure to heavy metals or vaccinations which might affect children of three years and below. This disease is mostly common in children during their first two years and it continues to progress without any form of remission (Gerber and Offit 2009).

The prevalence of autism according to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been estimated to be about 1 to 2 people per every 1,000 people around the world. The number of children that suffer from autism has been estimated to be 9 per every 1,000 children world wide.

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention has also estimated the ratio of male to females who have autistic disorders to average 4.3:1 (CDC 2010). In the UK, the prevalence rate of children with autism was estimated to be 4.5 per 10,000 children in 1966 while in 1979, the figure rose to 20 per 10,000 children when the criteria for autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) was introduced to determine the prevalence of the disorder in the country.

Before the 1990s, the prevalence rate of autism within the country was estimated to be 4 to 5 cases per 10,000 people. However, according to previous studies conducted by medical researchers and paediatricians, the prevalence rate of autism in 2006 was estimated to be 116 per 10,000 children in the UK.

The researchers noted that the prevalence rate of the disease had increased when compared to the statistics for the previous years. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released new data on the prevalence rate of autism and autistic spectrum disorders in 2007 which revealed that prevalence rates of the disorder averaged between 66 to 67 per 10,000 children (Zhang 2008).

Other studies conducted in the UK to determine the prevalence rate of the disorder revealed that 39 per 10,000 children had autism and 77 per 10,000 had autistic spectrum disorders. The total prevalence rate of the disorder in the UK based on the number of children who have been identified with the disease is 44 per 10,000.

Professor Gillian Baird who conducted the study in South London noted that the findings demonstrated children with autism and other autistic spectrum disorders constituted 1% of the child population in Britain (Lister 2006). For years the most suitable estimate for determining the prevalence rate of autism in children three years and below has always been four to five per 10,000 children in the United Kingdom as well as the rest of the world.

The recent studies have however demonstrated that the current diagnostic criteria used to determine the prevalence rate of the disease has been changed to reflect 1 in 500 children with autism and 1 in 166 children with autistic spectrum conditions. These estimates show that the disorder has grown steadily in the UK over the past decades as more and more young children develop autism spectrum conditions (Zhang 2008).

A consensus estimate conducted in 1978 revealed that the prevalence of autism was 4 in 10,000 while the current estimate has shown that autism affects approximately 1% of the population in UK (Cohen et al 2009).

The number of people that have been diagnosed with autism has increased rapidly over the years because of changes to the diagnostic procedures for detecting the disorder. This massive increase can be attributed to a variety of factors which have made it possible to detect and treat children with autism.

These factors include improved recognition and detection technology, changes in the methods used to study the disorder , increasing availability of diagnostic services in many hospitals and specialised care facilities, an increasing awareness by healthcare professionals and parents on ways of dealing with autistic children and the widening criteria that can be used to detect and diagnose the disease.

Such factors have made it easy to determine the various methods and interventions that can be used to deal with the increasing number of autistic children in the UK (Cohen et al 2009).

The purpose of conducting this essay will be to examine the educational intervention of one-to-one support programs during normal school times within a mainstream classroom and also to discuss the challenges faced by teachers and autistic children as well as the advantages and disadvantages of providing one-to-one support to autistic children.

One-to-one educational interventions in treating autism deal with how teachers or class instructors offer children suffering from autism intervention strategies that are meant to address their cognitive and behavioural problems within the classroom setting. One-to-one educational interventions attempt to increase the functional independence of autistic children within the classroom setting where they are able to learn on their own without any assistance from their teachers and peers.

This type of educational intervention is meant to promote self efficacy skills on the part of the autistic child where they are able to do learning tasks on their own. Teachers under the one-to-one support programs design learning programs that they will use to guide the learning of the autistic child.

The main focus of these programs is to reduce the associated deficits of the disease by increasing the independence of the child within the classroom environment and also improving their social interaction with peers (Caronna et al, 2008).

Various researchers such as Johnson and Myers (2007) have conceded that one-to-one programs are usually successfully when all the school resources are utilised to improve the performance of the child in their learning process.

Such resources include classroom peers where their participation in the one-to-one program occurs when they are prevailed upon by their class teachers to engage with the autistic child during class time sessions; the class teachers or instructors who play a major role in designing the learning programs and techniques that will be used to educate the autistic child and the school administration which provides the necessary learning aids, materials and equipment that will be needed to design the learning program (Johnson and Myers 2007).

Medical researchers and paediatricians have been able to note that teaching children in a highly structured one-to-one support setting is an effective technique of teaching children with autism communication skills, interpersonal skills, social interaction skills and behavioural skills. If autistic children are going to succeed in classroom environments, they need to learn how they will behave and learn within social groups.

One-to-one teaching techniques are able to foster the development of learning skills in autistic children and they have been deemed to be effective in teaching autistic children within a classroom set up of eight to ten children.

The one-to-one teaching of autistic children has also been seen as an essential teaching technique for children who have autism and other mental disorders because it offers personalised training and teaching that allows the child to learn at their own pace through the guidance of their course instructor (Cohen et al 2009).

One-to-one educational programs have been developed in educational systems to help children with autism in acquiring self care and social skills as well as behavioural skills that will enable them to associate well with their peers. These programs have also been designed to improve the functioning behaviours of autistic children and to also help them decrease the severity of symptoms related to their disorder.

Medical studies have showed that interventions that are undertaken on autistic children before the age of three are more than likely to help these children with their compulsive and restrictive behaviour. Interventions therefore need to be undertaken during the formative years of the child’s development to ensure that they are able to develop socially and intellectually (Arndt et al 2005).

The National Research Council has endorsed the use of one-to-one training in teaching autistic children with the main reason being that the needs of the child will be adequately addressed during the learning process. The council recognised that one-to-one interventions provided many autistic children with the opportunity to enter into mainstream educational programs that would be beneficial in their intellectual development.

These programs enable the child to progress from one level of education to another as the teacher equips the child with the necessary educational information for their class grade. The specialised attention that the child gets during these programs is also beneficial as it allows the child to progress at their own rate within the classroom setting (Cohen et al 2009).

Kurtz (2008) notes that one-to-one educational programs are suitable educational interventions for children suffering from autism as they allow them to develop social skills during class interactions with their teachers and peers.

This method of teaching and learning caters for the various stages of an autistic child’s development which include the developmental stage that encompasses intellectual and emotional growth, the individual based development of the child where their communication, social, thinking and learning skills begin to form and the relationship based development of the child where their social interaction skills begin to form.

One-to-one support programs cover all the stages of the autistic’s child’s growth thereby ensuring they are able to operate properly within social settings (Rapin and Tuchman 2008).

One-to-one support programs are also beneficial to autistic children as they allow them to gain receptive processing skills as well as social communication skills that will allow them to communicate and process information they acquire from their instructors.

The scheduled sessions that are developed for one-to-one programs are meant to move the autistic child from one level of the learning program to another thereby developing their intellectual, emotional, thinking, learning and social interaction skills (Kurtz 2008). One-to-one support programs also increase the ability of the child to have emotional connections with their parents, siblings and other people who are important to the child.

This method ensures that the child is able to participate in social relationships by equipping them with emotional and social information. Autistic children under one-to-one support programs are able to become more aware of their environments by being equipped with perceptive and relationship building skills.

This method ensures that children suffering from autistic disorders are able to have a better quality of life in the event their behaviour does not become disruptive or problematic (Siegel 2008).

Because the autistic child gets to learn on a one on one basis with their teachers or instructors, their verbal behaviour becomes improved especially during the reading and speaking assignments which allows them to communicate better with their peers and parents.

As outlined earlier in this discussion, autistic children suffer from an inability to effectively communicate with others as they mostly speak in a repetitive manner where their spoken words are disorderly. This method therefore enables them to verbally relay their emotions and feelings to people that are close to them thereby enhancing social understanding.

The one-to-one approach also improves the organizational and planning abilities of autistic children allowing them to adapt to changes in their daily routines which is important given that most autistic children have restricted daily routines that cannot be subjected to change (Gutstein 2007).

The major limitation or challenge of this type of approach in providing educational support to autistic children is that it proves difficult for the teacher to manage especially in a class of ten children or more. The teacher’s attention is usually divided between managing the learning objectives and outcomes of the autistic child and those of the rest of the class during learning sessions.

This might mean that whatever the teacher set out to cover with the autistic child might not be achievable especially if they are forced to pay attention to the learning needs of the rest of the class (Gutstein 2004). One-to-one learning approaches might also require the teacher to allocate a substantial amount of time from their teaching schedules so that they can be able to develop learning goals and objectives for the autistic child.

This presents a challenge for teachers especially in the event the school administrators and paediatricians concerned with the health of the child have been unable to resolve the work schedule for the affected teacher. The workload therefore becomes too much as they have to handle the needs of the autistic child as well as the needs of the other children within the class.

Heavy workloads therefore results in cases of neglect which means that the educational interventions for the child will not be met. Another limitation of one-to-one programs is that additional costs and resources will be needed to manage the teacher-student sessions that come with this type of support program.

School administrators will have to acquire teaching aids designed for autistic children as well as other materials that are needed for the instructors at an increased additional cost to ensure that the child is properly taught on reading, writing and speaking skills (Robledo and Kucharski 2005).

The availability of one-to-one support programs also presents a major challenge to many schools with autistic children especially in the public schools that are funded by the government. Such schools are unable to provide language services that are useful in the one-to-one support programs because of a shortage of language specialists who can be able to properly communicate with the autistic child.

Certain school districts in the UK and in the US have also been unable to provide the recommended intervention of one-to-one instruction for their autistic students because of the high expense incurred by this type of educational intervention (Howlin 2005).

While most autism experts and paediatricians agree that one-to-one support programs for autistic children are usually beneficial, they present a myriad of challenges to both the teachers and students who interact with the autistic child in the classroom everyday. One such challenge is that a substantial amount of time is needed for the one-to-one sessions every day of the week.

The teacher is meant to set aside about 20 to 40 hours every week to provide support for the autistic child during classroom sessions. The reason why a lot of time is needed for these programs is to ensure that the teacher is able to achieve a high level of success during the one-to-one sessions.

This might prove to be a heavy workload for the teacher who has other students to deal with in the classroom and therefore allocating such a huge amount of time to one student might seem to be a waste of their time (Turkington and Anan 2007).

One-to-one programs are also a challenge to class teachers in the event they have to undergo training to enable them to properly conduct the one-to-one learning sessions. This training might require more of their time and effort which becomes a challenge if they have a large workload to deal with in the classroom.

The teachers might at times be required to work hand in hand with autism experts and therapists to ensure that the behavioural and cognitive problems of the child have been properly addressed.

The challenge lies in trying to strike a meaningful relationship between the teacher and the experts where the teacher might feel that a certain educational strategy would be useful in helping the autistic child to learn while the experts might hold a different opinion of how the one-to-one sessions should be conducted by the teacher (Turkington and Anan 2007).

Teachers also face the challenge of overlooking the educational needs of the other children in the classroom especially if the teacher decides to concentrate on the learning efforts of the autistic child. Trying to achieve a balance between managing the learning needs of the autistic child and managing the needs of the other children in the class becomes a challenge.

Also within the classroom, teachers are faced with the challenge of protecting the autistic child from any victimization from the rest of the class. Children who do not properly understand the condition might make fun of the affected child during class sessions such as reading tasks which might further increase the child’s self esteem issues. It therefore falls on the teacher to keep the rest of the class in check when it comes to the learning needs of autistic children (Levy 2006).

The challenges that children with autism face within the school system are usually based on their behavioural problems and the severity of the disorder in the child’s cognitive capabilities. These factors impact significantly on the type of interactions that the child will have with their peers and teachers within the classroom setting.

Since autistic children suffer from emotional and behavioural problems, the kind of interaction that these children have with their teachers and peers might worsen especially for teachers who have less willingness to teach autistic children.

Various studies conducted by researchers such as Cook and Landrum, Pavri and Monda have shown that children with more advanced autistic tendencies might affect the attitudes of teachers when it comes to interacting with the child (Levy 2006).

Autistic children also face the challenge of being taught by uneducated teachers and classroom instructors who have not received any special training to cater for the educational needs of the autistic child.

Most public school systems lack the necessary funds and resources to train their teachers on how they can be able to meet the learning needs of autistic children which means that the children end up not understanding what is being taught in class.

Additionally, the lack of long-term structures in most school systems to address the needs of autistic children makes it difficult for most parents to find conducive environments for their autistic children (Levy 2006).

Children who are transitioning from intensive behavioural programs into the school based systems might find it difficult to adjust to the learning conditions where the characteristics of autistic children present a great inhibition to inclusion. The benefits of placing autistic children within normal school systems is that they can be able to learn from observing the actions of their peers in the classroom and also in the playground. Being included in peer related programs enables the autistic child to learn real-life skills within realistic contexts and settings.

The challenge however becomes determining whether the child will be socially responsive to such a setting and whether they will actively participate in classroom sessions or playtime activities. Since all autistic children are unresponsive to their environment, they might not be able to gain any valuable educational experiences from such contexts (Handleman et al 2004).

According to Siegel (2008), most parents and educators view one-to-one programs as the first step in teaching children with autism on how to communicate or engage in the socialization process before they are integrated into a classroom setting or social group. One-to-one programs offer autistic children with the opportunity to develop an awareness of their environment and surroundings by focusing on the particular needs of the autistic child.

There are an increasing number of schools that can be able to offer one-to-one teaching for autistic children where the teachers involve the use of various one-to-one teaching techniques that are meant to provide the child with basic social and communication skills.

Some of the most commonly used one-to-one treatment programs for autistic children include relationship development interaction (RDI), peer to peer tutoring, facilitated communication and the DIR/floor time model for educational intervention (Siegel 2008).

Peer-to peer tutoring as an approach of one-to-one support programs in the classroom has grown with significance because it improves the child’s social and communication skills among their peers. This method is also suitable as it develops the behaviour of the child to enable them interact with other children during playtime and study group discussions.

Peer tutoring enables the child to demonstrate their intellectual capability by leading other children in classroom activities such as singing, reading and drawing. All these one-to-one techniques are therefore important addressing the communication disabilities of autistic children as their needs are specifically addressed by tutors, peers and teachers (Gutstein 2007).

Peer to peer tutoring is defined as a one-to-one method of teaching autistic children which focuses on educating autistic children together with non-autistic children where they are able to learn faster by observing the behaviour of their peers during class sessions.

This teaching method is mostly common in inclusion schools and also special education classes where the non-autistic children within the class lead the autistic children through a number of tasks that have specific instructions.

The tutor or teacher who utilises this method in treating autistic children first identifies the behavioural issues that are presented by the autistic students in the class. The teacher then makes a list of these behaviours and categorises them to determine how they can be managed in the class (Kurtz 2008).

A peer tutoring program is then developed based on this list where children who are non autistic become the peer tutors of autistic children in the class for a day or two. The children with autism are also allowed to be tutors to their peers in the class which enables them to develop both interpersonal and leadership skills.

Another way to conduct peer-to-peer support within the classroom is when the autistic child is paired with a normal child. The purpose of doing this is to ensure that the autistic child is able to learn from the actions of the normal child during class assignments. The normal children are able to help their autistic peers with the class assignments, homework and other tasks that have been assigned by the teacher.

Peer tutoring is therefore an important one-to-one teaching method that helps to build the social and behavioural learning objectives of autistic children especially when they are given leadership roles within the classroom setting. Peer support proves beneficial in helping the autistic child to develop friendships with their peers within the classroom (Sailor et al 2009).

The relationship development interaction (RDI) is another approach used in one-to-one support programs for autistic children where dynamic sets are developed to measure intelligence in the autistic child so as to improve their quality of life. This educational intervention allows children to participate in genuine emotional relationships that they are exposed to in their current environment.

The main goal that underlies RDI is to systematically develop emotional relationships through the use of motivational tools which enable the child suffering from autism to successfully interact in various social relationships.

The main aspects that are focused on in the relationship development intervention method are the establishment of building blocks that will be used in fostering social connections that are a common feature in early childhood development (Gerber and Offit 2009).

Relationship interaction development is an important technique because it helps the child to have a stronger relationship with their peers and teachers which will eventually lead to cognitive remediation for the child. Cognitive remediation refers to the process of restoring the optimal neural connectivity of the autistic child through a series of self-discovery activities that will be important in their intellectual development process.

The relationship development method is therefore an important technique that can be used to restore the social interaction and connectivity of the child to their school environment since it focuses on specific activities in autistic children that will elicit interactive behaviours (Lam and Aman 2007).

Another one-to-one treatment program for autistic children is the floortime or DIR model which offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and treating children with autism. The acronym DIR stands for three components that make up the floor time model which include developmental, individual difference and relationship-based.

The floortime model of one-to-one treatment focuses on helping autistic children with their communication problems as well as their interpersonal skills rather than on treating them for a particular set of behaviours. The floortime or DIR model was developed by child psychiatrist, Stanley Greenspan, who was also a specialist in autism related disorders.

Greenspan developed a model that would be a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach that would help autistic children with social-emotional functions, psychomotor skills, thinking and learning skills (Kurtz 2008).

The DIR approach basically focuses on floor-time sessions that are meant to enhance the emotional and social interactions that the autistic child has with his/her peers within the school and classroom context so as to facilitate emotional and cognitive growth. The model also focuses on providing therapeutic remedies which can be used to remediate biologically based processing capacities that are necessary in intellectual growth (Myers and Johnson 2007).

The aspect of developmental in the floor time model involves focusing on the developmental aspects of children that are needed for them to grow and mature intellectually and emotionally. This component determines which developmental milestones are important for the autistic child in their childhood so that they can be able to mature intellectually (Kurtz 2008).

The Individual difference component refers to understanding the autistic child’s sensory processing differences which are unique from those of normal children. This particular component of the DIR involves determining how these unique differences will impact on the learning and behavioural patterns of the autistic child.

The relationship-based component of the floor time model focuses on helping the autistic child to develop social interactions and relationships with their primary caregivers and peers which will enable the child to foster social development tendencies. All these components are important in the floor time model as they enable the trained consultant or teacher to design programs that will meet the specific development, relationship and individual needs of the autistic child (Kurtz 2008).

Facilitated communication is another one-to-one method that can be used to teach autistic children within classrooms settings. Facilitated communication involves the teacher physically guiding the learning and communication activities of the autistic child. The tutor or facilitator basically places a hand over the autistic child’s hand or wrist and guides them during the learning process.

The tutor guides the child by holding their hand in identifying various objects, pictures and images to express their thoughts. The purpose of facilitated communication in one-to-one educational support is to enable the child build on their perception, communication and interaction skills.

The child is able to communicate with their hands to the facilitator or tutor allowing them to express their thoughts and opinions. This method also allows autistic children to demonstrate their intelligence levels during the facilitation sessions (Kurtz 2008).

The advantages of one-to-one support programs are that they enable children to adapt to mainstream classroom and playground settings where the child is taught on social interaction and communication skills.

These programs cater for the various stages of a child’s development which include the developmental stage that encompasses intellectual and emotional growth, the individual based development of the child where their communication, social, thinking and learning skills begin to form and the relationship based development of the child where their social interaction skills begin to form.

One-to-one support programs also allow the autistic child to learn at their own pace without necessarily being influenced by the learning progress of other children in the classroom (Gutstein 2004).

One-to-one support programs are beneficial to autistic children since they allow them to develop an awareness of their school environment where they observe the actions of their peers, educators and other important elements of the school system improving their cognitive and behavioural abilities.

One-to-one programs that are peer supported are mostly beneficial for autistic children as they learn from observing the learning actions of their peers. Peer tutors provide the much needed guidance for autistic children as they can be able to interact and relate on the same intellectual level. Autistic children who engage in peer-to-peer support groups can be able to accrue the potential benefits that come with taking turns during tutoring sessions or during playtimes (Siegel 2008).

One-to-one support programs ensure that autistic children receive the best educational training from teachers who are more than likely trained to teach children with this disorder. These support programs have structured moment-to-moment activities that ensure the child is able to cover the curriculum within the allocated time for the sessions.

One-to-one support programs provide a degree of consistency and routine for autistic children allowing them to take advantage of the learning opportunities offered to their peers and also to develop intellectually. This form of educational intervention is also beneficial for the autistic child as it allows the instructor to improve their speech and language difficulties.

In the event the programs are offered in consultation with an autism expert, the instructor might be able to develop language therapy sessions that will allow the child to improve on their speech and language difficulties (Goldstein 2002).

Relative interaction development techniques have proven to be beneficial one-to-one support programs for autistic children as their social and communication skills are improved where the teacher elicits some verbal emotions from the autistic child. RDI improves the ability of the child to relay their emotions and feelings to the people who are close to the child thereby improving social interactions.

Social and emotional skills allow autistic children to be more aware of their environments as their perceptive skills become increased with every relationship building exercise they are engaged in. One-to-one support programs ensure that the child’s learning process is supported throughout every step by the teacher or facilitator so that they can be able to achieve the learning outcomes set by their teacher (Dodd 2005).

According to various studies conducted on autism and the educational interventions that can be used for autistic children (Eikeseth et al 2002: Howard et al 2005: Sallows and Graupner 2005), one-to-one support programs have proven to be efficient in providing autistic children with early intensive behavioural treatment that is important in increasing the academic performance of these children as well as increasing their IQ levels and adaptive behaviour.

When combined with other educational interventions such as applied behavioural analysis, the support programs increase the adaptive behaviour of children that suffer from autism. The studies conducted on this method of treating autism have mostly focused on the treatment of unwanted behaviours such as communication impairment and repetitive behaviour (Lovaas 2003).

A major disadvantage of this method of treating autism is that it focuses on establishing relationships rather than on academic learning and thinking. While these relationships are important to the child, they do not teach the child on how they can be able to form interactions during the learning process.

One-to-one programs in class settings that have eight children or more might fail to be successful because the teacher’s attention will be divided amongst the rest of the class. Some of the approaches used in one-to-one training mostly focus on play times rather than on academic learning which makes this method weak in educational programs (Myers and Johnson 2007).

One-to-one support programs also prove to be disadvantageous when the attention of the teacher is focused on the autistic child rather than on the whole class. Time and attention is taken away from the rest of the class who might in the end feel neglected by the teacher especially if it is a class of ten to twenty students (Lieberman et al 2004).

One-to-one support programs that are administered within the mainstream context pose a challenge to the academic education of autistic children when the teachers who conduct the sessions lack the necessary training to guide the autistic child’s learning process. Teachers who are in mainstream classes within the public school systems lack the proper training and skills that can be used to accommodate the special needs of the autistic child within the general education classes.

Research work has revealed that teachers who are not aware of the learning needs required by autistic children are more than likely to resist having these children in their classrooms. The negative impact of this is that it can lead to a form of regression in autistic children which in the end affects their classroom productivity and educational outcomes (Suomi et al 2003).

Another limitation of one-to-one support programs is that they are generally expensive to operate especially for public schools that are required by the state government to provide special education classes without any additional funds.

The cost of one-to-one support programs according to a 2005 Special Education Expenditures Program (SEEP) report developed by the United States revealed that the cost for student’s in special education programs such as one-to-one educational interventions amounts to $10, 558 when compared to the cost charged for regular education amongst normal children which averaged $6,556 (Schiller et al 2007)

While one-to-one support programs present various challenges, studies conducted on this form of educational intervention have revealed that the benefits far outweigh the challenges. One-to-one support programs need to be improved on to ensure that there are no challenges presented to the student and teacher during the learning process and that the objectives of the program have been met by both the autistic child and instructor.

There should be access to these programs especially in the public school systems to ensure that autistic children from poor income families are able to access special educational services that will meet their learning needs. More awareness needs to be created on the importance of one-to-one support programs especially in the mainstream so that both the teachers and students are able to adapt to the autistic child’s educational needs.

This will also improve peer-to-peer tutoring where normal children will be willing to provide assistance to autistic children during class assignments and tasks. A major recommendation for the study is that more research needs to be conducted on one-to-one support programs in educating autistic children as very few authors used in the study have been able to provide substantive information that can be used to explain this type of educational intervention.

The discussion has focused on one-to-one support programs in the classroom setting by focusing on the challenges, benefits and limitations of this type of programs on the education of an autistic child. The essay has been able to provide an in-depth analysis of one-to-one support programs by examining the various approaches used in teaching autistic child within the classroom.

The study has been able to determine that one-to-one programs ensure that children are able to achieve the learning objectives set by the trained instructors so that they can achieve academic excellence. Overall one-to-one support programs have been termed to be effective especially in developing the communication, behavioural and interpersonal skills of the autistic child

Arndt, T.L., Stodgell, C.J., and Rodier, P.M., (2005) The teratology of autism. International Journal of Development and Neuroscience , Vol. 23, No. 2-3, pp 189-199.

Caronna, E.B., Milunsky, J.M., and Tager-Flusberg, H., (2008) Autism spectrum disorders: clinical research frontiers. Arch. Dis. Child., Vol, 93, No.6, pp 518-523.

Center for Disease Control (CDC) (2010) Autism spectrum disorders: data and statistics . Web.

Cohen, B.S., Scott, F.J., Allison, C., Williams, J., Bolton, P., Matthews, F.E., and Brayne, C., (2009) Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study. Journal of Psychiatry , Vol. 194, No. 6, 500-509.

Dodd, S., (2005) Understanding autism . New South Wales, Australia: Elsevier Australia Eikeseth, S., Smith, T., Jahr, E., and Eldevik, S. (2002) Intensive behavioural treatment at school for 4 to 7 year-old children with autism: a 1-year comparison controlled study. Behaviour Modification, Vol.26 , pp 49 –68.

Gerber, J.S, and Offit, P.A., (2009) Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses. Clinical Infectious Diseases , Vol. 48, No.4, pp 456-461.

Goldstein, H., (2002) Communication intervention for children with autism: a review of treatment efficacy. Journal of Autism and Development Disorder , Vol.32, pp 373-396.

Gutstein, S. (2007) Evaluation of the Relationship Development Intervention Program. Autism , Vol. 11, No. 5, pp 397-411.

Gutstein, S., (2004) The effectiveness of relationship development intervention in remediating core deficits of autism-spectrum children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics , Vol. 25, No. 5, p 375.

Handleman, J.S., Harris,.L., and Martins, M.P., (2004) Helping children with autism enter the mainstream . New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Howard J.S., Sparkman C.R., Cohen H.G., Green G., and Stanislaw H. (2005) A comparison of intensive behavior analytic and eclectic treatments for young children with autism. Res Dev Disabil, Vol. 26, pp 359 –383.

Howlin , P., (2005) Outcomes in autism spectrum disorders . Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

Johnson, C.P., and Myers, S.M., (2007) Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics , Vol. 120, No.5, pp 1183- 1215.

Kurtz, L.A., (2008) Understanding controversial therapies for children with autism. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Lam, K.S.L., and Aman, M.G., (2007) The repetitive behaviour scale-revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Development Disorders , Vol. 37, No. 5, pp 855-866.

Levy, A., (2006) The transition of children with autism from intensive behavioural programs into the school system . Ottawa, Canada: Heritage Branch.

Lieberman, L., James, A., and Ludwa, N., (2004) The impact of inclusion in general physical education for all students. Journal of Physical Education , Vol. 75, No.5, pp 37-55.

Lister, S., (2006) Autism rate in children has doubled, say doctors . Web.

Lovaas, O.I., (2003) Teaching individuals with developmental delays: basic intervention techniques. Austin, Texas: Pro- Education Publishers.

Myers, S.M., and Johnson, C.P., (2007) Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics , Vol.120, No.5, pp 1162-1182.

Newschaffer, C.J., Croen, L.A., and Daniels, J., (2007) The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health , Vol.28, pp 235-258.

Rapin, I., and Tuchman, R.F., (2008) Autism: definition, neurobiology, screening and diagnosis. Annual Review of Public Health , Vol. 28, pp 235-258.

Robledo, S.J., and Kucharski, D.H., (2005) The autism book: answers to your most pressing questions . New York: Penguin Group.

Turkington, C., and Anan, R., (2007) The encyclopaedia of autism spectrum disorders . New York: Infobase Publishing.

Sailor, W., Dunlap, G., and Sugai, G., (2009) Handbook of positive behaviour support . New York: Springer Publishers.

Sallows, G.O., and Garupner, T.D., (2005) Intensive behavioural treatment for children with autism: four-year outcome and predictors. American Journal of Mental Retardation , Vol. 110, pp 417-438.

Schiller, E., O’Reilly, F., and Fiore, T., (2007) Marking the progress of IDEA implementation . Web.

Siegel, B., (2008) Getting the best for your child with autism: an expert’s guide to treatment . New York: The Guilford Press.

Suomi, J., Collier D., & Brown L. (2003). Factors affecting the social experiences of students in elementary physical education classes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , Vol.22, No. 2.

Zhang, A.A., (2008) The cockroach catcher . New York: Bauhinia Press.

Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 22). One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children. https://ivypanda.com/essays/autism-essay/

"One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children." IvyPanda , 22 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/autism-essay/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children'. 22 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children." February 22, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/autism-essay/.

1. IvyPanda . "One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children." February 22, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/autism-essay/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children." February 22, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/autism-essay/.

There is No One-to-One Correspondence Between Orthography and Sound in English
The Vaccine Safety Promotion Project
Mobile Phone vs. One-to-One Communication
Mental Health of Community
Maths Information: Inverses of Functions
Multithreading Models: Definition and Types
Program Communication Plan
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Strategy
The Entity Relationship Diagrams
Customer Management and Customer Intelligence
Childhood SES and Obesity
A Mental Health Project
Early Intervention for Young Adults With Autism
Borderline Personality Disorder Pathogenesis and Treatment
Dimensional Approaches to Schizophrenia and their Inclusion in the DSM-V

103 Autism Essay Topics You Need to Know

Dec 26, 2022 | 0 comments

Dec 26, 2022 | Blog | 0 comments

Autism is a complex and multifaceted condition that affects individuals in different ways. It is a spectrum disorder, meaning that it can present a wide range of symptoms and characteristics, and the severity of those symptoms can vary greatly from one individual to another. Despite this variability, all individuals with autism experience challenges in communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. These challenges can impact every aspect of an individual’s life, from their relationships and social connections to their ability to learn and engage in daily activities.

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness and understanding of autism, and efforts have been made to improve support and services for individuals with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families. However, there is still much that we do not know about autism, and much work is to be done to ensure that all individuals with ASD have the opportunity to reach their full potential and lead fulfilling lives. This essay will explore autism essay topics that you need to know.

Autism Thesis Topics You Need to Know Autism Research Paper Topics You Need to Know

Good Research Paper Topics on Autism

The history of autism and its evolution as a diagnosis
The symptoms and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
The role of genetics in the development of autism
Environmental factors that may contribute to the development of ASD
The impact of autism on individuals and their families
The importance of early diagnosis and intervention for children with autism
The role of therapy and education in the treatment of ASD
The impact of technology on the lives of individuals with autism
The challenges and stigma faced by people with autism and their families
The role of caregivers and family members in supporting individuals with autism
The impact of social media and online communities on individuals with autism and their families
The use of service animals to assist individuals with autism
The role of education in promoting understanding and acceptance of autism
The role of advocacy in supporting individuals with autism and their families
The importance of research in advancing our understanding of autism
The relationship between autism and mental health
The impact of sensory processing issues on individuals with autism
The role of nutrition and diet in the management of autism
The use of alternative and complementary therapies for the treatment of autism
The impact of social and cultural factors on the diagnosis and treatment of autism

Interesting Autism Essay Topics

The role of the media in shaping public perceptions of autism
The use of assistive technologies to support individuals with autism
The impact of employment and vocational training on individuals with autism
The role of art and creativity in the lives of individuals with autism
The impact of physical exercise and sports on individuals with autism
The use of animal-assisted therapy for individuals with autism
The impact of bullying and discrimination on individuals with autism
The role of play in the development of children with autism
The impact of sensory processing issues on sleep and behavior in individuals with autism
The role of caregiver stress and burnout in supporting individuals with autism
The use of virtual reality and augmented reality in the treatment of ASD
The impact of sensory processing issues on communication and language development in individuals with autism
The role of early intervention in promoting language development in children with autism
The impact of visual impairments and other sensory issues on individuals with autism
The use of sign language and other augmentative communication systems for individuals with autism
The impact of executive function challenges on individuals with autism
The role of parent-child interaction and attachment in the development of children with autism
The use of music therapy for individuals with autism
The impact of physical therapy and motor skills development on individuals with autism
The role of emotional regulation and emotional intelligence in individuals with autism

Autism Essay Topics for High School Students

The use of video modeling and other visual learning strategies for individuals with autism
The impact of sensory processing issues on attention and focus in individuals with autism
The role of social skills training and social communication interventions for individuals with autism
The impact of co-occurring conditions and comorbidities on individuals with autism
The use of occupational therapy to support individuals with autism
The impact of anxiety and stress on individuals with autism
The role of play therapy in the treatment of autism
The impact of sleep problems and sleep disorders on individuals with autism
The use of behavioral interventions and applied behavior analysis (ABA) for the treatment of autism
50. The impact of medication and pharmaceutical interventions on individuals with autism
The role of family-centered approaches and support in the treatment of autism
The impact of social and emotional learning (SEL) on individuals with autism
The use of teletherapy and online counseling for individuals with autism
The impact of trauma and adverse childhood experiences on individuals with autism
The role of peer support and peer mentorship in the lives of individuals with autism
The use of art therapy and creative expression for individuals with autism
The impact of stigma and discrimination on the mental health of individuals with autism
The role of support groups and self-advocacy in the lives of individuals with autism
The use of virtual reality and other technologies to support social skills development in individuals with autism
The impact of stigma and discrimination on employment and vocational opportunities for individuals with autism

Autism Essay Topics for College Students

The role of self-determination and autonomy in the lives of individuals with autism
The use of telehealth and remote support for individuals with autism and their families
The impact of sensory processing issues on the ability to learn and process information in individuals with autism
The role of leisure and recreational activities in the lives of individuals with autism
The use of technology and assistive devices to support communication and language development in individuals with autism
The impact of stigma and discrimination on access to healthcare for individuals with autism
The role of self-advocacy and self-determination in the lives of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
The use of teletherapy and online counseling to support the mental health of individuals with ASD
The impact of trauma and adverse childhood experiences on the development of ASD
The role of social skills training in promoting friendships and relationships for individuals with ASD
The use of video modeling and other visual learning strategies to support language development in individuals with ASD
The impact of anxiety and stress on the ability to learn and process information in individuals with ASD
The role of occupational therapy in supporting fine motor skills and daily living skills in individuals with ASD
The use of animal-assisted therapy to support social skills development in individuals with ASD
The impact of sensory processing issues on the ability to engage in leisure and recreational activities in individuals with ASD
The role of physical therapy in supporting gross motor skills and physical development in individuals with ASD
The use of telehealth and remote support to provide access to healthcare for individuals with ASD
The impact of social and emotional learning (SEL) on the ability to regulate emotions and behaviors in individuals with ASD
The role of play therapy in supporting emotional regulation and social skills development in individuals with ASD
The use of video modeling and other visual learning strategies to support social skills development in individuals with ASD

Autism Essay Topics for Grad Students

The impact of anxiety and stress on the ability to sleep and manage sleep disorders in individuals with ASD
The role of music therapy in supporting emotional regulation and social skills development in individuals with ASD
The use of teletherapy and online counseling to support the mental health of caregivers and family members of individuals with ASD
The impact of trauma and adverse childhood experiences on the mental health of individuals with ASD
The role of self-advocacy and self-determination in promoting autonomy and independence in individuals with ASD
The use of telehealth and remote support to provide access to therapy and support for individuals with ASD
The impact of sensory processing issues on the ability to engage in physical exercise and sports in individuals with ASD
88. The role of art therapy and creative expression in supporting emotional regulation and self-expression in individuals with ASD
The use of assistive technologies to support communication and language development in individuals with ASD
The impact of stigma and discrimination on the ability of individuals with ASD to access employment and vocational opportunities
The role of peer support and peer mentorship in promoting social connections and relationships for individuals with ASD
The use of teletherapy and online counseling to support the mental health of individuals with Asperger’s syndrome
The impact of anxiety and stress on the ability to manage daily living skills and responsibilities in individuals with ASD
The role of occupational therapy in supporting daily living skills and independence in individuals with ASD
The use of assistive technologies to support daily living skills and independence in individuals with ASD
The impact of stigma and discrimination on the ability of individuals with ASD to access education and learning opportunities
The use of telehealth and remote support to provide access to therapy and support for individuals with ASD in rural or underserved areas
The impact of co-occurring conditions and comorbidities on the treatment and management of ASD
Research questions and areas of study for future research on ASD and individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
The role of special schools in supporting the education and development of autistic individuals
The role of special education in supporting the education and development of autistic children
The role of the verbal and statistical manual of mental disorders in the diagnosis and treatment of autism cases
The impact of being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on individuals and their families

Wrapping Up

These are just a few examples of the many topics you could explore in an essay on autism. It is important to remember that autism is a complex and varied condition, and no single topic or approach can adequately address the needs and experiences of all individuals with ASD. By considering a range of perspectives and approaches, we better understand the challenges and strengths of individuals with ASD and work to create a more inclusive and supportive society for all.

With a passion for helping students navigate their educational journey, I strive to create informative and relatable blog content. Whether it’s tackling exam stress, offering career guidance, or sharing effective study techniques

Most Popular Articles

Racism thesis statement example, how to rephrase a thesis statement, capstone project topic suggestions, how to write an abortion essay, should students wear school uniforms essay, list causal essay topics write, respect essay, signal words, great synonyms, informative speech examples, essay writing guide, introduction paragraph for an essay, argumentative essay writing, essay outline templates, write an autobiographical essay, personal narrative essay ideas, descriptive essay writing, how to write a reflective-essay, how to write a lab report abstract, how to write a grant proposal, point of view in an essay, debate topics for youth at church, theatre research paper topics, privacy overview.

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Autism — Why Autism Awareness is Important

Why Autism Awareness is Important

Categories: Autism Psychological Disorders

About this sample

Words: 719 |

Published: Aug 24, 2023

Words: 719 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Prof Ernest (PhD)

Verified writer

Expert in: Nursing & Health

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

3 pages / 1141 words

8 pages / 3683 words

1 pages / 1827 words

2 pages / 1051 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Autism

Lord, C., et al. (2018). Sealeya, A., et al. (2016). Kitzerow, J., et al. (2015). Bruin, E. I., et al. (2015).

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate and interact with others. It is characterized by repetitive behaviors, difficulties in social interaction, and challenges with verbal [...]

Ziyan (not real name) 7 years old is a boy who studies in Aminiya School. Ziyan lives with his both parents. Moreover he is having an aunt who is taking extra care of him as his parents are not well educated. His mother is a [...]

In conclusion, "The Reason I Jump" provides a powerful and compelling summary of the world of autism. Through Naoki Higashida's insightful reflections, we gain a deeper understanding of the sensory experiences, social [...]

Hiding truths and replacing them with lies are often very devastating to family members and even more so when a son’s whole life has been built upon these lies. Mark Haddon, in the novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the [...]

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by Mark Haddon is the story of Christopher John Francis Boone’s adventures as told by him. The protagonist, Christopher, wrote the book as a murder mystery, describing his [...]

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

Instructions Followed To The Letter
Deadlines Met At Every Stage
Unique And Plagiarism Free

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

Advanced Search
Journal List
Transl Pediatr
v.9(Suppl 1); 2020 Feb

Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

Holly hodges.

1 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Meyer Center for Developmental Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA;

Casey Fealko

2 Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA;

Neelkamal Soares

3 Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. There have been recent concerns about increased prevalence, and this article seeks to elaborate on factors that may influence prevalence rates, including recent changes to the diagnostic criteria. The authors review evidence that ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain, and enumerate factors that correlate with ASD risk. Finally, the article describes how clinical evaluation begins with developmental screening, followed by referral for a definitive diagnosis, and provides guidance on screening for comorbid conditions.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors ( 1 ). In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders —5 th edition (DSM-5) was published, updating the diagnostic criteria for ASD from the previous 4 th edition (DSM-IV) ( Table 1 ) ( 1 , 2 ).

ASD, autism spectrum disorder; SPCD, social (pragmatic) communication disorder.

In DSM-5, the concept of a “spectrum” ASD diagnosis was created, combining the DSM-IV’s separate pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) diagnoses: autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), into one. Rett syndrome is no longer included under ASD in DSM-5 as it is considered a discrete neurological disorder. A separate social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD) was established for those with disabilities in social communication, but lacking repetitive, restricted behaviors. Additionally, severity level descriptors were added to help categorize the level of support needed by an individual with ASD.

This new definition is intended to be more accurate and works toward diagnosing ASD at an earlier age ( 3 ). However, studies estimating the potential impact of moving from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5 have predicted a decrease in ASD prevalence ( 4 , 5 ) and there has been concern that children with a previous PDD-NOS diagnosis would not meet criteria for ASD diagnosis ( 5 - 7 ). There are varying reports estimating the extent of and effects of this change. One study found that with parental report of ASD symptoms alone, the DSM-5 criteria identified 91% of children with clinical DSM-IV PDD diagnoses ( 8 ). However, a systematic review suggests only 50% to 75% of individuals maintain diagnoses ( 9 ) and other studies have also suggested a decreased rate of diagnosis of individuals with ASD under the DSM-5 criteria ( 10 ). Often those who did not meet the requirements were previously classified as high functioning Asperger’s syndrome and PDD-NOS ( 11 , 12 ). Overall, most studies suggest that the DSM-5 provides increased specificity and decreased sensitivity compared to the DSM-IV ( 5 , 13 ); so while those diagnosed with ASD are more likely to have the condition, there is a higher number of children whose ASD diagnosis is missed, particularly older children, adolescents, adults, or those with a former diagnosis of Asperger’s disorder or PDD-NOS ( 14 ). Nevertheless, the number of people who would be diagnosed under the DSM-IV, but not under the new DSM-5 appears to be declining over time, likely due to increased awareness and better documentation of behaviors ( 4 ).

It has yet to be determined how the new diagnosis of SPCD will impact the prevalence of ASD. One study found the new SPCD diagnosis encompasses those individuals who possess subthreshold autistic traits and do not qualify for a diagnosis of ASD, but who still have substantial needs ( 15 ). Furthermore, children who previously met criteria for PDD-NOS under the DSM-IV might now be diagnosed with SPCD.

Epidemiology

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the international prevalence of ASD at 0.76%; however, this only accounts for approximately 16% of the global child population ( 16 ). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates about 1.68% of United States (US) children aged 8 years (or 1 in 59 children) are diagnosed with ASD ( 6 , 17 ). In the US, parent-reported ASD diagnoses in 2016 averaged slightly higher at 2.5% ( 18 ). The prevalence of ASD in the US more than doubled between 2000–2002 and 2010–2012 according to Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) estimates ( 6 ). Although it may be too early to comment on trends, in the US, the prevalence of ASD has appeared to stabilize with no statistically significant increase from 2014 to 2016 ( 19 ). Changing diagnostic criteria may impact prevalence and the full impact of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria has yet to be seen ( 17 ).

Insurance mandates requiring commercial plans to cover services for ASD along with improved awareness have likely contributed to the increase in ASD prevalence estimates as well as the increased diagnosis of milder cases of ASD in the US ( 6 , 20 , 21 ). While there was only a modest increase in prevalence immediately after the mandates, there have been additional increases later as health care professionals better understood the regulatory and reimbursement process. The increase in prevalence may also be due to changes in reporting practices. One study in Denmark found the majority of increase in ASD prevalence from 1980–1991 was based on changes of diagnostic criteria and inclusion of outpatient data, rather than a true increase in ASD prevalence ( 21 ).

ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its diagnosis is far from uniform across these groups. Caucasian children are consistently identified with ASD more often than black or Hispanic children ( 6 ). While the differences appear to be decreasing, the continued discrepancy may be due to stigma, lack of access to healthcare services, and a patient’s primary language being one other than English.

ASD is more common in males ( 22 , 23 ) but in a recent meta-analysis ( 24 ), true male-to-female ratio is closer to 3:1 than the previously reported 4:1, though this study was not done using the DSM-5 criteria. This study also suggested that girls who meet criteria for ASD are at higher risk of not receiving a clinical diagnosis. The female autism phenotype may play a role in girls being misdiagnosed, diagnosed later, or overlooked. Not only are females less likely to present with overt symptoms, they are more likely to mask their social deficits through a process called “camouflaging”, further hindering a timely diagnosis ( 25 ). Likewise, gender biases and stereotypes of ASD as a male disorder could also hamper diagnoses in girls ( 26 ).

Several genetic diagnoses have an increased rate of co-occurring ASD compared to the average population, including fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, among others; however, these known genetic disorders account for a very small amount of overall ASD cases ( 27 - 30 ). Studies of children with sex chromosome aneuploidy describe a specific social functioning profile in males that suggests more vulnerability to autism ( 22 , 23 , 31 , 32 ). With the increased use of chromosomal microarray, several sites (chromosome X, 2, 3, 7, 15, 16, 17, and 22 in particular) have proven to be associated with increased ASD risk ( 28 ).

Other risk factors for ASD include increased parental age and prematurity ( 33 - 35 ). This could be due to the theory that older gametes have a higher probability of carrying mutations which could result in additional obstetrical complications, including prematurity ( 36 ).

ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain. Ongoing research continues to deepen our understanding of potential etiologic mechanisms in ASD, but currently no single unifying cause has been elucidated.

Neuropathologic studies are limited, but have revealed differences in cerebellar architecture and connectivity, limbic system abnormalities, and frontal and temporal lobe cortical alterations, along with other subtle malformations ( 28 , 37 , 38 ). A small explorative study of neocortical architecture from young children revealed focal disruption of cortical laminar architecture in the majority of subjects, suggesting problems with cortical layer formation and neuronal differentiation ( 39 ). Brain overgrowth both in terms of cortical size and additionally in terms of increased extra-axial fluid have been described in children with ASD and are areas of ongoing study both in terms of furthering our understanding of its etiology, but also as a potential biomarker ( 40 , 41 ).

Genetic factors play a role in ASD susceptibility, with siblings of patients with ASD carrying an increased risk of diagnosis when compared to population norms, and a much higher, although not absolute, concordance of autism diagnosis in monozygotic twins ( 42 - 44 ).

Genome wide association studies and whole exome sequencing methods have broadened our understanding of ASD susceptibility genes, and learning more regarding the function of these genes can shed light on potential biologic mechanisms ( 45 ). For example candidate genes in ASD include those that play a role in brain development or neurotransmitter function, or genes that affect neuronal excitability ( 46 , 47 ). Many of the genetic defects associated with ASD encode proteins that are relevant at the neuronal synapse or that are involved in activity-dependent changes in neurons, including regulatory proteins such as transcription factors ( 42 , 48 ). Potential “networks” of ASD genetic risk convergence include pathways involved in neurotransmission and neuroinflammation ( 49 ). Transcriptional and splicing dysregulation or alterations in epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation or histone acetylation and modification may play a role ( 42 , 49 - 51 ). A recent study describes 16 newly identified genes associated with ASD that raise new potential mechanisms including cellular cytoskeletal structure and ion transport ( 52 ). Ultimately, ASD remains one of the most genetically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorders with rarer de novo and inherited variants in over 700 genes ( 53 ).

While genetics clearly play a role in ASD’s etiology, phenotypic expression of genetic susceptibility remains extremely variable within ASD ( 54 ). Genetic risk may be modulated by prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal environmental factors in some patients ( 35 ). Prenatal exposure to thalidomide and valproic acid have been reported to increase risk, while studies suggest that prenatal supplements of folic acid in patients exposed to antiepileptic drugs may reduce risk ( 55 - 57 ). Research has not confirmed if a small positive trial of folinic acid in autism can be used to recommend supplementation more broadly ( 58 ). Advanced maternal and paternal age have both been shown to have an increased risk of having a child with ASD ( 59 ). Maternal history of autoimmune disease, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or psoriasis has been postulated, but study results remain mixed ( 60 , 61 ). Maternal infection or immune activation during pregnancy is another area of interest and may be a potential risk factor according to recent investigations ( 62 - 65 ). Both shorter and longer inter-pregnancy intervals have also been reported to increase ASD risk ( 66 ). Infants born prematurely have been demonstrated to carry a higher risk for ASD in addition to other neurodevelopmental disorders ( 34 ). In a prior epidemiologic review, obstetric factors including uterine bleeding, caesarian delivery, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and low Apgar scores were reported to be the few factors more consistently associated with autism ( 67 ). A recent meta-analysis reported several pre, peri and postnatal risk factors that resulted in an elevated relative risk of ASD in offspring ( 35 ), but also revealed significant heterogeneity, resulting in an inability to make true determination regarding the importance of these factors.

Despite the hysteria surrounding the now retracted Lancet article first published in 1998, there is no evidence that vaccines, thimerosal, or mercury is associated with ASD ( 68 - 70 ). In the largest single study to date, there was not an increased risk after measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccination in a nationwide cohort study of Danish children ( 70 ).

Ultimately, research continues to reveal factors that correlate with ASD risk, but no causal determinations have been made. This leaves much room for discovery with investigators continuing to elucidate new variants conveying genetic risk, or new environmental correlates that require further study ( 52 ).

Evaluation in ASD begins with screening of the general pediatric population to identify children at-risk or demonstrating signs suggestive of ASD, following which a diagnostic evaluation is recommended. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines recommend developmental surveillance at 9, 15 and 30 months well child visits and autism specific screening at 18 months and again at 24 or 30 months ( 28 , 71 ). Early red flags for ASD include poor eye contact, poor response to name, lack of showing and sharing, no gesturing by 12 months, and loss of language or social skills. Screening tools for ASD in this population include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised, with Follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F) and Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children (SWYC) ( 72 , 73 ). Red flags in preschoolers may include limited pretend play, odd or intensely focused interests, and rigidity. School age children may demonstrate concrete or literal thinking, have trouble understanding emotions, and may even show an interest in peers but lack conversational skills or appropriate social approach. If there is suspicion of ASD in these groups, screening tools available include the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) ( 74 - 76 ).

If concerns are raised at screening, primary care clinicians are recommended to refer the child to early intervention if less than 3 years of age or to the public school system for psychoeducational evaluation in order to establish an individual education program (IEP) if the child is three years of age or older. Clinicians should additionally refer the child to a specialist (pediatric neurologist, developmental-behavioral pediatrician, child psychiatrist, licensed child psychologist) for a definitive diagnosis and comprehensive assessment ( 71 ). A comprehensive assessment should include a complete physical exam, including assessment for dysmorphic features, a full neurologic examination with head circumference, and a Wood’s lamp examination of the skin. A parent interview, collection of any outside informant observations, and a direct clinician observation of the child’s current cognitive, language, and adaptive functioning by a clinician experienced with ASD should be components of this comprehensive assessment. ( 28 , 71 , 77 , 78 ).

Additionally, primary care clinicians need to be aware of (and evaluate for) potential co-occurring conditions in children with ASD. According to a surveillance study of over 2,000 children with ASD, 83% had an additional developmental diagnosis, 10% had at least one psychiatric diagnosis, and 16% at least one neurologic diagnosis ( 79 ). In the past, rates of co-morbid intellectual disability (ID) in patients with ASD were reported from 50% to 70%, with the most recent CDC estimate reported at 31.0% (26.7% to 39.4%) with ID defined as intelligence quotient (IQ) ≤70 ( 6 , 80 ). Other common co-occurring medical conditions include gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including dietary restrictions and food selectivity, sleep disorders, obesity, and seizures ( 81 - 84 ). Studies using electronic health record (EHR) analysis revealed prevalence of epilepsy ~20% and GI disorders [without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)] at 10–12% ( 82 ). Epilepsy has been shown to have higher prevalence rates in ASD with comorbid ID and medical disorders of increased risk such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) ( 85 - 87 ). GI disorders or GI symptomatology, including diarrhea, constipation, restrictive eating, or reflux, have been shown to be prominent in ASD across multiple studies ( 81 , 82 , 88 , 89 ). Sleep problems have been reported to occur in anywhere from 50% to 73% of patients with ASD with variation in prevalence dependent on the definition of sleep symptoms or the measurement tool used ( 90 - 92 ). Rates of overweight and obesity in ASD are reported to be roughly 33% and 18% respectively, higher than rates in typically developing children ( 81 - 84 , 93 ).

Other behavioral or psychiatric co-occurring conditions in ASD include anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder, and mood disorders or other disruptive behavior disorders ( 81 ). Rates of co-occurring ADHD are reported anywhere from 25% to 81% ( 81 , 94 ). A recent meta-analysis of 30 studies measuring rates of anxiety and 29 studies measuring rates of depression reported a high degree of heterogeneity from the current literature, but stated pooled lifetime prevalence for adults with ASD to be 42% for any anxiety disorder and 37% for any depressive disorder, though the use of self-report measures and the presence of ID could influence estimates ( 95 ). In children with ASD seeking treatment, the rate of any anxiety disorder was found to be similar at 42% and in addition this study reported co-morbid oppositional defiant disorder at a rate of 46% and mood disorders at 8%, with 66% of the sample of over 600 patients having more than one co-occurring condition ( 94 ).

Currently no clear ASD biomarkers or diagnostic measures exist, and the diagnosis is made based on fulfillment of descriptive criteria. In light of a relatively high yield in patients with ASD, clinical genetic testing is recommended and can provide information regarding medical interventions or work up that might be necessary and help with family planning ( 96 ). The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMGG) guidelines currently recommend chromosomal microarray for all children, fragile X testing in males, and additional gene sequencing, including PTEN and MECP2 , in certain patients as first tier genetic testing in the work up of ASD ( 97 ). High resolution G-banded karyotype, once recommended for all patients with ASD, is no longer routinely indicated based on recent consensus recommendations, but might still be performed in patients with a family or reproductive history suggestive of chromosomal rearrangements or specific syndromes such as sex chromosome anomalies or Trisomy 21 ( 96 - 98 ). Several professional societies recommend genetic testing for ASD, including the American Academy of Neurology, the AAP, ACMGG, and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and a child may require further referral to a geneticist and/or genetic counselor, depending on results of testing ( 25 , 28 , 97 , 99 ). As the field of genetics continues to advance rapidly, recent publications suggest whole exome sequencing may become the preferred method for clinical genetic testing in individuals with ASD ( 100 , 101 ).

Aside from genetic testing, no other laboratory work up is routinely recommended for every patient with a diagnosis of ASD. However, further evaluation may be appropriate for patients with particular findings or risk factors. Metabolic work-up should be considered in patients with any of the following concerning symptoms or signs: a history of clear developmental regression including loss or plateau of motor skills; hypotonia; recurrent episodes of vomiting, lethargy or hypoglycemia; microcephaly or poor growth; concern for other organ involvement; coarse features; or concern for seizures or ataxia. Based on the patient’s history and presentation, components of a metabolic laboratory evaluation could include complete blood count (CBC), liver and renal function tests, lactate, pyruvate, carnitine, amino acids, an acylcarnitine profile, urine organic acids and/or urine glycosaminoglycans ( 97 , 102 ). Children with a history of pica should have a lead level measured ( 28 , 103 ). In a child with significantly restricted food intake, one should consider a laboratory evaluation of nutritional status. Sleep symptoms may warrant a referral for a possible sleep study, and if restless sleep symptoms are present, an evaluation for iron deficiency is not unreasonable, particularly if dietary rigidity limits iron intake ( 104 ).

Neuroimaging is not routinely recommended for every patient with ASD ( 28 , 99 ), but may be appropriate in patients with a suspicion for TSC or other neurocutaneous disorders, microcephaly, or an abnormal neurologic exam (spasticity, severe hypotonia, unilateral findings). Patients with suspected seizures should have an electroencephalography (EEG) obtained ( 102 ). If accessible, it might be appropriate to immediately refer children with concern for further genetic, metabolic or neurologic conditions to a specialist who can then obtain and interpret the aforementioned testing. At this time there is inadequate evidence to recommend routine testing for celiac disease, immunologic or neurochemical markers, mitochondrial disorders, allergy testing, hair analysis, intestinal permeability studies, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase studies, stool analysis, urinary peptides or vitamin and mineral deficiencies without a history of severe food selectivity.

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Recent changes to the diagnostic criteria occurred with the transition to the new diagnostic manual (DSM-5) and will likely impact prevalence, which currently stands at 1 in 59 children in the US. ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain. Research continues to reveal factors that correlate with ASD risk and these findings may guide further etiologic investigation, but no final causal pathway has been elucidated. Clinical evaluation begins with developmental screening of the general pediatric population to identify at-risk children, followed by referral to a specialist for a definitive diagnosis and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Children with ASD should also be screened for common co-morbid diagnoses. While no clear biomarkers or diagnostic measures exist, clinical genetic testing is recommended as part of the initial medical evaluation. Further medical work up or subspecialist referrals may be pursued based on specific patient characteristics.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Ethical Statement : The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Conflicts of Interest : The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses.

Información en español

Celebrating 75 Years! Learn More >>

Health Topics
Brochures and Fact Sheets
Help for Mental Illnesses
Clinical Trials

Autism Spectrum Disorder

What is asd.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave. Although autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is described as a “developmental disorder” because symptoms generally appear in the first 2 years of life.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) , a guide created by the American Psychiatric Association that health care providers use to diagnose mental disorders, people with ASD often have:

Difficulty with communication and interaction with other people
Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors
Symptoms that affect their ability to function in school, work, and other areas of life

Autism is known as a “spectrum” disorder because there is wide variation in the type and severity of symptoms people experience.

People of all genders, races, ethnicities, and economic backgrounds can be diagnosed with ASD. Although ASD can be a lifelong disorder, treatments and services can improve a person’s symptoms and daily functioning. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children receive screening for autism. Caregivers should talk to their child’s health care provider about ASD screening or evaluation.

What are the signs and symptoms of ASD?

The list below gives some examples of common types of behaviors in people diagnosed with ASD. Not all people with ASD will have all behaviors, but most will have several of the behaviors listed below.

Social communication / interaction behaviors may include:

Making little or inconsistent eye contact
Appearing not to look at or listen to people who are talking
Infrequently sharing interest, emotion, or enjoyment of objects or activities (including infrequent pointing at or showing things to others)
Not responding or being slow to respond to one’s name or to other verbal bids for attention
Having difficulties with the back and forth of conversation
Often talking at length about a favorite subject without noticing that others are not interested or without giving others a chance to respond
Displaying facial expressions, movements, and gestures that do not match what is being said
Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound sing-song or flat and robot-like
Having trouble understanding another person’s point of view or being unable to predict or understand other people’s actions
Difficulties adjusting behaviors to social situations
Difficulties sharing in imaginative play or in making friends

Restrictive / repetitive behaviors may include:

Repeating certain behaviors or having unusual behaviors, such as repeating words or phrases (a behavior called echolalia)
Having a lasting intense interest in specific topics, such as numbers, details, or facts
Showing overly focused interests, such as with moving objects or parts of objects
Becoming upset by slight changes in a routine and having difficulty with transitions
Being more sensitive or less sensitive than other people to sensory input, such as light, sound, clothing, or temperature

People with ASD may also experience sleep problems and irritability.

People on the autism spectrum also may have many strengths, including:

Being able to learn things in detail and remember information for long periods of time
Being strong visual and auditory learners
Excelling in math, science, music, or art

What are the causes and risk factors for ASD?

Researchers don’t know the primary causes of ASD, but studies suggest that a person’s genes can act together with aspects of their environment to affect development in ways that lead to ASD. Some factors that are associated with an increased likelihood of developing ASD include:

Having a sibling with ASD
Having older parents
Having certain genetic conditions (such as Down syndrome or Fragile X syndrome)
Having a very low birth weight

How is ASD diagnosed?

Health care providers diagnose ASD by evaluating a person’s behavior and development. ASD can usually be reliably diagnosed by age 2. It is important to seek an evaluation as soon as possible. The earlier ASD is diagnosed, the sooner treatments and services can begin.

Diagnosis in young children

Diagnosis in young children is often a two-stage process.

Stage 1: General developmental screening during well-child checkups

Every child should receive well-child check-ups with a pediatrician or an early childhood health care provider. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children receive screening for developmental delays at their 9-, 18-, and 24- or 30-month well-child visits, with specific autism screenings at their 18- and 24-month well-child visits. A child may receive additional screening if they have a higher likelihood of ASD or developmental problems. Children with a higher likelihood of ASD include those who have a family member with ASD, show some behaviors that are typical of ASD, have older parents, have certain genetic conditions, or who had a very low birth weight.

Considering caregivers’ experiences and concerns is an important part of the screening process for young children. The health care provider may ask questions about the child’s behaviors and evaluate those answers in combination with information from ASD screening tools and clinical observations of the child. Read more about screening instruments on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.

If a child shows developmental differences in behavior or functioning during this screening process, the health care provider may refer the child for additional evaluation.

Stage 2: Additional diagnostic evaluation

It is important to accurately detect and diagnose children with ASD as early as possible, as this will shed light on their unique strengths and challenges. Early detection also can help caregivers determine which services, educational programs, and behavioral therapies are most likely to be helpful for their child.

A team of health care providers who have experience diagnosing ASD will conduct the diagnostic evaluation. This team may include child neurologists, developmental pediatricians, speech-language pathologists, child psychologists and psychiatrists, educational specialists, and occupational therapists.

The diagnostic evaluation is likely to include:

Medical and neurological examinations
Assessment of the child’s cognitive abilities
Assessment of the child’s language abilities
Observation of the child’s behavior
An in-depth conversation with the child’s caregivers about the child’s behavior and development
Assessment of age-appropriate skills needed to complete daily activities independently, such as eating, dressing, and toileting

Because ASD is a complex disorder that sometimes occurs with other illnesses or learning disorders, the comprehensive evaluation may include:

Blood tests
Hearing test

The evaluation may lead to a formal diagnosis and recommendations for treatment.

Diagnosis in older children and adolescents

Caregivers and teachers are often the first to recognize ASD symptoms in older children and adolescents who attend school. The school’s special education team may perform an initial evaluation and then recommend that a child undergo additional evaluation with their primary health care provider or a health care provider who specialize in ASD.

A child’s caregivers may talk with these health care providers about their child’s social difficulties, including problems with subtle communication. For example, some children may have problems understanding tone of voice, facial expressions, or body language. Older children and adolescents may have trouble understanding figures of speech, humor, or sarcasm. They also may have trouble forming friendships with peers.

Diagnosis in adults

Diagnosing ASD in adults is often more difficult than diagnosing ASD in children. In adults, some ASD symptoms can overlap with symptoms of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Adults who notice signs of ASD should talk with a health care provider and ask for a referral for an ASD evaluation. Although evaluation for ASD in adults is still being refined, adults may be referred to a neuropsychologist, psychologist, or psychiatrist who has experience with ASD. The expert will ask about:

Social interaction and communication challenges
Sensory issues
Repetitive behaviors
Restricted interests

The evaluation also may include a conversation with caregivers or other family members to learn about the person’s early developmental history, which can help ensure an accurate diagnosis.

Receiving a correct diagnosis of ASD as an adult can help a person understand past challenges, identify personal strengths, and find the right kind of help. Studies are underway to determine the types of services and supports that are most helpful for improving the functioning and community integration of autistic transition-age youth and adults.

What treatment options are available for ASD?

Treatment for ASD should begin as soon as possible after diagnosis. Early treatment for ASD is important as proper care and services can reduce individuals’ difficulties while helping them build on their strengths and learn new skills.

People with ASD may face a wide range of issues, which means that there is no single best treatment for ASD. Working closely with a health care provider is an important part of finding the right combination of treatment and services.

A health care provider may prescribe medication to treat specific symptoms. With medication, a person with ASD may have fewer problems with:

Irritability
Repetitive behavior
Hyperactivity
Attention problems
Anxiety and depression

Read more about the latest medication warnings, patient medication guides, and information on newly approved medications at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website .

Behavioral, psychological, and educational interventions

People with ASD may be referred to a health care provider who specializes in providing behavioral, psychological, educational, or skill-building interventions. These programs are often highly structured and intensive, and they may involve caregivers, siblings, and other family members. These programs may help people with ASD:

Learn social, communication, and language skills
Reduce behaviors that interfere with daily functioning
Increase or build upon strengths
Learn life skills for living independently

Other resources

Many services, programs, and other resources are available to help people with ASD. Here are some tips for finding these additional services:

Contact your health care provider, local health department, school, or autism advocacy group to learn about special programs or local resources.
Find an autism support group. Sharing information and experiences can help people with ASD and their caregivers learn about treatment options and ASD-related programs.
Record conversations and meetings with health care providers and teachers. This information may help when it’s time to decide which programs and services are appropriate.
Keep copies of health care reports and evaluations. This information may help people with ASD qualify for special programs.

How can I find a clinical trial for ASD?

Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. The goal of clinical trials is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although individuals may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct many studies with patients and healthy volunteers. We have new and better treatment options today because of what clinical trials uncovered years ago. Be part of tomorrow’s medical breakthroughs. Talk to your health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you.

To learn more or find a study, visit:

NIMH’s Clinical Trials webpage : Information about participating in clinical trials
Clinicaltrials.gov: Current Studies on ASD : List of clinical trials funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) being conducted across the country

Where can I learn more about ASD?

Free brochures and shareable resources.

Autism Spectrum Disorder : This brochure provides information about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ASD. Also available en español .
Digital Shareables on Autism Spectrum Disorder : Help support ASD awareness and education in your community. Use these digital resources, including graphics and messages, to spread the word about ASD.

Federal resources

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee
MedlinePlus (also available en español )

Research and statistics

Science News About Autism Spectrum Disorder : This NIMH webpage provides press releases and announcements about ASD.
Research Program on Autism Spectrum Disorders : This NIMH program supports research focused on the characterization, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes of ASD and related disorders.
Statistics: Autism Spectrum Disorder : This NIMH webpage provides information on the prevalence of ASD in the U.S.
Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder : This CDC webpage provides data, statistics, and tools about prevalence and demographic characteristics of ASD.
Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network : This CDC-funded program collects data to better understand the population of children with ASD.
Biomarkers Consortium - The Autism Biomarkers Consortium for Clinical Trials (ABC-CT) : This Foundation for the National Institutes of Health project seeks to establish biomarkers to improve treatments for children with ASD.

Last Reviewed: February 2024

Unless otherwise specified, the information on our website and in our publications is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

We use cookies to enhance our website for you. Proceed if you agree to this policy or learn more about it.

Essay Database >
Essays Samples >
Essay Types >
Argumentative Essay Example

Autism Spectrum Argumentative Essays Samples For Students

2 samples of this type

If you're looking for an applicable way to simplify writing an Argumentative Essay about Autism Spectrum, WowEssays.com paper writing service just might be able to help you out.

For starters, you should skim our huge catalog of free samples that cover most diverse Autism Spectrum Argumentative Essay topics and showcase the best academic writing practices. Once you feel that you've figured out the major principles of content presentation and taken away actionable ideas from these expertly written Argumentative Essay samples, composing your own academic work should go much smoother.

However, you might still find yourself in a situation when even using top-notch Autism Spectrum Argumentative Essays doesn't allow you get the job done on time. In that case, you can contact our experts and ask them to craft a unique Autism Spectrum paper according to your individual specifications. Buy college research paper or essay now!

Good Argumentative Essay On Autism

Introduction.

When a child is unable to express himself, his emotions, what he thinks, feels or wants and reacts differently from other children, perhaps he is suffering from a neurodevelopment disorder that is commonly known as autism. This paper intends to discuss autism, its causes, symptoms, and about its treatment along with discussing several other related aspects of the subject.

Children With Autism Argumentative Essay Example

Don't waste your time searching for a sample.

Get your argumentative essay done by professional writers!

Just from $10/page

Password recovery email has been sent to [email protected]

Use your new password to log in

You are not register!

By clicking Register, you agree to our Terms of Service and that you have read our Privacy Policy .

Now you can download documents directly to your device!

Check your email! An email with your password has already been sent to you! Now you can download documents directly to your device.

or Use the QR code to Save this Paper to Your Phone

The sample is NOT original!

Short on a deadline?

Don't waste time. Get help with 11% off using code - GETWOWED

No, thanks! I'm fine with missing my deadline

Call to +1 844 889-9952

122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 autism research papers examples, 🏆 best autism essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about autism, 🖋️ autism topics for discussion, ❓ autism research questions.

Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Needs Assessment Plan This paper outlines the needs assessment plan for this project based on the use of surveys and other researchers’ findings.
Autism and Neurodiversity: Current Approaches Autism is one of the most severe developmental disorders due to causing difficulties in communication and social interaction.
Combined Autism Diagnostic Evaluation Zander, Sturm, and Bölte compared the application of ADI-R, ADOS, their combinations, and the clinical consensus diagnosis to establish the diagnostic validity of the tools.
Vaccination and Related Risks of Autism The persistence of the vaccination myths causes people to hesitate and delay vaccination. Such decisions may have negative consequences for the health of children.
New Beginning Program Strength and Limitations The organization can publish educational and supportive materials digitally and print to help those in need in areas where the program is not available.
The New Beginnings Program: Mission Statement and Goals This paper presents the mission statement and discusses three goals of the program related to independence, skills development, and employment, as well as more specific objectives.
Autism: Is There Something That Can Be Done? As autism can not be cured, treatment of people affected by it consists instead of teaching them to cope with it in their daily lives.
Autism and Vaccination: The Possible Correlation It has been proved in many studies that there is no correlation between vaccination and development of ASD or autism.
The Field of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Professional Knowledge This research paper demonstrates the importance of professional knowledge of standards and high-quality training in the field of autism spectrum disorders.
Benchmark - Philosophy as an Autism Spectrum Disorders Specialist Autism spectrum disorders are a range of psychological characteristics that describe a wide range of abnormal behavior and difficulties in social interaction and communication.
The Relationship Between Asperger Syndrome and Autism
Physical Therapy for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome and Facial Affect Processing in Adolescents With and Without Autism
Parenting Styles of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders The paper discusses the mental state of the parents whose kids are struggling with autism spectrum disorders. There are four common types of parenting styles.
Morning Plasma Melatonin Differences in Autism
Social Attention and Emotional Responsiveness in Young Adults With Autism
Medical Treatment for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism and Acquisition of Language Skills A proper understanding of the issues associated with autism can help to support the affected young individuals and provide personalized instructions for language acquisition.
The Need for Objective Measures of Stress in Autism
Individuals With Autism and the Difficulties To Understand Different Emotions
Psychological and Social Factors in Informed Consent for Patients With Autism
Educational Challenges of Students with Autism Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders face different challenges that can affect their learning abilities and motivation in education.
Seeing More Than Human: Autism and Anthropomorphic Theory of Mind
The Evolving Diagnostic and Genetic Landscapes of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Synaptic Proteins and Receptors Defects in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Social Interaction Interventions for Students with Autism in School Autism spectrum disorders represent a whole spectrum of developmental disorders characterized by various manifestations of the uniqueness of the various spheres.
Latent and Abnormal Functional Connectivity Circuits in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Informal Assessments and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Interplay Between Peripheral and Central Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Life After High School: Autism in Post-Secondary Schools The paper studies the impact of a transition process on post-secondary students with autism and discovers supporting institutional practices.
The Difference Between Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome
Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Emotion Recognition for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Physical Based Intervention Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Supporting Diverse Learners with Autism by Bateman This paper analyzes the study “Supporting diverse learners with Autism through a culturally responsive visual communication intervention”.
Savant Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome in Children and Adults
Living With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Hanoi, Vietnam
Treatment and Warning Signs of Autism
Parental and Psychotherapeutic Role in Development of Children With Autism Parents have a significant role in developing and preparing an autistic child for future life, and in such cases, the work of a psychotherapist with the whole family is important.
Parental Involvement and the Area of Treatments for Autism
Social Interaction for Children With Autism
Social Skills Training for Children on the Autism Spectrum
Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder by Boucher & Anns The authors of the “Memory, Learning and Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder” study, Jill Boucher and Sophie Anns, addressed the issue of memory.
The Causes and Predisposition, Coping Strategies, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Tips for Teaching High Functioning People With Autism
Living With the Form of Autism Called Asperger’s Syndrome
Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Social Context A seven-year-old client was diagnosed with autism spectrum (ASD) disorder at the age of 5. She has significant difficulties in completing assignments.
Risk Factors, Causes, and Treatments of Autism
Music Therapy for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Motivating Moral Behavior: Helping, Sharing, and Comforting in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Leadership Ability Assessment This paper provides the discussion of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule as one of the most effective tools to diagnose ASD and determine its severity.
The Neurological Signs and Symptoms of Autism in Patients With Coeliac Disease
Intrinsic Functional Network Organization in High-functioning Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Using Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum Disorders
The Neuropsychology of Autism This paper discusses the neuropsychology of autism and describes its etiology, neuropsychological manifestations, treatment recommendations, and areas for future research.
The Symptoms and Methods of Treatment of the Autism Spectrum Disorder
Issues Those Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder Face as They Transition Into Adulthood
Precentral Gyrus Functional Connectivity Signatures of Autism
Lack of Communication in Organizations The literature review of several articles used in this paper indicates the degree to which poor or appropriate communication can influence various organizational elements.
Astrocytes and Microglia and Their Potential Link With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Parental Sensitivity and Attachment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Understanding and Teaching Children With Autism
Using Animal Assisted Therapy as a Way of Treating Autism
Understanding Autism: A Comprehensive Overview of the Condition
The Impact of Early Intervention on the Development of Children with Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Deep Dive into Its Complexity
The Effectiveness of Different Educational Programs for Children with Autism
Historical Perspectives on Autism: Evolution of Diagnosis and Treatment
Relationship Between Diet and Autism Symptoms
Neurobiological Foundations of Autism: Exploring Brain Differences
Genetic Factors in Autism: Unraveling the Genetic Puzzle
The Role of Play in the Development of Children with Autism
How to Diagnose Autism: Evaluation and Assessment Tools
The Role of Early Intervention in Autism: Strategies and Outcomes
Autism and Communication: Challenges and Interventions
Examining the Relationship Between Iron Deficiency and an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder Continuum: Understanding Individual Differences within the Spectrum
Sensory Processing in Autism: Understanding Sensory Sensitivities
The Role of Self-Determination in the Lives of Individuals with Autism
Educational Approaches for Children with Autism: Best Practices
Novel Treatments That Are Most Effective in Managing Autism
Autism and Gender: Exploring Gender Differences and Identity
The Correlation Between Autism and Obesity
Autism and Language Development: Speech and Nonverbal Communication
Maternal Age and the Effects on Autism
Autism Research Advances: Promising Breakthroughs and Future Directions
Prominent Historical Figures Who Suffered from Autism
Autism and Vaccination Controversies: Debunking Myths and Misinformation
Higher Incidence of Mental Health Issues in Individuals with Autism
Autism and PTSD: Understanding Trauma in Autistic Individuals
Supporting Autism in the Workplace
Autism and Technology in Education: Innovations in Autism Learning
Contextual Drives That Impact the Understanding of Autism in the Society
What Are Autism Spectrum Disorders?
How Does Autism Affect the Development of a Child?
What Is the Relationship Between Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure and Autism?
How Is the Assessment and Treatment Plan For a Child With Autism Done?
Why Do Older Fathers Have More Children With Autism?
What Are the Primary Treatments for Children With Autism?
Asperger’s Syndrome: “The Higher Functioning Form of Autism?”
What Are the Social Skill Differences Between Autism Spectrum Disorders?
What Are the Causes of Multiple Sclerosis and Autism Spectrum Disorders?
What Are the Problems of Motor Development and Motor Resonance in Autism?
What Is the Connection Between Autism and Mirror Neurons?
Why Has the Incidence Rate of Autism Increased?
How Does Autism Affect Brain Structure and Activity?
Why Are Minority Children With Autism Less Likely To Receive Specialist Care?
What Are the Causes of Autism?
What Are the Misconceptions and Assumptions About Autism?
How Can the Therapist Help Autism Children?
What Are the Known Modern Diagnostic Criteria for Autism?
Why Are Researchers Still Not Sure About the Origins and Causes of Autism?
How People With Autism Experience the World?
How does Autism Affect Sexuality?
What Are the Specific Social Skills for Children With Autism?
What Are the Two Main Psychological Approaches To Understanding the Main Disadvantages of Autism?
What Can Autism Look Like and Things You Can Do to Spot It?
How the Media Perpetuated the Autism-vaccine Scare?
How Autism Affects Regular Brain Functions as Well as Socialization Skills?
What Are the Benefits of Music Therapy for Autism?
What Are Two Behavioral Rating Scales on Young Children on the Autism Spectrum?
What Are the Social and Emotional Difficulties of Autism?
What Is the Link Between Autism and Noonan Syndrome?

Cite this page

Select style

Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

NursingBird. (2023, October 3). 122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples. https://nursingbird.com/topics/autism-research-topics/

"122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples." NursingBird , 3 Oct. 2023, nursingbird.com/topics/autism-research-topics/.

NursingBird . (2023) '122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples'. 3 October.

NursingBird . 2023. "122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples." October 3, 2023. https://nursingbird.com/topics/autism-research-topics/.

1. NursingBird . "122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples." October 3, 2023. https://nursingbird.com/topics/autism-research-topics/.

Bibliography

NursingBird . "122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples." October 3, 2023. https://nursingbird.com/topics/autism-research-topics/.

Hypertension
Vaccination
Schizophrenia
Down Syndrome

The Edvocate

Lynch Educational Consulting
Dr. Lynch’s Personal Website
Write For Us
The Tech Edvocate Product Guide
The Edvocate Podcast
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Assistive Technology
Best PreK-12 Schools in America
Child Development
Classroom Management
Early Childhood
EdTech & Innovation
Education Leadership
First Year Teachers
Gifted and Talented Education
Special Education
Parental Involvement
Policy & Reform
Best Colleges and Universities
Best College and University Programs
HBCU’s
Higher Education EdTech
Higher Education
International Education
The Awards Process
Finalists and Winners of The 2022 Tech Edvocate Awards
Finalists and Winners of The 2021 Tech Edvocate Awards
Finalists and Winners of The 2020 Tech Edvocate Awards
Finalists and Winners of The 2019 Tech Edvocate Awards
Finalists and Winners of The 2018 Tech Edvocate Awards
Finalists and Winners of The 2017 Tech Edvocate Awards
Award Seals
GPA Calculator for College
GPA Calculator for High School
Cumulative GPA Calculator
Grade Calculator
Weighted Grade Calculator
Final Grade Calculator
The Tech Edvocate
AI Powered Personal Tutor

How to Set Up and Start Using a Cash App Account

Jazz research questions, interesting essay topics to write about japanese culture, good research topics about japanese art, jane eyre essay topics, most interesting invisible man essay topics to write about, most interesting jaguar essay topics to write about, most interesting jackson pollock essay topics to write about, good essay topics on italian renaissance, good research topics about islamophobia.

Research Questions About Autism

What Are Mental Imbalance Range Problems?
How Does Mental Imbalance Influence the Individual with It and Everyone Around Them?
What Are the Obstructions of Learning for a Student with Mental Imbalance/Asperger’s in Performing Expressions?
Does Gluten Impact Kids with Chemical Imbalances?
What Are the Reasons for Chemical Imbalance?
How Does Chemical Imbalance Influence a Youngster’s Instructive Presentation?
What Might Mental Imbalance at Any Point Seem to Be, and What Things Can You Do to Recognize It?
Can Youngsters with Mental Imbalance Foster a Hypothesis of the Brain?
Which Mediations Decrease Nervousness in Mentally Unbalanced Individuals?
What Impact Has the Improvement of Chemical Imbalance on an Analysed Person?
How Does Chemical Imbalance Influence the Improvement of a Youngster?
Are Clusters the Lacking Part of the Riddle in Executing Clinical Advancement for the Dietary Problem and Chemical Imbalance Comorbidity?
How Does Chemical Imbalance Begin?
Can Mouse Imaging Studies Carry Request to Mental Imbalance Availability Mayhem?
How Does ‘Counterfeit News Influence Mental Imbalance Strategy?
Are There Any Connections between Inactive Toxoplasma Gondii Disease, Testosterone Height, and Chance of Chemical Imbalance Range Issue?
How Do Individuals with Mental Imbalance Experience the World?
Can Mechanical Frameworks Advance Self-Divulgence in Young People with Chemical Imbalance Range Problem?
How Did the Media Sustain the Chemical Imbalance Immunization Alarm?
Are There Social Contrasts in Parental Interest in Early Determination and Hereditary Gamble Evaluation for Mental Imbalance Range Issues?
How Could the Specialist at Any Point Help with the Mental Imbalance of Youngsters?
Can Inoculations Cause Chemical Imbalance?
Does the Mental Imbalance Range Issue Influence Individuals from One Side of the Planet to the Other?
Is There a Connection Among Epigenetics and Mental Imbalance Range Problems?
How Does Chemical Imbalance Influence Customary Mind Capabilities and Socialization Abilities?
What Might Reactions to Music in Mental Imbalance at Any Point Enlighten Us Concerning the Idea of Melodic Feelings?
Why Has the Occurrence Pace of Mental Imbalance Expanded?
What Are the Best Ways of Supporting/Giving Social Consideration to Mentally Unbalanced Grown-Ups?
Which Mediations Are Successful in the Advancement of Correspondence/Language Abilities in Chemical Imbalance?
How Can Guardians and Relatives Be Upheld/Taught to Really Focus on and Better Figure Out a Medically Introverted Family Member?

Good Research Topics About Hypnosis

Performance assessment: everything you need to know.

Matthew Lynch

Related articles more from author, asthma essay topics, simple & easy infant essay topics, most interesting huckleberry finn essay topics, cognitive development essay topics, fascinating essay topics to write about achilles, fascinating essay topics for the play, a doll’s house.

Search the site GO Please fill out this field.
Newsletters
Health Conditions A-Z
Neurological Disorders

What Is an Autism Test?

EF Volart / Getty Images

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that causes differences in brain patterns. Core ASD features include challenges with social skills and communication, along with repetitive or restrictive behaviors. ASD can also affect how you experience sensory stimuli such as sound, light, touch, taste, texture, or smell. Early diagnosis is important because it provides access to the correct specialists and therapies and improves long-term social and academic outcomes.

How Do Autism Tests Work?

Autism testing typically starts with screening to spot potential ASD traits. Screening may occur in a healthcare provider’s office, school, or online. If a screening measure indicates the possibility of ASD, you will likely undergo more evaluation by healthcare providers and autism specialists.

Because ASD can affect your social skills, behaviors, and communication, tests and screenings assess the following factors:

Verbal communication
Non-verbal communication or social cues (like eye contact or body language)
Sensory sensitivities
Repetitive behaviors
Resistance to change
Limited social interaction
Irritability, sleep disturbances , emotional outbursts
Intense special interests

Screening tools may also look for strengths that someone with ASD may have, such as a detail-oriented learning style, strong visual and auditory learning abilities, and excellency in math, science, music, or art.

Types of Autism Tests

If you or a loved one may have symptoms of autism, healthcare providers can use a variety of tests to learn more about your symptoms and overall condition.

Screening Questionnaires for Caregivers

Screening typically involves a brief questionnaire that takes caregivers (or, people who care for someone who has autism) about 10 to 15 minutes to complete. The screenings help identify those at risk for ASD and spark conversations with their healthcare provider. However, screening measures don't diagnose ASD.

Not all screenings are ASD-specific. Tools like the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) are broad developmental screenings that can detect ASD traits. Similarly, the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC) screens for several developmental and behavioral conditions in children.

Questionnaires often include several versions for different developmental age groups and their reporters (e.g., parents or teachers). Screenings for young children focus on early communication skills and imaginative play, while those for school-age children focus on academic performance, social behavior, and adaptability. Teen screenings ask about friendships, emotion regulation, and sensory experiences. Adult questionnaires typically inquire more about employment, relationships, thinking, and social skills.

The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) is one of the most common tools for children between the ages of 16 and 48 months. Other examples of screening tools include:

Screening Tools for Professionals

The Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT) screens children between the ages of 2 and 3 years old. This professional screening test involves play and game activities. Tasks include observing toy play, assessing imitation abilities, and checking joint attention skills. It takes around 20 minutes to complete.

Behavioral Checklists

Behavioral checklists, like the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), offer a systematic way for caregivers, teachers, and professionals to observe, track, and document behaviors over time. Keeping track of these daily behaviors can help healthcare providers understand or detect potential traits of ASD.

Structured Interviews

Structured interviews, like the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), provide a standard format to guide healthcare providers when asking about a caregiver or the child about the child's behavior and history. While they can be lengthy and require special training, they are beneficial for diagnosing or ruling out autism.

Direct Observation Tools

Direct observation tools, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), offer a guide to healthcare providers to monitor someone's behaviors. Watching how the person interacts with others, plays, and responds to stimuli provides insight into communication skills and behavioral patterns.

Behavior Rating Scales

Behavior rating scales, like the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), involve caregivers or teachers observing a child's behavior. These scales give a numerical score that helps healthcare providers measure the severity of ASD symptoms, track changes over time, and evaluate treatment progress.

Evaluation Checklists

Forms like the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) help evaluate how effective autism treatment is over time. Based on these tests, your healthcare provider can adjust your treatment plan if necessary.

Are Online Autism Tests Reliable?

Online autism tests offer a convenient, quick way to identify potential ASD traits. However, accuracy can vary due to user characteristics, platform accessibility, test design, cultural factors, and technical issues. A precise diagnosis requires a thorough assessment by autism specialists.

How to Interpret Autism Test Results

Autism tests use different scales and cutoff points. Higher scores typically suggest a greater likelihood of ASD, while lower scores indicate fewer symptoms. Some tests focus on the amount of questions someone answers a certain way. For example, the Early Screening of Autistic Traits (ESAT) notes that if a parent answers three or more questions with “no,” the child is eligible for further autism screening.

Examples of scoring systems include:

ASSQ: A score of 13 or above indicates probable ASD
M-CHAT: A score of 8 or above indicates a high likelihood of autism
AQ-10: A score of 6 or above shows the need for a comprehensive autism assessment
CARS : A score of 30 or higher suggests the presence of ASD, and scores above 37 indicate moderate to severe symptoms
RAADS-R: A score of 65 or higher indicates you likely have autism

Please note that a high score doesn't always mean you or a loved one have autism. In fact, not every person with ASD scores above the threshold on each test, and no single test is conclusive. If you receive a low score on the RAADS–R, your provider may suggest taking the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) or CAT-Q . Each test asks different types of questions and can provide more insight about your condition.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

It's a good idea to call a healthcare provider if you or your loved one show traits of ASD, especially if these traits or symptoms are persistent and interfere with daily life. If you detect these traits through observation, self-assessment, or an online questionnaire, healthcare providers can help you interpret the results of those tests accurately.

Your provider may also suggest extra ASD screening or testing for those with the following risk factors:

A family member with ASD
Certain chromosomal conditions (like Down’s syndrome)
Low birth weight
Having older parents at birth

An autism diagnosis requires an evaluation by a multidisciplinary team of specialists, such as a pediatrician (or primary care provider), autism specialist, psychologist, psychiatrist , and/or social worker. Evaluations involve a combination of tests, checklists, interviews, and observations that span multiple sessions.

Your healthcare team uses the information they gather to see if symptoms match the following autism diagnostic criteria set by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (more commonly known as the DSM-5).

Difficulties in social interaction and communication
Repetitive behavior
Restricted interests or activities
Symptoms that impair everyday functioning

Young children can receive a diagnosis by age two, but diagnosis is more common at age five or older. Diagnosing older children, teens, and adults can be more challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other conditions like hearing problems, anxiety , or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that may mimic or co-occur with ASD.

In the first days following an autism diagnosis, allow yourself and your family time to process emotions and discuss your feelings. It's natural to feel a range of emotions, so be gentle with yourselves and lean on each other for support.

After a few days, you can begin taking the following steps:

Learn about autism
Explore online resources like autism advocacy organizations
Adjust your loved one’s environment to accommodate sensory sensitivities and communication preferences
Explore available support resources, therapies , and early intervention programs in your community
Build a support system of family, friends, teachers, professionals, and peers in support groups
Be an advocate for your loved one’s needs within the healthcare system and educational settings
Trust your instincts and prioritize what works best for your family

Autism Speaks provides a kit for younger and school-age children with a new autism diagnosis. These kits include a week-by-week plan for the first 100 days after diagnosis. They also supply an adult autism diagnosis toolkit . These guides cover the diagnostic process, co-occurring conditions, therapies, legal protections, self-advocacy, insights from other autistic adults, and perspectives on relationships.

A Quick Review

Autism testing involves a range of assessments, from brief caregiver questionnaires to professional interviews and observations. These tests help identify potential ASD traits by evaluating social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. While online tests can provide initial insights, a formal diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation by a team of professionals.

Fekar Gharamaleki F, Bahrami B, Masumi J. Autism screening tests: A narrative review . J Public Health Res . 2021;11(1):2308. doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2308

Lordan R, Storni C, De Benedictis CA. Autism spectrum disorders: Diagnosis and treatment . In: Grabrucker AM, ed. Autism Spectrum Disorders . Exon Publications; 2021

National Institute of Mental Health. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders for healthcare providers .

Cunningham AC, Hall J, Einfeld S, Owen MJ. Assessment of emotions and behaviour by the developmental behaviour checklist in young people with neurodevelopmental CNVs . Psychological Medicine . 2022; 52 (3):574-586. doi:10.1017/S0033291720002330

Embrace Autism. RAADS-R .

Autism spectrum disorder in adults: Diagnosis and management . In: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) . NICE Clinical Guidelines; 2024.

Chu JH, Bian F, Yan RY, Li YL, Cui YH, Li Y. Comparison of diagnostic validity of two autism rating scales for suspected autism in a large Chinese sample . World J Clin Cases . 2022;10(4):1206-1217. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i4.1206

Autism Research Institute. Autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC) .

Thabtah F, Peebles D. Early autism screening: A comprehensive review . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2019; 16(18):3502. doi:10.3390/ijerph16183502

Disability Measures. Early Screening of Autistic Traits (ESAT) .

NovoPsych. Autism spectrum screening questionnaire (ASSQ) .

MedlinePlus. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) screening .

Mughal S, Faizy RM, Saadabadi A. Autism spectrum disorder . In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Autism Speaks. 100 day kit for young children .

Autism Speaks. Adult autism diagnosis tool kit .

Newsletters
Account Activating this button will toggle the display of additional content Account Sign out

I Promised to Pay My Son’s Tuition With No Strings Attached. I’ve Changed My Mind.

We didn’t envision a scenario like this..

Care and Feeding is Slate’s parenting advice column. Have a question for Care and Feeding? Submit it here .

Dear Care and Feeding,

My wife and I have two sons, both in college. We made a deal with them that we would pay for their undergraduate educations, no strings attached. “Ian,” our younger son, is about to complete his first year at a college on the East Coast, where he was recruited to play soccer. Soccer doesn’t pay for his entire tuition, but it reduces it significantly, which is a huge help. While he has no desire to play professionally, one of his dreams was to play soccer in college. “Hannah,” his girlfriend since their senior year in high school, followed him to the same school. Hannah is a nice girl and very bright, but she’s extremely immature and, among other things, comes across as hyper-sexualized. She’s made inappropriate comments to us about what she and Ian do together, is demanding of Ian’s time, and has driven away some of his closest friends. We were hoping he’d find himself and “his people” at college, but we feel like Hannah is holding him back.

They have both decided to transfer after this school year. We ultimately agree that Ian’s school isn’t the right academic fit for him, though he tried to make it work—but Ian’s decision didn’t come about until after Hannah had made her decision to transfer and pushed Ian to do the same. Ian entered the NCAA transfer portal and has offers to play soccer next year from three excellent schools across the country. He did apply to them, but we found out recently that Ian and Hannah have been applying to transfer to other schools, separate from the three who offered Ian for soccer. Some of these have extremely high costs of attendance that would most likely not be offset in any way. This may not be a big deal for Hannah, but it is a big deal for us as it would force us to take out Parent Plus loans, which we’ve managed to avoid until now. What this all means is that Ian is considering quitting college soccer so he can continue going to school with Hannah, which will not only present an unexpected financial burden to us, but also feels like he’s abandoning his dream and his potential.

My wife and I don’t know how to feel about this. On the one hand, Ian is an adult and can make his own decisions. On the other hand, we really don’t want to pay full freight for them to continue going to school together. The offer to pay for the boys’ college didn’t come with any contingencies, cost or otherwise. But when we made it, we didn’t envision a scenario like this where we felt like one of them was making bad decisions. We realize that we run the risk of alienating Ian if we say to him that he’s on his own if they plan to go to school together next year, but we don’t support that decision and don’t want to pay for it. But then the old adage comes up, “You can’t help who you fall in love with.” So, should we go with it, whatever Ian decides? Or should we establish our position and risk potentially alienating him, at least for a little while?

—Tuition or Not Tuition

Dear Tuition,

Let’s put the issue of Hannah aside for a while. You say that Ian’s dream was to play soccer in college. He’s technically done that. Is there a possibility that he has decided he no longer cares about that, or that he’s learned, having done a year, that it’s not for him? It feels potentially problematic to talk about his “potential” in an activity that was never going to be long-term for him, or to assume that his dreams can’t change.

Regarding the financial situation, I get the impression that you can afford the expense, even if it means taking out a loan. (If you couldn’t, you would have put limits on your original offer, right?) Given that, is this financial shift ideal? No. Is that Ian’s fault? I don’t think so; you never told him he wouldn’t have free choice in all this. Changing the terms of his tuition now feels like a bait-and-switch, and it’s hard to see how he would view it as anything other than a punishment for not living his life the way you envisioned. I don’t think that’s the tone you want to set.

Finally, let’s talk about Hannah. She sounds like she has a lot of growing up to do and may be holding Ian back. I completely sympathize with your fear that he may choose to prioritize his romantic life over his passion for soccer or his academic priorities. If he decides to follow her to a soccer-less school, he may very well look back years later and wish he had made different choices. But they are his choices to make—a truism you made clear with your open-ended college offer. I can’t see how financially threatening him would help him learn anything, other than to be wary of accepting help from you in the future.

Use this application review time to talk to Ian about what he truly wants regarding soccer, school, the relationship—all of it. Really try to understand his point of view and see if he has considered all the repercussions of his choice. And in the end, support him. Pay for college wherever he goes and grin and bear Hannah’s presence. College is a time to learn how to be an adult—in more ways than one. Helping him make a choice, and accepting that it might be the wrong one, is about an adult a lesson as you can get. If he comes to regret it later, he’ll still have the knowledge that his parents trusted him to take a leap.

Want Advice on Parenting, Kids, or Family Life?

Submit your questions to Care and Feeding here . It’s anonymous! (Questions may be edited for publication.)

I have a 4-year-old tabby mackerel. Stormy’s well-behaved, but mostly seems to just tolerate me. I work from home and take her out on her harness for walks, which is how I met “Lara” and her mother “Fiona.” Lara is 6, and Fiona often takes her to the park after she comes home from school, around the time I usually take my afternoon break. Stormy absolutely loves Lara. Starts purring as soon as she sees her, often runs right over to her, and either brushes up against her legs or scrambles up into her arms. Her harness leash is long enough that if I stand under a tree she can climb up into the branches, and Lara will scramble up after her and the two of them will sit on the branches to watch the birds.

So, I suppose it was inevitable that Lara would ask if she could keep my cat. Fiona’s okay with having the animal in her house, and it seems like it would be best for everyone involved, but I can’t shake the feeling that it would be wrong to just give away an animal, especially to a small child. But I don’t have any clear reasons for it, and I’ve always distrusted that kind of inchoate gut-reaction decision-making. How can I splice out my own feelings to get to the bottom of this? Or should I just give my cat to Lara? I’m sure they’d treat her well.

—Untangling Myself

Dear Untangling,

Six-year-olds ask for all kinds of things, so I wouldn’t ascribe too much weight to Lara’s request. That said, it sounds like you are concerned that your cat might be happier with Lara, but you feel irresponsible just giving away a pet. I think this is a totally reasonable hesitation. Animal adoption is, essentially, a promise you make to a living creature. You are promising to be their family and companion, with few to no conditions. To break that promise, even if you feel it’s in the interests of the animal, feels like going back on your word, even like abandonment. You might be worrying that it makes you seem like you don’t care about Stormy, which isn’t the case.

When I am stuck on decisions like this, I try to gather more data. What if you let Lara and Fiona borrow Stormy for a few weeks? See how Stormy does with their family, whether Lara loses interest, and whether you and Stormy miss each other and are happy to be reunited. That might give you the insight to make an informed decision. You might uncover unequivocal evidence that Stormy was meant for Lara’s household and decide to let her go. You might discover the opposite. You might even find that Stormy’s visit went well, but that you ultimately can’t just give up a cat on a whim, which is still a perfectly reasonable choice.

Whatever you choose doesn’t have to be the end of any relationship Stormy has. If you keep the cat, maybe you’d have Lara and Fiona as options for pet-sitting when needed! If you give Stormy to them, maybe the same is true, but reversed. I don’t think there is a right or wrong way to act in this situation. If you can confidently say that either home is a safe place for Stormy, you can rest easy with either option.

Catch Up on Care and Feeding

· Missed earlier columns this week? Read them here . · Discuss this column in the Slate Parenting Facebook group !

My husband and I are both white, mid-40s professionals who work for social justice non-profits, and we’ve worked hard to make anti-racism a family value. We talk a lot, and comfortably, about white supremacy, our privilege, and our own and our extended family’s implicit and explicit biases, and how to confront them. We’re far from perfect, but I’m really proud of our kids (ages 12 and 14) and how they’re making their own choices around these values as they grow up.

Lately, however, I’m concerned that one of my husband’s techniques for calling out bias might be a little harmful to my kids. When we’re watching a movie or TV show with a young white woman in a lead role, he will frequently comment about how silly it is that we’re supposed to feel bad for a “skinny white girl” because she’s “feeling bad for herself.” Except…we have a skinny white girl teenager who is often feeling bad for herself because she’s a teenage girl! She’s a terrific kid who is kind and thoughtful with a strong sense of social justice and compassion—and she’s also a teenager who has friend drama and school pressures and is self-conscious and all the things that are a part of growing up! I’ve tried to gently point out that everyone feels bad about themselves sometimes, regardless of race or body type, and that’s OK; he responds that it’s important to point out that these shows and movies prioritize whiteness at the expense of others. I don’t think he’s wrong about that, but I also don’t think we need to be dismissive of who our kid is and what she’s experiencing in the world. What do I do?

—She Doesn’t Even Go Here

Dear SDEGH,

Nice Mean Girls reference. I think it’s great that you are doing the work of raising your kids with an anti-racist lens. So often, there is a fear that we might not “do anti-racism right,” and that fear can often stop folks from even trying. I see your point about how, in an effort to show how Hollywood is prioritizing cis white females as the dominant narrative, your husband is inadvertently invalidating a perspective that may be meaningful to your daughter. If I were writing to him, I would respectfully suggest that your daughter can know that a story about a “skinny white girl with problems” is not the most important story for everyone, but still feel it’s an important story for her . Those two things can coexist, and you and your husband need to make space for that possibility.

Moreover, by ending the argument at “There are too many white-centric stories in Hollywood,” he may be accidentally glossing over the deeper implication of that phenomenon, which is that the cis white experience is often considered the default in Hollywood, and any other lived experience is thus seen as a deviation from that default. That’s a perspective that is much more complex and nuanced than an offhand commend disparaging white-centric stories. Through that lens, you and your husband might be able to have a conversation about whether his current approach is accomplishing what he thinks it is.

I do want to raise a flag at another potential pitfall I see in his approach, which is that by minimizing the problems of white girls, your husband might be inadvertently implying that the problems of BIPOC girls are much more serious. That kind of overcorrection can actually cause harm itself—especially in regards to Black women, who are very often depicted as victims, and in the way that stories of Black pain are told more frequently than stories of Black joy. I don’t know if that subtext is occurring in your conversations, but it’s something you want to be acutely aware of.

These pitfalls are articulated in a series of fact sheets put out by Think Tank for Inclusion & Equity (TTIE), in collaboration with Color of Change, the Geena Davis Institute, and others. These are easily digestible resources for critical thinking about all kinds of media tropes related to race, sex, disability, and more. Maybe looking at these resources can give you and your husband a shared framework and vocabulary for how you want to continue talking to your kids about race and media. Good luck!

My husband and I have two kids—a 15-month-old girl and an almost 3-year-old boy. Since each was about one year old, they have pretty successfully fallen asleep on their own and slept through the night nearly all the time. Right now is an exception to that. Our daughter is intensely teething as the last four teeth work on coming in. She wakes up multiple times a night, sometimes wanting milk, but mostly seeking comfort as she grabs at her gums. I usually just go hold her, give her some pain meds as appropriate and a cold teether or washcloth to chew on, and put her back down in her crib once she’s asleep. At the same time, our son seems to be starting to have nightmares some nights, waking up crying and telling us about something scary that had happened and needing help to get back to sleep (usually just sitting with him in the chair in his room for a couple of minutes then putting him back in bed). The two in combination are becoming exhausting, but I know the phase for each will pass and they’ll mostly go back to their good sleep habits.

My husband, however, thinks we need to take a cry-it-out approach to get the kids back to sleeping independently. A co-worker told him that’s how they got their kid sleeping through the night and whenever he has a bit of a setback and starts waking up again, they just repeat the process for a few nights and he goes back to sleeping independently. I think we just need to support our kids through a tough transition for each where they need a little more love and attention. We never did cry-it-out to get either of them sleeping on their own and I don’t think it’s appropriate for where they are now, either. Because of this mismatch in how we think the situation should be approached, my husband refuses to get up with either kid at night. He says if I don’t want to cry-it-out, it’s fine, but I will need to be the one that gets up with them since he thinks we should leave them. On top of the exhaustion of sometimes multiple wake-ups a night (again), I’m also starting to feel resentful toward my husband for basically “tapping out” on his parenting responsibilities (as I see it). I’ve brought it up to him and he sticks with saying I don’t have to get up so many times, I could just choose to do cry-it-out and we’d all be getting better sleep sooner. Any suggestions on how to approach this with him, or how to deal with my angry feelings towards him until this is through?

—Hold them Versus Cry-It-Out

Dear Versus,

Sleep drama doesn’t make anyone their best version of themself; I’m sorry that you and your husband find yourselves at loggerheads on how to move forward. I’m not going to place my thumb on the scale of this argument, both because it’s such a charged issue and because there are so many resources out there that discuss various sleep interventions. That latter part is really where my recommendation lies; from your letter, it sounds like your husband is irritated and looking for a solution (fair) and he’s latched onto a friend’s recommendation (also fair). You’re not comfortable with the method. Have the two of you sat down together and done some reading so that you can make an informed decision together? It doesn’t seem so, but I think that is your best bet for moving forward. You need to approach this situation as a fact-finding team: What are the specifics of cry-it-out? Is it recommended as a remedy for pain or acute sleep issues like nightmares? I don’t remember that being the case (I might be wrong), so that’s something to look for. If you keep talking about this as if you’re in opposition, you’re setting up a situation where one of you is destined to lose. As frustrated as you might be, I don’t think that’s a dynamic that either of you wants to cultivate.

That said, you might do all your due diligence and still disagree. If that’s so, maybe your husband has a bit of a point that if you’re going to parent this situation “your” way, you should shoulder the burden. BUT, marriage is still a partnership, even when you disagree, so maybe in exchange, he can pick up some other parenting duties—like cooking the dinners so you can grab a nap before bedtime.

In an ideal world, you will find a way to think of this sleep debacle as a trial you’re facing as a team. If that vibe is hard for you all to strike, think about ways you and your husband can do some relationship repair work once the sleep issues subside. A few well-timed date nights, a weekend away, or reading some relationship books together are all ways that can get yourselves back on the same page after being at odds. This isn’t the first time you’ll disagree on how to handle an issue, but with communication and trust, you’ll hopefully get better at surmounting conflict each time.

More Advice From Slate

My daughter just turned 7, and she is very neat and tidy for a little kid. When she was younger, we had her tested for autism because she had so many different routines and other things that needed to stay “just so,” but other than that she showed no signs of autism. Her toys have to be in a certain alternating order, one pillow has to be fluffed three times, and she always ties her shoelaces three times before leaving the house.

I paid just $135,000 for my house when homes in the area are going for twice that. Here's how.

Melisa Gomez-Romo and her husband bought a home for $135,000 in Duluth, Minnesota, in 2022.
The couple paid less than usual for the area by going through a community land trust, or CLT.
The CLT program allows people to buy discounted homes while the trust keeps ownership of the land.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Melisa Gomez-Romo, 40, an associate at One Roof, a nonprofit organization that provides housing services to Minnesotans. In 2022, before she started working there, she and her husband purchased a home for their family of five in Duluth, through One Roof's community land trust program.

Community land trusts allow low-income homebuyers to purchase homes at a reduced price in exchange for the trust's retaining ownership of the property's land. There are 471 accredited land trusts in 46 states. Here's one way to find one near you .

The essay has been edited for length and clarity.

My husband and I moved to Duluth in 2018. We had set a goal for ourselves: to either purchase a house within five years or move back to Fayetteville, Arkansas.

However, after COVID, the real-estate market here became really unaffordable. Duluth is considered a climate haven , so there have been people with larger incomes moving into the area and buying massive amounts of property. It's caused home prices to creep up.

A couple of years ago, you could get a starter home here for $90,000, but the prices have dramatically jumped. Now, homes are going for $170,000 up to $500,000.

With home prices going up so much, we were afraid that we would not be able to qualify for a home without assistance — that if we walked into a bank, we were going to get shut down because our credit score wouldn't be enough or our student-loan debt would be too much.

Community land trusts were an unfamiliar concept

I learned about community land trusts while driving through a neighborhood. I noticed a home with a for-sale sign, along with another that said "One Roof Housing."

I looked up the home on Zillow and learned more about One Roof. It's a community housing organization that offers homebuyer education and also sells affordable homes through a community land trust program.

Community land trust programs work like this: You purchase a home from the organization, but lease the land beneath, which reduces the cost of the home — homes sold through the program are sold below market rate. When you decide to sell the home, you have to sell it back to the organization, and they receive a portion of its equity.

There are different methods of acquiring the homes — some are sold to One Roof specifically for the Land Trust Program, and others are sold back to the Land Trust Program.

It was a new concept for my husband and me, but it opened up the possibility of someday owning a home.

Sometimes, that's all we need — the seed to be planted.

My family doesn't come from money

When we first moved to Duluth in 2018, we were living in an apartment complex that had been converted from an old schoolhouse. While it was affordable — our rent was $995 each month — it was built back in the 1800s and was deteriorating. Whenever it rained, the windows would let water into our apartment.

My husband and I became first-time homebuyers

In 2021, my husband and I attended a "home stretch" workshop with One Roof, which taught us how to become a homeowner.

One of the biggest takeaways from the program was that the cost of moving into another apartment was comparable to making a down payment on a house. We also learned that banks offer programs that could help us qualify as first-time homebuyers.

Growing up in a Hispanic household, sometimes you don't know how to talk to lenders or the bank. So having someone say, "Hey, we can help you with the whole process" was necessary for us.

Also, hearing that we had enough money ($5,000 saved up) and the criteria to be homeowners (a 750 credit score) was life-changing.

By 2022, we were first-time homebuyers. Through One Roof, we purchased a cute little home in a perfect neighborhood for $135,000. We have a 99-year lease for the land beneath our home, with a monthly leasing fee of $35 to One Roof.

Before we moved in, One Roof fixed it up from the basement to the roof — and that was something that was really big for us. With the hard winters in Duluth, snow can ruin a basement or the foundation of the home.

Our home was built in 1910 and has three bedrooms and one bathroom. It's been valued at $175,000. If the home weren't with the land trust, we would not have been able to buy it at that price.

Our lives are much better

When buying a land trust home, not only do you have to qualify for the land trust program, but you also have to qualify for a mortgage at the bank. Everything that the bank requires for a typical home is going to be exactly the same.

In 2022, the requirements for the One Roof Land Trust were that you could not exceed a $70,850 annual gross income.

The only thing that stands apart is that you have to make a separate appointment with an attorney to sign a legal document saying that you are leasing the land. Additionally, for insurance purposes, the land trust is listed as part of the ownership of the home.

Having a home is such a huge deal for us because it didn't feel attainable due to our financial situation.

If it were just the two of us, my husband and I could have just stayed in an apartment — it might have been manageable. But the kids needed so much more space and privacy.

Now, we don't have to share community spaces, like a laundry room, and our kids have a front and back yard. We also don't have to worry about rent increases each year when we renew our lease.

When my husband first applied to get our land trust home, we had spoken to many people and heard negative things about it. People would say, "You don't get the full percentage of the equity of your home." And we're like, "All the money that we have is going toward renting now, so we're not losing anything at all."

People would also say, "Oh, you're not going to make any money off the house."

But I think about it this way: If we were to sell our home back to the land trust, we're continuing to help make it affordable for the next family. So we don't mind that at all.

Main content

IMAGES

≫ Autism Spectrum Disorder as a Disability Free Essay Sample on
Autism research paper sample
What Are The Top Questions About Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Analyze the Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
Custom Essay
Autism Acceptance 101 Questions Kids Ask About Autism

COMMENTS

104 Autism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
104 Autism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Writing an essay on autism can be challenging, as there are numerous aspects to consider and various topics to explore. To help you get started, here are 104 autism essay topic ideas and examples that cover ...
165 Autism Topics to Write about & Free Essay Samples
Impact of Autism Disorder on Adolescents. This essay discusses the impact of autism disorder on adolescents in the community and a nursing intervention that can be used to assist adolescents in becoming prominent society members. Progression of Reading Ability in a Child Diagnosed With Autism.
Top 100 Autism Research Paper Topics
In most cases, you will be required to focus your paper or essay on the creation of more autism awareness. This article highlights some of the topics in autism that you can consider for your paper or essay. Basic Autism Research Paper Topics . Autism is a broad research area. Researchers have delved into this field and came up with different ...
206 Autism Research Topics & Ideas for an Essay, Thesis ...
The movie "Autism: Insight from Inside" by Robert Parish reflects the issue of ASD's effect on people's lives. Development and Management of Autism. The paper examines the causes, development process, and symptoms of autism and describes the ways how the disorder can be manageable. Autism Spectrum Disorder Analysis.
144 Autism Research Paper Topics for College & University
In that case, select the idea to work with from this category. Any of these topics can be a brilliant idea for an autism paper. Nevertheless, take your time to investigate it extensively, gather, and analyze data to develop a winning piece. Investigating the autism spectrum disorder's prevalence. Autism Diagnostic interview.
Autism Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Autism. PAGES 7 WORDS 2247. Autism is a disorder that starts early in the childhood and stays until adulthood. It has now been known that many conditions are considered co morbid to autism spectrum disorders. These conditions are variable but some of the most common ones include fragile X syndrome and epilepsy.
The Great List of Autistic Essays
Understanding the Autistic Brain. My Autistic Mind Does What it Wants. The Dissociated Autistic Performance State. The Joys of Being Autistic: Increased Creativity and Innovation. My Autistic Memory Is Not the Same as Others. The Firehouse Dilemma: Autism and Infodumping. The Variability of the Autistic Sensory System.
Autism found me, and then I found my voice
Marta Rusek. September 26, 2017. (Images courtesy of the author) My usually reliable optimism failed me when Rose began to speak slowly and condescendingly to me. I remained calm as I told her that her behavior made me very uncomfortable and asked to speak with her supervisor. Two 10-minute-long holds later, she hung up on me.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Studies indicate that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is inherited between family members. A study conducted by the American Psychiatric Association (2000) indicated that there is a 3-6% chance of getting autism amongst siblings. However, Korvatska et al (2002) state that the difficulty experienced by scientists in pinpointing the genetic ...
Free Autism Essays and Research Papers on GradesFixer
The Complexities of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Impact on Individuals. 2 pages / 913 words. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals in varying ways. It is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. According to the Centers for Disease ...
PDF Autism Top 10 Your Priorities for Autism Research
Top ten questions for autism research 4. The issue Mental health problems have a devastating effect on an individual's quality of life. 70% of autistic children have a mental health problem1 with 79% of autistic adults meeting criteria for a mental health problem (for example, bipolar
One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children Essay
The purpose of conducting this essay will be to examine the educational intervention of one-to-one support programs during normal school times within a mainstream classroom and also to discuss the challenges faced by teachers and autistic children as well as the advantages and disadvantages of providing one-to-one support to autistic children.
103 Autism Essay Topics You Need To Know
Interesting Autism Essay Topics. The role of the media in shaping public perceptions of autism. The use of assistive technologies to support individuals with autism. The impact of employment and vocational training on individuals with autism. The role of art and creativity in the lives of individuals with autism.
Why Autism Awareness is Important: [Essay Example], 719 words
Why Autism Awareness is Important. Autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, affects individuals in diverse ways, shaping their behaviors, communication, and interactions with the world. As society becomes more informed about autism, the importance of raising awareness and promoting understanding has gained prominence.
Autism Essay
February 13, 2024 by Prasanna. Autism Essay: Autism, also known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Problems with communications and social interactions, along with repetitive and restricted behaviour, are common in autism. The associated factors of autism include genetics and specific environmental influences.
Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and
Definition. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors ( 1 ). In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders —5 th edition (DSM-5) was published, updating the diagnostic criteria for ASD ...
Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
Cite This Essay. Download. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves the reduced ability to emotionally interpret communication, idiosyncratic preoccupations, repetitive motor patterns, sensory sensitivity, and resistance to change. Typically signs such as failure to respond to one's name, or make eye contact ...
The autism debate: Disability or diversity?
Autism spectrum disorder has a relatively short history as a recognized diagnosis, but sparks strong debate over whether it is an illness or a feature of neurodiversity. With April being Autism Awareness Month, take a closer look at the current and historical ethical perspectives on these contested issues. This month's issue of the AMA ...
Autism Essay Examples
Research Papers and Essay On Autism🗨️ More than 30000 essays Find the foremost Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay Ideas and Topics to achieve great results! ... Vaccines are safe Research Question: What percentage of autism in children under the age of 10 is caused by MMR (Measles, Measles, and Rubella) vaccines? Rationale: The MMR (Measles ...
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave. Although autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is described as a "developmental disorder" because symptoms generally appear in the first 2 years of life.
Autism Spectrum Argumentative Essays Samples For Students
Introduction. Autism refers to an intricate developmental disability (Bryna, 2008, pp 24). It is known to appear in children within their first three years of life. This developmental disability is normally caused by a neurological disarray which affects usual brain function. It thus affects the development of a child's social and ...
Autism Essay Topics & Examples of Essays on Autism
Potential complications of autism include mental retardation, complete shutdown of the psyche and refusal to interact with the world, as well as deterioration of cognitive and speech functions. Frequency in Population. 1 in 160 children worldwide has an autism spectrum disorder, according to Autism Research, 2012. Deaths.
Research Questions About Autism
Interesting Essay Topics to Write about Japanese Culture. Good Research Topics about Japanese Art. Jane Eyre Essay Topics. ... Research Questions About Autism. By Matthew Lynch. February 7, 2023. 0. Spread the love. Research Questions About Autism. What Are Mental Imbalance Range Problems?
Autism Test: Types, Reliability, and How to Use One
Chu JH, Bian F, Yan RY, Li YL, Cui YH, Li Y. Comparison of diagnostic validity of two autism rating scales for suspected autism in a large Chinese sample. World J Clin Cases . 2022;10(4):1206-1217 ...
College tuition advice: I promised to pay my son's tuition. He's making
Some Thoughts on What the Woman in That Viral Essay on Age Gaps Is Missing Out On Sleep drama doesn't make anyone their best version of themself; I'm sorry that you and your husband find ...
How a Couple Bought a Home for $135,000 When Neighbors Paid Much More
This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Melisa Gomez-Romo, 40, an associate at One Roof, a nonprofit organization that provides housing services to Minnesotans.

100 Autism Research Paper Topics

Basic Autism Research Paper Topics

Strong Autism Dissertation Topics

Autism Parent Training Topics

Paper Topics about Autism and Education

Autism Research Proposal Topics

Thought-Provoking Autism Debate Topics

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

206 Autism Research Topics & Paper Examples

🏆 Best Research Topics on Autism

Popular request:

Simple Autism Topics for Research Paper

Autism Biology Topics Research Paper Ideas

Research Paper Topics Dealing with Autism and Education

Autism Research Analysis Paper Topics

Autism Research Questions

Jackie Schuld Art Therapy Blog

The Great List of Autistic Essays

Recent Posts

Want to read more on topics that interest you? Subscribe to my FUNletter.

Listen Live

Here and Now

Autism found me, and then I found my voice

‘Coming out’ as autistic

Brought to you by Speak Easy

You may also like

About Marta Rusek

One-To-One Programs: Supporting Autistic Children Essay

103 Autism Essay Topics You Need to Know

Good Research Paper Topics on Autism

Interesting Autism Essay Topics

Autism Essay Topics for High School Students

Autism Essay Topics for College Students

Autism Essay Topics for Grad Students

Wrapping Up

People Also Read

Most Popular Articles

Why Autism Awareness is Important

Cite this Essay

Related Essays

Still can’t find what you need?

Related Essays on Autism

Related Topics

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

Casey Fealko

Neelkamal Soares

Epidemiology

Acknowledgments

Celebrating 75 Years! Learn More >>

Autism Spectrum Disorder

What are the signs and symptoms of ASD?

Social communication / interaction behaviors may include:

Restrictive / repetitive behaviors may include:

What are the causes and risk factors for ASD?

How is ASD diagnosed?

Diagnosis in young children

Stage 1: General developmental screening during well-child checkups

Stage 2: Additional diagnostic evaluation

Diagnosis in older children and adolescents

Diagnosis in adults

What treatment options are available for ASD?

Behavioral, psychological, and educational interventions

Other resources

How can I find a clinical trial for ASD?

Where can I learn more about ASD?

Federal resources

Research and statistics

Autism Spectrum Argumentative Essays Samples For Students

Good Argumentative Essay On Autism

Children With Autism Argumentative Essay Example

122 Autism Research Topics & Essay Examples

Cite this page

The Edvocate

How to Set Up and Start Using a Cash App Account

Good Research Topics About Hypnosis

Matthew Lynch

What Is an Autism Test?

How Do Autism Tests Work?

Types of Autism Tests